CNG MN C HCCHNG I:

Cc khi nim:- c hc l b mn khoa hc nghin cu v lng v cht cc tc ng bt li ca cc tc nhn ha hc, vt l v sinh hc ln h thng sinh hc ca sinh vt sng- c hc mi trng l mt ngnh khoa hc ca c hc, chuyn nghin cu v cc tc nhn c tn ti trong mi trng gy ra tc ng nguy hi i vi c th sng trong mi trng .- c cht l cht khi xm nhp vo c th gy nn cc bin i sinh l, sinh ha; ph v cn bng sinh hc v gy ri lon chc nng sng bnh thng, dn n trng thi bnh l ca cc c quan ni tng, cc h thng hoc trn ton c th.+ c cht ha hc: Tt c u c kh nng gy c khi liu lng c cht i vo c th ln. + c cht sinh hc: V,TV,VSV+ c cht vt l: nhit, phng x, ting n, sng in t,- Sc khe: l trng thi thoi mi ton din v th cht, tinh thn v quan h XH v khng phi ch bao gm c tnh trng khng c bnh hay thng tt- c hc MT v sc khe con ngi: l ngnh khoa hc nghin cu nh hng cu cc cht c MT n sc khe con ngi

Phn loi:- Theo bn cht ha hc v sinh hc: 2 loi+c cht ha hc: T nhin: Kh c, KL nng trong nc ngm,Nhn to: CFC, PCB,+c cht sinh hc: C ngun gc V, TV, VSV- Da vo tnh cht nguy hi:+ Ha cht phng x. VD: Uranium+ Cc cht nguy hi thuc nhm KL nng, thuc bo v thc vt, cc cht dc liu thuc 2 nhm : cc cht tng hp hu c v mui KL, ax, kim v c+ Cc cht thi bnh vin, phng th nghim sinh hc+ Cht gy chy, n- Da vo bn vng trong MT:+ Khng bn vng (1->12 tun): P hu c, cacbonat,+ Bn vng trung bnh (3->18 thng)+ Bn vng (2->5 nm): DDT, aldrin (thuc tr su), chlordane, + Rt bn vng (>5 nm): KL nng, cht phng x, dioxin- Da trn cc c quan b tc ng:+ Cc cht gy nh hng tp trung hay tng im nh Cl2, O3, mui KL nng,+ Cc cht gy c h thn kinh nh: CO2, phenol, F, formol,+ Cc cht gy c hi mu nh Zn, P,+ Cc cht gy c hi nguyn sinh cht nh F,+ Cc cht gy c hi enzym nh P hu c, Na2SO4, F,+ Cc cht gy m nh: Cloroform, CCl4, ete,+ Cc cht gy tc ng tng hp nh: Formol, F,+ Mt s cht c hm lng khc nhau gy nh hng khc nhau: Phenol hm lng thp nh hng n h thn kinh, hm lng cao th xm nhp vo mu- Theo mc tc dng sinh hc: Tc dng sinh hc n thun l cc c cht ha hc gy kch ng, gy ngt, gy d ng, t bin, qui thai Tc ng kch ng ny thng xy ra khi mi tip xc vi c cht ( biu hin cp tnh ), l cc c cht c trong phn ha, khi, bi cng nghip. Tc dng sinh hc h thng gy c nn m h thn kinh, c quan to mu, gan, thn, v cc c quan khc trong c th. a s l cc biu hin ca nhim c mn tnh, khi b nhim cc cht c lu ngy. Nh nhim Hg, asen, ch+ Loi A: Tip xc khng gy nh hng n sc khe+ Loi B: Tip xc c th gy hi n sc khe nhng c th hi phc c+ Loi C: Tip xc c th gy bnh nhng phc hi c+ Loi D: Tip xc c th gy bnh khng phc hi c hoc chtS phn loi ny ph hp vi thi giant x t 8h/ngy v 5 ngy/nm. Tuy nhin phn loi ny kh i vi nhng cht gy ung th hoc t bin gen- Da trn mc gy c cho c th thy sinh vt:Da trn ch s TLm: mc gy t vong 50% s lng c th sinh vt th nghim trong khong thi gian nht nh+ Nhm c cht cc mnh: TLm 1mg/l (VD: DDT)+ Nhm c cht mnh: 1 TLm10mg/l+ Nhm c cht TB: 10 TLm100mg/l+ Nhm c cht yu: 100 TLm1000mg/l+ Nhm c cht cc yu: TLm > 1000mg/l (HBr, CaCl2,)- Theo nguy c gy ung th ngi:+ Nhm 1: Tc nhn l cht ung th ngiy l cht m kh nng gy ung th ngi ca chng c nhng chng c chc chn, Ngoi ra , mt tc nhn (hoc hn hp) c xp vo nhm ny khi bng chng gy ung th ngi cha hon ton y nhng chc chn gy ung th trn ng vt th nghim v c lun c cho thy khi vo c th n s c tc ng theo c ch dn n ung th.+ Nhm 2A: tc nhn ( hoc hn hp) c th gy ung th cho ngi l cc cht m c 1 s bng chng cha hon ton y v tnh cht gy ung th cho ngi nhng c bng chng l tc nhn ny gy ung th cho ng vt th nghim.+ Nhm 2B: tc nhn hn hp c l gy ung th ngi l cc tc nhn( hn hp) m c mt s bng chng ( nhng cha hon ton y ) v kh nng gy ung th cho ngi v gn bng chng v tnh gy ung th trn ng vt th nghim.+ Nhm 3 Tc nhn hoc hn hp cha th xp vo nhm cht gy ung th cho ngi l cc tc nhn ( hn hp) khng c bng chng r rang gy ung th ngi nhng li c y bng chng gy ung th ng vt th nghim, song c ch gy ung th y khng ging nh i vi ngi.+ Nhm 4 : Tc nhn hn hp c th khng gy ung th cho ngi l cc tc nhn, hn hp m bng chng cho thy khng c tnh gy ung th cho ngi v ng vt th nghim, Trong mt s trng hp, nhng tc nhn ( hn hp ) c bng chng khng chc chn l gy ung th cho ngi, nhng t nhiu thng tin, s liu r rng chng minh l khng gy ung th cho ng vt th nghim cng c xp vo nhm ny

CHNG II:Cc khi nim:- Cc i lng c tnh cho c cp tnh:LD: Liu lng gy cht (mg/kg)LC: Nng gy cht (mg/l)ED: Liu lng gy nh hngEC: Nng gy nh hngLT: Thi gian gy cht ng vt th nghim- Cc i lng c tnh cho c mn tnh:LOEL: Liu lng thp nht c cht trong mi trng c th quan st thy biu hin nhim cLOEC: Nng thp nht ca c cht trong mi trng c th quan st thy biu hin nhim cNOEL: Liu lng cao nht ca c cht m ti nng khng quan st thy nh hng nhim c n c th sinh vt thc nghimNOEL: Nng cao nht ca c cht m ti nng khng quan st thy nh hng nhim c n c th sinh vt thc nghimLOAEL: Mc thp nht c ghi nhn l gy nh hng bt liNOAEL: Mc cao nht c ghi nhn l khng gy nh hng bt li noMATC: Nng gy c cc i c th chp nhn cNOEC (NOEL) < MATC < LOEC (LOEL)- Cc i lng khc:AF: i lng biu hin quan h gia c cp tnh v mn tnh: AF = ADI: L lng c cht tip xc chp nhn c trong 1 ngyTDI: Liu lng tip nhn hng ngy c th chu ng cn v c cht: TU ; TU = TU cng ln th EC cng nh -> c cht c c cng mnh

Mi quan h gia liu lng v s p ng:- Liu lng l mc phn b cht c trn c th sng- p ng l phn ng ca ton b c th, hay ca ca mt hoc vi b phn ca c th sinh v i vi cht kch thch hay cht gy p ng- Mi quan h gia liu lng v p ng c biu din di dng 1 hm s:p ng l hm ca liu lngp ng ph thuc vo liu lng. Mc liu lng thp c cht cha gy p ng c gi l ngng liu. mc liu lng gy cht ton b sinh vt c gi l ngng cc i. im gia ngng liu v ngng cc i, gy cht 50% sinh vt l gi tr LD50. H s gc a/b ca ng cong biu din mc c tnh ca cht c. H s gc cng ln -> ng cong cng dc -> tng thm 1 liu lng nh cng c th gy cht thm rt nhiu sinh vt. Ngng gy c cng nh, h s gc cng ln th c tnh cng cao. Phng thc cht c i vo c th:- Qu trnh hp th: L qu trnh thm qua mng t bo xm nhp vo mu ca cc cht hay vn chuyn ca c cht t mu vo trong cc mHp th qua mng: + Hp th th ng l qu trnh hp th xy ra do s chnh lch nng ca c cht pha trong v pha ngoi mng sinh hc. c cht i t ni c nng cao n ni c nng thp. c cht c kh nng hp th th ng qua mang t bo bao gm c cht c khi lng phn t nh tan trong nc v c cht tan tt trong m+ Hp th ch ng l c ch vn chuyn cc cht bng cch s dng nng lng t bo. c cht i t ni c nng thp n ni c nng cao+ Hp th nh cc cht mang l c ch vn chuyn c cht vo trong t bo nh cc cht mang ca t bo. Cc cht lin kt vi cht mang i vo trong t bo, y cc cht c gii phng v cht mang tip tc vn chuyn cc phn t cht khc i qua mng t bo+ Ni thm bo: Bao gm kiu hp th cc tiu phn dng rn theo c ch thc bo v hp th cc tiu phn dng lng theo c ch ung bo.Hp th qua da:+ Qua t bo biu b da:

CHNG III: c hc ca kim loi nng: HgPbAsCd

Gii thiu chungPht sinh do hot ng khai khong qung; nc thi CN, SH, r rc; rc thi CNPht sinh do khai khong v luyn kim, khi thi ca phng tin giao sd xng pha ch, cht thi, nc thi ca CN c sd chPht sinh do khai khong, nghin lc qung, ph thi trg sx CN, sd phn bn v ngun nc ngm c cha AsH ca ni la, khai thc m KL, luyn kim, cht ph thi ca CN ch bin v sx nha, men, pin in, qt thiu hy nhng vt = nha, pin, qt t cc nhin liu ha thch, bn ca cng rnh nc thi SH, CN

Tc ng gy hiHp thKh nng hp th ph thuc vo dng tn ti- Hi Hg: h hp- Methyl Hg: Da, tiu ha, h hp- Mui Hg, Hg lng kh hp th, hp th = tiu ha, o thi ngay = phn- Pb v c: Kh hp th, 10% lng Pb n phi c hp th, tc ph thuc CKL c trong ng rut- Hi, khi, bi Pb: d xm nhp qua ng h hp- Pb hu c: D- da, tiu ha, h hpH hp, tiu ha, daCh yu qua tiu haCh yu = tiu ha.Kh nng hp th ph thuc vo hm lng Fe trong c th. Thiu ht Fe s lm tng kh nng hp th Cd

Tch t v o thio thi:Chnh(phn) ngoi ra l tuyn m hi, nc bt, sa v m truyn cho con qua nhau thaiTch t: Mu, t bo thk ca no, thn v m mo thi:Chnh (phn, thn) ngoi ra hi th, m hi, sa mTch t: Huyt tng, cc m, phn ln thay th Ca trong xngo thi: Thn, nc tiu, tc, mng tayTch t: cc m, co thi: ch yu qua phn, thnTch t: 5% lng Cd vo c th c gi li v tp trung thn, gan, xng; 1 lng nh trg m mm

Chuyn ha2 giai on:- Trong cc m, Hg b oxi ha -> Hg2+- Hg2+ lin kt vi cc protein ca mu v mTc dng vi gc SH ca pr lm bin tnh pr gy mt hot tnh ca cc enzym v lm ri lon chc nng ca pr- ging Hg- Tc dng vs ALA -> ngn cn s to thnh ca nguyn liu tng hp nn Hemoglobin trong mu -> Km hm s t hp mu, chm qt tun hon ca hng cu gy bnh thiu muHn 95% As i vo trong mu lk vs Hemoglobin, tc dng vs pr lm ng t pr v lm mt hot tnh enzymNgn cn qt tng hp ATP l cht sinh nng lng cho t boThay th v tr Zn trong cc otynin, pr iu chnh qt phn b ca cc KL b l Zn v Cu lm pr ny ko hot ng80-90% Cd trg c th dng phc cht Cd-otynin l phc cht rt c hi vs h thn kinh

Biu hin nhim cCp tnhHo, kh th, st, bun nn, hn m, au d dy, co tht vng ngc. Nng th t vongTo bn, nn ma, au bng trn, try tim mch. Nng th t vongTn thng mnh h tiu ha, ri lon thn kinh. 60mg/l th gy chtTx=tiu ha: Nc bt tit ra nhiu, bun nn v nn ma lin tc, chy mu, chong vng, ngtTx=h hp: Tc ngc, kh th sau l chn n, bun nn, au u, i ngoi

Mn tnhVng da do suy yu chc nng gan, ri lon tiu ha do suy yu hot tnh ca men tiu ha, vim li, au u, ri lon thn kinh, c th teo v tiu noMt ng, bing n, chn rang c vin enNng: thiu mu, vim no tr, vim thn mn tnhLiu lng thp gy vim da, nhim sc t da, mng chn en d gy rngThgian nhim c ko di gy ung th da, bng quang, phiNhuyn xng, trn kh, suy thn, suy gan, pr niu

Gii cSD BAL c i lc mnh vs Hg2+, gii phng enzym khi lin kt vs Hg2+SD EDTA to phc bn vng vi Pb ngn cn qt ion ha to Pb2+

c hc ca cc cht khCOCO2NOxNH3

NgunTo ra do s chy khng hon ton cc nhin liu, vt liu c cha CTo ra do s t chy hon ton cht hu c (trong qt phn hy CHC (mn rc) v ln men ru)T cc ngun t nhin liu du, kh t, sn xut ha cht, hn ct KL,, do hot ng con ngiL cht lm lnh ph bin; cn c to ra cc nh my sx phn m, ax nitric v l cht thi ca ng`, v

Tch lyTrong lchKo tch ly trong mu v mt i rt nhanh

Gy cTc dng mnh vs hemoglobin (Hb) (mnh gp 250 ln so vs oxi) -> lm mt kh nng vn chuyn oxi ca mu v gy ngtHb.O2+CO->Hb.CO+O2CO cn tc dng vs Fe trong men h hp c chc nng hot ha oxi lm bt hot men ny -> S thiu oxi cng thm trm trng.Bthg`, CO2 trog kkh chim t l thch hp c t/d thc y qt h hp ca svNhg nu CCO2 ln ti 50-60ml/m3(10-110mg/l th s lm ngng h hp 30-60 Ngi v ng vt:- NO t/d mnh vs Hb gp 1500 ln so vs CO nhg NO trog kh quyn k c knag xm nhp vo mch mu- NO2 100ppm c th gy cht sau vi pht, 5ppm gy hi b my h hp sau my pht tx, 15-50ppm gy nguy him cho tim, phi, gan sau vi h tx, 0,06ppm gy bnh phi nu tx lu di Thc vt:NO2 khong 1ppm trg 1 ngy hay 0,35ppm trg 1 thng gy tc hi n TV nhy cm vs MT Ngi v ng vt:- Kch thch mnh ln ng h hp v nim mc m t gy bng rt do p/ kim ha km theo ta nhit. Ngng chu ng l 20-40mg/m3; tx vs 100mg/m3 trg thgian ngn s ko li hu qu lu di nhg tx vs 1500-2000mg/m3 trg 30 s nguy him n tnh mng- NH3 tc ng vo mu khi t nng cao s ln no gy hi h thn kinh trung ng, lm v v ngi b hn m nh ri hn m su, thm ch t vong Thc vt:Lm m tv b gy gin, l b a vng, rng l, lm cy thp i, qu b thm tm, gim t l ny mm ht ging

Mc gy c-50ppm - nhim c nh- 100ppm - nhim c va v chng mt- 250ppm - nhim c nng v chng mt- 500ppm - bun nn, nn, try tim mch- 1000ppm - hn m- 10.000ppm - t vong- 0,5% - kh chu v h hp- 1,5% - ko th lm vic- 3-6% - c th nguy him n tnh mng- 8-10% - nhc u, ri lon th gic, mt tri gic, ngt th- 10-30% - ngt th ngay, th chm, tim p yu- 35% - cht ngi

Cc hp cht tn lu kh phn hyDioxinPCBsPAHs

Gii thiu chungCTCT:

C 75 ng phn trg 2,3,7,8-PCDD l c c tnh mnh nht- Ngun gc l cht c nhn to do con ngi khng ch ch to ra. Pht sinh t qt sx thuc dit c v cc h/c Cl hu c khc hay t qt t chy nhin liu, chy rng, thiu hy rc thi v t ngun kh thi ca cc phg tin giao thngCTCT:

L h/c Cl ha ca biphenyl, c 209 ng phn- Ngun gc nhn to: c sd rng ri trg cc ngnh CN lm cht cch in, cht lng truyn nhit, cht ph gia, keo dnhThng tn ti dng hp cht, t tn ti dng nNgun: K kh: khi thi ca qt t nhin liut v nc: s c trn du, r r trg qt sd, sx v t cc bi chon lpD tan trg m nn d dng tch t trg c th sv v chuyn t c th ny sang c th khc qua chui thc nTrg thc phm: ch yu c trg sa, trng, tht, v nhuyn th, c v rau qu

c tnhHp thQua g tiu ha (90%): n phi thc phm c cha dioxin nh sa, tht c Qua g h hp: Ht th khi thi c cha dioxin97% qua chui thc phm 3,4% h hp t khng kh4% t nc

ng h hp, da v ng thc phm

Phn bDioxin d tan trong m nn d dng thm qua mng rut v phi i vo h tun hon muThgian lu trg mu ko lu, s chuyn n m m ca cquan trg c thSau khi vo h tun hon mu th c vn chuyn n cc m v cq trg c th1 phn hp th vo mu, phn cn li c h tun hon mu vn chuyn n cc cq trg c thNc lm gim k/ng hp th PAHs trog mu cn du trg thc phm th ngc li

Chuyn ha1 phn c chuyn ha bi men gan -> nhng cht d tan hn v o thi = g nc tiuDioxin trg t bo to phc vs AhR gy ra:- Tc ng ln ADN lm ri lon qt sinh tng hp ca mt s pr-> tng kh nng t bin gen v ung th ca cc tc nhn MTMs ng phn c kh nng lk vs AhR ging dioxin lm ri lon chc nng sinh sn v bin i gii tnh- ngoi ra c chuyn ha bi ezym P450 trg men gan theo kiu chuyn ha dng MC v PB. c tnh MC>PBCh yu trg gan, thnh mch mu v rut non. Tc chuyn ha trg thnh mch mu trg ganChuyn ha gm 2 G:GDD1: TH bi enzym MFO v EH to ra cc idols v epoxidesG2: S/p GDD1 tham gia cc p/: Lk vs glucuronic ax, glutathione to thnh cc cht d tan v o thi = nc tiu, lk vs ADN v pr gy t bin gen v bin tnh pr

Tch t v o thiTch t: Ch yu trg m m; nng cao th tch trg gan v lk bn vng vs cc pr trog gano thi: Chm, T1/2 ko di vi nm, vi chc cho n hn 100 nm. Ch yu qua sa m, g m truyn cho con, 1 phn nh = g nc tiuRt kh o thiTch t: Gan, da, rut v 1 t trg no

Biu hin nhim cCp tnh- Da: PCDD: ni mn trng c, mn en l lot- Mt: , ph kt mc, vim mng mt,gic mc-Xut huyt: g tiu ha- Gan: cq b tn thng trc nht- Sinh sn: T l sy thai sinh con qui thai rt cao- Gy ung th: b l ganSng m mt, i mu mng tay, bun nn, mt mivs c heo:LC50=2,74mg/l- Suy gim h min dch- nh hng n k/n sinh sn nh sinh con qui thai, sy thai, gim k/n sinh sn, gy c bung trng- t bin gen- K/n gy ung th ph thuc vo: + ng hp th: ming < da+ Lng hp th+ c tnh sinh hc c th:C th tr > c th ln tui+ CT hp cht PAHs

Mn tnhGim cn, suy gim min dch, au u, suy nhc thn kinhNng th gy ung th da, ri lon kh nng sinh sn,bin i gtnh

c cht sinh hc:ng vt:- Nha cc Cht c ch yu c trong nha cc l bufotoxinBufotoxin l mt cht dng tinh th, khng tan trong nc,este,axeton; t tan trong ru; tan trong pyridin, methylDa cc v ton b gan, rut, trng u rt c, gy ng c cho ngi n. Tuyn tit nha c nm trong cc vt sn si trn da cc, ch yu l bufotoxim. Nha cc tc dng ln tim lm tim p chm v ngng hn. Nha cc dnh vo da gy rp da, l lot, nu nha dnh vo mt s gy sng au, tn thng, gy mNha cc dnh vo da b xy xt, tn thng khin cht c i thng vo mu gy nguy him ln- Nc rn Rn tp trung vng nhit i. Cht c chnh ca nc rn c 2 loi: Cht c h thn kinh (neurotoxin) hy hoi chc nng ca h h hp v dn n ci cht do ngng h hp. Cht c mu (hemorrhazin) lm ng,tan mu v ph hy thnh mch mu,ngoi ra cn to ra nhng ri lon do vim ti ch. Tt c nhng nc c u c cha ng thi neurotoxin v hemorrhazin nhng vi t l khc nhau- c t ongNc ong l mt cht lng snh, khng mu, thnh phn ha hc rt phc tp c cht c l melitin. Melitin bn vng vi axit, d tan trong kim. V vy, khi b ong chch thng bi vi gii cMelitin lm tan hng cu, co cc c trn, h huyt p, phong b mt on thn kinh trung ng- Nhn ga ph o enC ci tn c bit y l do nhn ci cn cht nhn c ngay sau khi giao phi. N nguy him hn nc rn nh khi tn cng n ch tim vo mt lng rt t c cht, do n ch nguy him vi nhng tr em di 15kgNc c gy tc hi thn kinh. Cc triu chng khi b nhim c l au nh, ti nht, sng, au vng ngc, bng, bun nn, chy nc di v ra m hi- B cp c t gy nh hng ln tim v h thn kinh.Trng hp nh th thy nga, hi au. Nu nng th gy co tht c, bn chn,ni gin, tng hoc h huyt p v lon nhp tim. Triu chng ko di t 24-48h, triu chng thn kinh c th ko di 1 tun- ng vt nhuyn th v cngng vt nhuyn th v cng nh trai, s c th pht sinh c t trong nhng thng nng hoc trong mi trng c bit.c t ny thng gy t c bp. Cc triu chng hay gp l t lit h hp, nga mi, mt mi- C ncC nc phn b vng bin nhit i ca VN. c t ca c nc bao gm: tetrotoxin, ciguatoxin tan trong cht bo, ciguaterin tan trong nc, aminopehydroquinazolin c cng thc th l C11H17N3O8Cc triu chng nhim c: t lit c th, ngng tr h tun hon v h hpNg c c xut hin sau khi n 2-24h, nn nhn t mi, t li, nn ma, hn m. khong 60% s ngi nhim c b t vongKhi gp ngi ng c c nc ta c th cho ung nc da cp cu

Thc vt:AlkaloidAlkaloid gy c cho ht thn kinh, tn thng gan, c th dn n ung th gan, nh hng n s pht trin ca thai nhiPyrrolizidine alkaloid gy hi cho ganSolanum alkaloid c trong khoai ty lm mt hot tnh ca cc enzim chuyn ha cht c, tc ng ln ezim AchE gy c h thn kinhLupin alkaloid cht c v ng gy c cp tnhIso quinoline, carboline alkaloid gy c h thn kinhGlucozidFavaglycoside gy tan muThioglycoside gii phng ra cht c thyrotoxic Cianoglycoside tn cng no, tuyn gip, tuyn tyAglycon l cht sinh ung th, gy bin i gen, cht c h thn kinhCc protein cMt s protein c lin kt vi t bo lm ri lon chc nng t bo, lm mt hot tnh ca enzim proteinase gy ra nhng nh hng nh chm pht trin ng vt, nh hng n sc khe con ngi, nh hng n qu trnh tiu ha proteinMt s protein gy p ng min dch mnh mLactin lin kt vi hng cu gy vn cc muAmino axit khng c trong protein

- Amino propionitrile (BAPN) ngn chn hot ng ca ezyme l enzym quan trong trong qu trnh pht trin xng v collagenPtaquiloside gy ung th bng i, bnh bch cu, xut huyt

- Cy cam thoTrong ht cha ptotein c gi l abrin c cng thc ha hc l C12H14N2O2. triu chng trng c l nn ma, au bng, i ngoi, tiu t, kh th, da tm ti - Cy c uCht c cha nhiu trong ht v l. Cht c c cha trong d ti (gn c) l tephrosin, rotenon v pachyrhizon gy bun nn, chong vng, t ton thn v c th dn n t vong - Cy thuc lc cht ch yu cha trong cy thuc l l nicotin Nicotin l cht c v nng cay, mi hc d tan trong nc v dung mi hu c. Ngi ln cht khi c th hp th 15-20g nicotin, tr con ch cn vi gam cng gy cht bi n lm tng bnh tim mch v gy ung th- Cy thuc phiny l loi thuc c gy nghin, gy o gic, liu cao c th gy t t. C cha cc axit meconic, axit tactric, axit xitric, mocphin,...trong qu chn cha alkanloid, lng moocphin 0,5%, nacotin 0,018%,codein 0,028%- Cy thu du (cn gi l u ta)Trong ht thu du c cha ricin ( l mt protein c) v abrin l nhng albumin n gin l nguyn nhn gy dnh kt v xut huyt cc t bo mu, gy tn thng n t bo khc v gy bt n nh nhitTriu chng: nn ma, tiu chy, mu huyt khng lu thng.Biu hin cp tnh: bun nn, rt ming, tiu chy, au bng, ngi u oi, xut huyt mng li, bnh v mu, co git v cht sau 12 ngyBiu hin mn tnh: vim da, vim mi c v mt- Cy daNg c do da l do mt loi nm c candida tropicalis sng l sinh trong mt da. ng c xy ra khi n da cha ct sch mt hay n qu b dp nt cht c nhim vo trong phn tht ca quTriu chng ng c l da mn nga, au bng, tiu chy, mch nhanh, huyt p h, kh th, phi ran- Cy cauCht c arecoline ch yu tp trung ht cauTriu chng ng c l a chy, nn ma, co git, kh th, th lc km - Cy snNg c sn l do hm lng Cianua c nhiu trong v v chp c, nht l ch b tn thng.Triu chng ng c l trng thi sng s, t lit dy thn kinh m thanh, co git v hn m- Cy xoanTt c cc b phn ca cy xoan u c c tnh i vi con ngi nu n phi. Thnh phn ha hc ch yu ca cc cht c trong cy xoan l loi alkaloid c v ng, tp trung v, r, l, quTriu chng lm sng khi b nhim c l bun nn ,chong vng, khng mun n, mt , yu mt, t lit thn kinh

CHNG 4: Bnh ngh nghip:- Khi nim: Bnh ngh nghip l bnh pht sinh do iu kin lao ng c hi ca ngh nghip tc ng ti ngi lao ng. Bnh xy ra t t hoc cp tnh. Mt s bnh ngh nghip khng cha khi v li di chng. Bnh ngh nghip c th phng trnh c.- Bnh da ngh nghip:Bnh da ngh nghip l bnh da gy ra hay nng thm do tc hi ca cc yu t c hi ngh nghip pht sinh trong qu trnh lm vic. - Bnh h hp ngh nghip:Bnh h hp ngh nghip l hu qu ca s phi nhim vi bi, ht trn c a ngi c nhy cm trong qu trnh sn xut, bi c th l bi v c nh bi silic, bi aming hoc bi hu c nh bi bng, ay, gai, lng v...