DeCrescenzo v Scientology Opposition to Motion to Compel (Feb 2013)

7/29/2019 DeCrescenzo v Scientology Opposition to Motion to Compel (Feb 2013)

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/decrescenzo-v-scientology-opposition-to-motion-to-compel-feb-2013 1/17

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sch`tmehs.

Tfi jetmeh te ejpin sfeund li dihmid aer sivircn ricsehs ?

. @PM fcs ejpnmid wmtf tfi Ochucry ; , <230 Erdir, ly predu`mhk c nicr chd ejpri-

fihsmvi nek tfct spi`mam`cnny mhdm`ctis ic`f mtij ea mhaerjctmeh riqumrid ly tfi @eurt .

. Tfi deùjihts wmtffind arej predu`tmeh cri prmvmnikid letf uhdir @cnmaerhmc,s @nirky-

Rihmtiht prmvmniki (I.@. § 320< & 3204) chd tfi Yhmtid Ptctis chd @cnmaerhmc

@ehstmtutmehs . Ic`f deùjiht wmtffind arej predu`tmeh dms`nesis c ejjuhm`ctmeh jcdi

ly er te tfi pncmhtmaa chd c smhkni nirky pirseh mh cudmtmhk , c ehamdihtmcn spmrmtucn prc`tmì

pursucht te P`mihteneky s`rmpturi, chd tfi deùjihts wiri jcmhtcmhid mh c sikrikctid

cudmtmhk amni chd hewfiri insi. Rncmhtmaas uhsulstchtmctid cssirtmehs tfct cudmtmhk rièrds

cri het strm`tny ehamdihtmcn uhdir P`mihteneky s`rmpturi chd prc`tmì chd tfct sejifew tfi

èjjuhm`ctmehs chhet li prmvmnikid smjpny li`cusi c ncrki hujlir ea `nirkypirsehs

(evir c 34 yicr pirmed ) ehdu`tid cudmtmhk, fcvi he jirmt chd cri uhsuppertid ly tfi

rièrd .

. Rncmhtmaas crkujiht tfct ehamdihtmcn èjjuh m`ctmehs jcdi mh P`mihteneky cud mtmhk de het

qucnmay aer tfi prmvmniki uhdir Ivmdihì @edi §320< li`cusi tfi ejjuhm`ctmehs cri

rivmiwid ly c sihmer jmhmstir pursucht te jchdctery rinmkmeus de`trmhi ms mhèrri`t 7 tfi

èjjuhm`ctmehs rijcmh si`rit

cs riqumrid ly tfi stctuti .

. C ehstru`tmeh ea tfi stctuti te riqumri predu`tmeh ea P`mihteneky cudmtmhk rièrds weund

rihdir tfi stctuti uhèhstmtutmehcn uhdir tfi \inmkmeh @ncusis ea tfi Amrst Cjihdjiht.

. Tfi rièrds ea pncmhtmaas cudmtmhk cri mrrinivcht te tfi mssuis rcmsid mh @PM,s pihdmhk

jetmeh aer suj jcry oudkjiht . Jerievir tfiri ms he lcsms aer tirjmhctmhk sch`tmehs .

N @PM Fcs @ejpnmid [ mtf Tfi @eurt,s Ochucry ;, <230 Erdir

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@eurt's Ochucry ; Erdir riqumrid @PM imtfir (c) te preduì deùjihts rispehsmvi te irtcmh dmsè-

viry riquists (ly Ochucry <9 , <230) er (l) ma wmtffendmhk deùjihts eh tfi lcsms ea prmvmniki, te

prevmdi, ly Ochucry 36, <230 , c prmvmniki nek tfct mdihtmamid ic`f deùjiht wmtffind , chd tfct, aer

ic`f deùjiht, mh`nudid mhaerjctmeh cs te dctis, tmji, pncì, pripcrctmeh, te wfej tfi

èjjuhm`ctmeh wiht, chd c nicr stctijiht ea tfi lcsms aer ch cssirtmeh ea prmvmniki. Di`ncrctmeh

ea Hm`fencs Dcuj mh Eppesmtmeh te Rncmhtmaas Ix Rcrti Cppnm`ctmeh (

Dcuj Di`ncrctmeh ) ct 3<

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@PM dmd oust tfct . Amrst, pursucht te tfms eurt,s erdir ea Ochucry ; , <230, @PM preduìd

evir <,622 pckis ea deùjihts, mh`nud mhk tfi ihtmriny ea pncmhtmaas itfm`s amni,

cs winn cs sivircn

fuhdrid deùjihts tfct fcd liih amnid mh pncmhtmaas p` amnis tfirily sulstchtmcnny hcrrewmhk tfi

jcttirs mh dmspu ti. @PM preduìd tfe si deùjihts uhdir tfi ixmstmhk preti`tmvi erdir eh Ochucry

<9, <230 . Dcuj Di`n . 9 . @PM èhtmhuid te jcmhtcmh mts ncmj ea prmvmniki wmtf rispi`t te tfi

rijcmhmhk deùjihts ehtcmhid mh tfi p` amnis. Eh Ochucry 36 <230 , @PM preduìd c prmvmniki nek

spi`mam`cnny mdihtmaymhk ic`f deùjiht wmtffind arej predu`tmeh eh tfi lcsms ea prmvmniki . Dcuj

Di`n . Ta 0-4. @urrihtny, he deùjihts rispehsmvi te tfi riquists aer wfm`f predu`tmeh wcs

èjpinnid ly tfi Ochucry ; Erdir cri limhk wmtffind , scvi tfesi spi`m m`cnny mdihtmamid mh ditcmn eh

tfi prmvmniki nek. Md . Y 1 . Tfiri ch tfu s li he quistmeh ea hehèjpnmchì wmtf tfi erdir.

Rncmhtmaa ejpncmhs tfct tfi prmvmniki nek pripcrid ly @PM wcs wfenny mhsuaam`miht chd

riquists tfi eurt te ejpin @PM te amni c jeri ejpniti nek . Tfi prmvmniki nek fewivir, ms ju`f

jeri tfch suaam`miht. Mt nmsts, aer ic`f deùjiht mdihtmamid, tfi spi`mam` prmvmniki ncmjid (wfm`f ,

mh cnn csis, ms tfi @nirky-Rihmtiht Rrmvmniki chd tfi Amrst Cjihdjiht) tfi dcti chd pncì ea

pripcrctmeh , chd tfi spi`mam` nirkyjih, mdihtmamid ly hcji, te wfej tfi ejjuhm`ctmeh wcs

jcdi er wfe jcdi tfi ejjuhm`ctmeh , chd c lrmia dis`rmptmeh ea tfi deùjiht (wmtfeut, ea

èursi, rivicnmhk tfi ehtiht ea tfi preti`tid ejjuhm`ctmeh) . Dcuj Di`n . õ4.

Rncmhtmaa èjpncmhs tfct @PM dmd het prevmdi chy dis`rmptmeh ea tfi c`tucn ehtihts ea tfi

deùjihts tfijsinvis. (Rn.Jij. ct 9?3; .) Ea èursi mt dmd het7 tfct ms tfi purpesi ea tfiprmvmniki . Rncmhtmaas sukkistmeh tfct @PM just clchdeh tfi prmvmniki mh erdir te ncmj mt ms cnek m`cn clsurdmty.

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Dcuj Di`n . Ma 4. Tfi nek tfu s nicrny ejpnmis wmtf tfi @eurt,s Ochucry ;, <230 Erdir.

MM. Tfi Deùjihts [ mtff ind Arej Rredu`tmeh @ehstmtuti Ptrm`tny @eh mdihtmcn

\ièrds ea Cudmtmhk

Rncmhtmaa cnse sukkists tfct irtcmh deùjihts nm stid eh tfi nek cri heh-prmvmnikid li`cusi

tfiy de het dms`nesi ejjuhm`ctmehs jcdi mh cudmtmhk . Rncmhtmaa ms wrehk . Tfi deùjihts tfct

@PM fcs wmtffind , cnn ea wfm`f cri spi`mam`cnny nmstid chd mhdmvmducnny mdihtmamid mh ditcmn eh tfi

prmvmniki nek , èhsmst ihtmriny ea deùjihts tfct eh tcmh 3) ejjuhm`ctmehs pncmhtmaa jcdi mh tfi

èursi ea cudmtmhk , tfi strm`tny ehamdihtmcn ehaissmehcn prc`tmì tfct ms tfi issihì ea tfi

P`mihteneky rinmkmeh chd mts jest mjpertcht rinmkmeus prc`tmì, er <) ejjuhm`ctmehs, pursucht te

P`mihteneky rinmkmeus prc`tmì cs sit aertf mh mts P`rmpturis, te chd arej cutfermzid nirkyjih

èhìrhmhk chd/er dis`rmlmhk ejjuhm`ctmehs Rncmhtmaa jcdi te ch cudmter. Pii Di`ncrctmeh ea

Cnnch @crtwrmkft ( @crtwrmkft Di`n) ct õ1-33. Li`cusi @PM istclnmsfid prinmjmhcry ac`ts te

sfew tfct tfi rinivcht èjjuhm`ctmehs wiri jcdi mh tfi ehtist ea c nirky-pihmtiht

èjjuhm`ctmeh , mt ms pncmhtmaas lurdih te rilu t c prisujptmeh ea ehamdihtmcnmty chd dijehstrcti

tfct tfi ejjuhm`ctmehs wiri heh-prmvmnikid. Ptery v. Pupirmer @eurt, 32= @cn . Cpp. 4tf 322; ,

3234 (<220)7 I.@. § =3;(c)7 [innpemht Ficntf Hitwergs, Mh` . v . Pupirmer @eurt, 9= @cn . Cpp. 4tf

332 , 3<0 (3== ;). Rncmhtmaa fcs het jit tfms lurdih.

Cs dis`rmlid mh jeri ditcmn mh tfi cttc`fid di`ncrctmehs ea Cnnch @crtwrmkft chd [crrih

J`Pfchi, tfi rièrds wmtffind cri smjpny deùjihts tfct (cs ms stchdcrd mh tfi P`mihteneky

rinmkmeh) heti er rièrd ehamdihtmcn ejjuhm`ctmehs jcdi mh ehhi`tmeh wmtf tfi pncmhtmaa s

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aerjcn cudmtmhk sissmehs. @crtwrmkft Di`n . õ1-337 Di`ncrctmeh ea [crrih J`sfchi ( J`Pfchi

Di`n. ) ct 30-03. Cud mtmhk ms tfi eri rinmkmeus prc`tmì ea tfi P`mihteneky rinmkmeh7 mt ms tfi

spmrmtucn prc`tmì, er ti`fheneky, ly wfm`f P`mihteneky cssmsts mts cdfirihts mh tfimr spmrmtucn

prekriss . J`Pfchi Di`n . 30-03, 06 . Cudmtmhk mhvenvis ch ehkemhk , ehtmhueus sirmis ea

strm`tny ehamdihtmcn ejjuhm`ctmehs litwiih tfi ejjuhm`cht chd spi`mcnny-trcmhid nirkyjch,

tfi pu rpesi ea wfm`f ms aer tfi ejjuhm`cht te evirèji lcrrmirs te spmrmtucn ihnmkftihjiht . Md.

[mtfmh @fur`f s`rmpturi chd tfieneky, cudmtmhk ms c fmkfny rikunctid chd spi`mam` prc`tmì, chd ehi

tfct ehny spi`mcnny trcmhid nirky wmtf c duty ea èhamdihtmcnmty jcy piraerj. Md <0-02 .

Te finp tfi ejjuhm`cht evirèji spmrmtucn lcrrmirs eh ch ehkemhk lcsms, c ehamdihtmcn

rièrd ea ejjuh m`ctmehs jcdi mh cudmtmhk ms jcmhtcmhid. J`Pfchi Di`n õ3=-<<. Tfi

èhtiht ea su`f ejjuhm`ctmehs ms gipt si`rit, chd ms rivmiwid ix`nusmviny ly spi`mcnny-trcmhid

jijlirs ea tfi nirky wfe evirsii chd ditirjmhi tfi spi`mam` rinmkmeus preìssis chd

èjjuhm`ctmehs te cssmst tfi cudmter mh finpmhk tfi ejjuhm`cht evirèji spmrmtucn lcrrmirs

chd

wfe cri iqucnny leuhd te giip su`f ejjuhm`ctmehs ehamdihtmcn . Md ma <0-02 .

Mh suppert ea fir jetmeh, pncmhtmaa fcs suljmttid ch caa mdcvmt `ncmjmhk tfct sfi wcs tend ,

wmtfeut mdihtmaymhk ly wfej er wfih tfct chyehi sihmer te fir mh @PM eu nd rivmiw fir p`

aendirs, chd tfct sfi dmd het linmivi tfct tfi ehtihts ea fir cud mtmhk ejjuhm`ctmehs weund li

gipt ehamdihtmcn . Tfms eh`nusery stctijiht mh c di`ncrctmeh ms dmri`tny ehtrcdm`tid ly tfi

pncmhtmaas prmer tistmjehy chd jchmaistny mhsuaam`miht te jiit tfi pncmhtmaa s lurdih ea

dijehstrctmhk tfct tfi prmvmniki deis het cppny . Mh fir dipesmtmeh, pncmhtmaa tistmamid tfct

mhaerj ctmeh wfm`f sfi tend te ehi ea fir cudmters wcs ehsmdirid ehamdihtmcn prmist/pihmtiht

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cs tfi @crtwrmkft di`ncrctmeh , tfi J`Pfchi Di`ncrctmeh , chd tfi vcrmeus P`mihteneky P`rmpturis

cttc`fid tfirite dijehstrcti, ejjuhm`ctmehs jcdi mh cudmtmhk cri si`rit chd jcy het li

dms`nesid te etfir P`mihtenekmsts er sihmer stcaa jijlirs etfir tfch te tfi spi`mm`cnny cutfermzid

`nirkyj ih wfe cri rispehsmlni aer tfi cudmtmhk preìss mtsina . J`Pfchi Di`n . õ3=-<3, 0<-42 . Mt

ms jeri tfch tinnmhk tfct etfir tfch fir swiipmhk chd uhsuppertid stctijiht, pncmhtmaa fcs het

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mdihtmamid c smhkni mhstchì mh wfm`f c ehamdihtmcn ejjuhm`ctmeh sfi jcdi mh cud mtmhk wcs

dms`nesid te chyehi wfe wcs jiriny fir sihmer er te chyehi etfir tfch tfi nirky pirsehs

rispehsmlni aer fir cudmtmhk pursucht te P`mihteneky P`rmpturi. Jerievir, pncmhtmaas stctijiht cs

te wfct sfi wcs tend ly seji uhghewh pirseh , ct ch uhghewh tmji chd pncì, ms pncmhny

mhcdjmssmlni ficrscy. Pii Ivmdihtmcry Eloi`tmehs te Rncmhtmaas Jet . te @ejpin .

Rncmhtmaa cnse crkuis tfct tfi sfiir hujlir ea pirsehs wfej @PM mdihtmamis cs nirky ms het

`ridmlni, chd suljmts ch caamdcvmt stctmhk sfi deis het rijijlir tfi hcjis ea seji chd chhet

mdihtmay etfirs. Lut cs Jr . @crtwrmkft sfews, pncmhtmaa wcs c jijlir ea tfi Pic Erk rinmkmeus

erdir chd stcaa jijlir ea @PM aer evir tih yicrs, chd sfi e tih ihkckid mh tfi prc`tmì ea cudmtmhk

eh ch mhtihsi lcsms, mh`nudmhk iviry dcy aer sulstchtmcn pirmeds ea tmji . @crtwrmkft Di`n . =. Mt

fcrdny ms surprmsmhk tfct evir <22 mhdmvmducns si rvid cs imtfir cudmters er csi supirvmsers aer

pncmhtmaa durmhk tfct pirmed , er tfct pncmhtmaa deis het rijijlir tfi hcjis ea jchy ea tfisi

mhdmvmducns er ivih tfct sfi jcy het fcvi ghewh tfi hcjis ea fir csi supirvmsers, wfe

èjjuh m`cti ehny wmtf tfi cud mters chd het tfi pcrmsfmehirs dmri`tny. Md . Mh ricnmty cs dis`rmlid

mh tfi cttc`fid @crtwrmkft caamdcvmt, ic`f rinivcht mhdmvmducn mdihtmamid mh tfi prmvmniki nek wfe

riìmvid er rivmiwid pncmhtmaa s cudmtmhk ejjuh m`ctmehs ms uhdir nicr P`mihteneky de`trmhi, c

`nirky pirseh rispehsmlni aer c pcrmsfmehir,

s spmrmtucn kumdchì, chd tfi rinivcht pcrtmis mdihtmamid

mh tfi prmvmniki nek wiri mh ac`t P`mihteneky nirky. @crtwrmkft Di`n . 1-6 .

MMM. @eh mdihtmcn @ejjuhm`ctmehs Jcdi mh tfi @eursi ea Cud mthk C ri Rreti`tid

cs Rr mvmnikid uhdir Iv mdihì @edi 320< chd tfi Amrst Cjihdjiht

Rncmhtmaa crkuis tfct fir ejjuhm`ctmehs te cudmters er nirky cri he t preti`tid ly tfi

stctutery prmv mniki li`cusi tfesi ejjuhm`ctmehs jcy cnse li ejjuhm`ctid te chetfir

P`mihteneky jmhmstir cnnid c `csi supirvmser cs pcrt ea tfi P`mihteneky rinmkmeus prc`tmì ea

cudmtmhk . Lut Rncmhtmaa mkheris tfi hcturi ea cudmtmhk w mtfmh tfi P`mihteneky rinmkmeh. C csi

supirvmser ms ch issihtmcn pcrt ea tfi rinmkmeus prc`tmì ea cudmtmhk, cs fi er sfi ditirjmhis wfm`f

cud mtmhk tfi pcrmsfmehir wmnn riìmvi, finps tfi cudmter mh rivmiw mhk tfi rièrd ea tfi

pcrmsfmehir,

s spmrmtucn prekriss , chd cssmsts tfi cudmter mh wergmhk aurtfir wmtf tfi pcrmsfmehir mh

eltcmhmhk spmrmtuc n prekriss chd scnvctmeh . J`Pfchi Di`n . õ<4-<9 7 @crtwrmkft Di`n . ;-6 . C nn

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d.

pirsehs pcrtm`mpctmhk mh cudmtmhk ghew tfi reni ea tfi csi supirvmser, chd cnse ghew tfct tfi csi

supirvmser ms riqumrid te jcmhtcmh tfi si`ri`y ea tfi ejjuhm`ctmehs. J`Pfchi Di`n . <4-<9 , <6-

42. Mh ac`t, cs ixpncmhid mh tfi J`Pfchi Di`ncrctmeh ct <4-<9, P`mihteneky P`rmpturi jchdctis

tfct tfiri ch li he cudmtmhk wmtfeut tfi untmjcti pcrtm`mpctmeh ea c @csi Pupirvmser. Rncmhtmaa

hivirtfiniss ncmjs tfct tfi viry ac`t ea tfi ejjuhm`ctmeh litwiih tfi csi supirvmser chd tfi

cudmter diaicts tfi prmvmniki chd distreys tfi ehamdihtmcnmty chd prmvmnikid hcturi ea tfi

uhdirnymhk ejjuhm`ctmeh. Mh iss ihì, pncmhtmaa crkuis tfct li`cusi P`mihteneky stru`turis

cudmtmhk , mts eri pihmtihtmcn sc`rcjiht, dmaairihtny tfch tfct ea tfi trcdmtmehcn @ctfenm`

èhaiss mehcn ly pirjmttmhk cudmtmhk ejjuhm`ctmehs te li rivmiwid ly ct nicst twe nirky

jijlirs, ch cudmter chd c csi supirvmser cs eppesid te ehi nirkyjch, cudmtmhk

èjjuhm`ctmehs cri heh-prmvmnikid.

Tfms cttijpt te ix`nudi P`mihteneky prc`tmìs rej tfi sèpi ea prmvmniki ms het èhsmstiht

wmtf tfi stctuti chd , ma c`ìptid, auhdcjihtcnny weund vmencti letf tfi Istclnmsfjiht chd Arii

Ixir`msi `ncusis ea tfi Amrst Cjihdjiht .

C . Cudmtmhk @ejjuh m`ctmehs Cri Rreti`tid Yhdir Tfi @cnmaerh mc Iv mdihì @edi

Tfi stctutery prmvmniki ms si t aertf mh Ivmdihì @edi 320< . Tfi prmvmniki cppnmis te c

èjjuhm`ctmeh jcdi mh èhamdihì mh tfi prisihì ea he tfmrd pirseh se acr cs tfi

pihmtiht ms cwcri, te c jijlir ea tfi nirky wfe , mh tfi eursi ea tfi dms`mpnmhi erprc`tmì ea tfi nirky jijlir's fur`f , dihej mhctmeh , er erkchmzctmeh , ms cutfermzid erc`ùstejid te ficr tfesi èjjuh m`ctmehs chd

uhdir tfi dms`mpnmhi er tihits ea fms erfir fur`f, dihejmhctmeh, er erkchmzctmeh, fcs c du ty te giip tfesi ejjuhm`ctmehssi`rit.

I.@ . § 320<7 sii Riepni v . Idwcrds , <20 @cn . Cpp. 0d 3096, 301< (3=66) . Firi, ic`f ea tfi

inijihts ea tfi prmvmniki ms jit? ic`f pihmtihtmcn ejjuhm`ctmeh ct mssui wcs dms`nesid ix`nusmvi ny

te c smhkni P`mihteneky nirky pirseh wfe , uhdir tfi dms`mpnmhi chd prc`tmì ea P`mihteneky, wcs

cutfermzid te ficr su`f èjjuhm`ctmehs chd fcd ch elnmkctmeh uhdir P`mihteneky tihits te giip

tfij ' si`rit. J `Pfchi Di`n. 32 <2-<3, 03-427 @crtwrmkft Di`n . 1-6. Tfus, ic`f inijiht

ea tfi prmvmniki ms jit chd tfiri wcs he wcmvir.

C`èrdmhkny, mh Auhdirlirk v . Yhmtid Ptctis He. @ 2<-29413 O[ (\P)(<224), tfi Yhmtid

Ptctis Dmstrm`t @eurt aer tfi Hertfirh Dmstrm`t ea @cnmaerh mc, cppnymhk @cnmaerh mc ncw, upfind tfi

3<;90=.3 1 RREPMTMEH TE RNCMHTMAA'P JETMEH TE @EJRIN E\ AE\ TI\J MHCT MHK PCH@TMEHP



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d.

`ncmj ea prmvmniki ea c P`mihteneky fur`f aer tfi p` amnis ea c pcrmsfmehir chd riausid te ihaerì c

sulpeihc aer tfi amnis mssuid ly tfi Yhmtid Ptctis Oustmì Dipcrtjiht . Tfi eurt stctid?

C rivmiw ea tfi di`ncrctmeh suljmttid eh lifcna ea tfi @fu r`f rivicns, fewivir, tfct (3)

cud mts cri diijid strm`tny ehamdihtmcn ly tfi @fur`f7 (<) cud mts cri ehdu`tid ly trcmhid

cudmters chd e`ùr ehny litwiih su`f cudmter chd tfi pri`nicr7 chd (0) tfi rièrds arej

su`f cudmts cri jcmhtcmhid mh sipcrcti amnis wfm`f cri jcrgid èhamdihtmcn

chd sterid mh

ne`g clmhits.. . .C`èrdmhkny, tfi @fur`f fcs istclnmsfid tfct tfi stctijihts jcdi ly

pncmhtmaas durmhk tfimr cudmts cri prmvmnikid chd , tfiriaeri, ihtmtnid te preti`tmeh uhdir tfi

`nirky-pihmtiht prmvmniki . WPnmp ep. ct 9-1.Z

Rncmhtmaa , fewivir, crkuis tfct tfi ac`t tfct mh P`mihteneky c èhamdihtmcn èjjuhm`ctmeh

litwiih c ejjuh m`cht chd ch cudmter ms dms`nesid te chetfir jmhmstir, tfi csi supirvmser, tcgis

tfi ejjuhm`ctmeh ihtmriny eutsmdi tfi erlmt ea preti`tmeh ea tfi stctuti chd rihdirs mt heh-

prmvmnikid. Rncmhtmaas hcrrew chd ehstrm`tid ehstru`tmeh ea tfi prmvmniki stctuti ms uhwcrrchtid

chd just li rioi`tid.

Tfi stctuti riqumris ehamdihtmcnmty mh twe dmaairiht rispi`ts. Amrst c ejjuhm`ctmeh just

li jcdi mh tfi prisihì ea he tfmrd pirseh. Pièhd , tfi nirky pirseh te wfej tfi ejjuh m-

`ctmeh ms jcdi just fcvi c duty te giip tfesi ejjuhm`ctmehs si`rit.

Tfms dmstmh`tmeh ms fmkfny

smkhmam`cht chd just li kmvih iaai`t . Pi`ri`y fcs c lrecdir sèpi chd jichmhk tfch clsenuti ix-

`nusmvmty litwiih twe pirsehs. Tfi ncw rièkhmzis tfi ehìpt ea si`ri`y mh c vcrmity ea `mrùj -

stchìs, jest hetclny mh tfi ehìpt ea trcdi si`rits chd mh tfi kevirhjihtcn ncssm m`ctmehs ea

deùjihts cs, mhtir cnmc, si`rit er tep si`rit. Mh he su`f mhstchì fcs tfi ehìpt ea si`ri`y

liih ehstruid te jich clsenuti ix`nusmvmty te ehi pirseh7 rctfir mt fcs liih cppnmid te jich c

strm`t nmj mtctmeh ea dms`nesuri ea tfi si`rit te tfesi cutfermzid te ghew mt chd wfe fcvi c hiid te

ghew mt te `crry eut tfi auh`tmehs rinctid te tfi ixmstihì ea tfi si`rit mtsina . Ivmdihì @ed i

320<,s usi ea tfi tirj si`rit sfeund li èhstruid mh tfi scji èjjeh sihsi jchhir .

Mhdiid , tfi eurt just, eh tfi ac`ts firi, ehstrui Ivmdihì @edi § 320< te preti`t tfi

prmvmniki, mh erdir te prisirvi tfi stctuti,

s ehstmtutmehcnmty. Cs dmsùssid mh Remht MMM(L),pest, c

hcrrew ehstru`tmeh ea tfi stctuti fendmhk tfct mt deis het cppny firi weund letf ricti c dihej m-

hctmehcn priairihì chd sulstchtmcnny lurdih tfi arii ixir`msi ea tfi eri rinmkmeus prc`tmì ea

P`mihteneky, rcmsmhk sulstchtmcn mssuis ea vmenctmeh ea tfi rinmkmeh ncusis ea tfi Amrst Cjihdjiht..

3<;90=. 3 ; RREPMTMEH TE RNC MHTMAA'P JETMEH TE @EJRIN E\ AE\ TI\J MHCTMHK PCH@TMEHP



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rd.

@eurts just, ma pessmlni, mhtirprit c stctuti te cvemd ehstmtutmehcn mhamrjmty chd priairihì

ea ehi rinmkmeus dihejmhctmeh evir chetfir . Jurrcy v Tfi @fcrjmhk Litsy, 1 Y.P . (< @rch`f) 14 ,

336 (3624)7 Csfwchdir v Tihh . Qcnniy Cutf. <=; Y.P . <66 , 043 (3=01)(Lrchdims, O . ehùrrmhk).

[firi, cs firi, tfiri ms smkhmam`cht rmsg ea mharmhkijiht eh Amrst Cjihdjiht rmkfts, eurts wmn n

riqu mri ch caamrjctmvi mhtihtmeh ea tfi WnikmsncturiZ `nicrny ixprissid.

HN\L v @ctfenm` Lmsfep

ea @fm`cke , 442 Y.P . ct 921 (mhtirpritmhk Hctmehcn Ncler \inctmehs C`t cs het cppnm`clni te ncy

tic`firs mh @ctfenm` s`feens, dispmti clsihì ea c spi`mam` ixijptmeh, se cs te cvemd petihtmcn

èhanm`t wmtf Arii Ixir`msi chd Istclnmsfjiht `ncusis)7 Yhmtid Ptctis v . Piikir , 062 Y.P . 310 , 3;1

(3=14) 7 [insf v . Yhmtid Ptctis, 0=6 Y.P . 000 , 040-44 (3=;2 ) (scji) . Tfus, mh tfi ncttir twe csis

tfi @eu rt ehstruid tfi ehs`mihtmeus eloi`ter ixijptmehs ea tfi drca t ncws te mh`nud i heh-tfimstm`

linmias, dispmti tfi ac`t tfct tfi stctutis cppicrid te ix`nudi heh-tfimstm` linmias arej tfi cjlmt ea

tfi ixijptmehs Tfms ehstru`tmeh cvemds mjputmhk te @ehkriss ch mhtiht te ncssmay dmaairiht

rinmkmeus linmias, ixijptmhk seji chd ix`nudmhk etfirs.

Piikir, 062 Y.P . ct 319.

Mh tfms csi, het ehny ms tfiri he ivmdihì ea su`f ch caamrjctmvi mhtihtmeh, lut, te tfi

èhtrcry, tfi ivmdihì ms tfct tfi nikmsncturi mhtihdid te nicvi tfi sèpi ea si`ri`y ea

èjjuhm`ctmehs te ic`f dihejmhctmeh c`èrdmhk te mts ewh de`trmhi chd dekjc . Ct tfi tmji ea

èhsmdirctmeh chd cdeptmeh ea tfi stctuti, mh ejjihtmhk eh tfi rinctid Ivmdihì @edi § 3204

(prevmdmhk tfct tfi nirky cnse jcy mhvegi tfi prmvmniki), tfi Ncw \ivmsmeh @ejjmssmeh

rièkhmzid tfct tfi sèpi ea tfi si`rit

hcturi ea c ejjuhm`ctmeh sfeund li niat te tfi nirky ?

Tfi ixtiht te wfm`f c nirkyjch sfeu nd giip si`rit er rivicn pihmtihtmcn

èjjuhm`ctmehs ms het ch cppreprmcti suloi`t aer nikmsnctmeh7 tfi jcttir ms littir

nia t te tfi dms`ritmeh ea tfi mhdmvmducn nirkyjch mhvenvid chd tfi dms`mpnmhi ea tfi

rinmkmeus ledy ea wfm`f fi ms c jijlir.

; @cn .N .\iv.@ejj . \iperts 3 (3=1 9).

Firi, mh tfi clsihì ea chy mhdm`ctmeh tfct ly ihc`tmhk Ivmdihì @edi 320< tfi nikmsncturi

`nicrny mhtihdid te nmj mt tfi cvcmnclmnmty ea tfi prmvmniki ehny te tfe si dihej mhctmehs tfct riqumri

tfct ejjuhm`ctmehs te nirky het li dms`nesid te chy etfir pirseh cs eppesid te dihejmhctmehs

3<;90=.3 6

ERREPMTMEH TE RNC MHTMAA'P JETMEH TE @EJRIN E\ AE\ TI\J MHCTMHK PCH@TMEHP



. .

3 tfct cppny c sejiwfct lrecdir ehìpt ea si`ri`y te aurtfir tfimr ewh rinmkmeus linmias chd

< prc`tmìs, tfi @eurt sfeund aennew tfms auhdcjihtcn runi ea èhstru`tmeh.

0 Rncmhtmaa crkuis te tfi ehtrcry, rinymhk upeh \ejch @ctfe nm` Cr`fl msfep ea Nes Chkinis v .

4 Pupirmer @eurt, 303 @cn . Cpp. 4tf 43; , 440 (<229) ( @c tfe nm` Cr`flmsfep ) . Tfct csi, wfm`f

9 cresi arej c rcdm`cnny dmaairiht sit ea ac`ts, deis het suppert pncmhtmaas pesmtmeh.

1 @ctfe nm` Cr`flmsfep eh smdirid c ncmj ly tfi @ctfenm` Cr`fdmeìsi tfct ej juhm-

; `ctmehs jcdi durmhk ch mhvistmkctmeh ly tfi Cr`fd meìsi mhte cnnikid sixucn clusi ea `fmndrih

6 wiri prmvmnikid uhdir Ivmdihì @edi Pi`tmeh 320<. 303 @cn . Cpp. 4tf ct 4<; . Tfi

= èjjuhm`ctmehs ct mssui wiri het èhaissmehcn

èjjuhm`ctmehs er jcdi cs pcrt ea c rinmkmeus

32 sc`rcjiht7 cs su`f, tfiy wiri het c rinmkmeus prc`tmì ea tfi @ctfenm` @fur`f, chd tfimr viry

33 purpesi sfewid tfct tfiy petihtmcnny eu nd li usid aer dms`mpnmhcry c`tmeh eu tsmdi tfi ehtixt ea c

3< èhaissmehcn . \ctfir, tfiy wiri jcdi uhdir c penm`y

mh wfm`f lmsfeps ea tfi @fur`f

30 mhvistmkctid cnnikid jmsèhdu`t ly mts ijpneyiis chd prmists. Md . ct 4<= (hetmhk tfct tfms wcs tfi

34 gmhd ea reutmhi mhvistmkctmeh chy ijpneyir weund uhdirtcgi upeh nicrhmhk c trustid ijpneyii fcd

39 liih c`ùsid ea `fmnd jenistctmeh ). Tfi @eurt ea Cppicn aeuhd eh tfe si ac`ts tfct, dispmti tfi

31 Cr`fdmeìsi's ncmj tfct su`f deùjihts wiri ehamdihtmcn, tfiri wcs c èjpinnmhk stcti

3; mhtirist mh dms`nesmhk tfij, ncrkiny li`cusi ea tfi stcti,s mhtirist mh presiùtmhk rmjis. Md . ct

36 406-40= .

3= Mh se fendmhk, tfi @eurt rioi`tid tfi Cr`fdmeìsi's crkujiht tfct tfi mhvistmkctmeh

<2 deùjihts wiri nirky-pihmtiht prmvmnikid. Tfi @eurt hetid tfct tfi rinivcht èj juhm`ctmehs

< 3 wiri het gipt strm`tny ehamdihtmcn 7 rctfir, c sipcrcti vm`cr aer nirky

chd sejitmjis etfir

<<

S Cr`fdmeìsi ijpneyiis cs winn rivmiwid tfi deùjihts. Md

ct 44 9 . Eh tfesi ac`ts

tfi @eurt

[ <0 aeuhd tfct tfi ejjuhm`ctmehs wiri heh-prmvmnikid . Md .

<4MQ

[fct @ctfe nm` Cr`flmsfep dmd het cddriss fewivir, wcs c spi`mam` rinmkmeus prc`tmì, su`f

[ <9 cs tfct aeuhd mh P`mihteneky cud mtmhk, mh wfm`f tfi pihmtihtmcn ejjuh m`ctmeh, uhdir rinivcht

J <1 @fur`f s`rmpturi chd jchdctery rinmkmeus prc`tmì, just li rivmiwid ly chetfir jijlir ea tfi

© <; `nirky, wfe mh turh ms riqumrid te jcmhtcmh tfi si`ri`y ea tfi ejjuh m`ctmeh chd cssmst wmtf tfip- c

ihdcnn Lrmnn 6

Gnmikir NNR

3<;90=.3 =

322 Pchtc Jeh m`c Lnvd .

mti 3;<9

s Chkinis . @C =221;

ERREPMTMEH TE RNC MHTMAA'P JETMEH TE @EJRIN E\ AE\ TI\J MHCTMHK PCH@T MEHP



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md .

pihmtiht,

s spmrmtucn divinepjiht . J`Pfchi Di`n . õ3=-03 . Mh P`mihteneky cudmtmhk , chd uhdir

< . .

P`mihteneky s`rmpturis, he tfmrd pirseh jcy ficr ch cudmtmhk ejjuhm`ctmeh chd tfi

èjjuhm`ctmeh ms het niss tfch si`rit

-tfi èjjuhm`ctmehs cri jcdi mh ehi-eh-ehi sissmehs te

ch mhdmvmducn cudmter, chd tfih tfi wrmttih rièrds ea tfesi ejjuh m`ctmehs cri rivmiwid ly tfi

@csi Pupirvmser, c trcmhid nirkyjch wfe ms ch iqucnny mjpertcht pcrt, de`trmhcnny, ea tfi cudmtmhk

preìss chd cnse leuhd te jcmhtcmh tfi si`ri`y ea tfi mhaerjctmeh . @ctfe nm` Cr`flmsfep chhet li

strit`fid liyehd mts ac`ts te istclnmsf cruni ea ncw wfm`f weund rihdir heh-prmvmnikid chy

pihmtihtmcn er ehaissmehcn ejjuhm`ctmeh jcdi mh chy rinmkmeh tfct, uhdir mts de`trmhi, riqumris

tfct c sc`rcjihtcn , ehamdihtmcn ehaissmeh li dms`nesid te jeri tfch c smhkni nirkyjch.

C ehtrcry mhtirpritctmeh weund vmencti tfi rinmkmeh ncusis ea tfi A mrst Cjihdjiht, letf

ac`mcnny chd irtcmhny cs cppnmid te tfi prc`tmìs ct mssui firi, cs dmsùssid linew .

L. Ma I .@ . §320< Deis Het Rreti`t @ejjuhm`ctmehs J cdi mh tfi @eursi ea

P`mihteneky Cud mtmhk, Mt ms Yhèhstmtutmehcnny Yhdir-Mh`nusmvi

Tfi stctuti ehstruid cs pncmhtmaa urkis weund pirj mt tfi prmvmniki te li cppnmid ehny te

dihejmhctmehs wfe si prc`tmìs prevmdi tfct ejjuhm`ctmehs te nirky jcy het li dms`nesid te chy

etfir nirky aer chy ricseh, cs eppesid te dihejmhctmehs tfct prevmdi, cs firi, tfct su`f ejju-

hm`ctmehs jcy li dms`nesid te c sihmer nirky pirseh , wfe nmgi tfi cudmter ms leuhd ly si`ri`y, aer

tfi viry purpesi ea aurtfirmhk tfi epirctmeh ea tfi si`rit, pihmtihtmcn rinmkmeus prc`tmì . Pu`f c

dihejmhctmehcn priairihì ms c eri vmenctmeh ea tfi Istclnmsfjiht @ncusi . Pii , i.k., Ncrseh v .

Qcnihti, 491 Y.P . <<6, <41-<4; (3=6<) (rioi`tmhk dihejmhctmehcn priairihìs chd hetmhk tfct

WtZfi nicrist ejjchd ea tfi Istclnmsfjiht @ncusi ms tfct ehi rinmkmeus dihejmhctmeh chhet li

eaam`mcnny priairrid evir chetfir

)7 Nyh`f v . Dehhinny , 419 Y.P . 116, 166 (3=64) (E,@ehher, O.,

èhùrrmhk) .

< .

[fmni het rcmsid mh tfms csi li`cusi ehny ehi nirky pirseh ms prisiht durmhk cudmtmhk

tfi stctu ti,s he tf mrd pirseh nmjmtctmeh jcy winn li uhèhstmtutmehcn mh c smtuctmeh, aer ixcjpni,wfiri c dihej mhctmeh ehdu`ts ehaissmehcns wmtf twe j mhmstirs prisiht mhsticd ea ehi.

Pii Remht

MMM(L), pest

3<;90=.3 32U

RREPMTMEH TE RNCMHTMAA'P JET MEH TE @EJRIN E\ AE\ TI\J MHCTMHK PCH@T MEHP



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/d .

Aer smjmncr ricsehs, tfi stctuti weu nd vmencti tfi Arii Ixir`msi @ncusi . Tfi stctuti cs se

èhstruid weund sirmeusny chd pirfcps actcnny mhtirairi wmtf chd lurdih tfi viry prc`tmì ea tfi

P`mihteneky rinmkmeh, wfesi ihtrcn rinmkmeus prc`tmì ms cudmtmhk . Cs sit aertf mh tfi di`ncrctmeh ea

Cnnch @crtwrmkft, c pcrmsfmehir ihkckid mh cud mtmhk jcy dms`nesi vcrmeus evirts, èhsmstmhk ea

wrehkaun er fcrjaun c`ts ej pcrclni te tfi ehìpt ea smh. J`Pfchi Di`n . 31-3=. Tfi cudmter

wmnn de jeri tfch smjpny prevmdi clsenutmeh aer ch evirt, fewivir7 rctfir tfi cudmter wmtf

rinmkmeusny hiìsscry cssmstchì ea tfi csi supirvmser, chd tfi pcrmsfmehir wmnn werg te ihclni tfi

pcrmsfmehir te evirèji le tf tfi cusi chd iaai`t ea tfi evirt. Md . Ehny ly eharehtmhk fms er fir

evirts tfreukf ch ehkemhk cud mtmhk preìss jcy c P`mihtenek mst c`fmivi spmrmtucn prekriss chd

scnvctmeh . Md .

Tfi viry preìss, fewivir, dipihds upeh tfi kucrchtii tfct tfi dms`nesuris wmnn het dms-

`nesid eutsmdi tfi cudmtmhk preìss, wfm`f mh`nudis tfi reni ea c csi supirvmser . J`Pfchi Di`n .

31-3=, <4-<9 . Ma c pcrmsfmehir fcs ejjmttid c wrehkaun c`t su`f cs aer ixcjpni, ch ixtrc-

jcrmtcn caacmr er trcdmhk siùrmtmis eh mhsmdi mhaerjctmeh, fi nmginy wmn n het dms`nesi su`f ch c`t te

ch cud mter ma fi ghews tfct fms speusi, tfi kevirhjiht, er c mvmn pcrty jcy sulpe ihc fms cud mtmhk

amni chd el tcmh fms ehaissmehs er dms`nesuris. Md . Rursucht te P`mihteneky rinmkmeh, tfct acmnuri te

dms`nesi tfi c`t chd te dicn wmtf mts ehsiquihìs tfreukf tfi cudmtmhk preìss wmnn fmhd ir fms

spmrmtucn prekriss chd ivih scnvctmeh. Md . Yhniss P`mihteneky fur`fis ch cssuri pcrmsfmehirs ea

tfi mhvmenclmnmty ea tfi cud mtmhk preìss chd cud mtmhk amnis, tfi viry prc`tmì ea P`mihteneky wmnn li

lurdihid chd chhet preìid mh tfi jcrmhir chd wmtf tfi epihhiss riqumrid ly rinmkmeus de`trmhi .

Md .

[fih c stcti cdepts c stctutery s`fiji tfct mjpesis c lurdih eh tfi ixir`msi ea seji

rinmkmehs wfmni ixijptmhk etfirs, mts c`tmehs vmencti tfi Arii Ixir`msi @ ncusi ea tfi Amrst

Cjihdjiht, uh niss oustmamid ly tfi jest ejpinn mhk ea kevirhjiht mhtirists chd c`fmivid ly tfi

hcrrewist jichs cvcmnclni . @fur`f eaNuguj m Lclc nuCyi v . @ mty eaFmcnicf, 926 Y.P . 9<2, 903-

0< , 941 (3==0) ( C ncw lurdihmhk rinmkmeus prc`tmì tfct ms het hiutrcn er het ea kihircn

cppnm`ctmeh just uhdirke tfi jest rmkereus ea s`rutmhy,... just cdvchì 'mhtirists ea tfi fmkfist

3<;90=.3 F RREPMTMEH TE RNC MHTMAA,P JETMEH TE @EJRIN E\ AE\ TI\J MHCTMHK PCH@TMEHP



-

. .

3 erdir

chd just li hcrrewny tcmnerid mh pursumt ea tfesi mhtirists ) . Mh cppnymhk mts arii ixir`msi

< rivmiw , Tfi @eurt just surviy jitmùneusny tfi mrùjstchìs ea kevirhjihtcn `ctikermis te

0inmjmhcti, cs mt wiri, rinmkmeus kirryjchdirs.

Md . ct 904 , quetmhk [cnz v . Tcx @ejj'h, 0=; Y.P .

4 114 , 1=1 (3=;2 ) (Fcrnch, O., ehùrrmhk) . Pii cnse Aewnir v . \fedi Msnchd , 049 Y.P . 1; , 1= -;2

9 (3=90) (uhèhstmtutmehcn te cppny juhm`mpcn erdmhchì te prefmlmt pric`fmhk mh pulnm` pcrg ly

1 Oifevcf's [mthiss lu t te pirjmt pric`fmhk durmhk tfi eursi ea c @ctfe nm` jcss er Rretistcht

; `fur`f sirvmì) . Firi, cs mh @fur`f eaNuguj m Lclcnu Cyi , ma Ivmdihì @edi §320< ms ehstruid

6 te pirjmt cssirtmeh ea tfi prmvmniki mh mrùjstchìs wfiri pihmtihtmcn èjjuhm`ctmehs cri het

= dms`nesid te chetfir jmhmstir, lut het te cppny wfiri su`f ejjuhm`ctmehs cri dms`nesid te c

32 sihmer supirvmsmhk jmhmstir pursucht te rinmkmeus de`trmhi, tfct stctuti ly diamhmtmeh chhet li

33

hiutrcn er ea kihircn cppnm`ctmeh

chd tfiriaeri just uhdirke tfi jest rmkereus ea s`rutmhy.

3< Tfi stctu ti chhet survmvi su`f strm`t s`rutmhy. K mvih tfct @cnmaerhmc rièkhmzis chd nehk

30 fcs rièkhmzid tfi ixmstihì ea tfi prmvmniki, tfiri ch li he rctmehcn crkujiht tfct mt fcs c

34 èjpinnmhk mhtirist mh cppnymhk tfct prmvmniki ehny te irtcmh dihej mhctmehs er prc`tmìs chd het te

39 etfirs. Pu`f ch mhtirist het ehny weund het li ejpinnmhk , mt weund li mnnikmtmjcti ? Te kmvi

31 ixijptmeh te seji dihej mhctmehs chd het te cnn eaaihds tfi iqucnmty wmtf wfm`f cnn jih ihtir

3; se`mity.

Jijermcn chd \ijehstrchì eaOcjis Jcdmseh (cs quetid mh Oefh T. Heehch, Or., Tfi

36 Nustri ea Eur @euhtry? Tfi Cjirm`ch Ixpirmihì ea \inmkmeus Ariidej ;0 (Yhmvirsmty ea

3= @cnmaerhmc Rriss 3==6)), `mtid acverclny mh Ncrseh v Qcnihti, suprc .

<2 Tfus, te ehstrui Ivmdihì @edi §320< mh c jchhir tfct mt deis het cppny te tfi si`rit

< 3 èhamdihtmcn dms`nesuris ea P`mihteneky cudmtmhk weund rihdir tfi stctuti uhèhstmtutmehcn . Ivih

<< wiri c eurt te ric`f su`f ch ixtriji èh`nusmeh, fewivir, tfi rijidy weund het li te strmgi tfi

j <03 Q

stctuti mh mts ihtmrity, nicvmhk he prmvmniki ct cnn aer chy fur`f er dihejmhctmeh. \ctfir, wfiri c

<4

a?.. )

stctuti ms diai`tmvi li`cusi ea uhdir-mh`nusmeh ... c eurt jcy ... ixtihd tfi evircki ea tfi

w <9 stctuti te mh`nudi tfesi wfe cri ckkrmivid ly ix`nusmeh. [insf 0=6 Y.P . ct 013 (Fcrnch O.,

<1

[èhùrrmhk eh kreuhd s tfct èhs`mihtmeus eloi`ter stctuti uhèhstmtutmehcnny ehtcmhid c tfimstm`

2 <; riqumrijiht tfirily ehtrcvihmhk tfi Istclnmsfjiht @ ncusi, lut tfct tfi stctuti eund li scvid ly

ihdc nn Lrmnn 6

Gnmikir NNR 3<;90=.3 3<

32322 Pchtc Jeh m`c Lnvd .

umti 3;<9

es Chk inis, @C =221;

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ch mhtirpritctmeh tfct ùris tfi diai`t ea uhdir-mh`nusmeh, md . ct 019, wfiri fmstery ea

-o

èhkrissmehcn suppert aer ixijptmeh dijehstrctid tfct @ehkriss weund se feesi) . Firi, kmvih

tfi nehkstchdmhk fmstery ea tfi prmvmniki, ejpcrclni te tfct ea tfi ixijptmeh aer ehs`mihtmeus

eloi`tmeh te wcr, tfi eurt sfeund ùri tfi diai`t ea uhdir-mh`nusmeh

ly ixtihdWmhkZ tfi

èvircki ea tfi stctuti te mh`nudi tfe si wfe cri ckkrmivid ly ix`nusmeh.

MQ . Tfi @ehtihts ea tfi R@ A mnis Fcvi he \inivchì er J ctirmcnmty te tfi Ptctuti

ea N mj mtctmehs Mssui \cmsid mh tfi Rihd mhk J etmeh aer Pujjcry Oudkjiht

Cs @PM dijehstrctis mh mts pihdmhk jetmeh aer sujjcry oudkjiht, mt ms uhèhtrevirtid

chd mhdiid tfi ncw ea tfi csi tfct pncmhtmaa s ncmjs c``ruid he nctir tfch <224 wfih sfi

cnnikidny acgid sum`mdi chd nia t fir pesmtmeh ct @PM . Rncmhtmaa ripictidny fcs c`ghewnidkid letf mh

tfms @eurt chd tfi @eurt ea Cppicn tfct fir cnnikctmeh ea dincyid dmsèviry ea fir mhourmis li`cusi

sfi pu rpertidny wcs lrcmhwcsfid ms rinivcht ehny te tfi pri-c``rucn pirmed. Pii Dcuj Di`n . Ix .

@. Tfus, pncmhtmaas purpertid stcti ea jmhd wfmni sfi wcs uhdirkemhk cud mtmhk ms het jctirmcn

li`cusi sfi dmsèvirid fir mhourmis c tir tfct pirmed chd wcs eh hetmì tfct sfi fcd te lrmhk c

tmjiny ncwsumt .

Mt cnse ms uhèhtrevirtid tfct pncmhtmaa acmnid te amni fir ncwsumt wmtfmh tfi stctuti ea

nmj mtctmehs pirmed s cppnm`clni te fir ncmjs. Cs pncmhtmaa èhìdid ckcmh letf mh tfms èurt chd mh

tfi @eurt ea Cppicn , tfi ehny lcsms upeh wfm`f sfi jcy diaict tfi stctuti ea nmjmtctmehs diaihsi ms

fir cnnikctmeh ea iqu mtclni isteppin . Dcuj Di`n . Ix . @ . Cs tfi pihdmhk sujjcry oudkjiht

ditcmns, pncmhtmaa fcs cnnikid twe , chd ehny twe , kreuhd s aer cppnm`ctmeh ea tfct de`trmhi ? 3. Tfct

sfi rinmid eh riprisihtctmehs sfi cnnikis wiri jcdi te fir ct tfi tmji sfi ni t @PM chd ixiùtid c

.9

Etfir èurts fcvi risùid uhdir-mh`nusmvi chd tfiriaeri petihtmcnny uhèhstmtutmehcn , rinmkmeus

ixijptmehs mh stctutis ly ixtihdmhk ixijptmehs te pirsehs tfi stctutis siijid te ix`nudi . Pii,

i .k ., Niwms v . Pelen, ;32 A . Pupp . 921, 931 (P.D.H.] . 3=6=) (ixtihdmhk rinmkmeus ixijptmeh rejmjjuhmzctmeh stctuti te pcrihts wfe pretistid vc``mhctmeh lcsid eh pirsehcn rinmkmeus linmias)7Pfirr v . Hertfpert-Icst Hertfpert Yhmeh Arii P`feen Dmstm`t, 1;< A. Pupp. 63,=3 (I.D.H . ] .

3=6;) (ixtihdmhk rinmkmeus ixijptmeh rej mjjuhmzctmeh stctuti te pcrihts wfe wiri hetjijlirs ea chy aerjcn rinmkmeus kreup)7 Jcmir v . Lissir 043 H .] .P . <d ct 434 (Pup. @t . 3=;<)(ixtihdmhk te c acj mny het jijlirs ea c rièkhmzid rinmkmeh c stctuti ixijptmhk ehny fmndrihwfesi pcrihts cri lehc amdi jijlirs ea c rièkhmzid rinmkmeus erkchmzctmeh ) .

3<;90=.3 30

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d.

rinicsi ea cnn `ncmjs tfct ly smkhmhk tfi rinicsi sfi kcvi up chy nikcn lcsms te sui @PM 7 <. Tfct sfi

dmd het sui durmhk tfi pirmed c tir sfi ni t @PM li`cusi ea tfricts ea fcrcssjiht chd lchmsfjiht.

Md .

Eh fir cppicn, tfi @eurt ea Cppicn di`nmhid te amhd iqumtclni isteppin eh tfi lcsms ea tfi

cnnikid riprisihtctmehs cleut tfi rinicsi, amhd mhk tfct su`f riprisihtctmehs cjeuht te c dihmcn ea

nmclmnmty - wfm`f ms het suaam`miht te suppert c ncmj ea iqumtclni isteppin. Dcuj Di`n . Ix . @.

Tfi seni lcsms aer tfi @eurt ea Cppicn,s rijchd ea tfi csi te tfms @eurt wcs mts fendmhk tfct, eh

tfi acì ea tfi PC@, pncmhtmaa s cnnikctmehs ea mhtmj mdctmeh chd tfricts ea lchmsfjiht chd

fcrcssjiht, ma trui, jcy pri`nudi diaihdchts, mh iqumty, arej cssirtmhk tfi stctuti ea nmjmtctmehs cs

c diaihsi,

chd wiri suaam`miht aer pnicdmhk purpesis, ivih tfeukf pncmhtmaa deis het ixpriss ny

cnniki tfct tfi tfricts cusid fir te dincy amnmhk fir ejpncmht.

Md .

@PM's pihdmhk jetmeh aer sujjcry oud kjiht ms prijmsid eh mts sfewmhks tfct @PM dmd het

jcgi chy tfricts ea fcrcssjiht er lchmsfjiht te pncmhtmaa (her dmd mt jcgi tfi cnnikid

riprisihtctmehs cleut tfi rinicsi), pncmhtmaa dmd het acmn te m ni c tmjiny ncwsumt li`cusi sfi wcs put

mh aicr ly chy su`f tfricts, pncmhtmaa mh ac`t hivir ivih ehsmdirid amnmhk c ncwsumt uh tmn ctir tfi

stctuti fcd ruh, chd ivih ctir pncmhtmaa fcd di`mdid sfi wcs he nehkir c P`mihtenek mst, sfi wcmtid

hmhi jehtfs te amni, wfm`f ms tee nehk cs c jcttir ea ncw .

Mt ms ricdmny cppcriht tfct tfi jctirmcns ehtcmhid mh pncmhtmaas cudmtmhk m nis fcvi he

rinivchì te tfi pihdmhk jetmeh. Tfi cudmtmhk riani`tid mh tfi aendirs teeg pncì wfmni pncmhtmaa

wcs stmnn mh tfi fu r`f chd c`tmviny pcrtm`mpctmhk mh mts prc`tmìs. Dcuj Di`n . ;. Tfms wcs

liaeri, mh jest mhstchìs jchy yicrs liaeri, tfi nctist dcti upeh wfm`f pncmhtmaas ncmj s c``ruid.

Tfi quistmeh ea iqumtclni isteppin cppnmis te tfi pirmed ca tir tfi ncmjs fcvi c``ruid.4 R ncmhtmaa

fcs hivir ncmjid tfct wfmni sfi wcs stmnn c stcaa jijlir ea @PM chd uhdirkemhk cud mtmhk sej i

4 Iqumtclni isteppin ms c de`trmhi tfct cppnmis ehny te c`tmehs tfct weund fcvi privihtid tfipncmhtmaa arej m nmhk sumt ctir tfi c``rucn ea tfi cusi ea c`tmeh. Nchtzy v . @ihtix Fejis, 03 @cn .

4tf 010,'060 (<220) (hetmhk tfct iqumtclni isteppin èjis mhte pncy ehny c tir tfi nmj mtctmehspirmed fcs ruh chd cddrissis ... tfi mrùjstchìs mh wfm`f c pcrty wmnn li isteppid arej

cssirtmhk tfi stctuti ea nmjmtctmehs cs c diaihsi te ch cdjmttidny uhtmjiny c`tmeh li`cusi fms

èhdu`t fcs mhduìd chetfir mhte aerlicrmhk sumt wmtfmh tfi cppnm`clni nmj mtctmehs pirmed. ) .

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rd .

cudmter tfrictihid fir tfct ma sfi ivir ni t tfi fur`f chd lreukft c ncwsumt, tfi fur`f weund

fcrcss chd lchmsf fir. Jerievir, ma chy su`f tfrict fcd liih jcdi, wfm`f ea eu rsi mt wcs het,

pncmhtmaa ìrtcmhny weund rijijlir mt, smhì tfi jijery ea chy su`f purpertid tfrict weund fcvi

liih tfi cnnikid ricseh sfi dincyid sumhk . Rncmhtmaa `chhet mh keed acmtf cssirt tfct sfi hiids te

rivmiw tfi cudmtmhk amnis te mhd eu t wfitfir sfi fcd liih tfrictihid het te lrmhk c ncwsumt ma sfi

ivir nit @PM . Ma sfi eund het rijijlir tfi rinivcht tfrict er fcrcssjiht, mt elvmeusny wcs

mhiaai`tmvi.9

MQ . Tfiri Ms He Nikcn Lcsms Aer Rncmhtmaas \iquists Aer Tirj mhctmhk Pch`tmehs

Amhcnny, pncmhtmaas riquist aer tirjmhctmhk sch`tmehs ms mjprepir. Tirjmhctmhk sch`tmehs

`chhet li puriny puhmtmvi, chd just li nmhgid te c`èjpnmsfmhk tfi purpesi ea dmsèviry .

Hiw nchd v . Pupirmer @eurt, 42 @cn . Cpp. 4tf 126 , 134 (3==9) (puriny puhmtmvi sch`tmehs

diprmviWZ tfi ri`cn`mtrcht pcrty ea dui preìss ea ncw ). Jerievir, tirjmhctmhk sch`tmehs cri ehny

cppreprmcti wfiri tfi @eurt fcs èhsmdirid chd rioi`tid nissir sch`tmehs, su`f cs mssui rinctid

sch`tmehs. \.P. @rictmvi , Mh` v . @rictmvi @etteh , Ntd., ;9 @cn . Cpp. 4tf 461 , 4=1 (3===) . Firi,

pncmhtmaa fcs het sukkistid chy ehhi`tmeh wfctseivir litwiih tirjmhctmhk sch`tmehs chd tfi

dmsèviry seukft, her chy cppreprmcti cntirhctmvi sch`tmeh. Mt ms cppcriht tfct pncmhtmaa ms uttirny

uhclni te mdihtmay wfct mssui rinctid te tfi cudmtmhk amnis jmkft li jctirmcn er rinivcht te tfi

pihdmhk sujjcry oudkjiht . Tfi ricseh ms elvmeus . Tfiri ms he su`f mssui . Tfi riquist aer

tirjmhctmhk sch`tmehs ms he jeri tfch ch mjprepir cttijpt te cvemd fcvmhk tfi sujjcry oudkjiht

jetmeh ficrd eh tfi jirmts . Tfi sch`tmehs riquist just li rioi`tid.

@EH@NYPMEH

Rncmhtmaas jetmeh te ejpin sfeund li dihmid.

9 Mhdiid , aer ourmsprudihtmcn ricsehs , tfi @eurt hiid het ivih di`mdi tfi prmvmniki mssuisrcmsid mh tfms jetmeh ct tfms tmji

lu t jcy diair tfij uh tmn c tir mt fcs di`mdid tfi stctuti eanmjmtctmehs mssui. Ehny ma tfi csi survmvis tfct diaihsi hiid tfi eu rt ric`f tfi mssuis rcmsid firi .@a , Lenncrd v . @cn maerhmc Rrevmhì ea tfi Pe` y ea Oisus , 3=1 A.0d =42, =92 (=tf @mr . 3===)(hetmhk tfct c nmjmtid ... mhqumry, ejlmhid wmtf tfi clmnmty ea tfi WZ èurt te ehtren dmsèviry,`ch priviht c wmdi-rchkmhk mhtrusmeh mhte sihsmtmvi rinmkmeus jcttirs.

).

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Dctid? Ailrucry <3, <230 GIHDCNN L\MNN & GN MIKI\ NNR

Ctterhiys aer @fur`f ea P`mihteneky Mhtirhctmehcn

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