DDCE Utkal Universityddceutkal.ac.in/Syllabus/MA_HINDI/Paper-14.pdfDDCE Utkal University qhXr (E_.E.) M.A. (Hindi) Semester - IV PAPER - XIV X{bV {d_e© boIH$ S>m°. {dO` Hw$_ma _hm§{V

$Page 1: DDCE Utkal Universityddceutkal.ac.in/Syllabus/MA_HINDI/Paper-14.pdfDDCE Utkal University qhXr (E_.E.) M.A. (Hindi) Semester - IV PAPER - XIV X{bV {d_e© boIH$ S>m°. {dO` Hw$_ma _hm§{V$
1

DDCE Utkal University

qhXr (E_.E.)

M.A. (Hindi)Semester - IV

PAPER - XIV

X{bV {d_e©X{bV {d_e©X{bV {d_e©X{bV {d_e©X{bV {d_e©

boIH$boIH$boIH$boIH$boIH$

S>m°. {dO` Hw$_ma _hm§{VS>m°. {dO` Hw$_ma _hm§{VS>m°. {dO` Hw$_ma _hm§{VS>m°. {dO` Hw$_ma _hm§{VS>m°. {dO` Hw$_ma _hm§{V

Certified that Syllabus & Courses of

Study have been prepared

According to the UGC guidelines

2

DDCE UTKAL UNIVERSITY

M.A. (Hindi)

Semester - IV

PAPER - XIV


boIH$boIH$boIH$boIH$boIH$

S>m°. {dO` Hw$_ma _hm§{VS>m°. {dO` Hw$_ma _hm§{VS>m°. {dO` Hw$_ma _hm§{VS>m°. {dO` Hw$_ma _hm§{VS>m°. {dO` Hw$_ma _hm§{V

3

DDCE UTKAL UNIVERSITY

M.A. (Hindi)

PAPER - XIV

Semester - IV

COURSES OF STUDY


Unit - I - X{bV gm{hË` -n¥ð> y{_

^maVr` X{bV gm{hË`, {hÝXr X{bV gm{hË`

Unit - II - CnÝ`mg

nmR²>`nwñVH$ : YaVr YZ Z AnZm - OJXre M§Ð

Unit - III - AmË_H$Wm

nmR²>`nwñVH$ : i ) PyR>Z - Amo_àH$me dmë_r{H$

ii) {VañH¥$V - gyaOnmb Mm¡hmZ

A§H$ {d^mOZ :A§H$ {d^mOZ :A§H$ {d^mOZ :A§H$ {d^mOZ :A§H$ {d^mOZ :

VrZ AmbmoMZmË_H$ àíZ 12×3 = 36

VrZ bKyÎmar àíZ 8×3 = 24

Xmo {Q>ßnUr _ybH$ àíZ 5 × 2 = 10

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

Hw$b = 70

gÌr` H$m © = 30

___________________

Hw$b A§H = 100

4

nmR² >`H«$_ n[aM`nmR² >`H«$_ n[aM`nmR² >`H«$_ n[aM`nmR² >`H«$_ n[aM`nmR² >`H«$_ n[aM`

E_.E. H$m nÌ g§»`m 14 X{bV {d_e© H$m nmR²>`H«$_ h¡ Ÿ& Bg nmR²>`H«$_ H$s àW_ BH$mB© _|Amn Xb{V gm{hË` H$s n¥ð> y{_ ^maVr` X{bV gm{hË` Am¡a qhXr X{bV gm{hË` H$m AÜ``ZH$a|Jo Ÿ& Bg_| AmnH$mo X{bV gm{hË`, X{bV eãX H$m AW©, X{bV gm{hË` H$m àoaUmòmoV, X{bVgm{hË` H$m ñdê$n {\$a ^maVr` gm{hË` Ed§ BgHo$ A§VJ©V _amR>r, VobwJw Am¡a AÝ` Hw$N> ^maVr`^mfmAm| Ho$ X{bV gm{hË` na g§{já OmZH$mar àmá hmoJr Ÿ&

VV² níMmV² qhXr gm{hË` Am¡a CgHo$ à{gÕ Am¡a CZH$s gm{hpË`H$ H¥${V`m| (H${dVm, H$hmZr,CnÝ`mg, AmË_H$Wm) Am{X na H$s JB© MMm© go AmnH$mo qhXr X{bV gm{hË` na ~hþV gr OmZH$maràmá hmoJr Ÿ&

5

UNIT - I


UNIT - I

1.1 He=<þYetefce

1.2 àoaUm òmoVàoaUm òmoVàoaUm òmoVàoaUm òmoVàoaUm òmoV1.3 ñdê$nñdê$nñdê$nñdê$nñdê$n1.4 ^maVr` X{bV gm{hË`^maVr` X{bV gm{hË`^maVr` X{bV gm{hË`^maVr` X{bV gm{hË`^maVr` X{bV gm{hË`1.5 qhXr X{bV gm{hË`qhXr X{bV gm{hË`qhXr X{bV gm{hË`qhXr X{bV gm{hË`qhXr X{bV gm{hË`

6

Unit - I

X{bV gm{hË`X{bV gm{hË`X{bV gm{hË`X{bV gm{hË`X{bV gm{hË`

1.1 He=<þYetefce :::::

{d{dY Y_m©db{d`m| H$m {demb Xoe h¡ ^maV Ÿ& `hm± qhXy, _wgb_mZ, B©gmB©, ~m¡Õ, O¡Z,nmagr, {gI O¡go H$B© Y_m] Ho$ bmoJ g{X`m| go {Zdmg H$aVo Am aho h¢ Ÿ& nyao Xoe _| {hÝXwAm| H$s g§»`mg~go A{YH$ h¡ Ÿ& ewê$ go BZH$m dM©ñd ahm h¡ Ÿ& ~hþ àmMrZ H$mb go {hÝXwAm| _| O{Q>b dU© ì`dñWmàM{bV h¡ Ÿ& h dU©ì`dñWm d¡{XH$ H$mb go ewê$ hþB© ŸWr Ÿ& CÎma d¡{XH$ H$mb AmVo AmVo Bg ì`dñWmZo H$m\$s O{Q>b ê$n YmaU H$a {b`m Ÿ& àmMrZ d¡{XH$ H$mbrZ dU©ì`dñWm Zo {hÝXw g_mO H$mo ~«m÷U,j{Ì`, ewÐ Am¡a d¡í` BZ Mma dUm] _| {d^m{OV {H$`m Wm Ÿ& Bg dU© ì`dñWm Ho$ AZwgma g_mO _|~«m÷U H$mo loð>Ëd àXmZ H$aZo Ho$ gmW gmW gm_m{OH$ ñVa na CÝh| à^mdembr ~Zm`m J`m Ÿ& \$bV:g_` H$s J{V Ho$ AZwgma g_mO _| ~«m÷Um| H$m àmYmÝ` ~‹T>Zo bJm Ÿ& ewÐm| H$mo BZ VrZ Om{V`m| Ho$ godmH$aZo dmbm godH$ _mZm J`m Ÿ& Yrao-Yrao ewÐm| _| {d{dY Om{V -CnOm{V`m| H$s g¥{ï> hþB© Ÿ& BZ Om{V-CnOm{V`m| Ho$ bmoJm| H$mo X{bV _mZm J`m Ÿ& BÝh| doXmÜ``Z go d§{MV {H$`m J`m Ÿ&

dU© oX H$s `h Hw$pËgV ^mdZm BVZm ^ §H$a ê$n YmaU H$s JB© {H$ {ZåZdJm] Ho$ bmoJm| H$sN>m`m H$m ñne© ^r nmn g_Pm OmZo bJm Ÿ& H«$_e: Adho{bV Om{V, OZOm{V `mZr {nN>‹S>o hwE, am¢XohþE bmoJm§o H$m OrZm Xy a hmo J`m Ÿ& dU©ml_ nÕ{V _| eyÐ Bg X{bV dJ© _| AZwgy{MV Om{V, OZOm{V,_OXya, y{_hrZ, Jar~ {H$gmZ g^r H$mo A§V w©º$ {H$`m J`m Ÿ& BZ g~H$mo X{bV _mZm J`m Ÿ& X{bVeãX H$m AW© -

X{bV eãX H$m AW© h¡ {OgH$m XbZ m CËnr‹S>Z {H$`m J`m hmo Ÿ& X{bV eãX H$m AW© Am¡an[aË`m{O na àH$me S>mbVo hþE S>m°. AmaVr Pm Zo H$hm h¡ - ""X{bV eãX H$m gm_mÝ` AW© h¡ - X[aÐAm¡a CËnr‹S>Z Ÿ& BgH$m A © X~m, Hw$Mbm, An_m{ZV Am¡a àVm{‹S>V àmUr hmoVm h¡ Ÿ& AmO "X{bV' H$mAW© AZwgy{MV Om{V`m| Am¡a OZ Om{V`m| Ho$ ê$‹T> AW© _| hmoZo bJm h¡ Ÿ& {OgH$m XbZ d X_Z hþAmhmo, X~m`m J`m hmo, Omo CËnr‹S>Z, emo{fV, gVm`m, {Jam`m, Cno{jV, K¥{UV, am¢Xm, _gbm, Hw$Mbm,

7

{dZï>, _{X©V, nñV, hËgm{hV Am¡a d§{MV hmo dh X{bV h¡ Ÿ& X{bV {H$gr Om{V d Y_© H$m H$moB© eãXZht h¡ Ÿ& dh H$moB© ^r hmo gH$Vm h¡ Ÿ& ewÐ hmo, ór hmo `m AÝ` H$moB© ^r hmo Ÿ&''1

Ÿ _hamï´> _| gZ² 1970 Ho$ XeH$ _| X{bV n§Wa amOZr{VH$ Xb Zo "X{bV eãX H$m g~goA{YH$ àMma {H$`m Ÿ& V~ go X{bV eãX H$m _hËd ~‹T> J`m Ÿ& bmoJ X{bV eãX H$mo Ho$dbAZwgy{MV OZ Om{V`m| VH$ gr{_V H$aVo h¢, na§Vw BZH$m `h {dMma VH©$ g§JV Zht h¡ Ÿ& Bg g§~§Y _|S>m°. nwéfmoÎm_ gË`ào_r H$m H$hZm h¡ -"" X{bV EH$ g§doXZ h¡ {dMma , {OgH$m AW© X~m`m J`m_Zwî`, {H$gr r Om{V, dU©, Y_©, _Z Ed§ m¡Jmo{bH$ joÌ H$m hmo X{bV h¡ Ÿ&''2 AmJo Mb H$a X{bVeãX H$mo boH$a H$B© {dÛmZm| Zo AnZo -AnZo T>§J go am` àH$Q> H$s h¡ Ÿ& H±$db ^maVr Zo AnZm {dMmaàH$Q> H$aVo hþE X{bV eãX H$s ì`m»`m Bg àH$ma H$s h¡ Ÿ& CZHo$ AZwgma -"" X{bV dh h¡ {Og naAñn¥í`Zm {Z`_ bmJy {H$`m J`m h¡ Ÿ& {Ogo H$R>moa J§Xo H$m © H$aZo Ho$ {bE dmÜ` {H$`m J`m Ÿ& {Ogo{ejm J«hU H$aZo Am¡a ñdV§Ì ì`dgm` H$aZo go _Zm {H$`m J`m, {g\©$ dhr X{bV h¡ Ÿ&'' X{bVgd©hmam O¡gm nr{‹S>V h¡ Ÿ& dh OrdZ â Adho{bV OrdZ OrVm h¡ Ÿ& na X{bV Am¡a gd©hmam _| Wmo‹S>m~hþV AÝVa h¡ Ÿ& Bg ~mV H$mo ñnï> H$aZo Ho$ {bE X{bV gm{hË`H$ma _mohZ Xmg Z¡{_eam` H$m dº$ì`CëboIZr` h¡ Ÿ& BZHo$ {dMmam| _| -""X{bV Am¡a gd©hmam BZ Xmo eãXm| _| n`m©á ôX h¡ Ÿ& X{bV H$sì`m{á A{YH$ h¡ Vmo gd©hmam H$s gr{_V Ÿ& X{bV Ho$ A§VJ©V gm_m{OH$, Ym{_©H$, amOZ¡{VH$, Am{W©H$emofU H$m A§V^m©d hmoVm h¡ Vmo gd©hmam Ho$db Am{W©H$ emofU VH$ gr{_V h¡ Ÿ& ''3 V~ X{bVm| H$moAmOmXr Zht Wr Ÿ& CÝh| Jwbm_r _| OrdZ {~VmZm n‹S>Vm Wm Ÿ& gdU© g_mO Ho$ bmoJm| Ho$ emofU Ho$n[aUm_ ñdê$n BÝh| hdm _| gm§g boZm ^r _wpíH$b Wm Ÿ& Jm§d _| §Jr, M_mam| H$s gm_m{OH$ pñW{VHw$Îmm| go r J`r JwOar Wr Ÿ& ZrM Om{V H$s Am¡aVm| H$mo Hw±$E go nmZr VH$ aZo Zht {X`m OmVm Wm Ÿ& Jm§d_| D±$M-ZrM H$m oX^md Vrd« {XImB© XoVm Wm Ÿ& S>mo_, §Jr, M_ma O¡gr Om{V _| OÝ_ boZm nmn g_PmOm ahm Wm Ÿ& OJXre MÝÐ Zo "YaVr YZ Z AnZm' CnÝ`mg _| ~‹S>r ~marH$s go BgH$m dU©Z {H$`m h¡ Ÿ&n¡gm hmoZo Ho$ ~mdOyX M_ma H$mbr MmMr Ho$ {bE nmd a XyY Zht OwQ>m nm`m h¡ Ÿ& M_mam| H$mo XyY ~oMZmMm¡Y[a`m| Ho$ emZ Ho$ {Ibm\$ h¡ Ÿ& N>îny emhH$ H$s ~mV gwZH$a h[aqgh ‹S>H$ CR>m, ""Voar AŠb

--------------------------------------------------------------------1. S>m°. AmaVr Pm H$m "^maV _| X{bV gm{hË` Ed§ X{bV MoVZm' boI,

Zd {dH$mf(mmoY{deof§H$) {X. 2012, n¥. -60

2. S>m°. nwéfmoÎm_ gË`ào_r H$m boI, gw_Z {b{n, _m{fH$, ~å~B©(\$.-_m.)1944, n¥. 53. CËH¥$ï> a{de§H$a gmoZH$a H$m boI "X{bV gm{hË` : {MÝVZ H$m AmYma' Zd{ZH$f emoY{deofm§H$ -2

8

{R>H$mZo h¡ {H$ Zht ? Jar~ h±ÿ Vmo Š`m hþAm, Mm¡Yar Vmo h±ÿ, M_ma Ho$ hmW XyY ~oMy§Jm Vmo Jm§d dmbo Š`mH$h|Jo ?'' (YaVr YZ Z AnZm -n¥.-165) BVZm hr Zht CZ {XZm| X{bVm| H$mo Añn¥í` _mZH$a BÝh|g_mO Am¡a Y_© go ~{hîH¥$V {H$`m OmVm ahm Wm Ÿ& X{bVm| H$m _§{Xa àdoe {dd{O©V gm X{bV ~ƒm| Ho${dX² monmU©Z na amoH$ Wr Ÿ& ñHy$b _| X{bV ~ƒm| H$m gdU© {dÚm{W© m| Am¡a {ejH$m| go gVm`m Om ahmWm Ÿ& X{bV gm{hË`H$ma Amo_àH$me ~më_r{H$ Zo AnZr AmË_H$Wm "OyR>Z' _| CZ {XZm| na ñHy$b Ho$hoS>_mñQ>a go {H$ o J o h_bo H$m _m{_©H$ {MÌ C^ma H$a {bIm h¡ - MrIH$a _mñQ>aOr Zo H$hm -" OmbJm nyao _¡XmZ _| Pm‹Sz> .... Zht Vmo Jm§S> _| {_Mu S>mb Ho$ ñHy$b go ~mha {ZH$mb Xy§xJkm Ÿ& ~«m÷UdmXHo$ H$maU hr g_mO _| X{bVm| H$mo V_m_ gm§ñH$A{VH$ -Ym{_©H$ AZwð>mZm| go d§{MV {H$`m OmVm Wm Ÿ&dñVwV: `h VËH$mbrZ g_mO H$s ì`dñWm H$m {hñgm Wm Ÿ&

VËH$mbrZ ^maV _| Om{V ì`dñWm H$m A_mZdr` ê$n g_mO _| oX-^md CËnÞ H$aZo Ho$gmW-gmW AZoH$ à{V^mAm| Ho$ {dZme H$m H$maU ~ZZm Wm Ÿ& Om{VdmX, `mdh ñWm{Z`m| go g_mO _|ào_ Am¡a ^mB©Mmao Ho$ ~Xbo K¥Um Am¡a Aem§{V h_oem ~Zr ahVr Wr Ÿ&

1.2 X{bV gm{hË` Ho$ àoaUm òmoV X{bV gm{hË` Ho$ àoaUm òmoV X{bV gm{hË` Ho$ àoaUm òmoV X{bV gm{hË` Ho$ àoaUm òmoV X{bV gm{hË` Ho$ àoaUm òmoV :::::

^maVr` g_mO _| àYmZV: qhXy g_mO h¡ Ÿ& Nw>AmNy>V H$s mdZm _w»`V: qhXwAm| _| ahr h¡ Ÿ&Mma dU© H$s ñWmnZm Vmo g_mO H$mo Omo‹S>Zo hoVw H$s JB© Ÿ& na§Vw H$mbH«$_ _| dh ~m§Q>Zo _| bJ JB© Ÿ&_Ü`H$mb _| {ZJ©U emIm Ho$ AZoH$ H${d a¡Xmg, nbQy>, H$~ra Am{X Zo dU© ì`dñWm Am¡a Om{V àWmna J§^ra MmoQ> H$s h¡ Ÿ& O~ wÝh| CnmgZm H$m A{YH$ma Z ahm, àdoem {YH$ma Z ahm, Vmo B©ída H$mo _Z Ho$^rVa Ty>§T> {b`m Ÿ& nm ^r {b`m Ÿ& a¡Xmg Vmo H$hVo h¢ -

""H$m _Wam H$m ÛmaH$m, H$m H$mgr haÛma Ÿ&

a¡Xmg ImoOm {Xb AnZm, VD$ {_{b`m XbXma Ÿ&''

Jhao AVrV _| Om | Vmo XoI|Jo {H$ {gÕ -ZmW H${d Bg oXH$mar na§nam Ho$ {déÕ I‹S>o hþE Wo Ÿ&Mm¡amgr {gÕm| _| gmR> Vmo eyÐ Wo Ÿ& d¡go hr {gÕm| _| AZoH$ Bgr dU© Ho$ Wo Ÿ& BZH$s àIa dmUr Zo nhbr~ma g_mO _| dU© oX Ho$ à{V MoVZm OJmB© Ÿ& BZHo$ VH©$ Am¡a g_Vm Ho$ CXmhaU g_mO H$mo Bg Zr{V _|~Xbmd Ho$ à{V OmJéH$ H$a gHo$ Ÿ& AmÜ`mpË_H$ ^md H$mo ^m¡{VH$ CnbpãY go D$na _hËd XoZo Ho$

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S>m°. AmaVr Pm H$m boI "^maV _| X{bV gm{hË` Ed§ X{bV MoVZm' {ZH$n(emoY-{deofm§H$) {X. 2012, n¥. 61

9

H$maU do g~ H$mo ñdrH$m © hmo gHo$ Ÿ& oX dmbr Ad¡km{ZH$ ^mdZm Ho$ à{V X{bVm| H$mo OmJ¥{V H$sàoaUm {_br Ÿ&

àË`j ê$n _| ñdm_r X`mZÝX Bg XX© H$mo g_P H$a CÝh| doXm| H$m A{YH$ma {X`m, `km{X H$mA{YH$ma {X`m Ed§ OZoD$ YmaU H$r ñdrH¥${V Xr Ÿ& CZ_| X{bVm| Ho$ à{V Jhar gMoVZZVm ñnï> {XIr Ÿ&_mVm àgmX {bIVo h¢ : g§Vm| Ho$ {dMmam| go X{bV Om{V H$mo àoaUm {_br Ÿ&

CZ_| AmË_{dídmg OmJ¥V hþAm Ÿ& Cgr Vah Jm§YrOr Zo eyÐm| H$mo "h[aOZ' g§km XoH$aAnZm`m Ÿ& Jwbm_r Ho$ g§Kf© _| BZH$m Am§V[aH$ g_W©Z {b`m Ÿ& Jm§Yr H$s _§em _| amOZ¡{VH$ f>S> §ÌTy>§T>Zm, gË` Am¡a Aqhgm Ho$ nwOmar Ho$ gmW AÝ`m` hmoJm Ÿ& h[aOZ CX²Yma H$m CZH$m A{^`mZAm§XmobZ H$m\$s Am§V[aH$ Wm Ÿ& BgHo$ ~mX Bg {Xem _| Aå~oS>H$a H$s {dMmaYmam Zo ~‹S>o g_mO H$moOJm`m Ÿ& g§{dYmZ _| AmajU H$m _wÔm Omo‹S>H$a h[aOZm| Ho$ AÝ`m` na _bh_ bJm`m J`m Ÿ& BgàH$ma EH$ b§~o g_` ~mX H$mZyZ gå_V Am§XmobZ Am¡a gH$mamË_H$ gMoVZVm âr Ÿ&

X{bV gm{hË` {bIo OmZo go nhbo X{bVm| Ho$ à{V g§doXZm Am¡a CZ_| MoVZm CËnÞ H$aZo H$mH$m_ maV H$s {d{dY mfmAm| Ho$ gm{hË`H$mam| Zo AnZr-AnZr gm{hpË`H$ H¥${V`m| Ho$ _mÜ`_ go Wmo‹S>~hþV {H$`m Wm Ÿ& bo{H$Z `h H$hZm g_rMrZ hmoJm {H$ dmËdd _| X{bVm| _| MoVZm CËnÞ H$aZm Am¡aX{bV gm{hË` H$s aMZm H$aZo _| àoaUm àXmZ H$aZo dmbm| _| {OZH$s à_wI XoZ Wr CZ_| à_wI h¢ Jm¡V_~wÕ, g§V H${d H$~ra, a¡Xmg Ed§ X{bVm| Ho$ CÕma H$Îmm© _mZo OmZo dmbo ^maV aËZ Aå~oS>H$a Ÿ& S>m°.AmaVr Pm Zo AnZo boI _| Bg g§X^© _| {bIm h¡ -""X{bV gm{hË` Ho$ _yb _| ~m¡Õ qMVZ,Omo{V~m\y$bo Am¡a Aå~oS>H$a Ho$ {dMma, ZrJ«mo gm{hË` boIZ Am¡a AídoV_{hbm boIZ _| {XImB© XoVmh¡ Ÿ& H$~ra, a¡Xmg O¡go X{bV g§V BZH$s àoaUm h¡ Ÿ& a¡Xmg X{bV MoVZm Ho$ à_wI H${d hþE, Omo H$hVoh¢ -

""a¡Xmg EH$ hr ~y§X gm|, g~ hr ^`mo {dËWma

_y[aI h¢ Omo H$aV h¡, ~aZ A~aZ {~Mma Ÿ&''

OÝ_ AmYma na Om{V dU© H$m N>moa {damoY {H$`m h¡ Ÿ& o AnZm {ZU© A~ ñd § H$aVo h¢ Ÿ&-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

5. Amo_àH$me ~më_r{H$, X{bV gm{hË` H$m gm¡ÝX © emó , 2014, n¥.-32

6. S>m°. EZ. qgh, X{bV gm{hË` Ho$ à{V_mZ : X{bV gm{hË` Ho$

àoaUmòmoV, 2012, n¥. 87

qhXr H$mì` _| X{bV H$mì` Ymam - _mVm àgmX , n¥. - 47

10

1990 Ho$ XeH$ go X{bV gm{hË` Zo qhXr _| XñVH$ Xr Ÿ& H$m§eram_ Ûmam "S>r.Eg.-4' Am¡a "~gnm'H$s ñWmnZm go X{bV gm{hË` à^m{dV hþAm Ÿ& 1990-91 Ho$ _§S>b H${_eZ Zo X{bV gm{hË` H$mo J{VàXmZ H$s Ÿ& amOoÝÐ `mXd H$s "h§g' n{ÌH$m Am¡a a_{UH$m Jwám H$s " wÕ aV Am_ AmX_r' n{ÌH$m Ho$Ûmam AZoH$ X{bV boI Ho$ joÌ _| AmJo Am o Ÿ& H$B© X{bV gm{hË` gå_obZm| Ûmam ^r g_H$mbrZX{bV MoVZm H$m {dH$mg hþAm Ÿ& X{bV gm{hË` Ûmam AnZo g_` Am¡a g_mO H$m {MÌU nyar gƒmB©Am¡a `WmW©dmXr Ñ{ï> go {H$`m J`m Ÿ&''4

A{YH$m§e X{bV gm{hË`H$ma X{bV MoVZm Am¡a X{bVm| H$s A{^ìÒZ _| Aå~oS>H$a H$s_w»` àoaUm òmoV _mZVo h¢ Ÿ& dñVwV: _hmamï´> _| H$R>moa ~«m÷UdmX go g{X`m| go nr{‹S>V, Adho{bV,K¥{UV X{bVm| Ho$ A§YH$ma nyU© OrdZ _| Aå~oS>H$a Zo hr amoeZr Ho$ Xr o Obm o Ÿ& CZ_| gm_m{OH$AÝ`m` Am¡a AZr{V Ho$ {Ibm\$ AmdmO CR>mZo H$s {hå_V OJm`r Ÿ& à{V^mYa Adho{bV X{bVm| H$sgwfwá à{V^m H$m n[aàH$me â g_mO _| CÝh| gdUm] H$s Vah grZm VmZH$a MbZm {gIm`m Ÿ&ñdmV§Í`moÎma ^maV _| X{bVm| _| Omo gwYma Am`m h¡, X{bV gm{hË` _| Omo ì`mnH$Vm AmB© h¡ Ÿ& Bg_|g~go A{YH$ lo Aå~oS>H$aOr H$mo hr h¡ Ÿ& Amo_àH$me ~më_r{H$ Zo Bg g§X © _| AnZr nwñVH$"X{bV gm{hË` H$m gm¡ÝX © emó' _| H$hm h¡ -"" X{bVm| H$s g§ñH¥${V _| JwU -Xmof hmo gH$Vo h¢ bo{H$ZBVZm Vmo {ZpíMV h¡, H$b H$m X{bV Am¡a AmO H$m X{bV {^Þ h¡ Ÿ& `hr AÝVa gm§ñH¥${VH$ {Zð>m H$m{Z_m©U H$a ahm h¡ Ÿ& Xodr -XodVmAm| _| lÕm ^md, _§{Xa, nwZO©Ý_, _Zwî` Am¡a _Zwî` Ho$ ~rM K¥Um^md CËnÞ H$aZo dmbo Y_© emó, J«§W, _hmH$mì`, ZH©$-ñdJ©, _Zwî` H$mo Jwbm_ ~ZmZo dmbo àn§M,H$_©H$m§S> H$mo ZH$maVo hþE AmO H$m X{bV AnZr AbJ nhMmZ Am¡a g§ñH¥${V Ho$ _yb AmYma h¢ Ÿ& BZgdmbm| go hr X{bV MoVZm H$m CX²J_ h¡ Am¡a S>m°. Aå~oS>H$a Ho$ OrdZ-Xe©Z, gm_m{OH$ g§Kf© goD$Om© nmH$a gm{hpË`H$ A{^ì`{º$ _| n[adV©Z hþAm h¡ Ÿ&''5

S>m°. Aå~oS>H$a Zo AnZo OrdZ H$mb _| "Xr AZQ>Mo~ëg, hÿ Ama Xo ? EÊS> ìmB© Xo ~rHo$_AZQ>Mo~ëg', ~wÕ EÊS> {hO Yå_, ìhmQ> H$m§J«og EÊS> Jm§Yr h¡d BZ Qy> Xr AZQ>Mo~ëg ?, ñQ>oQ>gEÊS> _mYZaQ>rO, Am{X ~mah nwñVH$m| H$s aMZm H$s Ÿ& X{bVm| na Aå~oS>H$a Ho$ OrdZ Xe©Z H$m Jhamà^md n‹S>m Ÿ& ImgH$a _amR>r ^mfm _| {bIr JB© Aå~oS>H$a H$s AmË_H$Wm "Am`r H$gm Pmbr' (_¢

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7a. H§$db ^maVr -X{bV gm{hË` H$s AdYmaUm

8. S>m°. X`mZÝX ~Q>mohr, gm{hË` _| X{bV MoVZm, boI, níMÝVr Ì¡_m{gH$, A. -Oy.1998 , n¥. -129

11

H¡$go ~Zm) X{bV boIH$m| _| AmË_H$Wm {bIZo _| H$m\$s àoaUm àXmZ H$s Ÿ& S>m. EZ. qgh Ho$ AZwgma-"X{bV gm{hË` H$m gm{hË` Am¡a {dMmaYmam hr h¡ Ÿ& g^r ^mfmAm| Ho$ X{bV boIH$ EH$_V go BgoñdrH$ma H$aVo h¢ Ÿ&''6 Aå~oS>H$a H$s X{bV gm_m{OH$ H«$m§{V H$s àoaUm go à^m{dV hmoH$a 1950 _|_hmamï´> _| X{bV gm{hË` g§K H$s ñWmnZm hþB© Ÿ& BZHo$ ~mX gZ² 1970 Ho$ XeH$ _| X{bV n§Wa Zm$_H$amOZr{VH$ Xb Zo X{bV eãX H$m g~go A{YH$ àMma -àgma {H$`m Ÿ& n[aUm_ ñdê$n _amR>r mfm _|g~go nhbo X{bV gm{hË` boIZ H$m lrJUoe hþAm Ÿ&

1.3 X{bV gm{hË` H$m ñdê$n X{bV gm{hË` H$m ñdê$n X{bV gm{hË` H$m ñdê$n X{bV gm{hË` H$m ñdê$n X{bV gm{hË` H$m ñdê$n :::::

X{bV gm{hË` X{bVm| _|$ OrdZ Am¡a CZH$s g_ñ`mAm| H$mo Ho$ÝÐ _| aI H$a X{bVm| Ûmam{bIm J`m gm{hË` h¡ Ÿ& dmñVd _| XoIm Om` Vmo X{bV gm{hË` gm_m{OH$ AÝ`m` Ho$ {déÕ {dÐmohAm¡a AmH«$moe h¡ Ÿ& `{X X{bV g_ñ`mAm| na {bIVm h¡ Vmo Cg_| ghmZw y{V, `{X J¡a-X{bV boIH$X{bV gm{hË` H$s AdYmaUm H$mo ñnï> H$aZo Ho$ {bE Hw$N> X{bV boIH$m| Ho$ {dMma na Ü`mZ XoZmOê$ar h¡ Ÿ& X{bV gm{hË` Ho$ ñdê$n H$m aoIm§H$Z H$aVo hþE Hw§$db^maVr Zo {bIm h¡ -""X{bV gm{hË`go A{^àm` Cg gm{hË` go h¡ {Og_| X{bVm| Zo ñd § AnZr nr‹S>m H$mo ñWm{nV {H$`m h¡, AnZo OrdZg§Kf© _| X{bVm| Zo {Og WmW© H$mo moJm h¡, X{bV gm{hË` CgrH$s A{^ì`{º$ H$aVm h¡ .... h H$bmHo$ {bE H$bm H$m Zht ~pëH$ OrdZ H$m Amoa OrdZ H$s {OOr{dfm H$m gm{hË` h¡ Ÿ&''7 `h H$hZmVH©$ g§JV h¡ {H$ OrdZ a gm_m{OH$ {d{Y ì`dñWm go nr{‹S>V ANy>V m ZrM H$ho OmZo dmbo bmoJm| _|g{X`m| go g§{MV {dÐmoh H$s ^mdZm X{bV gm{hË` _| X{bVm| H$s boIZr go ‹S>H$ CR>r h¡ Ÿ& X{bVgm{hË` H$s AdYmaUm na AnZm {dMma {d{eï> X{bV gm{hË`H$ma S>m°. X`mZÝX ~Q>mohr _| AZwê$n$^mdZm nmB© OmVr h¡ Ÿ& CZHo$ eãXm| _| - ""X{bV gm{hË` X{bVm| H$s MoVZm H$mo A{^ì`{º$ àXmZH$aVm h¡ Ÿ& Bg_| X{bV _mZdVm H$m ñda h¡ Ÿ& EH$ ZH$ma h¡ Ÿ& EH$ {dÐmoh h¡ Ÿ& h {dÐmoh Cg ì`dñWmHo$ à{V h¡ Omo g{X`m| go X{bVm| H$m emofU H$a bm^ H$s pñW{V _| h¡ Ÿ&''8 X{bV gm{hË` _| Jm§dm| H$mÁ`mXmVa dU©Z XoIZo H$mo {_bVm h¡ Ÿ& ha Jm§d _| X{bVm| H$s ~ñVr h¡ Ÿ& X{bVm| H$s ~pñV`m± àmè:Jm§d Ho$ ~mha hr hmoVr h¢ Ÿ& BZHo$ {bE AbJ Hy±$Am, AbJ í_emZ r hmoVm h¡ Ÿ& Bggo Jm§d _| X{bVm|

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7. eaU Hw$_ma qbî_Vo : h§g, OZdar-\$adar 1919, n¥. 53

8. S>m°. néfmoÎm_ gË`ào_r, Jm§Yr Xe©Z H$s àmg§{JVm, n¥. 23

12

Ho$ à{V AÝ` gdU© Om{V`m| H$m _Zmo md ñnï> hmo OmVm h¡ Ÿ& X{bV gm{hË` eaU Hw$_ma Zo h§g n{ÌH$m_| {bIm h¡ -""X{bV gm{hË` H$m OÝ_ Añn¥í`Vm H$s H$moI go hþAm h¡ Ÿ&'' Bgr ~mV H$mo ñnï> H$aVohþE do AmJo ^r H$hVo h¢ {H$ X{bVm| H$s naoemZr, Jwbm_r, nm[adm[aH$ {dKQ>Z, Xw:I, Jar~r Am¡aCnojmnyU© OrdZ H$m dmñV{dH$ {MÌÌ H$aZo dmbm gm{hË` hr X{bV gm{hË` h¡ Ÿ& nr‹S>m Am¡a Amh H$mCXmÎm ñdê$n AWm©V² X{bV gm{hË` h¡ Ÿ&''7 X{bV gm{hË`H$mam| H$m _mZZm h¡ {H$ EH$ X{bVgm{hË`H$ma hr AnZo OrdZm^d H$mo boH$a X{bV gm{hË` {bI gH$Vm h¡ Ÿ& X{bV gm{hË` X{bVm|H$mo öX`hrZ ~«m÷UdmXr dU©ì`dñWm Ho$ oX^md go _w{º$ {XbmZo Ho$ {bE {bIm OmVm h¡ Ÿ& X{bVm| H$moAmO ^r J¡a X{bV H$s ghmZw y{V Ed§ H$ê$Um _| ~hþV H$_ {dídmg h¡ Ÿ& Zrb_ qgh $ Ûmam àñVwV"X{bV {d_e© : {gÕm§V -ñdê$n - àmg§{JVm' boI _| ½Z qgh go H$hr JB© ~mV Bg gË` H$mo n[anwï>H$aVr h¡ Ÿ&

""Cg g_` _mbdr` Or O¡go ~‹S>o g_mO gwYmaH$, ANy>Vm| Ho$ ~‹S>o ào_r Am¡a Z OmZo Š`m -Š`m Ÿ& nhbo EH$ _ohVa Ho$ hmWm| Jbo _| hma S>bdm boVo h¢ bo{H$Z H$n‹S>m| g{hV ñZmZ {H$ o {~Zm ñd §H$mo AewÕ g_PVo h¢ Ÿ& Š`m Iy~ Mmb Ÿ!'' X{bV gm{hË`H$ma X{bV gm{hË` H$mo Jm§YrdmX Am¡a_mŠg©dmX go à^m{dV Zht _mZVo Ÿ& gË`ào_r H$m H$hZm h¡ -""`h ~mV ^r gË` h¡ {H$ [ñn¥í`Vm{ZdmaU Jm§Yr H$m Xygam _hmZ CÔoí` Wm Ÿ& Bg CÔoí` _| CÝh| CZHo$ gm{W`m| Am¡a AZw`m{``m| Zo hrYmoIm {X`m Wm, Š`m|{H$ CZHo$ gmW h[aOZ ~pñV`m| _| OmZodmb _| go H$B© IÔaYmar Eogo Wo, Omo AnZoKa _| àdoe H$aZo go nyd© g§nyU© ñZmZ H$aVo Wo Am¡a Vwbgr Ho$ nÎmo Ob _| S>mb {N>‹S>H$md H$aVo Wo Ÿ&''8

Bg àH$ma X{bVm| na gdU© Om{V`m| Ho$ bmoJm| H$s ^mdZm g_mO _| oX^md CËnÞ H$agm_m{OH$ pñW{V`m| _| Z Ho$db §H$aVm CËnÞ H$aVr ~pëH$ X{bVm| _| {dÛof H$s mdZm CËnÞ H$aVrh¡ Ÿ& X{bV gm{hË` Bg gm_m{OH$ Ag_mZVm Ho$ {Ibm\$ h¡, Omo g_mO H$mo EH$ ZB© {Xem àXe©ZH$aVm h¡ Ÿ& Bg g§~§Y _| Amo_àH$me dmë_r{H$ H$m H$hZm h¡ - ""X{bV gm{hË` g_mO _| g_mZVm,^mB©Mmam Am¡a _mZdr` ñdV§ÌVm H$s ñWmnZm Ho$ {bE à{V~Õ h¡ Ÿ& CeH$m _mZZm h¡ {H$ _Zwî` hrgdm}n[a h¡ Ÿ& Bg àH¥${V _| Omo Hw$N> h_mao gm_Zo h¡, dh _Zwî` H$s XoZ h¡ Ÿ& Bg{bE _Zwî` H$s _hÎmm H$moñdrH$ma H$aVo hþE X{bV gm{hË` _Zwî` H$m gm{hË` h¡ Ÿ&'' 9

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9. Amo_ àH$me dmë_r{H$ -X{bV gm{hË` (AZw d, g§Kf© Ed§ `WmW©) n¥. 8

13

1.4 ^maVr` X{bV gm{hË` ^maVr` X{bV gm{hË` ^maVr` X{bV gm{hË` ^maVr` X{bV gm{hË` ^maVr` X{bV gm{hË` :::::

ñdV§ÌVm nyd© ^maV _| X{bVm| H$s gm_m{OH$ Am¡a Am{W©H$ pñW{V AË`ÝV X`Zr` Wr Ÿ&ñdmV§Í`moÎma H$mb _| BZH$s pñW{V _o§ Wmo‹S>m ~hþV n[adV©Z Am`m Ÿ& A§J«oOm| Ho$ emgZH$mb _| X{bVm| H$spñW{V _| gwYma bmZo _| Ohm± EH$ Amoa VËH$mbrZ ~w{ÕOr{d g_mO gwYmaH$ amOm am__mohZ am`,{ddoH$mZÝX, X`mZÝX gañdVr, am__Zmoha bmo{h`m, B©ídaMÝÐ {dÚgmJa, amï´>{nVm _hmË_m Jm§Yr O¡go_hmnwéfm| H$m magH$ à`mg XoIZo H$mo {_bVm h¡ dht Xygar Amoa ñdV§ÌVm nyd© Am¡a ~mX \$H$sa _mohZgoZmn{V, JmonrZmW _hm§{V, ào_MÝX, aoUw, A_¥Vbmb ZmJa, OJXreMÝÐ, {J[aamO {H$emoa, {Zambm,Yy{_b, ZmJmOw©Z O¡go H${d {d{eï> gm{hË`H$mam| Zo X{bVm| H$s ì`Wm-H$Wm H$mo ~‹S>r g§doXZm Ho$ gmWC^maZo H$m g\$b à`mg {H$`m Wm Ÿ& Bggo nhbo `hm± Ho$ g§V gm{hË` _| ^r X{bVm| Ho$ à{V g§doXZmAmhaU CZ_| MoVZm OmJ¥V H$aZo H$m à`mg Omar Wm Ÿ& g§V H${d H$~ra Am¡a a¡Xmg Zo g_mO _| ~«m÷Um|Ho$ X{bVm| na AÝ`m` -AË`mMma H$m ~Iy~r {MÌU Ho$ gmW CZH$s Ag{b`V H$m nXm©nme H$a CZ na{Z__©_ àhma {H$`m Wm Ÿ& dñVwV: BZ Xmo g§Vm| H$mo {hÝXr gm{hË` _| X{bVm| H$m AJ«XyV _mZm h¡ Ÿ&ào_MÝX H$s aMZmAm| _| X{bVm| Ho$ à{V g§doXZm Am¡a CZ_| MoVZm CËnÞ H$aZo H$m AZwê$n {MÌU XoIZoH$mo {_bVm h¡ Ÿ& Bg{bE ào_MÝX X{bVm| Ho$ njYa _mZo OmVo h¢ Ÿ& BVZm hr Zht amï´>r` ñVa na H$B©^maVr` mfmAm| Ho$ gm{hË`H$mam| Zo Bg {Xem _| AnZr -AnZr boIZr MbmB© Wr Ÿ& Amo{‹S>Am gm{hË`Ho$ {d{eï> H$WmH$ma JmonrZmW _hm§{V Zo "h[aOZ', "naOm', "A_¥V a g§VmZ' O¡go _hmH$mì`mË_H$CnÝ`mgm| _| Am{Xdmgr OZ Om{V`m| Ho$ Xw:I, naoem{Z`m|, gm_m{OH$ `mVZmAm| H$mo ~‹S>r ~marH$s goaoIm§H$Z H$a g_mO _| Ambmo‹S>Z CËnÞ {H$`m Wm Ÿ& na X{bV gm{hË`H$ma Eogo H${d, H$bmH$mam| H$saMZmAm| H$mo X{bV gm{hË` Ho$ XO} _| ñWmZ XoZo _| {hM{H$MmVo h¢ Ÿ& CZH$m H$hZm h¡ {H$ X{bV gm{hË`_| gm_m{OH$ {d{dY ì`Wm OmV-nm§V, Ny>V-ANy>V oX^md H$mo boH$a X{bVm| _| O¡go AmH«$moe H$s^mdZm {XImB© JB© h¡ gmW hr gdU© bmoJm|, ImgH$a ~«m÷Um| Ho$ ~«m÷U dmX Ho$ {Ibm\$ g§J«m_ H$s OmoÁdmbm ObmB© JB© h¡, {Oggo A§{V_ g_` VH$ X{bV Zo H$_a H$g H$a b‹S>Zm grIm Ÿ& Eogr mdZm BZaMZmAm| _| XoIZo H$mo Zht {_bVr Ÿ& Eogr aMZmAm| _| X{bVm| H$s pñW{V H$m WmW© dU©Z Am¡a g§doXZmH$m ^mar {MÌU hr h¡ Ÿ& `hm± VH$ {H$ ò bmoJ ào_MÝX Am¡a ZmJmOw©Z O¡go aMZmH$mam| H$s aMZmAm| _|CZHo$ X{bV qMVZ na ZH$mamË_H$ Ñ{ï> S>mbH$a {damoYr_ÝVì` àXmZ H$aVo h¢ Ÿ& Bg g§X © _| Amo_àH$me~më_r{H$ Ho$ {X o J o _ÝVì` Ðï>ì` h¡ Ÿ& ""ào_MÝX qhXr gm{hË` Ho$ _hmZ H$WmH$ma h¢ Ÿ& ^maVrÒrdZ H$m Omo ê$n Jm§d _| ~gVm h¡, Cgo {M{ÌV H$aZo _| ào_MÝX EH$ Hw$eb {MVoao h¢, Omo {H$gmZ Am¡a_OXyam| Ho$ {h_m`Vr Ho$ ê$n _| à»`mV h¢ Ÿ& bo{H$Z O~ X{bV OrdZ na H$b_ MbmVo h¢ Vmo {hÝXyg_mO _| X{bVm| Ho$ à{V Omo gmoM Am¡a Ñ{ï>H$moU hOmam| gmb go _m¡OyX h¡, ào_MÝX r Cggo _wº$ Zhthmo nmVo Ÿ& Bg{bE nyZm n¡ŠQ> Ho$ g_` do Jm§Yr Ho$ gmW aho Z {H$ Aå~oS>H$a Ho$ Ÿ& CZ {XZm| X¡{ZH$

14

OmJaU Ho$ g§nmXH$ Ho$ ê$n _| CZH$s g§nmXH$s` {Q>>ßn{U`m§ Bg VÏ` H$s gmjr XoVr h¡ Ÿ& "H$\$Z'H$hmZr na X{bV gm{hË` _| Omo ~mV CR>r h¡, {hÝXr AmbmoMH$m| Zo Cgo J§ raVm go Zht {b`m h¡ Ÿ& OmoH$hmZr X{bV OrdZ H$mo ZH$mam, AH«$$_Ê` {gÕ H$aVr h¡ Ÿ& CÝh| Agä`, ZrM, J¡a-{Oå_oXma ~VmVrhmo, dh H$hmZr AmO ^r qhXr H$s gd©loð> H$hmZr Ho$ ê$n _| n‹T>mB© OmVr h¡ Ÿ& ''10

qhXr gm{hË` _| ZmJmOw©Z h[aOZm| Ho$ njYa _mZo OmVo h¢ Ÿ& CZH$s "h[aOZ JmWm' H$mo X{bVMoVZm H$s H${dVm _mZm OmVm h¡ Ÿ& CÝhm|Zo X{bVm| H$mo _Zw nwÌ H$h H$a g§~mo{YV {H$`m h¡ Ÿ& na `hX{bV gm{hË` H$s MoVZm Ho$ {déÕ h¡, gmW hr CZHo$ Ûmam h[aOZ eãX H$m à`moJ `h ^r X{bV Ñ{ï>go C{MV Zht h¡ Ÿ& O~ {H$ S>m°. Aå~oS>H$a H$m _Zwñ_¥{V XhZ H$mo X{bV AmÝXmobZ H$m EH$ _hËdnyU©n‹S>md _mZm OmVm h¡ Ÿ& Bggo X{bV Apñ_Vm Am¡a X{bV MoVZm H$mo EH$ Z`m Am¡a OwPmé ê$n {_bVmh¡ Ÿ& "h[aOZ JmWm' _| CZHo$ Ûmam à wº$ "_Zw eãX' Am¡a "X{bV' na X{bV gm{hË`H$mam| H$m {damoYr_Zmo^md XoIZo H$mo {_bVm h¡Ÿ& ZmJmOw©Z Ho$ eãXm| _| -

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10. X{bV _w{º$ Am§XmobZ H$s g§doXZmË_H$ A{^ì`{º$ : _amR>r H${dVm (boI) : S>m°.{d_b KmoamV, X{bV MoVZm gm{hË`, g§. a_{UH$m Jwá, n¥. 121

15

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* _amR>r X{bV gm{hË` :* _amR>r X{bV gm{hË` :* _amR>r X{bV gm{hË` :* _amR>r X{bV gm{hË` :* _amR>r X{bV gm{hË` :

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11. Amo_àH$me dmë_r{H$ : X{bV gm{hË` H$m gm¡ÝX © emó, n¥. -55

16

AmJo MbH$a ObòmoVm| na gdU© Am¡a AgdUm] H$m g_mZ A{YH$ma Ed§ _§{Xa àdoe O¡gogm_m{OH$ gdmbm| na g§Kf© H$aZo dmbo S>m°. Aå~oS>H$a H$s dmUr Zo X{bV g_mO _| OmJ¥{V CËnÞH$s Ÿ& Hw$N> OZH${d`m| Zo bmoH$JrVm| Ho$ O[a o Om{VJV oX^md Am¡a Añ_¥í`Vm H$m {MÌU {H$`m Ÿ&\$bV: g_mO _| Yrao-Yrao {dÐmohmË_H$ ñda _wI[aV hmoZo bJm Ÿ& eyÐm| H$s {ejm VWm Zmar MoVZm Ho$à~b g_W©H$ Á`mo{V~m \y$bo {b{IV "{ÌÁ`m aËZ' ZmQ>H$ go X{bVm| H$mo H$m\$s àmoËgmhZ {_bm Ÿ& BgZmQ>H$ _| nwamUm| _| d{U©V Hw$N> _mÝ`VmAm| H$m Kmoa {damoY {H$`m J`m Ÿ& Kmo‹S>ram_ H$m "doXmMma' Zm_H$J«§W ^r AmJo X{bV gm{hË` Ho$ nwñH$b n[aàH$me _| H$m\$s ghm`Vm H$s Ÿ& Yrao-Yrao gm_m{OH$ê${‹T>`m| H$m {damoY H$aZo dmbo Hw$N> OZ H${d`m| H$s H$b_ go X{bV H${dVmE± {bIr JBª Ÿ& EogrH${dVmE± {bIZo dmbm| _| dm_Zamd, H$S>©H$ , e{ha hoH$‹S>o, XrZ~ÝYw amoJm§dH$a Am{X à_wI _mZo OmVoh¢ Ÿ&

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Ho$ XeH$ _| _amR>r _| {bIo J o Xb{V boH$H$m| H$s AmË_H$WmE± ~hþM{M©V aht Ÿ& BZ_| S>m°. eaUHw$_ma{bå~mbo H$s "AŠH$m_mfr' AmË_H$Wm AË`ÝV M{M©V Am¡a à^mdmoËnmXH$ ahr Ÿ& Bggo à^m{dV hmoH$a_hmamï´> Ho$ H$B© X{bV boIH$m| Zo AmË_H$Wm boIZ H$s na§nam H$mo AmJo ~‹T>m`m Ÿ& BZ_| a_m~mB© amZS>o,X`m ndma, _wHw$ÝX nmd‹S>o, dg§V _Zw Am{X à_wI _mZo OmVo h¢ Ÿ& BZ aMZmH$mam| go àoaUm nmH$a AÝ`^maVr` mfmAm| Ho$ X{bV aMZmH$ma Img H$a qhXr Ho$ Amo_àH$me ~më_r{H$, _mohZ Xmg Z¡{_fam`,gyaOnmb Mm¡hmZ à_wI X{bV boIH$m| Zo AmË_H$WmE± {bIr Ÿ& _amR>r _| AmË_H$Wm {bIZo dmbm| _|_mYdH$mo‹S> {dbH$a, e§H$a amd IamV, X`m ndma Am{X à_wI _mZo OmVo h¢ Ÿ& nwéf boIH$m| H$s VahHw$N> X{bV _{hbmAm| Zo r AmË_H$WmE± {bIr h¢ Ÿ& BZ_| a_m~mB©, OZm~mB© {Jah, _wº$m gd©Jm¡‹S>, VmB©H$m§~bo Am{X H$m Zm_ ~‹S>o AmXa Ho$ gmW {b`m OmVm h¡ Ÿ&

17

* VobwJw X{bV gm{hË` :* VobwJw X{bV gm{hË` :* VobwJw X{bV gm{hË` :* VobwJw X{bV gm{hË` :* VobwJw X{bV gm{hË` :

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1.5 qhXr X{bV gm{hË` qhXr X{bV gm{hË` qhXr X{bV gm{hË` qhXr X{bV gm{hË` qhXr X{bV gm{hË` :::::

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18

h¡ Omo X{bV _w{º$ Ho$ gdmbm| na nyar Vah Aå~oS>H$admXr h¡ Ÿ& gm_m{OH$, arOZr{VH$ Am¡a Am{W©H$joÌm| _| CgHo$ gamoH$ma do hr h¢ Omo Aå~oS>H$a Wo Ÿ& X{bV gm{hË` go A{^àm` Cg gm{hË` go h¡, {Og_|X{bVm| Zo ñd § AnZr nr‹S>m H$mo ê$nm{`V {H$`m h¡ Ÿ& AnZo OrdZ g§Kf© _| X{bVm| Zo {Og `WmW© H$mo^moJm h¡, X{bV gm{hË` CZH$s Cgr A{^ì`{º$ H$m gm{hË` h¡ Ÿ& `h H$bm Ho$ {bE H$bm H$m Zht,~pëH$ OrdZ H$m Am¡a OrdZ H$s {OOr{dfm H$m gm{hË` h¡ Ÿ& Bg{bE H$hZm Z hmoJm {H$ dmñVd _|X{bVm| Ho$ Ûmam {bIm J`m gm{hË` ha X{bV gm{hË` H$s H$mo{Q> _| AmVm h¡ Ÿ&''13 S>m°. EZ. qgh ^rX{bVm| Ho$ Ûmam {bIo J o gm{hË` H$mo X{bV gm{hË` _mZVo h¢ Ÿ& AnZr nwñVH$ "X{bV gm{hË` Ho$à{V_mZ' _| CÝhm|Zo Bg na AnZm {dMma ñnï> H$aVo hþE H$hm h¡ - ""X{bV gm{hË` X{bV boIH$m| Ûmam{b{IV dh gm{hË` h¡ Omo gm_m{OH$, Ym{_©H$, Am{W©H$ Am¡a _mZ{gH$ ê$n go CËnr{‹S>V bmoJm| H$sOrdÝV ^md _| {bIm J`m hmo Ÿ&''13

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13. S>m°. EZ qgh : X{bV gm{hË` Ho$ à{V_mZ, n¥. 23

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Ho$ gmW X{bV H${dVm {bIZm ewê$ {H$`m Ÿ& Wmo‹S>o hr {XZm| _| qhXr _| X{bV H${dVm H$s ~m‹T> gr AmJB© Ÿ& AmJo MbH$a X{bV gm{hË` qhXr gm{hË` H$m EH$ A§J ~Z J`m Ÿ& Xygar Amoa CÎma àXoe _|H$m§eram_ Ûmam S>r.Eg Am¡a ~gnm H$s ñWmnZm Ho$ ~mX qhXr X{bV boIH$m| na BgH$m H$m\$s à^mdn‹S>m Ÿ& X{bVm| H$mo ~b {_bm Ÿ& _§S>b H$_reZ go X{bV gm{hË` H$mo EH$ ZB© {Xem {_br Ÿ& AmJoMbH$a amOoÝÐ `mXd Ho$ g§nmXZ _| àH$m{eV "h§g' Am¡a a_{UH$m Jwá H$s " wÕaV AmX_r' O¡grn{ÌH$mAm| _| AZoH$ X[bV aMZmH$mam| H$s aMZmE± àH$m{eV hmoZo bJr Ÿ& {dJV Xmo T>mB© XeH$m| _| qhXrHo$ X{bV gm{hË` _| H${dVm, H$hmZr, ZmQ>H$, CnÝ`mg, AmË_H$Wm, AmbmoMZm O¡gr gm{hË` H$s{d{dY {dYmAm| _| n`m©á g§»`m _| nwñVH|$ aMr JBª Ÿ&

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{gVå~a 1914 A§H$ H$s _m{gH$ n{ÌH$m "gañdVr' _| àH$m{eV "hramS>mo_' H$s "ANy>V H$s{eH$m`V' H${dVm _| {M{ÌV X{bVm| H$s ÌmgXr Zo VËH$mbrZ X{bV boIH$m| H$s H$b_ H$mo AmYma~Zm`m Ÿ& gmW hr ANy>VmZÝX "h[aha' H$s bmoH${à` H$bm H¥${V "Am{Xdoe H$m S>§H$m' Zo X{bVm| _|OmJ¥{V CËnÞ H$s Ÿ& do EH$ g§doXZerb H${d h¢ Ÿ& "Am{Xd§e H$m S>§H$m' nwñVH$ H$s bmoH${à`Vm ZoANy>VmZÝX "h[aha' H$mo AOa A_a ~Zm {X`m Ÿh¡ Ÿ& ANy>VmZÝX Or Ho$ ~mX Bg {Xem _| H$B© à_wIH${d AmVo h¢ Ÿ& BZ_| go lr {dhmar bmb ho[aV Am¡a CZHo$ {eî` lr bú_rZmamÙ gwYmH$a, lramOnmb qgh amO, lr H$mbrMaU Jm¡V_, lr Ogam_ haZm¡{Q>`m O¡go H${d`m| H$s H${dVmAm| _| X{bVm|H$s WmW© pñW{V C^mam J`m h¡ Ÿ& lr {~hmar bmb "h[aV' amï´>r` Aå~oS>H$a nwañH$ma, qhXr AH$mXo_rnwañH$ma, Zohê$ ñ_¥{V nwañH$ma Am{X nwañH$mam| go à»`mV h¢ Ÿ& Bgr na§nam _| X{bV H${d`m| _| lr~m~ybmb "gw_Z, _mVm àgmX, bú_r ZmamÙ gwYmH$a, EZ AmE gmJa, gmohZ bmb gw_Zmja, S>m°.X`mZ§X ~Q>mohr, bmbM§X amhr, S>m°. gwI~ra qgh, _§emam_ {dÐmohr, S>m°. nwéfmoÎm_ gË`ào_r, VoOnmbqgh VoO, S>m. Y_©dra maVr, S>m°. MÝÐHw$_ma daR>o, H§$db maVr, Amo_àH$me dmë_r{H$ , gyaO_bMm¡hmZ, H$_©erb maVr, S>m°. EZ qgh, Hw$gw_ {d`moJr, S>m°. O`àH$me H$X©_ Am{X AmVo h¢ {OZ_| goHw$N> H${d, H$WmH$ma Am¡a g_rjH$ r h¢ Ÿ& "Aå~oS>H$a' _hmH$mì` Ho$ a{M{`Vm lr ~m~ybmb "gw_Z'H$r X{bV H${d`m| _| EH$ AbJ nhMmZ h¡Ÿ& Aå~oS>H$a _hmH$mì` _| ½`mah gJ© h¢ Ÿ& nyao H$mì` _|{dÐmoh, g§Kf© Am¡a H$mì` gm¡ÝX © H$s Anyd© N>Q>m h¡ Ÿ& H${d Zo Bg _hmH$mì` _| Aå~oS>H$a Ho$ {MÝVZ,_ZZ Am¡a {dXmohmË_H$ àd¥{Îmdm| H$mo ~‹S>r gwÝXaVm go ñnï> {H$`m h¡ Ÿ& ñdmV§Í`moÎma X{bV H${d`m| _|

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H${d _mVmàgmX H$m EH$ _hËdnyU© ñWmZ h¡ Ÿ& CZH$s {d{eï> H$mì` H¥${V "EH$bì`' I§S>H$mì` _|VËH$mbrZ gm_m{OH$ dU©ì`dñWm na Jhar MmoQ> XoIZo H$mo {_br h¡ Ÿ& 11 {gVå~a gZ² 1925 _| CÎmaàXoe Ho$ Om¡Znwa {Obo Ho$ H$ñ~m _N>breha _| EH$ {ZY©Z X{bV n[adma _| OÝ_o _mVmàgmX AnZrà{V^m Am¡a {Za§Va gmYZm Ho$ ~b na ^maVr` amOZr{V Am¡a gm{hË` _| EH$ _hËdnyU© ñWmZ Ho$A{YH$mar ~Zo Ÿ& Amn Hw$N> {XZm| VH$ CÎma àXoe {dYmZ g^m Am¡a {dYmZ n[afX Ho$ gXñ` aho gmW hrgmb 1993 go 1999 VH$ AéUmMb àXoe Ho$ amÁ`nmb r aho Ÿ& AmnZo gm{hË` H$s {d{dY -{dYmAm|_| H$b_ MbmH$a H$B© M{M©V H¥${V`m| go X{bV gm{hË` H$mo g_¥Õ {H$`m h¡, ANy>V H$m ~oQ>m, Y_© Ho$Zm_ na YmoIm, à{VemoY, Y_© n[adV©Z(ZmQ>H$), qhXr H$mì` _| X{bV H$mì` Ymam, CÎma àXoe X{bVOm{V`m| H$m XñVmdoO, EH$bì` I§S>H$mì`, ^r_ eVH$, aUZr{V H$s AÕ©gVgB© O¡gr AZoH$mZoH$H¥${V`m| Ho$ gmW AmË_H$Wm "Pm|n‹S>r go amO^dZ' ~hþM{M©V h¢ Ÿ& ~hþ_wIr à{V^m VWm gmañdV gmYZmHo$ \$bñdê$n AmnH$mo A{Ib maVr` X{bV gm{hË` AH$mX_r H$s Amoa go 1999 _| amîQ´>r` gå_mZ,1994 _| {hÝXr àMm[aUr g^m, H$mZnwa go "H$s{Îm© maVr' gå_mZ VWm AÝ` H$B© gå_mZm| go gå_m{ZV{H$`m J`m h¡ Ÿ& X{bV gm{hË`H$mam| _| bú_rZmamÙ gwYmH$a Am¡a EH$ {dbjU à{V^mg§nÞ H${d h¢ Ÿ&Amn CÎma àXoe Ho$ _¡Znwar {Obo Ho$ AR>by Jm§d Ho$ {Zdmgr Wo Ÿ& do EH$ AZwgy{MV X[aÐ n[adma _| OÝ_oWo Ÿ& AmnZo ~hþV gr H${R>ZmB`m± PobH$a {ZaÝVa à`mg go E_. E. {H$`m Am¡a OrdZ â gmañdVgmYZm _| Ow‹S>o aho Ÿ& Jm§YrdmXr H${d Aå~oS>H$a Ho$ OrdZd¥Îm na AmYm[aV "^r_ gmJa' AmnH$sgd©loð> H$mì` H¥${V h¡ Ÿ& AmnH$s AÝ` H$mì` H¥${V`m| _| EH$ ~hþM{M©V H$mì` g§J«h h¡ "CËnr‹S>Z H$s`mÌm' Ÿ& Bg g§J«h H$s A{YH$m§e H${dVmE± ^md Am¡a e¡br H$s Ñ{ï> go A{^Zd nmB© OmVr h¡ Ÿ& Omog_H$mbrZ qhXr Bgr H«$_ _| {hÝXr nmR>H$m| H$m Ü`mZ ItMVr h¡ Ÿ& Bgr H«$_ _| gm{hË`H$mam| _| Am¡aEH$ OmZo _mZo H${d h¢ EZ. Ama. gmJa Ÿ& gmJaOr EH$ g\$b H${d Am¡a AZwdmXH$ ^r h¢ Ÿ& doAmH$medmUr _| Zm¡H$ar H$aVo Wo Ÿ& nhbo nhb do AZwdmX H$m`© H$aVo aho Ÿ& CÝhm|Zo S>m°. Aå~oS>H$a H$s~hþV gr H¥${V`m| H$m AZwdmX H$a gm{hË` OJV² _| AnZm n¡a aIm, na ~mX _| ApÝV_ AdamoY,bmOdÝVr, H§$Q>H$ O¡go ZmQ>H$ Am¡a ^r_ àepñV, AmH«$moe , AmOmX h¢ h_ O¡gr H$mì`H¥${V`m±{bIH$a qhXr X{bV gm{hË` Ho$ §S>ma H$r lrd¥{Õ H$s Ÿ& ZmQ>H$m| H$s VwbZm _| H$mì`H¥${V`m± A{YH$AgaXma nmB© OmVr h¢ Ÿ& qhXr X{bV H${d`m| _| EH$ à_wI H${d h§¡ S>m°. X`mZÝX "~Q>mohr', {OÝhm|Zo{dÚmWu OrdZ go gm_m{OH$ {dg§J{V`m| na H$b_ CR>mH$a g_mO _| {dÐmoh H$s MoVZm CËnÞ H$aZo H$m~r‹S>m CR>m`m Wm Ÿ& do H${d Am¡a H$bmH$ma ^r h¢ Ÿ& do Z`r bha Am¡a gm{hË` `mÌm O¡gr n{ÌH$m Ho$g§nmXH$ r ahoŸ & gwa§J(H$hmZr g§J«h), gm{hË` Am¡a gm_m{OH$ H«$m§{V ({Z~§Y g§J«h) VWm mVZm H$sAm±I|(ZdJrV g§J«h) O¡gr gm{hpË`H$ H¥${V`m| Zo CÝh| H$m\$s g\$bVm àXmZ H$s Ÿ& AmnH$s "ÐmoUmMm ©

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gwZ| CZH$s na§namE± gwZ|' H${dVm EH$ Eogr H$mbO`r H${dVm {OgHo$ H$maU AmnH$mo X{bV H${d`m| H$snhbr n§{º$ _| ñWmZ {_bm Ÿ& `h X{bV N>mÌm| Am¡a wdH$m| Ho$ gmW hmo aho AÝ`m` H$m nXm©nme H$aMoVZm CËnÞ H$aZodmbr g_`mZwHy$b wJY_u H${dVm h¡ Ÿ& C‚m¡Z Ho$ EH$ _OXya n[adma _| gZ² 1942

H$mo OÝ_o H${d bmbMÝX "amhr' H$m X{bV gm{hË`H$mam| _| EH$ AbJ ñWmZ h¡ Ÿ& Ka H$s Am{W©H$XwJ©{V, gm_m{OH$ oX-^md Am¡a {dg§J{V Zo CÝh| ~MnZ go g§Kf© Ho$ Vm¡a na OrZm {gIm`m Ÿ& CZHo${nVm Am¡a _mVm amoO H$s _OXyar go amoOr-amoQ>r H$_mVo Wo Ÿ& bmbMÝX H$mo Ky_-Ky_ H$a _y§J\$br ~oMZmn‹S> ahm Wm Ÿ& BVZr gmar naoem{Z`m| Ho$ ~mdOyX bmbM§X E_.E.(g_mO emó) VWm ~r.Q>r H$aHo$gaH$mar ñHy$b _| àYmZmMm © Ho$ nX na AmgrZ aho Ÿ& AmnZo Z Ho$db OrdZ â g§Kf© {H$`m ~pëH$AnZr boIZr Ho$ O[a o X{bVm| _| MoVZm CËwneZÝZ H$s CÝh| g§Kf© H$a AnZm hH$ N>rZZm {gIm`m,"S>m°. Aå~oS>H$a H$m OrdZ JrV' _yH$ Zht _oar H${dVmE±, _YwnW, ^r_ MoVmdZr, amï´>r` JrV, JrV^maVr Am{X CZHo$ H$mì` g§J«h h¢ Ÿ& nÚ {dYm Ho$ Abmdm AmnZo {_bZ, g_mO, A^mJm, ImXr H$sQ>monr O¡go Hw$N> _hËdnyU© ZmQ>H$m| H$s aMZm H$a X{bV gm{hË` H$mo H$m\$s g_¥Õ {H$`m h¡ Ÿ& ^maVr`X{bV gm{hË` AH$mX_r Zo bmbM§X Or H$mo S>m°. Aå~oS>H$a amï´>r` nwañH$ma go nwañH¥$V {H$`m h¡ Ÿ&X{bV gm{hË`H$mam| _| S>m°. gwã~raqgh H$mo H${d Ho$ ê$n _| {deof »`m{V {_br h¡ Ÿ& S>m°. gwã~raqgh{Xëbr H$mboO _| {hÝXr àÜ`mnH$ Wo Ÿ& 1994 _| CZH$m XohmÝV hþAm Ÿ& CÝhm|Zo AÜ`mnZm d¥{Îm H$m g\$b{Zdm©hZ Ho$ gmW X{bV gm{hË` g¥{ï> _| AnZr H$b_ H$m OmXy {XIm`m h¡ Ÿ& "~`mZ ~mha', AZÝVa,Am¡a gy`mªe CZHo$ H$mì`g§J«h h¢ Ÿ& do EH$ à»`mV g_rjH$ h¢ Ÿ& CZHo$ g_rjmJ«§Wm| _| am_M[aV_mZgH$s nmíMmË` g_rjm, qhXr H${d H$s g_H$mbrZ MoVZm, g_rjm Ho$ ~XbVo à{V_mZ Am{X à_wI _mZoOmVo h¢ Ÿ& AmnZo Xygam {X{dH$, nwZgª dm, H${dVm H$m d¡Mm[aH$ dV©_mZ nm¡Yo H$B© J«§Wm| H$m g§nmXZ r{H$`m h¡ Ÿ& X{bV H${d`m| _| XrK© H${dVm {bIZo _| AmnH$s EH$ AbJ nhMmZ h¡ Ÿ& CZH$s XrK© H${dVm"~`mZ ~mha' BgH$m CXmhaU h¡ Ÿ&

S>m°. nwéfmoÎm_$ gË`ào_r X{bV gm{hË`H$mam| _| EH$ à{V^mg§nÞ H${d Am¡a b{bV {Z~§YH$mah¢ Ÿ& 1944 H$mo CZH$m OÝ_ _Ü`àXoe Ho$ C‚m¡Z Ho$ nmg ZmamÙnwa _| hþAm Wm Ÿ& do {ejm {d^mJ _|H$m_ H$aVo Wo Ÿ& AnZr XrK©H$mbrZ gm{hË` mÌm _| gË`ào_r Or Zo H$mì` J«§Wm| Ho$ Abmdm H$B© b{bV{Z~§Y {bIo h¢ Ÿ& CÝhm|Zo b{bV {Z~§YH$ma {dÚm{Zdmg {_l Ho$ {Z~§Ym| na emoY {H$`m Wm Ÿ& CZH$sàH$m{eV H¥${V`m| _| gdmbm| Ho$ gyaO, Ûmana XñVH$, _yH$ _mQ>r H$s _wIaVm,(H$mì` g§J«h) nÎmo Š`m|{JaVo h¢ X{bV gm{hË` Am¡a gm_m{OH$ Ý`m`({Z~§Y g§J«h) AË §V AmH$f©H$ Am¡a bmoH${à` h¢ Ÿ&CÝhm|Zo X{bV gm{hË` ; aMZm Am¡a {dMma, OZ H${d _mZqgh amhr Am{X J«§Wm| H$m g§nmXZ {H$`m h¡ Ÿ&^maVr` X{bV gm{hË` AH$mX_r Zo CÝh| "S>m°. Aå~oS>H$a amï´>r` nwañH$ma go gå_m{ZV {H$`m h¡ Ÿ&

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^md, ^mfm Am¡a e¡br H$s Ñ{ï> go CZH$s H${dVmE± AË`Þ YmaXma h¢ Ÿ& Bg H«$_ _| AmZodmbo S>m°.ào_e§H$a EH$ à^mdemrb H${d Am¡a AmbmoMH$ h¢ AbrJ‹T> _wpñb_ {díd{dÚmb` go Cƒ{ejmàmá H$aZo dmbo ào_e§H$a Or AnZr {ejm Am¡a à{V^m Ho$ ~b na bmb~hmXwa amï´>r` àemgZAH$mXo_r _gyar _|$ dhm± àmo\o$ga ~Zo Ÿ& A~ do godm{Zd¥Îm h¢ Ÿ& EH$ X{bV hmoZo Ho$ ZmVo AnZo OrdZ H$sH$Qw> AZw y{V Am¡a gm_m{OH$ n[adoe Zo CÝh| X{bV gm{hË` aMZm H$s {Xem _| CËào[aV {H$`m Ÿ& \$bV:CÝhm|Zo X{bVm| na H$B© H$mì`-H${dVmE± {bIr Ÿ& BgHo$ A{V[aº$ qhXr mfm gm{hË` _| r CZH$s ~hþVgr nwñVH|$ àH$m{eV hþBª Ÿ& CZH$s H¥${V`m| _| Z`r H${dVm : Z`m _yë`m§H$Z, {hÝXr Am¡a CgH$s Cn^mfmE±,AnZr eVmãXr _| Cno{jV, X{bVm| H$m MrIVm A^md, H${dVm : amoQ>r H$s yI VH$ ~hþM{M©V h¢ Ÿ&H${d _bImZ qgh qhXr X{bV H${dVm Ho$ EH$ à_wI hñVmja h¢ Ÿ& 1949 _| CÎma àXoe Ho$ AbrJ‹T>Ho$ ~gB© Jm§d _| OÝ_o _bImZ qgh Zo E_.E. VH$ n‹T>mB© H$s Wr Ÿ& nhbo nhb CZH$s H${dVmE± bha,CÞ`Z, n[adoe Ed§ A_a COmbm O¡gr nÌ-n{ÌH$mAm| _| àH$m{eV hmoVr aht Ÿ& o H${dVmE± H${d Ho$OrdZmZw d na AmYm[aV X{bVm| H$s `WmW© pñW{V C^maZo _| g\$b aht Ÿ& gZ² 1966 _| àH$m{eVCZH$m "gwZmo ~«m÷U' H${dVm g§J«h EH$ ~hþAm`m_r bmoH${à` nwñVH$ h¡ Ÿ& Bg nwñVH$ na H${d H$moamï´>r` ñVa na H$m\$s àepñV {_br Wr Ÿ& maVr` gm{hË` _| ImgH$a qhXr gm{hË` _| X{bV gm{hË`H$mo à{Vð>m XoZo _| _mohZXmg Z¡{_eam` H$s y{_H$m AË`ÝV gamhZr h¡ Ÿ& do H${d, H$WmH$ma, g_rjH$Am¡a ZmQ²>`H$ma Ho$ ê$n _| à{gÕ h¢ Ÿ& E_.E., ~r.ES>. {ejm àmá H$aZo dmbo Z¡{_eam` ewê$ gonÌH$m[aVm go Ow‹S>o Wo Ÿ& BgrHo$ gmW CÝhm|Zo X{bV hmoZo Ho$ ZmVo X{bV gm{hË` H$s {d{dY {dYmAm| _|H$b_ MbmB© Ÿ& AmJo MbH$a do H$B© _hËdnyU© H¥${V`m| Ho$ òï>m ~Zo Ÿ& CZH$s H¥${V`m| _| g\$b EH$~`mZ (H$mì` g§J«h) Š`m _wPo IarXmoJo ?(CnÝ`mg), AXmbVZm_m(ZmQ>H$), AnZo AnZo qnOao(AmË_H$Wm), ~m~m gmh~ Amao CZHo$ g§ñ_aU Am{X à_wI h¢ Ÿ& CZH$s H${dVmAm| _| H«$m§{V H$m ñdaAm¡a g_mO H$mo ~Xb S>mbZo H$m AmˆmZ h¡ Ÿ& X{bVm| _| OmJ¥{V CËnÞ H$aZo _| CZH$s H${dVmE± R>mog

y{_H$m AXm H$aVr h¢ Ÿ& gm_m{OH$ gS>m§K H$mo COmJa H$aZo dmbo X{bV boIH$ Amo_àH$me ~më_r{H$H$m X{bV gm{hË`H$mam| _| EH$ ñdV§Ì ñWmZ h¡ Ÿ& AmnH$m OÝ_ 30 OyZ 1950 ~abm, {Obm _wOâ\$aZJa, CÎma àXoe _| hþAm Wm Ÿ& CZHo$ n[adma H$s Am{W©H$ pñW{V AË`ÝV gmoMZr` Wr Ÿ& {\$a r AnZoÑ‹T> _Zmo~b Am¡a {ZaÝVa gmYZm go do VH$ZrH$s {ejm àmá H$a ^maV gaH$ma Ho$ ajm_§Ìmb` _|H$m ©aV aho Ÿ& ~mX _| CÝhm|Zo E_.E.(qhXr) H$s narjm nmg H$s Ÿ& do X{bV Wo Ÿ& VËH$mbrZ gm_m{OH$na§nam, Om{V-nm§{V Ho$ ôX^md go do nyar Vah ì`{WV Wo Ÿ& Bg{bE CÝhm|Zo X{bVm| H$s _w{º$ Ho$ {bEAå~oS>H$a H$s {Zð>m Am¡a AmXe© go CX²~wÕ hmoH$a X{bV gm{hË` H$s {d{dY {dYmAm| _| H$b_ MbmZmewê$ {H$`m Wm Ÿ& do H${d, H$hmZrH$ma Am¡a AmË_H$Wm {bIZo dmbo ^r h¢ Ÿ& CZH$s àH$m{eV H¥${V`m| |

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g{X`m| H$m g§Vmn, dËg ~hþV hmo MwH$m, A~ Amoa Zht(H${dVm g§J«h). OyR>Z(AmË_H$Wm), gbm_,Kwgn¡{R> o(H$hmZr g§J«h), X{bV gm{hË` H$m gm¡ÝX ©emó _w»`Ymam Am¡a X{bV gm{hË`, g\$mB©XodVm(gm_m{OH$ AÜ``Z), X{bV gm{hË` : AZw d, g§Kf© Am¡a `WmW© Am{X à_wI h¢ Ÿ& CÝhm|ZobJ^J 60 ZmQ>H$m| _| A{^Z` Am¡a {ZX}eZ {X`m h¡ Ÿ& CZHo$ "OyR>Z' H$m ZmQ²>`ê$nm§VaU r OmbÝYa,M§S>rJ‹‹S>, bw{Y`mZm Am{X ZJam| _| H$B© ~ma hmo MwH$m h¡ Ÿ& X{bV Am§XmobZ Am¡a gm_m{OH$ godm Ho$ {bEà{V~Õ Amo_àH$me Or H$mo Aå~oS>H$a amï´>r` nwañH$ma 1993, n[adoe gå_mZ 1995, O`lr gå_mZ1996, Ý y B§{S>`m ~wH$ nwañH$ma 2004, gm{hË` yfU gå_mZ 2006, {díd {hÝXr gå_obZ 2007,Ý y mH©$, A_o[aH$Z gå_mZ Am{X H$B© gå_mZm| go gå_m{ZV {H$`m J`m h¡ Ÿ& Eogo EH$ {d{eîQ> X{bVgm{hË`H$ma H$m 16 Zdå~a 2013 _| {ZYZ hmo J`m Ÿ&

X{bV gm{hË`H$mam| _| H§$db ^maVr H$s EH$ ñdV§Ì nhMmZ h¡, do AZwgy{MV Om{V Ho$ Wo Ÿ&CZH$m OÝ_ 4 \$adar 1953 _| CÎma àXoe Ho$ am`nwa _| hþAm Wm Ÿ& CÝhm|Zo E_.E. VH$ n‹T>mB© H$s Wr Ÿ&do gaH$mar Zm¡H$ar na aho Ÿ& nÌH$m[aVm go CZH$m gm{hpË`H$ OrdZ àma§ hþAm Wm Ÿ& CÝhm|Zo H$B©_hËdnyU© J«§Wm| H$s aMZm H$s h¡ Ÿ& BZ_| go _Zwñ_¥{V : à{VH«$m§{V H$m Y_©emó, H$meram_ Ho$ Xmo Mohao,S>m°. Aå~oS>H$a : EH$ nwZ_y©ë`m§H$Z, bmoH$V§Ì _| mJrXmar Ho$ gdmb Am{X AË`ÝV moH${à` h¢ Ÿ& gmWhr CZH$m H$mì` g§J«h "V~ Vwåhmar {Zð>m Š`m hmoVr h¡ ? EH$ ~hþM{M©V J«§W h¡ Ÿ& Bg H$mì` J«§W Ho$ g§~§Y_| à»`mV X{bV gm{hË`H$ma Amo_àH$me ~më_r{H$ H$m H$hZm h¡ -"" H§$db maVr X{bV gm{hË` Ho$M{M©V hñVmja h¢ Ÿ& CZHo$ g§J«h "V~ Vwåhmar {Zð>m Š`m hmoVr ?'' H$s H${dVmE± AmË_ {díbofU Am¡aAnZr {ZOVm go àñ\w${Q>V hþB© h¡ Ÿ& CZH$s H${dVm H$s àd¥{Îm H$^r ghO Am¡a gab h¡, H$^r VoO Vam©a_wIaVm {bE hþE Ÿ& H$^r J§ ra Vmo H$^r ì §½`mË_H$ Ÿ& H§$dZ maVr B{Vhmg H$mo Zht ybo Ÿ& AVrV H$sZ½ZVm ^`mdh ê$n _| I‹S>r h¡ Ÿ& B{Vhmg Zo X{bVm| H$mo AmË_hrZVm, XmgVm Am¡a gm§ñH¥${VH$ Jwbm_rXr h¡ Ÿ&'' ( V~ Vwåhmar {Zð>m Š`m hmoVr, H§$db ^maVr, n¥. 13) Ÿ& H§$db ^maVr H$m X{bV gm{hË`H$mo AOò XoZ h¡ Ÿ& Eogo à{V^mYa gm{hË`H$ma H$mo g_` g_` na {d{dY g§ñWmAm| go nwañH¥$V {H$`mJ`m h¡ Ÿ&

X{bV gm{hË` H$mo g_¥Õ H$aZo _| à_wI X{bV gm{hË`H$mam| _| gyaOnmb Mm¡hmZ H$s y{_H$mAË`ÝV gamhZr` _mZr OmVr h¡ Ÿ& 20 Aàob, 1955 H$mo CÎma àXoe _| AbrJ‹T> {Obo Ho$ \w$gmdbr _|gyaOnmb Mm¡hmZ Zo OÝ_ {b`m Wm Ÿ& g§à{V Amn maV gaH$ma Ho$ ñQ>oQ> Q´>oqZJ H$mnm}aoeZ Am°\$ B§{S>`m{b{_Q>oS>, ZB© {Xëbr _| _w»` à~ÝYH$ Ed§ à^mar(amO^mfm) Ho$ nX na H$m ©aV h¢ Ÿ& nhbo nhbCZH$s H${dVmE±, boI Am{X {d{dY nÌ-n{ÌH$mAm| _| àH$m{eV hmo aho Wo Ÿ& ~mX _| CZgo {bIr H$B©nwñVH|$ àH$m{eV hþBª Ÿ& CZH$s àH$m{eV H¥${V`m| _| h¡ [a H$~ Am oJm(H$hmZr g§J«h), {VañH¥$V

24

(AmË_H$Wm), {hÝXr Ho$ X{bV H$bmH$mam| H$s àH$m{eV nhbr H$hmZr (g§nmXZ) à`mg Am¡a Š`m|{dídmg H$é§(H${dVm g§J«h) Am{X M{M©V h¢ Ÿ& CZH$s AZoH$ H¥${V`m§ VobwJw, _amR>r, JwOamVr, n§Om~r,A§J«oOr, O_©Z Am{X mfmAm| _| AZy{XV hþB© h§¡ Ÿ&

S>m°. EZ qgh X{bV gm{hË` Ho$ à~b njYa h¢ Ÿ& do {dÐmohr H${d Am¡a g_rjH$ Ho$ ê$n _|X{bV gm{hË` _| à{gÕ h¢ Ÿ& Amn OZnX ghmaZnwa Cda àXoe Ho$ MVagmbr Jm§d _| n¡Xm hþE Wo Ÿ& S>m°.qgh Or Ho$ {nVm H$m Zm_ lrZÝXm qgh Am¡a _mVm H$m Zm_ lr_Vr Jmo_Vr Xodr h¡ Ÿ& AmnZo E_.E.(qhXr)Ho$ ~mX 1980 _| nrEM.S>r. {S>J«r àmá H$s h¡ Ÿ& g~ 2007 _| AmnH$mo ho_dVr ZÝXZ ~hþJwUm J‹T>dmb{díd{dÚmb`, lrZJa(CÎmamI§S>) go S>r.{bQ²> H$s Cnm{Y {_br Ÿ& A~ do Cda àXoe _| amOH$s`ñZmVH$moÎma _hm{dÚmb` _| nmMm © Ho$ ê$n _| H$_m ©aV h¢ Ÿ& nÌH$m[aVm go CZH$m boIZr` OrdZ ewê$hþAm Wm Ÿ& A~ do AZoH$ _hËdnyU© nwñVH$m| Ho$ òï>m h¢ Ÿ& CZH$s àH$m{eV H¥${V`m± Bg àH$ma h¢ - gÝVH${d a¡Xmg ; _yë`m§H$Z Am¡a àXo , gVh go CR>Vo hþE, {dMma `mÌm _|, _oam X{bV qMVZ, H$R>m¡Vr _|J§Jm, ì`{º$ Am¡a {d_e©, g§nwQ>, XX© Ho$ XñVmdoO, `mVZm H$s naN>mB`m±, H$mbo hm{eE na, MoVZm Ho$ñda, {eH$a H$s Amoa, X{bV gm{hË` : {MÝVZ Ho$ {d{dY Am`m_, X{bV gm{hË` : Am¡a wJ~moY,a¡Xmg J§«Wmdbr, Ñ{ï>nW Ho$ n‹S>md, X{bV gm{hË` : na§nam {dÝ`mg, gwlr _m`mdVr Am¡a X{bV{MÝVZ Ÿ& CZH$s ~hþV gr H${dVmAm| H$m Ag{_`m, VobwJw, n§Om~r, JwOamVr Am¡a A§J«oOr Am{X^mfmAm| _| AZwdmX hmo MwH$m h¡ Ÿ& qgh Or H$mo OrdZ â H$s gmañdV gmYZm Ho$ {bE S>m°. Aå~oS>H$a{d{eï> godm gå_mZ -1995, CÎma àXoe qhXr g§ñWmZ, bIZD$ H$m gO©Zm nwañH$ma, 1998 ; _Ü`àXoe X{bV gm{hË` AH$mX_r, C‚m¡Z H$m AH$mX_r nwañH$ma -1999, am_Ymar qgh "{XZH$a' gå_mZ-2005, {ejH$ lr gå_mZ -2009, CÎma àXoe gaH$ma bIZD$ Am{X H$B© gå_mZm| go gå_m{ZV {H$`mJ`m h¡ Ÿ& do X{bVm| H$s ì`Wm -H$Wm H$mo Am_ OZVm Ho$ gm_Zo nh±þMmZo dmbo EH$ g\$b H${d h¢ Ÿ&ì`dñWm na MmoQ> Ed§ gm_m{OH$ n[adV©Z Am¡a gm_m{OH$ Ý`m` CZH$m bú` h¡ Ÿ& qhXr X{bV gm{hË`H$mo g_¥Õ H$aZo _| CZH$s y{_H$m AË §V gamhZr` h¡ Ÿ&

qhXr X{bV gm{hË` _| H${dVm, H$hmZr, CnÝ`mg, AmË_H$Wm Am¡a AmbmoMZm O¡gr {d{dY{dYmAm| _| H$B© _hËdnyU© nwñVH|$ {bIr JB© h¢ Ÿ& H$mì` -H${dVm joÌ _| H${d _mVmàgmX H$m "{Xp½dO`ramdU, S>m°. í`m¡amO qgh ~oM¡Z H$m H«$m¢M h±ÿ, S>m°. O`àH$me H$X©_ H$m "{VZH$m {VZH$m AmJ' , ZdoÝXw_h{f© H$m "g§gX Vmo gd©U h¡', EZ. Ama, gmJa H$m "AmkmV h¢ h_', S>m©. gr.~r. ^maVr H$m"AmH«$moe' O¡gr nwñVH|$ (H$mì` g§J«h) {df` dñVw, mfm e¡br Am{X H$s Ñ{ï> go A{^Zd _mZr OmVrh¢ Ÿ&

H$mì` -H${dVmAm| H$s Vah X{bV MoVZm Ho$ {dH$mg _| H$B© H$hmZrH$mam| H$s y{_H$m àe§gZr`

25

h¡ Ÿ& Eogo H$hmZrH$mam| Ho$ Hw$N> M{M©V H$hmZr g§H$bZ Ho$ Zm_ Bg àH$ma h¢ Ÿ& Amo_ àH$me ~më_r{H$ H$m"gbm_', _mohZXgm Z¡{_eam` H$s "AmdmO|' , X`mZÝX ~Q>mohr H$s "gwa§J', gyaOnmb Mm¡hmZ H$m "h¡arH$~ Am oJm', àhbmX M§X Xmg H$m "nwQw>g H$m \y$b' Am{X H$hmZr g§H$bZ H$Ï` Am¡a {eën XmoZm|Ñ{ï>`m| go AmH$f©H$ Am¡a à^mdmoËnmXH$ h¢ Ÿ& dñVwV: Amo_àH$me Or H$s H$hmZr "gbm_' go X{bVH$hmZr H$m Am{d^m©d _mZm OmVm h¡ Ÿ& Amo_àH$me Or Zo gbm_, H$_rZ, Aå_m, ed`mÌm, O¡grH$hm{Z`m| Ho$ O[aE X{bVm| H$s ÌmXgr H$m ~Iy~r {MÌU H$aVo hþE X{bV g_mO _| ~‹S>m AmH«$moe CËnÞH$aZo H$m âgH$ à`mg {H$`m h¡ Ÿ&

qhXr X{bV gm{hË` _| AÝ` gm{hpË`H$ {dYmAm| H$s VwbZm _| CnÝ`mgm| H$s g§»`m gr{_Vh¡ Ÿ& gr{_V g§»`H$ X{bV boIH$m| Zo qhXr _| X{bVm| H$s g_ñ`mAm| H$mo boH$a CnÝ`mg {bIo h¢ Ÿ&XodrX`mb goZ Zo X{bVm| H$s g_ñ`mAm| H$mo boH$a CnÝ`mg {bIo h¢ Ÿ& XodrX`mb goZ Ho$ CnÝ`mg"_mZd H$s naI' H$mo {hÝXr X{bV gm{hË` _| nhbm CnÝ`mg _mZm OmVm h¡ Ÿ& Hw$N> AmbmoMH$_mohZXmg Z¡{_eam` Ho$ "_w{º$ nd©' H$mo nhbm X{bV CnÝ`mg _mZVo h¢ Ÿ& Z¡{_eam` Or H$m XygamCnÝ`mg "dram§JZm PbH$mar' Am¡a EH$ _hËdnyU© X{bV CnÝ`mg h¡ Ÿ& Cgr àH$ma qhXr X{bV CnÝ`mgm|_| O`àH$me H$X©_ Ho$ "N>ßna' CnÝ`mg H$s EH$ AbJ nhMmZ h¡ Ÿ& X{bVm| H$s gm_m{OH$ Am¡aAm{W©H$ pñW{V H$m OrVm-OmJVm {MÌ Bg CnÝ`mg _| Câ H$a Am`m h¡ Ÿ& gmW hr boIH$ H$sAmH$f©H$ mfm e¡br CnÝ`mg H$mo OrdÝVVm àXmZ H$s h¡ Ÿ&

qhXr X{bV gm{hË` _| AmË_H$Wm {bIZo H$s na§nam S>m°. Aå~oS>H$a go ewê$ hmoVr h¡ Ÿ& dñVwV:S>m°. Aå~oS>H$a hr X{bV gm{hË` Ho$ OÝ_XmVm Am¡a àoaUmòmoV h¢ Ÿ& CÝhm|Zo gd© àW_ _amR>r ^mfm _|AnZr AmË_H$Wm "A_r H$gm Pmbmo' {bIH$a X{bV boIH$m| H$mo AmË_H$Wm {bIZo H$mo ào[aV {H$`mWm Ÿ& \$bñdê$n _amR>r X{bV gm{hË` _| n`m©á g§»`m _| AmË_H$WmE± {bIr OmZo bJt Ÿ& ~hþV OëXhr BgH$m à^md qhXr X{bV gm{hË`H$mam| na n‹S>m Am¡a qhXr X{bV gm{hË` _| H$B© AmË_H$WmE±àH$me{V hþBª Ÿ& qhXr _| àH$m{eV Hw$N> AmË_H$WmE± Bg àH$ma h¢ -OyR>Z(Amo_àH$me ~më_r{H$),AnZo -AnZo qnOao, ^mJ -1 Am¡a 2 (_mohZXmg Z¡{_eam`), {VañH¥$V(gyaOnmb Mm¡hmZ), XmohamA{êmn(H$m¡gë`m ~¡gÝVr), Pm|n‹S>r go amO^dZ(_mVmàgmX), o gmar AmË_H$WmE± Cn wº©$ boIH$m|Ho$ nm[adm[aH$ OrdZ, VËH$mbrZ gm_m{OH$ n[adoe, Ed§ {d{dY VÏ`m| go n[anyU© EH$-EH$ g\$bXñVmdoO h¡ Ÿ&

***

26

UNIT - II

"YaVr YZ Z AnZm'"YaVr YZ Z AnZm'"YaVr YZ Z AnZm'"YaVr YZ Z AnZm'"YaVr YZ Z AnZm'UNIT - II

2.1 OJXreMÝÐOJXreMÝÐOJXreMÝÐOJXreMÝÐOJXreMÝÐ peer H$H$H$H$H$er peerJeveer Deewj H¥${V`m±H¥${V`m±H¥${V`m±H¥${V`m±H¥${V`m±2.2 CnÝ`mg H$m H$WmZH$CnÝ`mg H$m H$WmZH$CnÝ`mg H$m H$WmZH$CnÝ`mg H$m H$WmZH$CnÝ`mg H$m H$WmZH$2.3 H$WmZH$ H$m {díbofUH$WmZH$ H$m {díbofUH$WmZH$ H$m {díbofUH$WmZH$ H$m {díbofUH$WmZH$ H$m {díbofU2.4 CnÝ`mg _| CnÝ`mg _| CnÝ`mg _| CnÝ`mg _| CnÝ`mg _| ef®eef$ele X{bV OrdZX{bV OrdZX{bV OrdZX{bV OrdZX{bV OrdZ2.5 n[adoe Am¡a bmoH$ OrdZn[adoe Am¡a bmoH$ OrdZn[adoe Am¡a bmoH$ OrdZn[adoe Am¡a bmoH$ OrdZn[adoe Am¡a bmoH$ OrdZ2.6 M[aÌ -{MÌUM[aÌ -{MÌUM[aÌ -{MÌUM[aÌ -{MÌUM[aÌ -{MÌU2.7 ^mfm^mfm^mfm^mfm^mfm-e¡br-e¡br-e¡br-e¡br-e¡br2.8 erf©H$ erf©H$ erf©H$ erf©H$ erf©H$

27

UNIT - II

YaVr YZ Z AnZm : OJXreMÝÐYaVr YZ Z AnZm : OJXreMÝÐYaVr YZ Z AnZm : OJXreMÝÐYaVr YZ Z AnZm : OJXreMÝÐYaVr YZ Z AnZm : OJXreMÝÐ

2.1 OJXreMÝÐOJXreMÝÐOJXreMÝÐOJXreMÝÐOJXreMÝÐ peer H$H$H$H$H$er peerJeveer Deewj H¥${V`m±H¥${V`m±H¥${V`m±H¥${V`m±H¥${V`m±"YaVr YZ Z AnZm' g_H$mbrZ {hÝXr CnÝ`mg Ho$ joÌ _| AnZr VQ>ñW Ed§ {demb

gm_m{OH$ MoVZm Ho$ VhV g\$b nhMmZ aIZo dmbo aMZmH$ma ñd. OJXre MÝX« H$m EH$ ~hþM{M©VCnÝ`mg h¡ Ÿ& gZ² 1966 _| àH$m{eV "`mXm| Ho$ nhm‹S>' OJXre MÝX« H$m nhbm CnÝ`mg h¡ Ÿ& na gZ²1972 _| "YaVr YZ Z AnZm' àH$m{eV hmoVo hr OJXre MÝX« H$mo boIH$ Ho$ ê$n _| à{Vð>m hm{gbhþB© Ÿ& AmbmoÀ` "YaVr YZ Z AnZm' CnÝ`mg Ho$ {ddoMZ Ho$ nyd© CnÝ`mgH$ma OJXre MÝX« H$s OrdZrAm¡a ì`{º$Ëd H$s g§{já OmZH$mar Ano{jV h¡ Ÿ&

OJXre MÝX« H$m OÝ_ 23 Zdå~a gZ² 1930 H$mo Jm§d abhZ, Vhgrb Xgyhm, {Obmhmo{e`manwa n§Om~ _| hþAm Wm Ÿ& abhZ CZHo$ Z{Zhmb H$m Jm§d Wm Ÿ& CZH$m n¡V¥H$ Jm§d Wm Pmo‹S>dmhm Ÿ&OJXre MÝX« H$mo AnZo n¡V¥H$ Jm§d _| Z{Zhmb _| Y_©nmb Zm_ go nwH$mam OmVm Wm Ÿ& H$a_MÝX CZHo${nVm Wo Am¡a _mVm H$m Zm_ Wm A_amo C\©$ - àrV_ Xodr Ÿ& OJXre MÝX« H$s emXr g_m Xodr go hþB© Wr Ÿ&BZH$s VrZ g§VmZ| -Xmo nwÌ Am¡a EH$ nwÌr H«$_e: AZwamJ, namJ Am¡a AmaVr h¢ Ÿ&

OJXre MÝX« n§Om~ Ho$ _mohOmb emgm go g§~§{YV ~«m÷U n[adma _| OÝ_o Wo Ÿ& nm§M gmbH$s C_« _| {nVm H$s _¥Ë w Zo OJXre MÝX« H$mo AË`ÝV ì`{WV {H$`m Wm Ÿ& CZH$m ~më`H$mb Z{ZhmbabhZ _| ~rVm Wm Ÿ& Z{Zhmb _| ahVo g_` CÝh| nmg H$s h[aOZ ~ñVr _| ahZo dmbo bmoJm| Ho$ gmW{_bZm, CZHo$ gwI-Xw:I H$m gh^mJr ~ZZo H$m Adga {_bm Wm Ÿ& {d{^Þ N>moQ>o-N>moQ>o H$m`© O¡go -Mmam H$mQ>Zm, newAm| H$s XoI^mb H$aZm, Jmo~a VWm Hy$‹S>m CR>mZm Am{X Ho$ {bE EH$ h[aOZ n[adma _|AmZm OmZm hmoVm Wm Ÿ& Ú{n CÝh| AŠga h[aOZ ~ñVr _| OmZm n‹S>Vm Wm na Hw$N> nm~b{X`m| Ho$ gmW~ñVr _| ImQ> na Zht ~¡R>Zm, {H$gr H$mo Ny>Zm Zht, ObnmZ Zht H$aZm Am{X g§ moJ go h[aOZ ~ñVr H$mghnmR>r A_aM§X C\©$ A_é Ho$ hm± ImZm Im`m, ImQ> na h[aOZ ~ñVr H$s grbZ ar ~X²~y, H$ƒrXrdma Am¡a N>mVm| Ho$ ~rM Qy>Q>r -\y$Q>r MmanmB`m±, \$Q>o nwamZo {~ñVa, {_Å>r Ho$ K‹S>o Am{X XoIH$a OJXre

28

MÝX« H$m {H$emoa _Z ì`{WV hmo OmVm Wm Ÿ& boIH$ Zo IwX hr "YaVr YZ Z AnZm' _| Bg g§~§Y _|{bIm h¡ - ""_oar {H$emoadñWm _oao Z{Zhmb Jm§d abhZ(n§Om~) _| ~rVr Ÿ& Jm§d H$m EH$ h[aOZ n[adma_oao ZmZmOr H$s O_rZ OmoVVm Wm Am¡a Bgr {gb{gbo _| _wPo CZH$s ~ñVr _| OmZm n‹S>Vm Wm Ÿ& h[aOZm|H$s ~ñVr _| OmZo na H$moB© nm~§Xr Vmo Zht Wr na§Vw Hw$N> _`m©XmE± Wt, Hw$N> na§namE± Am¡a gr_mE± Wt {OZ_|~§YH$a Oê$a MbmZm n‹S>Vm Wm Ÿ& ..... _oao {H$emoa _Z ~§YZm| H$s Bg PrZr Xrdma H$mo Vmo‹S>H$a h[aOZm|H$s N>moQ>r-N>moQ>r grbZ âr A§Yoar H$moR>[a`m| _| {N>no ahñ`m| H$mo OmZZo Ho$ {bE haX_ ì`J« ahVmWm Ÿ&.... Jm§d _| Mb aho Bg oX^md H$mo XoIH$a _oao {H$em¡a _Z _| {dÐmoh H$s ÁdmbmE± ‹S>H$ CR>t Ÿ&na§Vw BÝh| A{^ì`{º$ XoZo H$m H$moB© _mJ© {XImB© Zht XoVm Wm Ÿ&''

(YaVr YZ Z AnZm -OJXre MÝX« - _oao Amoa go)

OJXre MÝX« H$s àma§{^H$ {ejm CZHo$ Z{Zhmb Ho$ nmg Ho$ Jm§d IwS²>S>m Ho$ amOH$s` bmoAa{_{S>b ñHy$b _| hþB© Wr Ÿ& CÝhm|Zo S>r.E.dr. hmB©ñHy$b, Xgyhm go gZ² 1945 _| Xgdt H$jm nmg H$s Ÿ&{\$a amOH$s` H$mboO, hmo{e`manwa go Eg,gr, ~mahdt H$jm nmg H$aZo Ho$ ~mX ì`{º$JV N>mÌ Ho$ ê$n_| Omb§Ya go ~r.E. {S>J«r àmá H$s VV²níMmV CÝhm|Zo S>>r.E.~r. H$mboO Omb§Ya go AW©emó _|E_.E. H$s narjm nmg H$s Ÿ&

Cƒ {ejm àm{á Ho$ ~mX CÝh| gaH$mar Zm¡H$ar {_br Ÿ& Amn OrdZ â gaH$mar Zm¡H$ar _|AZoH$ OJhm| na aho Ÿ& 30 {Xg§~a 1955 H$mo AmnZo àog BÝ\$m°_}eZ ã yamo, ZB© {Xëbr _| AnZr Zm¡H$arH$s ewê$AmV H$s Ÿ& AmnH$m Zm¡H$ar OrdZ ~hþV hr "ES>d|Mag' ahm Ÿ& maV-nm{H$ñVmZ wÕ Ho$ Xm¡amZCÝh| wÕ joÌ Ho$ nmg g¡{ZH$m| Ho$ nmg ahZm Am¡a g_ñV H$m ©H$bmnm| H$mo XoIZo H$m _m¡H$m {_bm Wm Ÿ&EH$ g_mMma g§nmXH$ hmoZo Ho$ H$maU CÝh| {d{^Þ àH$ma Ho$ Omo{I_ âo H$m © _| em{_b hmoZm n‹S>VmWm Ÿ& {gVå~a, 1985 _| XyaXe©Z Ho$ÝÐ Omb§Ya go EH$ g_mMma g§nmXH$ Ho$ ê$n _| Amn godm{Zd¥ÎmhþE Ÿ& godm{Zd¥{Îm Ho$ ~mX OJXre MÝX« Omb§Ya _| AnZo n[adma dmbm| Ho$ gmW ahVo Wo Ÿ& CZH$mnm[adm[aH$ OrdZ ~‹S>m gwIX Wm Ÿ& OJXre MÝX« Ka H$s ~mVm| _| Á`mXm Ow‹S>o Zht ahVo Wo Ÿ& do AnZmA{YVa g_` gm{hË` gO©Zm _| Cn`moJ H$aVo Wo Ÿ& dñVwV: CÝh| gm{hË` gO©Zm _| n[admadmbm| H$s nyU©ghm`Vm àmá hmoVr Wr Ÿ& Bg g§~§Y _| CZH$s Y_©nËZr j_mOr go EH$ ì`{º$JV gmjmËH$ma go nVmMbVm h¡ -""OJXre MÝX« Ho$ boIZ H$m © Ho$ à{V n[adma _| {H$gr r gXñ` H$m Agh`moJ H$^r Zhtahm, ~pëH$ H$^r-H$^ma BZHo$ {bIo nÞm| H$mo n‹T>H$a IQ>H$Zo dmbr eãXJV, dmŠ`JV ~mar{H$`m| H$mo~Vm {X`m Vmo Cg_| Ano{jV gwYma hmo OmVm Ÿ&''

10 Aàob, 1996 H$mo Omb§Ya _| OJXre MÝX« H$m AMmZH$ {ZYZ hmo J`m Ÿ& BZHo$ {ZYZ go

29

qhXr gm{hË` OJV² _| Omo eyÝ`Vm g¥{ï> hþB© h em`X hr H$^r a gHo$ Ÿ& OJXre MÝX« EH$ grYo-gmXEd§ ~hþV hr qOXm{Xb ì`{º$ Wo Ÿ& CZH$m ì`{º$Ëd Eogm Wm {H$ H$moB© r CÝh| AmgmZr go à^m{dV ZhtH$a nmVm Wm Ÿ& ~ƒm| go boH$a ~y‹T>m| VH$ g~Ho$ à{V CZH$m ì`dhma gX¡d AZwH$aUr` Wm Ÿ& A{V{WgËH$ma H$aZo _| CÝho ~hþV àgÞVm {_bVr Wr Ÿ& BVZo ~‹S>o boIH$ hmoVo hþE ^r CZHo$ nmg boIH$sÀh_ boe_mÌ ^r Zht Wm Ÿ& OrdZ H$m `h gyú_ n ©dojU ~mX _| CZHo$ gm{hË` g¥OZ H$s gm_J«r~Zr Ÿ& gmW hr AW©emó Am¡a _mŠg©dmX Ho$ AÜ``Z go CÝhm|Zo OrdZ Ho$ `WmW© H$mo AÀN>r Vahg_Pm Ÿ& \$bV: OrdZ Ho$ gmW Ow‹S>m CZH$m gm{hË` AmJo MbH$a g_mO Ho$ g^r dJm] H$s OZVm goAmÑV hmoZo bJm Ÿ& g§. Vago_ JwOamb, {dZmoX emhr Ho$ AZwgma ""OJXre MÝX« O_rZ go Ow‹S>oH$WmH$ma Wo Ÿ& Amn {hÝXwñVmZ Ho$ Jm§d Ho$ EH$ Am_ AmX_r H$mo AÀN>r Vah OmZVo -g_PVo Wo Ÿ& CZHo$nmg AW©emó H$m Jham AÜ``Z d _mŠg©dmX H$s Ñ{ï> ^r Wr Ÿ& {bhmOm n[adV©Z _| CZH$m Jham{dídmg Wm Ÿ& K{Q>V H$mo JdmZ H$s XoZ _mZ H$a ñdrH$ma Zht H$aVo Wo Ÿ& gM H$mo naI boZm Am¡a {~Zm{H$gr H$Å>aVm Ho$ A{dM{bV ahZm CÝh| AmVm Wm Ÿ& B{Vhmg CZHo$ {bE \o$\$‹S>m| H$s Am°pŠgOZ H$sVah Wm Ÿ&''1

dñVwV: OrdZ _| CZH$m Jham AZw d Wm Am¡a h AZw d d¡{dÜ`nyU© Wm Ÿ& CÝhm|Zo gƒmB©Ho$ gmW X{bVm| Ho$ OrdZ H$s {dg§J{V`m| H$mo Iwbmgm {H$`m h¡ Ÿ& {deof ê$n go J«m_rU g_mO Am¡aX{bVm| Ho$ OrdZ Ho$ {d{dY nhbwAm| na OJXre MÝX« Zo {Og àH$ma go {M{ÌV {H$`m h¡ `h A{ÛVrÀm¡a ^maVr` gm{hË` Ho$ {bE Jm¡adnyU© AÜ`m` g¥{ï>> H$aVm h¡ Ÿ& Bg Ñ{ï> go OJXre MÝX« H$s qhXrgm{hË` _| EH$ ñdV§Ì nhMmZ h¡ Ÿ&

* OJXreMÝÐ H$s gm{hpË`H$ H¥${V`m± : EH$ g§{já n[aM` :* OJXreMÝÐ H$s gm{hpË`H$ H¥${V`m± : EH$ g§{já n[aM` :* OJXreMÝÐ H$s gm{hpË`H$ H¥${V`m± : EH$ g§{já n[aM` :* OJXreMÝÐ H$s gm{hpË`H$ H¥${V`m± : EH$ g§{já n[aM` :* OJXreMÝÐ H$s gm{hpË`H$ H¥${V`m± : EH$ g§{já n[aM` :

OJXre MÝX« H$m {hÝXr gm{hË` _| àdoe CXy© Ho$ _mÜ`_ go hþAm Wm Ÿ& CZH$s nhbr aMZm"nwamZo Ka' CXy© _| {bIr JB© H$hmZr Wr Ÿ& BgH$m àH$meZ ~§~B© go N>nZo dmbr $ CXy© n{ÌH$m _| hþAmWm Ÿ& gZ² 1966 _| àH$m{eV "`mXm| H$m nhm‹S>' CZH$m nhbm qhXr CnÝ`mg h¡ Ÿ& Bg CnÝ`mg H$mo {deofà{g{Õ Zht {_br Ÿ& na BgHo$ níMmV² OJXre MÝX« H$mo AnZo CnÝ`mg "YaVr YZ Z AnZm' na O¡grà{g{Õ {_br em`X Eogr àepñV qhXr gm{hË`H$mam| _| go ~hþV H$_ H$mo {_br hmoJr Ÿ& g¡{ZH$ OrdZ Ho$

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1. g§. - Vago_ JwOamb, {dZmoX emhr, OJXre MÝX« - EH$ aMZmË_H$ `mÌm (n¥. -1o)

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AZw dm| H$mo CÝhm|Zo "AmYmnwb' Am¡a "Qw>`S>m bmQ>' Zm_H$ Xmo CnÝ`mgm| Ho$ Ûmam A{^ì`º$ {H$`m h¡ Ÿ&BZ Xmo CnÝ`mgm| H$m àH$meZ gZ² 1973 Am¡a 976 _| hþAm Wm Ÿ& "Qw>§S>m bmQ>' CnÝ`mg H$m A§{V_ mJ"bmV H$s dmngr' CnÝ`mg gZ² 2000 _| àH$m{eV hþAm Wm Ÿ& "YaVr YZ Z AnZm' H$s bmoH${à`VmZo boII H$mo Bg CnÝ`mg H$s H$WmdñVw H$mo ì`mnH$Vm àXmZ H$aZo H$mo H$m\$s àmoËgm{hV {H$`m Ÿ&\$bV: boIH$ Ho$ Ûmam Bg CnÝ`mg Ho$ Xygao I§S> Ho$ ê$n _| "ZaH$ Hw§$S> _| ~mg' Am¡a A§{V_ I§S> _|ê$n _| "O_rZ AnZr Vmo Wr' Zm_H$ Xmo CnÝ`mg {bIo J o Ÿ& BZH$m àH$meZ H«$_e: gZ² 1993 Am¡a2001 _| hþAm Ÿ& BZ H¥${V`m| Ho$ Abmdm boIH$ H$s EH$ M{M©V H¥${V h¡ Ÿ& "_wÆ>r â H$m§H$a' 1976 _|àH$m{eV Bg _hËdnyU© H¥${V H$m Xygam mJ "Kmg JmoXm_' erf©H$ CnÝ`mg OJXre MÝX« H$m "nhbranQ>' (H$hmZr g§J«h) "ZoVm H$m OÝ_' (ZmQ>H$) Am¡a "Am°naoeZ ãby ñQ>ma' ([anmoVmO©) r àH$m{eVhþE h¢ Ÿ& Bg àH$ma OJXre MÝX« Zo AnZr _hËdnyU© H¥${V`m| go qhXr H$mo g_¥Õ {H$`m h¡ Ÿ&

2.2 "YaVr YZ Z AnZm' : H$WmZH$"YaVr YZ Z AnZm' : H$WmZH$"YaVr YZ Z AnZm' : H$WmZH$"YaVr YZ Z AnZm' : H$WmZH$"YaVr YZ Z AnZm' : H$WmZH$

OJXre MÝÐ Ho$ _hËdnyU© CnÝ`mg Ì`r ("YaVr YZ Z AnZm', ZaH$ Hw§$S> _| dmg',"O_rZ AnZr Vmo Wr') H$s nhbr H$‹S>r "YaVr YZ Z AnZm' EH$ ~hþM{M©V CnÝ`mg h¡ Ÿ& \$UrídaZmW "aoUw' Ho$ _¡bm Ab§Mb' Ho$ àH$meZ Ho$ ~mX {Og àH$ma "aoUw' H$mo {hÝXr gm{hË` _| EH$ {d{eï>Am§M{bH$ H$WmH$ma Ho$ ê$n _| à{Vð>m {_br, AZwê$n à{Vð>m "YaVr YZ Z AnZm' CnÝ`mg Ho$àH$meZ Ho$ níMmV² OJXre MÝÐ H$mo {_br Wr Ÿ& dmñVd _| J«m_rU g_mO na AmYm[aV VËH$mbrZANy>V M_mam| H$s X`Zr` pñW{V na AmYm[aV `h CnÝ`mg EH$ AZmoIm CnÝ`mg h¡ Ÿ&

"YaVr YZ Z AnZm' CnÝ`mg H$m boIZ gZ² 1955 _| ewê$ hþAm Ÿ& na ~rM _| Hw$N> dfm]VH$ BgH$m boIZ H$m © ~§X ahm Ÿ& {\$a boIH$ Zo AnZo {_Ì gmo_ AmZÝX H$s àoaUm go Bg CnÝ`mg H$mboIZ H$m © Mmby {H$`m Ÿ& gZ² 1968 _| BgH$s aMZm nyar hþB© Ed§ amOH$_b àH$meZ, ZB© {Xëbr Ho$Ûmam gZ² 1972 _| BgH$m nhbm àH$meZ hþAm Ÿ& Bg CnÝ`mg _| Hw$b {_bmH$a 49 AÜ`m` h¢ Ÿ&boIH$ Zo Bg CnÝ`mg H$mo AnZo {_Ì gmo_ AmZÝX H$mo g_n©U {H$`m h¡ Ÿ& g_n©U Ho$ n¥ð> _| CÝhm|Zo{bIm h¡ -""gmo_ AmZÝX H$mo {OZHo$ gh`moJ Zo _oar gmo ahr g¥OZ -MoVZm H$mo nwZOm©J¥V H$aHo$ `hCnÝ`mg {bIZo Ho$ {bE ào[aV {H$`m Ÿ&''

AmbmoÀ>` CnÝ`mg H$m Zm`H$ h¡ H$mbr C\©$ H$mbrXmg Ÿ& CnÝ`mg H$s nyar H$WmdñVw H$mbrna Ho$pÝÐV h¡ Ÿ& H$mbr h[aOZ (M_ma) Om{V H$m _mV¥-{nV¥hrZ ~mbH$ h¡ Ÿ& {Ogo CgH$s MmMr Zonmbnmog H$a ~‹S>m {H$`m h¡ Ÿ& H$mbr Ho$ _mVm -{nVm Ho$ gmW CgHo$ MmMm H$m r XohmÝV hmo MwH$m h¡ Ÿ&

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CgH$m {nVm gmIm Cg BbmHo$ _| EH$ à{gÕ nhbdmZ Wm Ÿ& MmMr Ho$ à{V H$mbr H$m ~‹S>m AmXa Wm Ÿ&BVZm g~ hmoVo hþE ^r AMmZH$ EH$ {XZ H$mbr Ka N>mo‹S> H$a H$mZnwa Mbm OmVm h¡ Ÿ& N>h gmb Ho$~mX dh H$mZnwa go AnZo Jm§d Km¡‹S>odmhb bm¡Q>Vm h¡ Ÿ& AmbmoÀ` CnÝ`mg H$s H$WmdñVw H$mbr Ho$ Kabm¡Q>Zo H$s KQ>Zm go ewê$ hmoVr h¡ Ÿ& nm¡ \$Q>Zo nm H$mbr Jm§d Ho$ nmg nh±þM OmVm h¡ Ÿ& amñVo _| AnZrMmMr H$mo boH$a `mZr MmMr A^r VH$ Or{dV h¡ `m Zht Bgr ~mV H$mo boH$a CgHo$ ~Z _| H$B© e§H$E±{XImB© XoVr h¡ Ÿ& na MmMr H$mo Or{dV nmH$a CgH$m _Z AmZÝX _| Py_ CR>Vm h¡ Ÿ& CYa H$mbr H$s BVZo{XZm| Ho$ ~mX Ka dmngr Z Ho$db MmMr ~pëH$ _whëbo â Ho$ bmoJm| Ho$ _Z _| Iwer H$m _mhm¡b CËnÞH$aVm h¡ Ÿ& dfm] $ ~mX H$mbr H$mo Jm§d _| H$moB© n[adV©Z {XImB© Zht XoVm Ÿ& Jm§d H$s pñW{V `Wmnyd©XoIH$a dh qM{VV ahVm h¡ Ÿ& H$mbr Hw$N> n¡go H$_mH$a bo Am`m h¡ Ÿ& Jm§d _| Mm¡Y[a`m| Ho$ _H$mZXoIH$a dh ^r AnZm _H$mZ ~ZmZm MmhVm h¡ Ÿ& na§Vw Cgo ^maVr` g_mO H$s dmñVd pñW{V _mby_Zht Wr {H$ Ohm± Jm§d _| M_mam| Ho$ nmg n¡a aIZo H$s ^r OJh CZH$s AnZr Zht h¡, dhm± dh AnZm_H$mZ H¡$go ~Zm gH$Vm h¡ Ÿ& N>‚my emh H$s ~mV go CgH$s Am±I| Iwb OmVr h¡, "H$mbr Xmg {OgO_rZ H$s Vw_ ~mV H$a aho hmo, dh O_rZ Vwåhmar Zht h¡ Ÿ& dh em_bmb(Jm§d Ho$ O_tXmam| H$s gm§Pr)O_rZ h¡ Ÿ& O~ VH$ Vy m Voao dm[ag(CÎmam{YH$mar) Bg Jm§d _| ah|Jo, O_rZ H$m h Qw>H$‹S>m [ahmè Ho${bE Vwåhmam h¡ Ÿ& ~mX _| CgH$m _m{bH$ Jm§d hmoJm Ÿ&'' ( "YaVr YZ Z AnZm'- n¥. -55)

BVZm hr Zht H$mbr Ho$ Jmd _| M_mam| H$s gm_m{OH$ Am{W©H$ pñW{V VWm Om{VJV {d^mOZHo$ H$maU M_mX‹S>r _| ~go M_mam| Ho$ Am{W©H$, gm§ñH¥${VH$ Am¡a Ym{_©H$ emofU Ho$ {Ibm\$ {dÐmoh H$sAmoa CËào[aV H$aVr h¡ Ÿ&

Mm¡Yar OrVy H$mo bmVm| go bhþbwhmZ H$aVm h¡, An_mZ OZH$ Ôr Jm{b`m§ XoVm h¡, na Eogrg§H$Q>_` n[apñW{V _| H$moB© r M_ma _w±h Zht ImobVm, S>a Ho$ _mao Ka mJ OmVo h¡§ Ÿ& M_ma H$s ~ñVr_| Am{W©H$ XwJ©{V H$m {eH$ma H$moB© r M_ma BgHo$ {Ibm\$ AmdmO CR>mZo _| g_W© Zht hmoVm Ÿ& Jm§d Ho$_hmOZ, nQ>dmar, gan§M, O_rZm| Ho$ _m{bH$ g^r {_bH$a M_mam| H$m emofU H$aVo h¢ Ÿ& H$moB© AJaBg emofU Ho$ {Ibm\$ AmdmO ~wb§X H$aZo H$m à`mg H$aVm Vmo gdU© g_mO Ûmam Bgo Hw$Mb {X`mOmVm h¡ Ÿ& o gmar KQ>ZmE± H$mbr Ho$ öX` _| g§Kf© H$m ~rO ~moVr h§¡ Ÿ& BgHo$ ~mX H$mbr H$m g§Kf© ewê$hmoVm h¡, _H$mZ Vmo {Z{_Îm _mÌ ah OmVm h¡, Agbr b‹S>mB© Vmo X{bV M_mam| Ho$ gå_mZ Am¡a A{YH$maH$s hmo OmVr h¡ Ÿ& H$mbr H$m AnZr pñW{V go D$na CR>Zo H$m ha à`mg Mm¡Y[a`m| H$mo CZHo$ {Ibm\$ EH$MwZm¡Vr bJVr h¡ Ÿ&

àJ{V H$s Amoa CR>m H$mbr H$m ha H$X_ Om{VdmXr gm_§VdmXr emofH$m| Ûmam amoH$ {X`m OmVm

32

h¡ Ÿ& `hm± VH$ {H$ H$mbr H$s AnZr Om{V Ho$ bmoJ ^r Mm¡Y[a`m| Ho$ _mohao ~ZH$a CgH$s amh _| I‹S>o hmoOmVo h¢ Ÿ& CYa CgH$m gmZm| go n[aM` hmo OmVm h¡ Ÿ& Yrao-Yrao Amngr K{Zð>Vm Ho$ H$maU XmoZm| _| ào_hmo OmVm h¡ Ÿ& XmoZm| {_bH$a Ka ~gmZo H$m gnZm XoIVo h¢ Ÿ& Kadmbo BgH$m {damoY H$aVo h¢ Ÿ& EH$ hr{damXar Ho$ hmoZo Ho$ H$maU CÝh| {ddmh H$s ñdsH¥${V Zht {_bVr h¡ Ÿ& Bg ~rM AMmZH$ ~r_mar gonr{‹S>V Wm Cn wº$ {M{H$Ëgm Ho$ A^md _| H$mbr H$s MmMr àVmnr H$s _¥Ë w hmo OmVr h¡ Ÿ& H$mbr{~bHw$b AHo$bm hmo OmVm h¡ Ÿ& CgHo$ H$_mB© Ho$ n¡go Am¡a MmMr Ho$ JhZo énò H$moB© n‹S>mo{gZ Mwam H$abo OmVr h¡ Ÿ& H$mbr g~ Hw$N> ImoH$a bmby nhbmdZ Ho$ `hm± _OXyar H$aVm h¡ Ÿ& H$mbr AÝ`m` Ho${Ibm\$ g§Kf© Omar aIVm h¡ Ÿ& Mm¡Y[a`m| Ûmam ~oJma na H$m_ H$am o OmZo na H$mbr CgH$m Kmoa {damoYH$aVm h¡ Ÿ& H$mbr H$s gmh{gH$Vm H$mo XoIVo hþE ~mH$s bmoJ r {damoY H$aVo h¢ Ÿ& M_mam| Ûmam ~oJma H$mH$m_ H$aZo go ~m° H$mQ> {H$`m OmVm h¡ Ÿ& H$mbr H$hVm h¡ -"" Im`|Jo Vmo g~ gmW, ^yIo ah|Jo Vmo g~gmW Ÿ&'' na§Vw `h pñW{V A{YH$ {XZ VH$ {Q>H$ Zht nmVr h¡ Ÿ& M_mam| H$s yIr {dÐmohr AmdmO H$moHw$Mb {X`m OmVm h¡ Ÿ& H$mbr H$mo AnZm g§Kf© AYyam N>mo‹S>H$a WmpñW{Vdm{X`m| Ho$ X~md _| g_Pm¡VmH$aZm n‹S>Vm h¡ Ÿ& M_ma bmoJ Om{VJV oX-^md Am¡a AÝ`m` -AË`mMma emofU Ho$ {Ibm\$ g§Kf©H$aZm MmhVo h¢ na CÝh| ghr {Xem Am¡a Xe©Z Zht {_bVo h¢ Ÿ& CYa kmZmo J^©dVr hmo OmVr h¡ Ÿ Am¡akmZmo H$m gnZm nyam Zht hmo nmVm Ÿ& Ohm± kmZmo H$mo AnZr _m§ Am¡a mB© Ho$ hmWm| Oha nrH$a _aZm n‹S>Vmh¡ dht H$mbr ha Va\$ go hma H$a {Zame Jm§d N>mo‹S> ^mJ OmVm h¡ Ÿ& CnÝ`mg H$m àma§ H$mbr Ho$ Jm§dbm¡Q>Zo H$s gwIX KQ>Zm go hmoVm h¡ Am¡a AnZr ào{_H$m H$s _¥Ë w Ho$ ~mX H$mbr H$m Jm§d N>mo‹S> mJ OmZogo A§V hmoVm h¡ Ÿ&

2.3 {díbofU{díbofU{díbofU{díbofU{díbofU : : : : :

CnÝ`mg H$s H$Wm dJ© g§Kf© H$s H$Wm h¡ Ÿ& EH$ Amoa O_tXma {H$gmZ h¢ Vmo Xygar Amoa_ohZVH$e y{_hrZ _OXya h¢ Ÿ& EH$ Amoa Y_© Ho$ Zm_ na ñdmW©nmofH$ nmXar AqMVam_ h¡ Vmo Xygar Amoa^bm BÝgmZ ~ZH$a Or{dV ahZo dmbm Z§X qgh Ÿ& g_mO Ho$ emofH$ Ho$ ê$n _| N>‚myemh VraWam_,KÈ>_ Mm¡Yar h¢ Omo dV©_mZ ì`dñWm Ho$ emofH$ h¢ {H$ÝVw gd©hmam, emo{fVm| H$s AmdmO H$mo CR>mZo dmbmS>m°. {deZ Xmg ^r h¡ Ÿ& H$mbr Am¡a kmZmo CnÝ`mg Ho$ gd©à_wI M[aÌ Ho$ ê$n _| gm_Zo Am o h¢ Ÿ&gm_m{OH$ AË`mMma Ed§ CËnr‹S>Z Ho$ à{VamoY H$m àVrH$ H$mbr Ho$ geº$ Am¡a ñdV§Ì ì`{º$Ëd VWmg§doXZerb Ed§ Ñ‹T> ñd^mddmbr kmZmo Ho$ g§Kf© Ho$ O[a o OJXreMÝÐ X{bV M_mam| Ho$ OrdZ H$sXX©ZmH$ pñW{V C^maZo _| Am¡a CgH$s gƒmB© àH$me S>mbZo _| nyar Vah g\$b hþE h¢ Ÿ& CnÝ`mg H$s

33

H$Wm gwJ{R>V h¡ Ÿ& gmW hr dmVmdaU H$m {MÌU ^r gOrd hmo CR>m h¡ Ÿ& Kmo‹S>odmhm Jm§d _| M_mam| H$sEogr X`Zr` gm_m{OH$, Am{W©H$ pñW{V Ho$ nrN>o A{ejm, Hw$g§ñH$ma, A§Y{dídmg Am¡a AmngrAÝV{d©amoY H$mo boIH$ Zo ~‹S>r ~marH$s go dU©Z {H$`m h¡ Ÿ& Jm§d Ho$ M_mam| H$s gm_m{OH$ pñW{V Ho$ Z½Z`WmW© H$mo {M{ÌV H$aZo _| boIH$ {gÕhñV h¢ Ÿ& V^r Vmo Bg g§X © _| AmbmoMH$ {ed Hw$_ma {_l ZoH$hm h¡ -"" OJXre MÝÐ Zo "YaVr YZ Z AnZm' _| "aoUw' H$s Zht, J«m_Ho$pÝÐV CnÝ`mgm| H$s ào_MÝXH$s Bgr WmW©dmXr na§nam H$mo hr {dH${gV {H$`m h¡, ào_M§X go AmJo OmH$a Cgo g_¥Õ {H$`m h¡ - CgoAm¡a ^r e{º$ g§nÞVm Ho$ gmW AmJo H$s aMZmAm| Ho$ {bE EH$ MwZm¡Vr \|$H$s h¡ Ÿ&'' (na§nam H$sM[aVmW©Vm - {edHw$_ma {_l , MJXreMÝÐ : EH$ aMZmË_H$ `mÌm, n¥.- 94, g§. Vago_ JwOamb)

dmañVd _| Bg CnÝ`mg _| n§Om~ Ho$ XmoAm~m A§Mb Ho$ X{bVm| H$s X`Zr` Am{W©H$ pñW{V`mZr X{bV OrdZ H$s ÌmfX pñW{V H$mo ~‹S>r g\$bVm go C^mam J`m h¡ Ÿ&

2.4 "YaVr YZ Z AnZm' _| YaVr YZ Z AnZm' _| YaVr YZ Z AnZm' _| YaVr YZ Z AnZm' _| YaVr YZ Z AnZm' _| ef®eef$ele X{bV OrdZX{bV OrdZX{bV OrdZX{bV OrdZX{bV OrdZ : : : : :

"YaVr YZ Z AnZm' X{bVm| Ho$ OrdZ `WmW© na Ho$pÝÐV EH$ g\$b X{bV CnÝ`mg h¡ Ÿ&CnÝ`mg H$s H$Wm n§Om~ Ho$ Kmo‹S>odmhm Jm§d H$s M_mX‹S>r AWm©V² M_ma ~ñVr na AmYm[aV h¡ Ÿ& Bg~ñVr _| ahZo dmbo emo{fV, X{bV dJ© Ho$ OrdZ Am¡a CZH$s {d{dY g_ñ`mAm| Zo boIH$ H$mo `hCnÝ`mg {bIZo Ho$ {bE ào[aV {H$`m Wm Ÿ& boIH$ Zo AnZr {H$emoamdñWm _| M_mam| H$s Xw:I-XwX©em,emofU, CËnr‹S>Z Am{X H$mo ñd § AnZr Am±Im| go XoIm Wm, _hgyg {H$`m Wm Ÿ& AmbmoÀ` nwñVH$ Ho$àma§ _| boIH$ Zo nwñVH$ H$ àma§ _| "_oarAmoa go ' _| AnZo dº$ì` Ho$ O[a o {bIm h¡ -""_oar{H$emoamdñWm _oao Z{Zhmb Ho$ Jm§d aëhZ(n§Om~) _| ~rVm Ÿ& Jm§d H$m EH$ h[aOZ n[adma _oao ZmZmOrH$s O_rZ OmoVVm Wm Am¡a Bgr {gb{gbo _| wPo ~ñVr _| OmZm n‹S>Vm Wm

* * * *

_¢ h g~ XoIH$a ~hþV hr C{Û½Z hmoVm Wm {H$ Am{W©H$ A^mdm| H$s MŠH$s _| wJ- wJmÝVam|go {ng aho h[aOZ A~ ^r _Ü`H$mbrZ `mVZmAm| H$mo ^moJ aho h¢ Ÿ& {Og y{_ na do ahVo h¢, {OgO_rZ H$mo do OmoVVo h¢, `hm± VH$ {H$ {OZ N>ßnam| _| do ah[ h¢, Hw$N> ^r CZH$s Zht h¡ Ÿ& BÝht ~mVm| H$moXoIH$a _oao {_emoa _Z H$s doXZm ghgm AnZo g^r ~m§Y Vmo‹S>H$a \y$Q> {ZH$br Am¡a _¢Zo àñVwV CnÝ`mg

34

{bIZo H$m _yb àoaUm {~ÝXw `hr h¡ Ÿ&''

CnÝ`mg _| d{U©V M_mam| H$s gm_m{OH$ pñW{V H$hr Zht Om gH$Vr, M_mX‹S>r _whëbm Jm§dHo$ AÝ` _whëbm| -_hmOZm|, Z§~aXmam|, Jìd`m|, mo{X`m|, {_Æ>mo d MwZm¡{V`m| Ho$ _whëbo go AbJ Jm§d go~mha H$s Amoa ~Zm`m J`m h¡ Ÿ& X{bV bmoJ Ohm± ahVo h¢, {Og O_rZ na CZH$m Ka h¡, `h CZH$mAnZm Zht h¡ Ÿ& h em_bmV H$s O_rZ h¡ Ÿ& {Og O_rZ na CZH$m Ka h¡, wg na CZH$m H$moB© A{YH$maZht h¡ Ÿ& do bmoJ N>moQ>o Am¡a H$ƒo _H$mZ _| ahVo h¢ Ÿ& nyao _whëbo _| EH$ ^r Eogm H$moR>m Zht Wm {Og_|nŠH$s BªQ> bJr hmo Ÿ& {nN>br ~agmV Ho$ ~mX BZH$s A^r nmoVmB© Zht H$s JB© Wr Bg{bE do H$_OmoaAmoa CZH$s {Xdma| IwaXar ZOa Am ahr Wr Ÿ& ("YaVr YZ Z AnZm', n¥. -15)

N>: gmb Ho$ ~mX H$mZnwa go bm¡Q>Zodmbo H$mbr H$mo Jm§d H$s pñW{V _| H$moB© n[adV©Z {XImB©Zht XoVm Ÿ& boIH$ Zo {ZanojVm go Jm§d H$s `WmW© pñW{V H$m {MÌU {H$`m h¡ Ÿ& CÝhm|Zo IwX hr H$hm h¡- ""_¢Zo gd©Wm {Zanoj ahH$a ^maVr` OrdZ Ho$ BZ H$Q>o hþE gÝX^m] H$m {MÌU {H$`m h¡ Am¡a H$ht ^rAnZm _Z WmonZo AWdm AnZr {dMmaYmam bmXZo H$m à`mg Zht {H$`m Ÿ&''

("YaVr YZ Z AnZm', _oar Amoa go)

H$mbr Ho$ Ûmam Jm§d nh±þM H$a XoIr JB© pñW{V H$m _m{_©H$ {MÌU H$aVo hþE boIH$ Zo H$hm h¡- H$mbr Am¡aVm| Ho$ _¡bo-Hw$Mbo, \$Q>o-nwamZo H$n‹S>m| Am¡a ZmH$ gw‹S>gw‹S>mVo Z§J-Y‹S>§J ~ƒm| H$mo XoIVmhþAm gmoMZo bJm {H$ dh {H$g Xw{Z`m _| Am J`m h¡ Ÿ& H$B© Am¡aVm| Am¡a ~ƒm| H$s nbH|$ Jwbm~r Wt Am¡aCZ na EH$ r ~mb Zht Wm Am¡a Cggo {Za§Va nmZr ~h ahm Wm Ÿ& CZHo$ eara Am¡a H$n‹S>m| go ngrZo H$sEogr XwJ©§Y Am ahr Wr {Oggo H$mbr AnZm n[aM` Imo MwH$m Wm Ÿ&'' ("YaVr YZ Z AnZm' n¥. 17)

OJXre MÝÐ Or àË`j Ðï>>m Wo Ÿ& CÝhm|Zo X{bV M_mam| H$s Xw:I-XwX©em H$m Am±Im| XoIm{MÌU {H$`m h¡ Ÿ& Omo XoIm Am¡a _hgyg {H$`m dh boIZr go {M{ÌV {H$`m h¡ Ÿ& M_Zbmb Or Zo Bgg§X © _| H$hm h¡ -""OJXre MÝÐ Zo ~MnZ go hr OrdZ H$mo ~hþV {ZH$Q> go XoIm d _hgyg {H$`m Ÿ&OrdZ H$m `h gyú_ n ©dojU ~mX _| MbH$a CZHo$ gm{hË` H$s gm_J«r ~Zr Ÿ& OrdZ Ho$ AZw dm| Ho$gmW-gmW OJXre MÝÐ Zo AW©emó d _mŠg©dmX Ho$ AÜ``Z go OrdZ Ho$ WmW© H$mo AÀN>r Vah gog_Pm ^r Ÿ& `WmW© H$s Bg go CÝhm|Zo OrdZ Ho$ ÛÝÛmË_H$ ê$n H$mo nhMmZm Am¡a AnZo gm{hË` _|OrdZ H$mo gVhr d EH$njr` ê$n _| Zht, O{Q>b Am¡a ÛÝÛmË_H$ ê$n _| àñVwV {H$`m Ÿ&

(M_Zbmb, à{V{Z{Y {hÝXr CnÝ`mg, n¥.- 100)

M_mX‹S>r _| {g\©$ EH$ hr b§~r Am¡a V§J Jbr h¡ Ÿ& _whëbo _| EH$ ^r Eogm H$moR>m Zht {Og_|

35

nŠH$s BªQ> bJr hmo Ÿ& H$mZnwa go N>: gmb Ho$ ~mX bm¡Q>o H$mbr Jm§d H$s pñW{V XoIH$a CgHo$ Jm§d bm¡Q>ZoH$s Iwer IË_ hmoZo bJVr h¡ Ÿ& bo{H$Z MmMr Ho$ _moh go ~§Ym dh Jm§d _| hr ahZo H$m \¡$gbm H$aVm h¡ Ÿ&hmbm§{H$ CgH$m XmoñV OrVy H$hVm h¡-"" H$mbr, Vy Vmo Bg Jm§d go Mbm J`m Wm Ÿ& Xmo~mam Bg ZH©$ _|Š`m| Am J`m ?'' (YaVr YZ Z AnZm, n¥. 30)

eha go H$_mH$a bm o Wmo‹S>o ~hþV n¡go go H$mbr AnZm nŠH$m H$moR>m ~ZmZo H$s gmoMVm h¡ Ÿ& h~mV Jm§d _| hbMb n¡Xm H$a XoVr h¡ Ÿ& V~ H$mbr H$mo h g§Ho$V {X`m OmVm h¡ {H$ YaVr na X{bVm| H$mH$moB© A{YH$ma Zht h¡ Ÿ& Jm§d O~ Mmho CÝho ~oKa H$a gH$Vm h¡ Ÿ& hm± Jm§d H$m AW© h¡ gdU© g_mO OmoO_rZm| H$m _m{bH$ r h¡ Am¡a H$mZyZ r MbVm h¡ Ÿ& N>‚mwemh Cgo ñnï> H$a XoVm h¡ {H$ _H$mZ M_mam|Ho$ AnZo Zht, _m¡ê$gr h¢, Jm§d H$s gm§Pr O_rZ, "em_bmV' na ~Zo hþE h¢ Ÿ& H$mbr H$mo `h A_mZr`gm_m{OH$ ì`dñWm ì`{WV H$a XoVr h¡ Ÿ& BVZm hr Zht nŠH$m _H$mZ ~ZdmZo Ho$ {bE O~ H$mbrN>‚mwemh go gbmh boZo OmVm h¡ Vmo N>‚myemh ~‹S>r MVwamB© go ~mV Ho$ Xm¡amZ H$mbr H$mo CgHo$ MmMm Ho$Ûmam Cggo CYmar {b o J o én o H$s ~mV gwZm XoVm h¡ Ÿ& dh H$mbr go ~H$m`m nƒrg én o Ho$ gmWgmobh én o ã`mO ^r dgyb boVm h¡ Ÿ&

Jm§d _| gdU© Am¡a AgdU© mZr Mm¡Yar Am¡a X{bV H$hbmZo dmbo M_mam| Ho$ ~rM H$Qw> g§~§YOmo {XZm| {XZ ^`§H$a hmoVm Om ahm h¡ Ÿ& Mm¡Y[a`m| H$s Ñ{ï> _| M_ma Om{V Ho$ bmoJ Hw$Îmo, H$_rZo Am¡agyAa go Á`mXm Hw$N> Zht Ÿ& M_mam| H$s ~ñVr _| h_oem hr Mm¡Yar Ho$ AmV§H$ Am¡a XheV ~Zr ahVr Ÿ&~mV-~mV na M_mam| H$mo Jmbr -Jbm¡O H$aZm, _ma-nrQ> H$aZm Mm¡Yar AnZm hV g_PVo h¢ Ÿ& M_ma^r Bgo MwnMmn ghZ H$aVo h¢, Š`m|{H$ Mm¡Y[a`m| go Jmbr-_ma ImZm CZHo$ OrdZ H$m O¡go A{^Þ A§J`m {\$a CZH$s {H$ñ_V ~Z J`m h¡ Ÿ& haZm_ qgh M_mX‹S>r _| AmH$a Ôr Jm{b`m± XoVm h¡ Ÿ& {ZXm}f OrVyH$s §H$a {nQ>mB© H$aVm h¡ Ÿ& bo{H$Z dhm± I‹S>o gmao Ho$ gmao M_ma _w±h Zht ImobVo Ÿ& boIH$ Zo Bg Ñí`H$m dU©Z H$aVo hþE H$hm h¡ -"" ~rM _| Mm¡Yar ha_Z qgh ~m | hmW H$s Xmo C±J{b`m| go Vh~ÝX H$mnëby Wm_o hþE I‹S>m Jm{b`m± Xo ahm Wm Ÿ& H$moR>m| H$s Xrdmam| Am¡a XadmOm| Ho$ gmW _¡br-Hw$M¡br {ó`m±^`^rV ~ƒm| H$mo N>m{V`m| go bQ>H$m o `m AnZr Q>m§Jm| _| X~m o Mm¡Yar Am¡a AnZo _whëbo Ho$ _Xm] H$moXoI ahr Wt Ÿ& ~y‹T>o Am¡a OdmZ g~ Eogo {ga PwH$mò hþE Wo O¡go amOm Ho$ Xa~ma _| I‹S>o hm| Ÿ& CZHo$ _¡boVm±~o Ho$ a§J Ho$ eara _§X hdm _| {hb aho nÎmm| H$s Vah H$m§n aho Wo Ÿ& Mm¡Yar harZm_ qgh g~H$mo Jm{b`m±Xo ahm Wm Ÿ& bo{H$Z CZHo$ _w±h na Vmbo n‹S>o Wo Ÿ&''(YaVr YZ Z AnZm -n¥. 20)

Jm§d _| M_mam| H$s gm_m{OH$ pñW{V Hw$Îmm| go ^r J`r JwOar h¡ Ÿ& `hm± Hw$Îmm| Am¡a M_mam| H$snhMmZ aIZm _wpíH$b h¡ Ÿ& Mm¡Yar X{bV M_mam| H$mo h_oem AnZr OyVr Ho$ ZrMo X~mH$a aIZm OmhVo

36

h¢ Ÿ& Jm§d _| M_mam| H$s XwJ©{V H$hr Zht OmVr Ÿ& V^r Vmo H$mbr Ho$ gm_Zo Z§X qgh H$hVm h¡ -""Jm§d _|M_ma hmoZm Vmo g~go ~‹S>m nmn h¡ Ÿ& Kmoa bm§N>Z h¡ Ÿ& Xmo H$m¡‹S>r H$m _m{bH$ H$míVH$ma AnZo M_ma H$moN>Q>r H$m XyY {nbm XoVm h¡ Ÿ& ... _wPo "M_ma' eãX go hr Z\$aV h¡ Ÿ& _wPo H$moB© r M_ma H$ho Vmo JwñgmAm OmVm h¡ Ÿ&''(dhr , n¥. 190)

n{VV, Adho{bV, ZrM H$ho OmZo dmbo M_mam| H$mo h_oem X~m o aIZo Ho$ {bE Mm¡Y[a`m| H$mfS>`§Ì ewê$ go Omar ahVm h¡ Ÿ& Mm¡Yar haZm_ qgh AnZo Om{V Ah§ H$s Vw{ï> A_mZdr` nÕ{V H$mà`moJ H$aVm h¡ Ÿ& g_mO _| Cƒ Om{V Ho$ bmoJm| (gdUm]) Ûmam AgdUm] H$mo ZrM Om{V Ho$ bmoJm| H$mogm_m{OH$ ñVa na X~m o aIZo Ho$ {bE H$B© gm_m{OH$, Ym{_©H$, g§ñWmZm| H$m {Z_m©U {H$ o J o h¢ Ÿ&"_Zwñ_¥{V' Ho$ O[a o H$_©H$m§S> Ho$ AmYma na g{X`m| go X{bV Om{V`m| Ho$ bmoJm| H$m emofU hmo ahm h¡ Ÿ&M_mX‹S>r Ho$ ha M_ma Mm¡Y[a`m| H$s PyR>r gm{Oe _| \§$gH$a OrdZ a V‹S>nVo ahVo h¢, XmZo XmZo VagVoh¢ Ÿ& BZH$m OrZm Xwâ hmo OmVm h¡ Ÿ& H$mbr Ho$ Ûmam nŠH$m _H$mZ ~ZmZo H$m {damoY Am¡a {ZXm}f OrVy na{Z__© àhma BgH$m g~yV h¡ Ÿ& Jm§d _| Añn¥í`Vm mZr D±$M -ZrM H$m oX-^md BVZm h¡ {H$ Eogm bJVmh¡ O¡go Jm§d _| M_ma hmoZm nmn h¡ Ÿ& Jm§d _| M_mam| H$mo XyY, bñgr Am{X rI Ho$ ê$n _| hr {_b gH$Vrh¡, na Mm¡Yar go XyY, bñgr Am{X MrO| IarXr Zht Om gH$Vr Ÿ& V^r Vmo n¡go hmoZo Ho$ ~mdOyX H$mbrAnZr MmMr Ho$ {bE nmd a XyY OwQ>m Zht nmVm Ÿ& Š`m|{H$ M_mam| H$mo XyY ~oMZm Mm¡Y[a`m| H$s$ emZ Ho${Ibm\$ h¡ -"" Voar AŠb {R>H$mZo h¡ {H$ Zht ? Jar~ h±ÿ Vmo Š`m hþAm, Mm¡Yar Vmo h±ÿ, M_ma Ho$ hmW XyY~oMy§Jm Vmo Jm§ddmbo Š`m H$h|Jo ?""(dhr, n¥. 165)

~m‹T> Ho$ H$maU M_mX‹S>r H$m Hw±$Am nmZr _| Sy>~ OmVm h¡ Ÿ& nmXar Xa~mOm na Vmbm bJmH$aZb go nmZr âZo Zht XoVm h¡ Vmo M_mX‹S>r H$s {ó`m§ n§{S>V-g§Vam_ Ho$ Hw±$E na OmVr h¢, Cgo nmZr XoZoH$s {dZVr H$aVr h¢ Ÿ& na dh nmZr XoZm Vmo Xya H$s ~mV h¡, S>§S>m CR>mH$a CZHo$ nrN>o ^mJVm h¡ Ÿ& V~{ó`m§ ^` go dhm± ^mJ {ZH$br Ÿ& Bg ^JX‹S> _| H$B© ZrMo {Ja JB© Am¡a CZHo$ H$ÀMo K‹S>o Qy>Q> Jò Ÿ&n§{S>V g§Vam_ Jm{b`m§ XoVm hþAm M_mX‹S>r H$s Amoa _w‹S>Zo dmbo amñVo VH$ CZH$m nrN>m H$aVm ahm Ÿ& (drn¥.)

n§{S>V g§Vam_ nmI§S>r Am¡a b§nQ> h¡ Ÿ& dh M_ma {ó`m| H$mo OmV Ho$ Zm_ na Hw±$E go nmZr ZhtâZo XoVm, na BZ ANy>V M_ma {ó`m| H$m moJ H$aVm h¡ Ÿ& _H$mZ ~ZdmZo Ho$ {bE H$mbr O~ N>‚my emh`m {_ór g§V qgh Ho$ nmg OmVm h¡ Vmo g^r go Cgo {ZamXa {_bVm h¡ Ÿ& Añn¥í`Vm H$s Am‹S> _| g^r CgoK¥Um H$s g¥{ï> go XoIVo h¢ Ÿ& `hm± VH$ {H$ H$mbr Ho$ Ka ~ZmZo dmbm {_ñVar g§V qgh H$mo ß`mg bJZona dh _hme` H$s XyH$mZ na nmZr nrZo OmVm h¡ Am¡a bm¡Q> H$a H$hVm h¡ -"" _¢ M_mam| H$m H$m_ BgrXw:I Ho$ _mao Zht boVm Ÿ& A^r nmZr nrH$a Am`m h±ÿ, {\$a ß`mg bJZo bJr h¡ Ÿ&''(dhr, n¥.140)

37

Jm§d _| Om{VdmX H$s O‹S§>o Jhar h¡§ Ÿ& `hm± VH$ {H$ Y_© n[adV©Z H$aZo na ^r Om{V dhr ~ZrahVr h¡ Ÿ& ANy>V Om{V Ho$ bmoJ Y_© n[adV©Z H$a {gI Zht Vmo BgmB© ~Z OmVo h¢ Ÿ& Z§X qgh {hÝXw go{gI {\$a ~mX _| BgmB© ~Z OmVm h¡, na M_ma hmoZo H$s ~w{Z`mXr Ag{b`V IË_ Zht hmoVr Ÿ& O~ ZÝXqgh ~mobVm h¡ {H$ Cgo M_ma H$hbmZm ng§X Zht Vmo ~g§Vm H$hVm h¡ -"" dmh -dmh Z§X qgh, Voao {gana A^r gtJ Vmo CJo Zht - nJbm Vmo Hw$N> ^r ~Z Om bo{H$Z ahoJm M_ma H$m M_ma hr, OmV H$_© goZht OÝ_ go ~ZVr h¡, AJa M_ma H$hbdmZm ng§X Zht Vmo {H$gr Am¡a _m§ Ho$ noQ> go OÝ_ {b`mhmoVm Ÿ&''(dhr , n¥.-200)

Y_m©ÝVaU H$aZo Ho$ ~mX ^r ANy>V Om{V Ho$ bmoJm| H$mo {VañH$ma Am¡a An_mZ go _w{º$ Zht{_bVr Ÿ& {_ór g§Vm qgh H$mo ß`mg bJZo na H$mbr Cgo ZÝX qgh Ho$ Ka go nmZr bmH$a XoZo H$s ~mVH$hVm h¡ Vmo g§V qgh ~mobVm h¡ -""{gI ~Z OmZo H$m h _Vb~ Vmo Zht {H$ dh M_ma Zht ahm Ÿ& Y_©~XbZo go OmV Vmo Zht ~XbVr Ÿ&''(dhr, n¥.- 141)

g_mO _| ZrM, Añnm`Vm H$ho OmZo dmbo bmoJm| na Y_© Ho$ Zm_ na nmI§S> aMmZo dmbo Y_© Ho$R>oHo$Xmam| H$m A_moZdr` AmMaU r XoIZo H$mo {_bVm h¡ Ÿ& h XoIZo H$mo {_bVm h¡ Y_© Ho$ R>oHo$Xma {~ZñdmW© Ho$ Jar~ gd©hmam {dde ANy>V Om{V`m| Ho$ bmoJm| H$s _XX r Zht H$aVo h¢ Ÿ& boIH$ Zo Bg ~mVH$s gË`Vm na àH$me S>mbm h¡ Ÿ& ~m° H$m°Q> Ho$ g_` H$mbr yI go V‹S>n aho M_mam| Ho$ Myëhm ObmZo Ho${bE nmXar go AZmO _m§JZo OmVm h¡ Ÿ& Bg _O~yar H$m \$m`Xm CR>mVo hþE dh ~mobVm h¡ -"" AZmO H$sVmo ~mo[a`m± {Ôdm Xy§ bo{H$Z gdmb h¡ [aíVo H$m, AJa M_ma B©gmB© {~amXar _| em{_b hmo J o hmoVo Vmoh_mam {_eZ BZ na \$m§H$m| H$s H$^r Zm¡~V Z CR>mZo XoVm Ÿ&''(dhr, n¥.)

Jm§d H$s h[aOZ ~ñVr (M_mX‹S>r) _| ahZo dmbr X{bV M_mam| H$s ~hy-~o{Q>`m§ H$m emar[aH$emofU hmoVm h¡ Ÿ& OmQ>, Mm¡Yar AnZr noQ> H$s yI Ho$ g_mZ m¡Z gwYm H$s V¥{á H$aVo h¢ Am¡a CgHo$ {bE{H$gr àH$ma H$s Z¡{VH$Vm H$mo Am‹S>o Zht AmZo XoVm Ÿ& H$mbr Ho$ hm± H$m_ H$aVo g_` {_ór g§V qgh goH$mbr ZÝX qgh H$s ~oQ>r nmemo Ho$ gmW CgHo$ g§~§Y Ho$ ~mao _| nyN>Zo na CÎma _| H$hVm h¡, dhr Omo Hw$ÎmoH$m Hw${V`m go hmoVm h¡ Ÿ&'' Jm§d â _| M_ma ~hþ-~o{Q>`m| go Mm¡Yar -OmQ>m| H$m Ad¡Y g§~§Y XoIZo H$mo{_bVm h¡ Ÿ& Mm¡Yar haXod bÀN>mo H$m emar[aH$ emofU H$aVm h¡ Ÿ& ~oMmar bÀN>mo AnZo n[admadmbm| Ho$noQ> H$s AmJ ~wPmZo Ho$ {bE AnZm gd©ñd bwQ>mH$a ~Xbo _| Hw$N> Zht bm nmVr Ÿ&' _m§ Ka go AmQ>m CYma_m§JZo JB© Vmo AmQ>m bo AmB© Ÿ& A_é XJMm ~oMH$a AmQ>m Am¡a Jw‹S> XmoZm| bo Am`m Ÿ& bo{H$Z dh AnZmg~Hw$N> bwQ>mH$a ^r Imbr hmW dmng Am JB© Ÿ&''(dhr, n¥.-103)

M_mX‹S>r _| Am¡aV| O~ Amng _| b‹S>Vr h¢ Vmo EH$ Xygao H$s nmob ImobZo _| Jm¡ad g_PVr

38

h¢ Ÿ& àrVmo Am¡a àVmnr Ho$ ~rM Ho$ PJ‹S>o VyV-_¢-_¢ go `h ñnï> hmo OmVm h¡ Ÿ& M_ma Am¡aVm| _| Eogm_Z-_wQ>md gdU© OmQ> Mm¡Y[a`m| Ho$ AÝ`m`,AË`mMma Am¡a emofU H$mo àmoËgm{hV H$aVm h¡ Ÿ& OmQ>-Mm¡Y[a`m| H$m M_mam| Ho$ à{V A_mZdr` ì`dhma Ohm± EH$ Amoa CÝh| M¡Z H$s gm§g boZo Zht XoVm dhtXmZo XmZo H$mo VadZodmbo BZH$s Am{W©H$ pñW{V {XZm| {XZ ~XVa hmoVr OmVr h¡ Ÿ&

M_mam| H$s Am{W©H$ pñW{V ~hþV X`Zr` h¡ Ÿ& hm± VH$ {H$ CZHo$ nmg amoOr amoQ>r H$_mZo H$mEogm H$moB© gmYZ Zht h¡ , Z Vmo CZHo$ nmg hb OmoVZo Ho$ {bE AnZr O_rZ h¡ Am¡a Z hr IoV Ÿ& doHo$db Mm¡Y[a`m| -OmQ>m| Ho$ IoVm| Am¡a Kam| _| AnZo Am{W©H$, emar[aH$ emofU H$mo MwnMmn ghVo hþEH$m_ H$aZo Ho$ {bE {dde h¡ Ÿ& àË oH$ M_ma {H$gr Z {H$gr Mm¡Yar Ho$ Ka H$m_ H$aZo Ho$ {bE ~§YmhþAm h¡ Ÿ& M_mX‹S>r H$m ha M_ma Am{W©H$ ê$n go Mm¡Y[a`m| na {Z ©a h¡ Ÿ& M_mam| Ho$ Hw$N> ~oJma H$aZodmbo ~§YwAm _OXya h¢ m {Xhm‹S>r na H$m_ H$aZo dmbo _OXya h¢ Ÿ& CZH$s {ó`m§ Mm¡Y[a`m| Ho$ Ka _| H$m_H$aVr h¢ Ÿ& {XZ, amV, IyZ -ngrZm ~hmZo Ho$ ~mdOyX ^r amoQ>r Ho$ EH$-EH$ Qw>H$‹S>o Ho$ {bE VagVo h¢ Ÿ&""H$mH$m, nŠH$m _H$mZ H$m¡Z ~Zm oJm ? hm± Vmo EH$ g_` H$s amoQ>>r Zht Ow‹S>Vr Ÿ& ... _¢ ~mha {ZH$brWr {H$ {H$gr Ho$ Ka go AmQ>o H$s MwQ>H$s _m§J bmD±$ Vm{H$ ~ƒm| Ho$ noQ> _| Hw$N> Vmo hmo Om o Ÿ&''

(dhr, n¥.-101) Ÿ&

M_mX‹S>r Ho$ `hm± bmoJm| H$s Am{W©H$ pñW{V BVZr X`Zr` h¡ {H$ OrdZ H$s _yb yVAmdí`H$VmAm| H$mo OyQ>m nmZm r BZHo$ {bE g§ d Zht h¡ Ÿ& pñW{V BVZr ~XVa h¡ {H$ bmoJm| H$mo KaH$m ñdmX VH$ nVm Zht Ÿ& ""Zht H$mH$m.... _wPo Vmo Kr XoIo H$B© gmb ~rV J o h¢ Ÿ& ~g h g_P| {H$O~ OrVy n¡Vm hþAm Wm, V~ AmYm goa Ka Im`m Wm Ÿ& _¢ Vmo Kr H$m a§J Am¡a ñdmX ^r XmoZm| ^yb JB©h±ÿ Ÿ&( YaVr YZ Z AnZm -n¥. )

* * * *

Jm§d _| Mm¡Y[a`m| Ho$ Abmdm _hmOZ, nQ>dmar, gan§M, O_rZm| Ho$ _m{bH$ H$mo _mohVmOM_mam| H$m emofU H$aZo _| N>‚myemh O¡gm _hmOZ H$moB© _m¡H$m Zht N>mo‹S>Vm Ÿ& H$mbr O~ nŠH$m _H$mZ~ZmZo H$s moOZm _| N>‚my emh Ho$ nmg nam_e© boZo OmVm h¡ V~ dh ~‹S>r AŠb go ~mV H$a H$mbr H$moAnZo Omb _| \§$gm boVm h¡ Ÿ& ""Vwåhmao MmMm {gÕþ Zo ~mah gmb nhbo _H$mZ ~ZmZo Ho$ {bE _wP goEH$ gm¡ én o CYma {b o Wo Ÿ& Cggo ã`mO boZm Vmo _¢Zo _wpíH$b Zht g_Pm Wm Š`m|{H$ dh AnZm ào_rWm Ÿ& CgZo Agb aH$_ _| go nƒÎma én o hr dmng {H$ o Wo Am¡a A^r r nƒrg én o ~mH$s Wo {H$

39

Cgo _m¡V Zo Am Koam Ÿ& ~oMmam ~hþV B©_mZXma AmX_r Wm .... Am{Ia Vy Cgr ImZXmZ H$s {ZemZr h¡ Ÿ&O~ H$^r {gÕÿ H$s mX AmVr h¡ Vmo h ~hr {ZH$mbH$a XoI boVm h±ÿ Ÿ& Bg_| CgH$m A§JyR>m bJm hþAmh¡ Ÿ&'' (dhr, n¥.39) M_mX‹S>r Ho$ M_ma V_m_ emar[aH$ Am¡a _mZ{gH$ §ÌUmAm| H$mo MwnMmn ghboVo h¢ & dñVwV: CZ_| nañna \y$Q> Am¡a MoVZm H$m A^md hr CZHo$ OrdZ H$s ÌmgXr H$m à_wI H$maUh¡ Ÿ& BVZm hr Zht BZ_| g§Kf© H$m _Zmo~b CËnÞ Z hmoZo H$m _yb H$maU ^r `hr h¡ Ÿ& hm± BZ_| `Ú{ng§Kf© H$s ewê$AmV hmoVr h¡ na `h Á`mXm VH$ {Q>H$ Zht nmVm Ÿ& X{bVm| H$s Eogr X`Zr` pñW{V _|gwYma bmZo Ho$ {bE Z H$moB© n§Mm`V h¡, Z H$moB© H$mZyZr ghm`Vm, Z H$moB© amOZr{VH$ `m Ym{_©H$ e{º$_XX H$aVr Ÿ& ~pëH$ ñdmWu bmoJ BgH$m \$m`Xm CR>mZo _| V¡ ma XoIZo H$mo {_bVo h¢ Ÿ& B©gmB© nmXarA[M§Vam_ X{bV M_mam| Ho$ Bg _m¡Ho$ H$m bm^ CR>mH$a CZHo$ Y_© n[adV©Z H$a CZH$s ghm`Vm H$aZmMmhVm h¡ Ÿ& na CZHo$ B©gmB© ~Zo {~Zm dh H$moB© _XX H$aZm Zht MmhVm Ÿ&

Bg àH$ma OJXreMÝÐ Zo AnZr n¡Zr Ñ{ï> go "YaVr YZ Z AnZm' CnÝ`mg _| X{bVm| Ho$ÌmgX OrdZ H$m aoIm§H$Z {d{dY Ñ{ï>m`m| go {H$`m h¡ Ÿ&

2.5 "YaVr YZ Z AnZm' : n[adoe Am¡a bmoH$ OrdZ"YaVr YZ Z AnZm' : n[adoe Am¡a bmoH$ OrdZ"YaVr YZ Z AnZm' : n[adoe Am¡a bmoH$ OrdZ"YaVr YZ Z AnZm' : n[adoe Am¡a bmoH$ OrdZ"YaVr YZ Z AnZm' : n[adoe Am¡a bmoH$ OrdZ : : : : :

Xoe -H$mb dmVmdaU H$mo n[adoe H$hm OmVm h¡ Ÿ& S>m°. {Ì^wdZ qgh Ho$ AZwgma -"" {H$grH${d AWdm g_mO H$mo hr CnÝ`mg AnZo dU©Z H$m AmYma ~ZmVm h¡ Ÿ& dÊ © ì`{º$ AWdm g_mO Ho$AmMma -{dMma ahZ-ghZ, ar{V-Zr{V, mfm Am¡a CgHo$ Amg-nmg {Kar n[apñW{V`m§ hr Xoe-H$mbAm¡a dmVmdaU H$s g§km YmaU H$aVr h¡ Ÿ& ''(S>m°. {Ì wdZ qgh : qhXr CnÝ`mg {eën Am¡a à`moJ ,n¥.-257 `hm± Xoe H$m AW© h¡ {H$gr ñWmZ {deof Ÿ& S>m°. gw{_Ìm Ë`mJr Zo Xoe eãX H$m Ame` ñnï>H$aVo hþE H$hm h¡ -"" Xoe go A{^àm` CnÝ`mgm| Ho$ OrdZ H$m CX²^d Am¡a {dH$mg h¡ Ÿ&''(S>m°. gw{_ÌmË`mJr : qhXr CnÝ`mg ; AmYw{ZH$ {dMma YmamEª, n¥. -155) àË oH$ ñWmZ H$s m¡Jmo{bH$ pñW{V hmoVrh¡ Ÿ& {H$gr ^r EH$ A§Mb `mZr J«m_, ZJa, H$ñ~m, àm§V `m EH$ yI§S> {deof H$mo ñWmZ H$hm OmgH$Vm h¡ Ÿ& nd©V, ZXr, dZ, CndZ, new-nja Am{X Ÿ& àH¥${V Ho$ {d{^Þ CnmXmZ ñWmZ Ho$ m¡Jmo{bVn[adoe _| AmVo h¢ Ÿ& BZ g~Ho$ Ûmam ñWmZ Ho$ àmH¥${VH$ dmVmdaU H$m {Z_m©U hmoVm h¡ Ÿ& àmV: , g§Ü`m,F$VwAm|, IoVm§o, I{bhmZm| Am{X àmH¥${VH$ Ñí`m| go dmVmdaU gOrd Am¡a gwÝXa ~ZVm h¡ Ÿ& BZ ñWmZ{deof _| ahZo dmbo Am{Xdm{g`m| Ho$ ahZ-ghZ, doe yfm, ImZ-nmZ, AmMma-{dMma, ^mfm VWmg§ñH¥${V go hm± Ho$ gm_m{OH$ dmVmdaU H$m {Z_m©U hmoVm h¡ Ÿ& g_mO amOZ¡{VH$, Am{W©H$, gm§ñH¥${VH$n[apñW{V`m| H$m à^md r n‹S>Vm h¡ Ÿ& BZ g~Ho$ g_mhma go n[adoe ~ZVm h¡ Ÿ& {H$gr A§Mb {deof _|

40

ahZo dmbm H$moB© ^r AmX_r dhm± Ho$ n[adoe Ho$ à^md go _wº$ Zht hmo gH$Vm Ÿ&

^maV Jm§dm| H$m Xoe h¡ Ÿ& ^maV H$s AmË_m Jm§dm| _| ~gVr h¡ Ÿ& OJXre MÝÐ Zo Jm§d H$mo"YaVr YZ Z AnZm' CnÝ`mg H$s H$Wm Ho$ Ho$ÝÐ _| aIm h¡ Ÿ& CÝhm|Zo J«m_rU OrdZ H$s {OÝXJr, CZH$se{º$ Am¡a H$_Omo[a`m| H$mo g§nyU©Vm Ho$ gmW `WmW© ê$n _| C^maZo H$m à`mg {H$`m h¡ ñdV§ÌVm Ho$níMmV² J«m_rU OrdZ _| ~hþV CWb-nwWb Vmo hþB© na g_ñ`mE± H$_ hmoZo Ho$ ~Om` ~‹T>Vr J`t Ÿ&OJXreMÝÐ Zo BZ g_mO VË`m| H$mo AnZo CnÝ`mgm| _| COmJa {H$`m h¡ Ÿ& CÝhm|Zo J«m_rU OrdZ Ho$dmñV{dH$ `WmW© ê$n H$mo XoIm h¡ Am¡a _hgyg ^r {H$`m h¡ Ÿ& Bg{bE J«m_rU OrdZ H$m H$moB© ^r A§JCZH$s Am±Im| go AmoPb Zht hmo nm`m h¡ Ÿ& dñVwV: OJXreMÝÐ Zo J«m_rU OrdZ Ho$ àË oH$ nhby H$mBVZm gyú_ aoIm§H$Z {H$`m h¡ {H$ em`X nhbo {H$gr CnÝ`mgH$ma Zo Eogm {H$`m hmo Ÿ& OJXreMÝÐ Zoào_MÝX H$s na§nam H$mo Z {g\©$ AmJo ~‹T>m`m h¡ ~pëH$ EH$ ZB© {Xem àXmZ H$s h¡ Ÿ& Bg g§~§Y _| S>m°.nwînnmb qgh Zo H$hm h¡ -"" _oar Ñ{ï> _| ào_MÝX Ho$ ~mX J«m_rU OrdZ H$m CË`ÝV geº$ Am¡aàm_m{UH$ {MÌU {OZ MÝX boIH$m| Zo àñVwV {H$`m CZ_| OJXreMÝÐ H$m ñWmZ AË`ÝV _hËdnyU©h¡ Ÿ& OJXreMÝÐ Or H$s AnZo H$Ï` na BVZr _O~yV nH$‹S> Am¡a H$Wm H$hZo H$s e¡br -gbrH$mBVZm à^mdr ahVm h¡ {H$ dh H$ht ^r S´>mB§J ê$_ go {ZarjU {MÌU ^r Zht ahVm A{nVw do {Ogn[adoe H$mo AnZmVo h¢, Cg_| nyar Vah aM-~g H$a CgHo$ A§J ~ZH$a Cg_| A§Va§J H$m gyú_ Akmp¡jaà_m{UH$ {MÌU XñVmdoOr Ho$ ê$n _| H$aVo h¢ Ÿ& Ú{n CZH$m H$Wm -n[adoe hmo{e`manwa -Omb§Ya Ho$joÌ H$m h¡ {H$ÝVw dh {MÌU BVZr {damQ>Vm {bE hmoVm h¡ {H$ dh Bg A§Mb H$m {MÌ hmoVo hþE ^rAm§M{bH$ _mÌ Zht ahVm, A{nVw nyao ^maVr` n[adoe go gmjmV² H$am XoVm h¡ Ÿ& =====

H$Wm H$m Ho$ÝÐ Kmo‹S>odmhm Jm§d n§Om~ Ho$ A§Mb {deof XmoAm~m Ho$ hmo{e`manwa {Obo H$m h¡ Ÿ&Xmo Z{X`m| Ho$ ~rM Ho$ joÌ H$mo Xmo Am~m H$hm OmVm h¡ Ÿ& ""Ohm± Ohm± Xoe _| {deofV: CÎma ^maV _| XmoZ{X`m| Ho$ ~rM H$m àXoe Am~mX hmoJm, Cgo g§ dV: XmoAm~m H$hm OmVm hmoJm Ÿ& O¡go _mbdm n§Om~ H$mA§Mb {deof h¡ Am¡a _Ü` àXoe H$m ^r Ÿ& n§Om~ H$m `h XmoAm~m joÌ {d^mOZ nyd© n§Om~ _| ^r XmoAm~m hr H$hbmVm Wm Ÿ& EH$ nmpñVmZr n§Om~r CnÝ`mgH$ma Zo Bgr joÌ H$mo AmYma ~ZmH$a "Xmo Am~m'erf©H$ go n§Om~r CnÝ`mg H$s aMZm ^r H$s h¡ Ÿ&''

"YaVr YZ Z AnZm' _| XmoAm~m joÌ _| hmo{e`manwa {Obo Ho$ Kmo‹S>odmhm Jm§d H$m {MÌU hþAmh¡ Ÿ& hmo{e`manwa joÌ {h_mMb àXoe Ho$ nhm‹S>r joÌ H$s JmoX _| ~gm h¡ Ÿ& hm± EH$ àH$ma H$s nhm‹S>r ZXr`m Zmbm XoIZo H$mo {_bVm h¡ Ÿ& Bgo Mmo H$hm OmVm h¡ Ÿ& H$^r Mmo gyIm ahVm h¡ Vmo H$^r nmZr go anyahmoH$a §H$a ~m‹T> H$m ê$n YmaU H$aVm h¡ Ÿ& Kmo‹S>odmhm Jm§d _| Mmo Ho$ Bg §H$a ê$n go nr{S>V bmoJm|H$s X`Zr` pñW{V H$hr Zht Om gH$Vr Ÿ& boIH$ Zo Mmo Ho$ ^ §H$a ê$n H$m dU©Z H$aVo hþE {bIm h¡ -

41

"" Xmo nha VH$ Mmo _| nmZr Am¡a r ~‹T> J`m Ÿ& Jm§d Ho$ Mmam| Amoa nmZr hr nmZr Wm Ÿ& ~‹S>o amñVo na nmZrñHy$b VH$ Om nh±þMm Wm Ÿ& V{H$`m Mmo H$m EH$ {hñgm ~Z J`m Wm Am¡a dhm± ^r nmZr H$s bha| CR>ZobJr Wt Ÿ& V{H$E Ho$ H$moR>o H$s N>V ~hþV nhbo hr {Ja MwH$s Wr Ÿ& Mmo Zo EH$ Xrdma r {Jam Xr Ÿ& ~hVonmZr H$m emoa Jm§d Ho$ Xygao {gao na ^r gwZm`r Xo ahm Wm Ÿ&''("YaVr YZ Z AnZm' , n¥. 216)

Kmo‹S>odmhm Jm§d H$s M_mX‹S>r _| ahZo dmbo M_mam| H$s pñW{V AË §V gmoMZr` h¡ Ÿ& `hm± Ho$ahZodmbo M_ma {Og O_rZ na ahVo h¢, dh CZH$s O_rZ Zht h¡ Ÿ& dh O_rZ em_bmV H$s O_rZ h¡ Ÿ&Cg O_rZ na CZH$m H$moB© A{YH$ma Zht h¡ Ÿ& N>moQ>o Am¡a nŠHo$ _H$mZm| _| gmao M_ma ahVo h¢ Ÿ& nyao _whëbo_| EH$ ^r nŠH$m _H$mZ Zht h¡ Ÿ& N>h gmb ~mX H$mbr Jm§d H$s O¡gr Wr d¡gr pñW{V XoIH$a qM{VVhmo OmVm h¡ Ÿ& ""H$mbr Zo gr‹T>r Ho$ nmg hr N>V na I‹S>o hmoH$a M_mX‹S>r Ho$ H$moR>m| na ZOa Xm¡‹S>m`r Ÿ&_Q>_¡bo a§J Ho$ H$ƒo Am¡a N>moQ>o-N>moQ>o H$moR>o Ho$ Xm`| {H$Zmao VH$ \¡$bo hþE Wo Ÿ& _whëbo Ho$ A§Xa EH$ N>moQ>m-gm Mm¡JmZ Wm {OgHo$ ~rMm| ~rM EH$ ~oar Wr Ÿ& --- _whëbo Ho$ ~mha Jmo~a Am¡a Hy$‹S>o Ho$ T>oa Wo Ÿ&Am¡a EH$ -Xmo N>moQ>o N>ßna ^r , {OZH$m nmZr _B© H$s Yyb go IwíH$ hmo MwH$m Wm Ÿ& (YaVr YZ ZAnZm, n¥. -15)

Jm§d _| M_mam| H$s gm_m{OH$ pñW{V Hw$Îmm| go ^r J`r JwOar h¡ Ÿ& M_mam| H$mo Mm¡Yar bmoJHw$Îmo, H$_rZo Am¡a gwAa go Á`mXm Hw$N> Zht g_PVo h¢ Ÿ& do ~mV-~mV na M_mam| H$mo Jmbr-Jbm¡O,_manrQ> H$aVo h¢ Ÿ& M_mam| H$s ~ñVr _| CZHo$ AmV§H$ Am¡a XheV ~Zr ahVr h¡ Ÿ& Kmo‹S>mdmhm _|Añn¥í`Vm H$s Jhar O‹S> h¡§ Ÿ& n§{S>V g§Vam_ Omo M_ma {ó`m| H$mo OmV Ho$ Zm_ na Hw±$E go nmZr VH$ ZhtâZo XoVm, BVZm nmI§S>r Am¡a b§nQ> h¡ {H$ CÝht ANy>V {ó`m| H$m moJ H$aVm h¡ Ÿ& Jm§d _| Om{VdmX H$sO‹S>| BVZr Jhar h¡ {H$ Y_© n[adV©Z H$aZo na r dhr ~Zr ahVr h¡ Ÿ& M_mX‹S>r H$s {ó`m§ n§{S>V g§Vam_Ho$ Hw±$E na OmVr h¡§, na dh nmZr XoZo H$s ~mV Vmo Xya CÝh| S>§S>m CR>mH$a Jm{b`m§ XoH$a Jm XoVm h¡ Ÿ& nyaoJm§d _| Om{VdmX H$mo boH$a ^ §H$a pñW{V XoIZo H$mo {_bVr h¡ Ÿ& Kmo‹S>mdmhm Jm§d H$s M_mX‹S>r Ho$X{bV M_mam| H$s ~hy-~o{Q>`m| H$m emar[aH$ emofU h_oem OmQ> -Mm¡Y[a`m| go {H$`m OmVm h¡ Ÿ& Ohm±Adho{bV M_ma Bgo AnZm m½` g_P H$a Zrad ahVo h¢ Ÿ& dht OmQ>-MmoYar Bgo AnZm hH$ g_PVoh¢ Ÿ& Bg K¥Ê` g_mO {damoYr AnH$_© Ho$ {bE à{VdmX H$m ñda gwZmB© Zht XoVm Ÿ& Mm¡Y[a`m| H$m X{bVm|Ho$ à{V A_mZdr` ì`dhma CZHo$ gm_m{OH$ OrdZ H$mo Vhg Zhg H$a XoVm h¡ Ÿ& h[aOZ ~ñVr _|gmB©{H$b IarXH$a MbmZo dmbo ZmW na AÝ`m` - AË`mMma ^JdmZ qgh go CgH$s {nQ>mB©, CgH$s~oB‚mVr {H$ o OmZo na ^r {H$gr h[aOZ go Amn{Îm Z H$aZm, CbQ>m CgrH$mo S>m±Q>-S>nQ> H$aZm O¡gr~mV h[aOZ M_mam| _| A{ejm Am¡a gMoVZVm H$s H$_r H$m H$maU h¡ Ÿ& AnZm IyZ -ngrZm EH$ H$aMm¡Y[a`m| Ho$ IoV _| H$m_ H$aZo dmbo M_mam| H$mo a noQ> ImZm Zht {_bVm Ÿ& hm± VH$ ~m‹T> Ho$ {XZ VH$

42

~m§Y ~mYZo H$m H$m_ H$aZo Ho$ ~mX ^r Mm¡Yar {Xhm‹S>r Zht XoVo h¢, CbQ>m CÝh| Jm{b`m§ XoVo h¢ Ÿ& {damoYH$m ñda gwZmB© XoZo na M_mam| _| EH$Vm Am¡a gMoVZVm H$s H$_r Ho$ H$maU h AmdmO Yr_r n‹S> OmVrh¡ Ÿ& boIH$ Zo Eogr hr H$B© KQ>ZmAm| Ho$ O[aE M_mX‹S>r Ho$ gm_m{OH$ n[adoe H$m `WmW© {MÌ C^maZoH$m g\$b à`mg {H$`m h¡ Ÿ&

M_mam| Ho$ nmg H$_mZo H$m H$moB© gmYZ Zht h¡ Ÿ& Z Vmo CZHo$ nmg hb OmoVZo Ho$ {bE AnZrO_rZ h¡ Am¡a Z hr IoV Ÿ& CÝh| {dde Mm¡Y[a`m| Ho$ IoVm| Am¡a Kam| _| Am{W©H$ Am¡a emar[aH$ emofU Ho${eH$ma hmoH$a H$m_ H$aZm n‹S>Vm h¡ Ÿ& BZ Adho{bV ANy>V M_mam| Ho$ {bE OrdZ H$s _yb^yVAmdí`H$VmAm| H$mo nyam H$aZm ^r g§ d Zht hmo nmVm Ÿ& Am{W©H$ {Z ©aVm M_mam| H$mo {H$g hrZ XemVH$ nh±þMmVr h¡, CZ_| CZH$m {damoY H$aZo H$s e{º$ m MoVZm Zht OJVr Ÿ& dñVwV: Om{VdmXr àd¥{Îmdm|Ho$ A_mdr` nhbwAm| Am¡a AnZo ^rVa A_mdr` àd¥{Îm`m| H$mo nZmh XoZodmbo gdU© g_mO H$sAgmYmaU Y_mªYVm, H$Q²>Q>aVm Am¡a ñdmW© M_mam| Ho$ ÌmgX OrdZ Ho$ _yb yV H$maU h¢ Ÿ& Om{VJV

oX^md VWm gdUm] Ho$ AÝ`m` AË`mMma Ho$ {damoY X{bVm| _| g§Kf© H$aZo H$s BÀN>m Vmo h¡ Am¡a `hBÀN>m {XemXeu {dMma Ymam Am¡a Xe©Z Ho$ A^md _| \$bdVr Zht hmo nmVr Ÿ& \$bV: do bmoJ g§Kf© H$moAYyam N>mo‹S>H$a ah OmVo h¢ Ÿ& X{bVm| _| g§Kf© H$s MoVZm Ho$ {df` _| Ú{n H$mbr Am¡a kmZmo XmoZm| H$mà`mg Omar ahVm h¡ na Cn wº$ n[adoe H$s H$_r g§Kf© H$s Ag\$bVm H$m H$maU ~ZVr h¡ Ÿ& M_maOm{V _| A§V{d©amoY r Bg Ag\$bVm H$m Am¡a EH$ H$maU h¡ Ÿ& hm± VH$ kmZmo H$s hË`m Ho$ {bE M_maOm{V Ho$ AnZo A§V{d©amoY r {Oå_oXma h¢ Ÿ&

g_mO _| Y_© Ho$ AmYma na Om{V Am{W©H$ XwJ©{V H$m EH$ à_wI H$maU h¡ Ÿ& Y_© Ho$ AmYmana Om{V ì`dñWm H$m {ZÕm©aU Am{W©H$ ì`dñWm H$mo {ZYm©[aV H$aVm h¡ Ÿ& Kmo‹S>mdmhm Jm§d _| M_mX‹S>rHo$ X{bV M_mam| H$s Am{W©H$ XwJ©{V Ho$ nrN>o h XoIZo H$mo {_bVm h¡ Ÿ& \$bV: do bmoJ X~ H$a hr ahVoh¢ Ÿ& Kmo‹S>mdmhm _| Ym{_©H$ AmYma na Om{V ì`dñWm H$mo H$m`_ aIZo _| OmQ> Am¡a Mm¡Yar O¡go gdU©bmoJm| H$s Ah_² y{_H$m XoIZo H$mo {_bVr h¡ Ÿ& Om{V ì`dñWm Ho$ Ym{_©H$ AmYma na VrIm àhma H$aVohþE ~m~m gmho~ Am§å~oS>H$a Zo H$hm h¡ -"" Omo dUm] na AmYm[aV h¡, Z {H$ ì`{º$`m| na, `h `hì`dñWm h¡, {Og_| dUm] H$mo EH$ Xygao Ho$ D$na loUr~Õ {H$`m J`m h¡ Ÿ& `h EH$ Eogr ì`dñWm h¡,{Og_| dUm] H$s à{Vð>m VWm H$m © {ZÕm©aU {ZpíMV h¡ Ÿ& {H$ÝVw g_mO - ì`dñWm EH$ H$R>moa gm_m{OH$àUmbr h¡ Ÿ& Bg ~mV go Cgo H$moB© boZm XoZm Zht {H$ {H$gr ì`{º$ Ho$ nX Am¡a à{Vð>m _| AnojmH¥$Vn[adV©Z hmo, bo{H$Z dh {Og dU© _| n¡Xm hþAm h¡, Cg dU© Ho$ gXñ` Ho$ ê$n _| CgH$s gm_m{OH$pñW{V Xygao dU© Ho$ Xygao ì`{º$ Ho$ g§X © _| {H$gr ^r Vah go à^m{dV Zht hmoJr Ÿ& Cƒ dU© _| OÝ_oAm¡a {ZåZ dU© _| OÝ_| ì`{º$ H$s {Z`{V CgH$m OÝ_OmV dU© h¡ Ÿ&'' (~m~m gmho~ Aå~oS>H$a g§nyU©

43

dm§J_` -I§S>-6, n¥¥. -146) dñVwV: Y_© Ho$ AmYma na àM{bV Om{V ì`dñWm Ho$ A§VJ©V AmZodmbo hrZ H$ho OmZo dmbo ANy>V M_mam| H$mo Jm§d Ho$ _hmOZ, Mm¡Yar, O_rZm| Ho$ _m{bH$ g^r {_bH$aemofU H$aVo h¢ Ÿ& CZH$m gm_m{OH$ Am¡a Am{W©H$ n[adoe CÝh| M¡Z go OrZo Zht XoVm Ÿ&

2.6 "YaVr YZ Z AnZm' _| M[aÌ -{MÌU "YaVr YZ Z AnZm' _| M[aÌ -{MÌU "YaVr YZ Z AnZm' _| M[aÌ -{MÌU "YaVr YZ Z AnZm' _| M[aÌ -{MÌU "YaVr YZ Z AnZm' _| M[aÌ -{MÌU :::::

d¡go H$WmdñVw Am¡a nmÌ CnÝ`mg Ho$ Xmo à_wI VËd h¢, {H$ÝVw AmYw{ZH$ CnÝ`mg _|H$WmdñVw H$mo {deof _hËd Zht {X`m OmVm Ÿ& A~ M[aÌ H$Wm H$m g§Xoe dmhH$ Z hmoH$a boIH$ Ho$gË` Am¡a AZw y{V H$m gÝXoe ~mhH$ ~Z J`m h¡ Ÿ& Bg g§X © _| CnÝ`mgH$ma ào_MÝX H$m H$WZ -"" _¢CnÝ`mg H$mo _mZd M[aÌ H$m {MÌ _mÌ g_PVm h±ÿ Ÿ& _mZd M[aÌ na àH$me S>mbZm hr CnÝ`mg H$m_yb VËd h¡ Ÿ&'' dñVwV: CnÝ`mg H$m dmñV{dH$ {df` _mZd h¡ Ÿ& _mZ H$mo CgHo$ OrdZ go AbJH$aHo$ Zht XoIm Om gH$Vm Ÿ& "YaVr YZ Z AnZm' CnÝ`mg _| ANy>Vm| Ho$ OrdZ H$s gmar pñW{V`m|H$m {MÌU gOrd hmo CR>m h¡ Ÿ& CnÝ`mg _| d{U©V {d{dY n[adoe {d{^Þ M[aÌm| Ho$ KmV- à{VKmV Am¡aì`dhma go ~‹S>m OrdZ hmo CR>m h¡ Ÿ& dñVwV: OJXreMÝÐ H$s n¡Zr Ñ{ï> Am¡a A{^Zd g¥OZe¡br ZoCnÝ`mg H$mo EH$ Z`m ê$n àXmZ {H$`m h¡ Ÿ&

OJXreMÝÐ Zo M[aÌ -{MÌU _| EH$ {deof e¡br Ho$ YZr h¢ Ÿ& CÝhm|Zo AnZr {d{eï> Ñ{ï>go M[aÌm| H$m {MÌU {H$`m h¡ Ÿ& CZHo$ M[aÌm| _| ghO _mZdr` JwUm| H$s à{Vð>m H$s JB© h¡ Ÿ& H$moB© M[aÌ_mÌ H$mën{ZH$ Z hmoH$a CZHo$ `WmW© AZw d na AmYm[aV h¡ Ÿ& CÝhm|Zo AmbmoÀ` CnÝ`mg _| `WmW©n[adoe _| `WmW© _mZd H$mo àñVwV H$aZo H$m g\$b à`mg {H$`m h¡ Ÿ& \$bV: `h CnÝ`mg H$mbO`r~Z gH$m h¡ Ÿ& Bg AÜ`m` _| "YaVr YZ Z AnZm' CnÝ`mg Ho$ Hw$N> nmÌ-nmÌm| H$s Mm[a{ÌH${deooVmAm| H$mo C^maZo H$m à`mg {H$`m J`m h¡ Ÿ&

44

(H$)(H$)(H$)(H$)(H$) _w»` -M[aÌ_w»` -M[aÌ_w»` -M[aÌ_w»` -M[aÌ_w»` -M[aÌ

* H$mbr :* H$mbr :* H$mbr :* H$mbr :* H$mbr :

H$mbrXmg "YaVr YZ Z AnZm' CnÝ`mg H$m Zm`H$ h¡ Ÿ& dh nmIo H$m ~oQ>m h¡ Ÿ& ~MnZ godh {nV¥-_mV¥ hrZ h¡ Ÿ& CgHo$ {Z:g§VmZ MmMm-MmMr Cgo nmbnmof H$a ~‹S>m H$aVo h¢ Ÿ& Bg{bE H$mbrCgH$m nwÌ r h¡ Ÿ& dh CZHo$ ImZXmZ H$s EH$_mÌ {ZemZr r h¡ Ÿ&

H$mbr H$m {nVm _mIm nhbdmZr H$aVm Wm Ÿ& Jm§d _| CgH$s ~‹S>r B‚mV Wr Ÿ& na dh H$mbrH$mo Or â XoIZo go nhbo CgH$s _¥Ë`w hmo JB© Ÿ& CYa Xmo gmb ~mX ßboJ H$s ~r_mar go H$mbr H$s _m§Am¡a h¡Oo go MmMm _m¡V Ho$ {eH$ma hmo OmVo h¢ Ÿ& Eogr hmbV _| MmMr àVrnr Zo H$mbr H$mo gmar _wgr~V|CR>m H$a nmbm Ÿ& bo{H$Z Ka _| Am{W©H$ pñW{V {XZm| {XZ BVZr ~XVa hmoVr Om ahr {H$ EH$ {XZH$mbr Ka go Mmoar -Mmoar \$Q>ohmb _| Ka go mJ J`m Ÿ& N>h gmb VH$ MmMr àVmnr H$mo H$mbr Ho$ ~mao_| H$moB© ImoO I~a Zht {_br Ÿ& Bg ~rM H$mbr H$mZnwa nh±þM H$a dhm± H$‹S>r _ohZV go Hw$N> H$_mVmh¡ Ÿ& \$bV: CgH$s Am{W©H$ pñW{V _| Yrao-Yrao gwYma AmVm h¡ Ÿ& dhm± AHo$bo ahZo Ho$ H$maU CgoAHo$bmnZ _hgyg hmoVm h¡ Ÿ& Cgo h_oem AnZr MmMr àVmnr H$s mX gVmVr h¡ Ÿ& Hw$N> n¡go O_m H$aZoHo$ ~mX EH$ {XZ dh MmMr Ho$ _moh Ho$ H$maU AnZo Jm§d bm¡Q> AmVm h¡ Ÿ& Jm§d bm¡Q> AmZo Ho$ nrN>oCgH$m h CÔoí` ahm {H$ ~w‹T>mno _| dh AnZr MmMr H$mo Hw$N> gwI Xo gHo$ Ÿ& bo{H$Z CgH$s h mdZm\$bdVr Zht hmo nmVr Ÿ& N>: gmb ~mX Jm§d bm¡Q>H$a O~ H$mbr h XoIVm h¡ {H$ Bg ~rM Jm§d _| H$moB©n[adV©Z Zht hþAm, Jm§d _| nhbo H$s ^m±{V Ny>V-ANy>V H$m oX^md ~aH$ama h¡ Vmo H$mbr Ho$ _Z _|Jham Ag§Vmof n¡Xm hmoVm h¡ Ÿ& CgH$m Or MmhVm h¡ dh dmng H$mZnwa Mbm OmE Ÿ& dhm± ~¡R>o -~¡R>oH$mbr H$mo ` _hgyg hmoZo bJm Ÿ& CgHo$ {Xb _| N>: gmb Ho$ níMmV² Jm§d bm¡Q>Zo H$s Iwer IË_ hmoZobJr Am¡a CgH$m Or Mmhm {H$ dh CëQ>o nm§d hr H$mZnwa dmng Mbm Om o Ÿ&'' ("YaVr YZ Z AnZm',n¥.-9) BVZm g~ hmoVo hþE ^r dh MmMr Ho$ _moh go ~§Ym Jm§d _| hr ahZo H$m \¡$gbm H$aVm h¡ Ÿ&

H$mbr ewê$ go Jm§d H$s gm_m{OH$ pñW{V go n[a{MV h¡ Ÿ& {\$a r dh eha _| H$_mH$a bmEWmo‹S>o ~hþV n¡go go AnZm nŠH$m H$moR>m ~ZmZm MmhVm h¡ Ÿ& nŠH$mH$moR>m ~ZdmZo H$s CgH$s KmofUm nyaoJm§d Ho$ gdUm] _| hbMb n¡Xm H$a XoVr h¡ Ÿ& Jm§d Ho$ Mm¡Y[a`m| H$mo `h MwZm¡Vr XoZo O¡gr haH$V bJVrh¡ Ÿ& CYa H$mbr H$mo ~Vm`m OmVm h¡ {H$ {Og O_rZ na M_mX‹S>r Ho$ bmoJ ahVo h¢ dh CZH$s Zht h¡ dhJm§d H$s gm§Pr O_rZ h¡ Ÿ& N>‚my emh H$hVm h¡ -""H$mbrXmg, {Og O_rZ H$s Vw_ ~mV H$a aho hmo dh

45

O_rZ r Vwåhmar Zht h¡ Ÿ& dh em_bmV (Jm§d Ho$ O_rXmam| H$s gm§Pr O_rZ) O_rZ h¡ Ÿ& O~ VH$ Vy`m Voao dm[ag (CÎmam{YH$mar) Bg Jm§d _| ah|Jo, O_rZ H$m h Qw>H$‹S>m [ahmè Ho$ {bE Vwåhmam h¡ Ÿ& ~mX_| CgH$m _m{bH$ Jm§d hmoJm Ÿ& dh Voar _mb{H$`Vr O_rZ Zht h¡, _m¡égr O_rZ h¡ Ÿ&''("YaVr YZZ AnZm', n¥. -55 ) dñVwV: Jm§d Am¡a Hw$N> Zht, gdU© g_mO h¡ Ÿ& dhr gdU© g_mO O_rZm| H$m_m{bH$ h¡ Ÿ& Jm§d _| gdUm] H$m H$mZyZ MbVm h¡ Ÿ& H$mbr H$mo h Ahgmg hmoVm h¡ {H$ YaVr go _hê$_h¡ Ÿ&

M_mX‹S>r Ho$ AÝ` M_mam| H$s VwbZm _| H$mbr _| MoVZm A{YH$ {dH${gV h¡ Ÿ& CgH$m ì`dhmaAÝ` X{bVm| go {^Þ àH$ma H$m h¡ Ÿ& CgHo$ ì`dhma _| CgH$s _mZdr` Apñ_Vm H$s nhMmZ em{_b h¡ Ÿ&M_mX‹S>r _| H$mbr H$m nŠH$m H$moR>m ~ZmZo H$s KmofUm X{bVm| _| gm_mÝ` _mZdr` OrdZ OrZo H$sbmbgm OJmVr h¡ Ÿ& H$mbr H$m AmË_ gå_mZ wº$ ì`dhma Z Ho$db M_ma wdH$m| _| _mZdr` BÀN>mE±OJmZo bJVm h¡ ~pëH$ Mm¡Y[a`m| H$s emofU ì`dñWm _| ~mYmE± bm XoVm h¡ Ÿ& BVZm hr Zht Mm¡YarhaZm_ qgh O¡go emofH$ X_ZH$mar ì`{º$ Am¡a _§Jy M_ma O¡go Mm¡Y[a`m| Ho$ Jwbm_m| H$mo H$mbr H$mAmË_gå_mZ wº$ ì`dhma ~hþV IQ>H$Vm h¡ Ÿ& H$mbr Am±I| _y§X H$a AÝ`m` ghZodmbm ì`{º$ Zht h¡Ÿ& M_mam| _| H$B© bmoJ {ZXm}f OrVy H$s Ëg©Zm H$aVo h¢ Ÿ& AnZo Om{V mB`m| H$s Eogr {ZX© Vm XoIH$aH$mbr H$mo Jwñgm AmVm h¡ Am¡a dh AnZr MmMr go H$hVm h¡ -""AJa OrVy H$s OJh _¢ hmoVm Vmo Mm¡YarH$s ~m§h _amo‹S> XoVm Ÿ&''("YaVr YZ Z AnZm', n¥.-27) H$mbr _| Jhar AmñWm Am¡a {dídmg h¡ Ÿ&Mm¡Y[a`m| H$m ~oQ>m haXod H$~È>r Iob _| OmZ~yP H$a H$mbr H$m Hy$ëhm Vmo‹S> XoVm h¡ Ÿ& _§Jy ~ma-~maCgHo$ gmW ~oH$ma hr PJ‹S>m H$aVm h¡ Ÿ& N>‚mw emh _m¡H$m nmH$a H$mbr go MmMm Ho$ ~H$m`m CYma Ho$ Zm_na n¡gm X~moM boVm h¡ Ÿ& BZ gmao H$maUm| go H$mbr H$mo H$B© ~ma {Zame hmoZm n‹S>Vm h¡ Ÿ& na dh {hå_Vhma H$a ~¡R>Vm Zht Ÿ& H$^r CgH$s MmMr àVmnr m Vmo H$^r kmZmo Cgo {hå_V XoVr ahVr h¢ Ÿ& H$mbr Ho$ì`{º$Ëd Ho$ g~b nj h¡ CgH$r emar[aH$ Am¡a _mZ{gH$ Ñ‹T>Vm Ÿ& H$mbr Ho$ {nVm _mIm EH$ nhbdmZh¢ Ÿ& H$mbr EH$ nhbdmZ H$m ~oQ>m Vmo h¡, gmW hr ñd § ~{bð> eara YmaU H$aZo dmbm hÅ>m-H$Å>m OdmZ^r h¡ Ÿ& {d{dY KQ>ZmAm| _| CgH$s emar[aH$ j_Vm H$m n[aM` XoIZo H$mo {_bVm h¡ Ÿ& M¡Yar Am¡aM_mam| Ho$ g§Kf© Ho$ g_` H$mbr AnZo Ñ‹T> Am¡a Y¡ ©erb ì`{º$Ëd H$s namH$mð>m àXe©Z H$aVm h¡ Ÿ&Cg_| Ë`mJ Am¡a AmË_{dídmg H$s ^mdZm h¡ Ÿ& h‹S>Vmb Ho$ g_` dh ñd § yIm ahH$a AnZm gmamAZmO àrVmo H$mo XoVo hþE ~mobVm h¡, ""MmMr bo ~ƒm| H$mo amoQ>r nH$mH$a {Ibm Ÿ& h _wgr~V h_Zo _m§JrZht h¡ Ÿ& h_ na O~XñVr Ry>§gr JB© h¡ Ÿ& hm¡gbm aImo AJa amoQ>r ImE§Jo Vmo g~ ImE§Jo, ^yIo ahoJ| Vmog~ ah|Jo Ÿ& ("YaVr YZ Z AnZm' , n¥. -249)

H$mbr _§o Jham AmË_ gå_mZ ~moY XoIZo H$mo {_bVm h¡ Ÿ& Mm¡Y[a`m| Ho$ Ûmam M_mam| Ho$ à{V

46

{H$ o OmZo dmbo AÝ`m` -AË`mMma, An_mZ, ZrM -ANy>V M_ma O¡go eãXm| H$m ì`dhma H$mbr goghm Zht OmVm Ÿ& Cg_| H«$moY H$s mdZm CR>Vr h¡ Ÿ& BVZm hr Zht CgHo$ H$Å>a {damoYr _§Jy H$mo Mm¡Yar Ho$Ûmam Xr OmZo dmbr "Hw$Îmm-M_ma' O¡gr ^Ôr Jm{b`m§ CgHo$ öX` _| Mw Z CËnÞ H$aVr h§¡ Ÿ& dh{Vb{_bmVm h¡ Ÿ& dñVwV: dh gm_m{OH$ H«$m§{V bmZm MmhVm h¡ Ÿ& Jm§d Ho$ _hmO, nQ>dmar, gan§M Am¡aO_rZ _m{bH$ g^r {_bH$a M_mam| H$m emofU H$aVo h¢ Ÿ& H$mbr H$mo BZ g^r go OyPZm n‹S>Vm h¡ Ÿ&H$mbr nhbm ì`{º$ h¡ Omo Mm¡Y[a`m| Ho$ gmW {Xhm‹S>r Ho$ àíZ na ~oJma H$m {damoY H$aVm h¡ Am¡a g_mO_| H«$m§{V n¡Xm H$aZm MmhVm h¡ Ÿ& dh geº$ ñda _| ~mobVm h¡, _¢ {~Zm n¡go Ho$ H$m_ Zht H$é§Jm &''("YaVr YZ Z AnZm', n¥. -235) Bg ~mV na gmao Mm¡Yar O~ Jmbr XoVo h¢ Vmo H$mbr CÎmo{OV ñda_| H$hVm h¡ - Vw_ bmoJm| H$mo O_rZm| H$m Ah§H$ma h¡ .... h_Zo Vwåhmar ~hþV ~mV| gwZr h¢ Ÿ& bo{H$Z haMrO H$s hX hmoVr h¡ Ÿ& h_ nËWa Zht h¡, h_ ^r BÝgmZ h¢ Ÿ&''("YaVr YZ Z AnZm', n¥. -235-

236)

H$mbr H$m Bg àH$ma S>Q>H$a Odm~ XmoZm gm_m{OH$ H«$m§{V H$mo AmJo ~‹T>mZo dmbm H$X_ h¡ Ÿ&dñVwV: H$mbr Ho$ nmg Z Vmo Q´>oS> y{Z`Z g§JR>Z H$s MoVZm h¡ Am¡a Z hr g§Kf© H$s H$moB© Ñ{ï> Ÿ& {\$a ^rX{bV M_mam| _| H«$m§{V H$s MoVZm CËnÞ H$a CÝh| EH$ Z`m OrdZ àXmZ H$aZo _| h à`mg ñVwË` _mZmOmVm h¡ Ÿ&

H$mbr Ho$ M[aÌ _| g~b njm| Ho$ gmW-gmW Hw$N> Xw~©b nj r h¢ Ÿ& h Xw~©b nj CgH$sMoVZm _| h¡ Ÿ& H$mbr H$r MmMr àVmnr O~ ~r_ma n‹S>Vr h¡ V~ dh S>m°. {~eZ Xmg go XdmB© bmVm h¡ Ÿ&na MmMr R>rH$ Z hmoZo na dh AmoPm Ho$ MŠH$a _| \§$gH$a S>mŠQ>ar Xdm N>mo‹S>H$a Pm‹S>-\y§$H$ H$admZobJVm h¡ Ÿ& \$bV: MmMr H$mo _¥Ë w H$m {eH$ma hmoZm n‹S>Vm h¡ Ÿ& Bgr KQ>Zm go nVm MbVm h¡ {H$ Ú{nH$mbr M_mam| _| Wmo‹S>m ~hþV AmJo h¡ {\$a r dh {nN>‹S>onZ H$m {eH$ma h¡ Ÿ& kmZmo H$s _¥Ë w r H$mbr Ho$M[aÌ Ho$ Xw~©b nj H$mo COmJa H$aVr h¡ Ÿ& H$mbr H$m kmZmo go Jham ào_ h¡ Ÿ& M_mX‹S>r _| BZ XmoZm| Ho$ào_ Am¡a {ddmh H$mo boH$a Vrd« {damoY {XImB© XoVm h¡ Ÿ& Bg ~rM kmZmo J ©dVr ~Z OmVr h¡ Ÿ& Yrao-Yraog_mO _| H$mbr H$s à{Vð>m IË_ hmoZo bJVr h¡ Ÿ& Eogr n[apñW{V _| H$mbr H$mo g_PZm Mm{hE Wm {H$M_mX‹S>r _| ahVo hþE kmZmo go CgH$m {ddmh g§^d Zht h¡ Ÿ& Bg{bE Cgo Jm§d N>mo‹S>H$a kmZmo H$mo boH$aAnZo n[a{MV eha H$mZnwa mJ OmZm Oê$ar Wm Ÿ& dh MmhVm Vmo AnZo ào_ H$mo Hw$~m©Z H$a kmZmo H$sàmU ajm H$a nmVm Ÿ& na§Vw H$mbr Hw$N> à{VH$ma {H$ o {~Zm H$mà H$s m±{V MwnMmn ah OmVm h¡ Ÿ& CYabmby nhbdmZ H$mbr H$mo Zm¡H$ar go {ZH$mb XoVm Ÿ& Jm§d _| H$mbr Am¡a kmZmo Ho$ ào_ H$mo boH$a {XZm|{XZ pñW{V ~XVa hmoVr OmVr h¡ Ÿ& Eogr pñW{V _| kmZmo H$mo CgH$s _m§ Am¡a mB© Oha XoH$a _ma S>mbVo

47

h¢ Ÿ& H$mbr Jm§d N>mo‹S>H$a ^mJ OmVm h¡ Ÿ& `h CgH$r H$màVm H$m n[aMm`H$ h¡ Ÿ&

dñVwV: H$mbr AnZo dJ© Am¡a g_wXm` H$m à{V{Z{Y M[aÌ h¡ Ÿ& AnZo dJ© Ho$ ^rVa CgH$sAnZr {d{eï> N>mn h¡ Ÿ& Cg_| AnZr ì`{º$JV {d{eï>VmE± ewê$ go ~Zr ahVr h¢ Ÿ& VËH$mbrZ n[apñW{V`m±hr CgH$s {Z`{V H$s {ZUm© H$ h¢ Am¡a CZ n[apñW{V`m§o _| CgH$m Xw:IX A§V CgH$s {Z`{V h¡ Ÿ&

* kmZmo :* kmZmo :* kmZmo :* kmZmo :* kmZmo :

"YaVr YZ Z AnZm' CnÝ`mg H$m Xygam à_wI M[aÌ h¡ ŸkmZmo Ÿ& dh Oñgmo H$s ~oR>r h¡ Ÿ& _§JyM_ma CgH$m ^mB© h¡ Ÿ& CnÝ`mg _| kmZmo H$m M[aÌ H$mbr go ^r H$B© AWm] _| A{YH$ Ñ‹T> XoIZo H$mo{_bVm h¡ Ÿ& Ohm± kmZmo H$m mB© _§Jy gdU© Om{V Ho$ n«{V{Z{Y Mm¡Y[a`m| H$s Jwbm_r H$aVm h¡ Am¡a AnZoOm{V mB`m| H$mo hm{Z nh±þMmVm h¡ dht kmZmo Mm¡{Y[a`m| Ho$ gmao AÝ`m` -AË`mMmam| H$m S>Q> H$a {damoYH$aVr h¡ Ÿ& CgH$s Zg- Zg _| {dÐmoh H$s mdZm h¡ Ÿ& dh OÝ_OmV {dÐmo{hUr h¡ Ÿ& Bg ñd^md go hr dhH$mbr H$m _Z OrV boVr h¡ Ÿ& Bg ~rM CYa CgH$m ^mB© _§Jy H$mbr H$m g~go ~‹S>m eÌw ~Z OmVm h¡ Ÿ&OrVy {ZXm}f h¡ Ÿ& Cg H$m H$moB© H$gya Zht h¡ Ÿ& na Mm¡Yar CgHo$ _mWo na gmao Xmof bmXH$a Cg na {Z_©_àhma H$aVm h¡ Ÿ& Bg H$m_ _| _§Jy AmJ na Kr S>mbZo H$m H$m_ H$aVm h¡ Ÿ& kmZmo Bg AÝ`m` H$mo ~Xm©ñVZht H$a nmVr Ÿ& dh Mm¡Y[a`m| H$mo Jm{b`m§ XoVr h¡ Ÿ& dh g§doXZerb d _mZdr` b‹S>H$s h¡ Ÿ& OrVyMm¡Y[a`m| H$s {nQ>mB© go Km`b hmoZo Ho$ ~mX kmZmo CgH$s XoI^mb H$aVr h¡ Ÿ& AnZo ^mB© Ho$ A_mZdr`ì`dhma go CgHo$ _Z _| K¥Um CËnÞ hmoVr h¡ Ÿ& dh AnZo mB© H$mo Jm{b`m§ XoVr h¡ Ÿ& hmbm§{H$ Cgo _mby_h¡ {H$ BgHo$ ~Xbo ^mB© _§Jy O_H$a CgH$s YwZmB© H$aoJm Ÿ& {\$a ^r CgH$s {ZS>aVm Am¡a Ñ‹T>Vm CgoAÝ`m` Ho$ {Ibm\$ b‹S>Zo _| gm_Ï © àXmZ H$aVr h¡ Ÿ& BVZm hr Zht CgHo$ gmhg Am¡a e{º$ Ho$ gm_ZoH$moB© ^r Mm¡Yar Cgo N>o‹S>Zo `m V§J H$aZo _| g_W© Zht hmo nmVm Ÿ&

N>h gmb ~mX H$mbr Am¡a kmZmo EH$ Xygao H$mo AÀN>r Vah XoIVo h¡§ Ÿ& H$mbr H$mZnwa OmZo gonhbo kmZmo Omo Cg {XZ EH$ ~o~mH$ {ZS>a, PJ‹S>mby b‹S>H$s Wr Ÿ& AmO dh EH$ ânya `m¡dZmoXráMohaodmbr wdVr h¡ Ÿ& gdm}n[a CgH$m {dÐmoh ñd^md H$mbr H$mo M{H$V H$a XoVm h¡ Ÿ& CYa M_mX‹S>r _|H$mbr Ho$ Ûmam nŠH$m H$moR>m ~ZdmZo H$s ~mV go kmZmo Z Ho$db Iwe hmoVr h¡ ~pëH$ Bg H$m © Ho$ {bE dhH$mbr H$moo CËgm{hV H$aZo bJVr h¡ Ÿ& kmZmo _| H$mbr Ho$ à{V Jham ào_ h¡ Ÿ& kmZmo Am¡a H$mbr Ho$ ào_ goOm{V ^mB`m| _| {damoY hmoZo bJVm h¡ Ÿ& H$mbr Ho$ à{V _§Jy H$m AmMaU kmZmo H$mo H$m\$s Xw:I àXmZH$aVm h¡ Ÿ& kmZmo AnZo mB© _§Jy Ho$ Ûmam H$mbr H$m {damoY Ed§ H$mbr Ho$ à{V CgHo$ _Z _| ahr eÌwVm H$mA§V H$aZm MmhVr h¡ Ÿ& BVZm hr Zht kmZmo H$s g§doXZerbVm Mm¡Y[a`m| Ûmam bm§{N>V, An_m{ZV {Zame

48

M_mam| _| Amem H$s {H$aU| OJmVr h¡ Ÿ& Jm§d _| H$B© h¡amZ -haH$Vm| H$m gm_Zm H$aVo hþE H$mbr Ho$ _Z _|O~ {Zamem N>m OmVr h¡ Am¡a dh Jm§d N>mo‹S> mJZm MmhVm h¡ V~ kmZmo H$m gwÑ‹T> ì`{º$Ëd CgH$m ghmam~ZVm h¡ Ÿ& \$bV: H$mbr _| g§Kf©erb àd¥{Îm A{YH$ go A{YH$ OmJ¥V hmoVr h¡ Ÿ& H$mbr H$mo H$~È>rIob _| haXod Jhar MmoQ> nh±þMmVm h¡ Ÿ& kmZmo ha Vah H$m IVam CR>mH$a H$mbr H$m hmbMmb nyN>ZoAmVr h¡ Ÿ& dhm± nhbr ~ma CgHo$ emar[aH$ g§~§Y r ~ZVo h¢ Ÿ& n[aUm_ ñdê$n dh J ©dVr hmo OmVr h¡,CgHo$ J ©dVr hmoZo H$s pñW{V hr CgH$s hË`m H$m H$maU ~ZVr h¡ Ÿ& ^maVr` g_mO _| ór-nwéf Ho$emar[aH$ g§~§Ym| _| ór H$mo hrZ Xem H$m {eH$ma hmoZm n‹S>Vm h¡ Ÿ& gmao _mZ-An_mZ CgrHo$ {ga na bmX{X o OmVo h¢ Ÿ& gm_m{OH$ {d{Y-{ZfoY Ho$ gm_Zo Cgo hma _mZZr n‹S>Vr h¡ Ÿ& na nwéf H$mo Vmo {H$gr pñW{VH$m gm_Zm H$aZm Zht n‹S>Vm Ÿ&

kmZmo Am¡a H$mbr gm_m{OH$ na§namAm| Ho$ AZwgma O~ {ddmh ~§YZ go ~§Y Zht gH$Vo VH$AnZm Y_© n[adV©Z H$a B©gmB© ~ZZm MmhVo h¢ Ÿ& na kmZmo Cg g_` Zm~m{bJ hmoZo Ho$ ZmVo nmXar ^rCZH$m {ddmh H$admZo na amOr Zht hmoVm Ÿ& Eogr pñW{V _| H$mbr H$mo Am¡a H$moB© Cnm` H$aZm Mm{hE Wm Ÿ&dh MmhVm Vmo kmZmo H$mo boH$a H$mZnwa mJ gH$Vm Wm Ÿ& h CgHo$ {bE n[a{MV OJh Wr Ÿ& dhm± em`XH$moB© Jm§ddmbm CgH$m nrN>m H$a Zht nmVm Ÿ& Bg àH$ma _§Jy Am¡a AÝ` {damo{Y`m| go Q>ŠH$a XoZo Ho$ {bEH$mbr Ho$ Ûmam Am¡a H$moB© amñVm {ZH$mbm OmVm Vmo kmZmo H$s àmUajm hmo OmVr Ÿ& Jm§d _| ahH$a kmZmo go{ddmh Ag§ d OmZVo hþE ^r H$mbr Bg g_ñ`m Ho$ hb Ho$ {bE H$moB© R>mog H$X_ CR>m Zht nVm Ÿ&

kmZmo _| gmhg h¡ Ÿ& dh AÝ`m` H$m {damoY H$aVr h¡ Ÿ& na n[apñW{V Ho$ X~md _| dh Hw$N> ZhtH$a nmVr Ÿ& gm_m{OH$ {d{Y -{ZfoY VWm AnZr _m§ -^mB© Ho$ gm_Zo Cgo hma ImZr n‹S>Vr h¡ Ÿ& bmMmadh AnZr bmO ~MmZo Ho$ {bE _m§ Ho$ hmW go g§{IE H$s Jmobr ImH$a AnZm àmU {dgO©Z H$aVr h¡ Ÿ&dñVw: `h KQ>Zm kmZmo µHo$ Ë`mJ nyV g_{n©V ì`{º$Ëd H$m n[aM` àXmZ H$aVr h¡ Ÿ& boIH$ Zo Eogr EH$KQ>Zm Ho$ O[a o gm_ÝVr _yë`m| dmbo g_mO _| ^maVr` Zmar Ho$ XwImÝV H$mo hr EH$ ~‹S>o ñVa naA{^ì`{º$ àXmZ H$s h¡ Ÿ& ^maVr` g_mO _| nwéf Am¡a ór H$m emar[aH$ g§~§Y O~ g_mO Am¡an[admadmbm| go AñdrH¥$V hmoVm h¡ V~ ^ §H$a ÌmgX pñW{V CËnÞ hmoVr h¡ Ÿ& AmbmoÀ` CnÝ`mg _|boIH$ OJXreMÝÐ Zo H$hm h¡ -"" Jm§d _| ha ào_ H$s _mar _w{Q>`ma H$m J ©dVr hmoZo Ho$ ~mX `hr hmbhmoVm Wm ŸAm¡a Eogr _w{Q>`ma H$s _m§ H$s MrI| ~hþV hr H$éUmâr hmoVr Wt Š`m|{H$ CZ_| ~oQ>r Ho$ nmn Ho$gmW-gmW CgHo$ AnZo nmn H$m nN>Vmdm r em{_b hmoVm Wm Ÿ&''

(YaVr YZ Z AnZm, n¥. -283)

49

dñVwV: AŠga Eogm XoIZo H$mo {_bVm h¡ {H$ ór -nwéf Ho$ emar[aH$ g§~§Y H$s H$s_V ór H$mo AnZoàmUm| H$s Amhþ{V XoH$a MwH$mZr n‹S>Vr h¡, Omo kmZmo Ho$ joÌ _| hmoVm h¡ Ÿ&

kmZmo AnZo BamXm| H$s nŠH$s b‹S>H$s h¡ Ÿ& Cg_| AÝ`m` H$m à{VamoY H$aZo H$m Ñ‹T> _Zmo~bh¡ Ÿ& M_mam| Ho$ ~m`H$mQ> Ho$ g_` dh ~‹S>o CËgmh go H$m_ H$aVr h¡ Ÿ& dh H$mbr H$m nyam Ü`mZ aIVrh¡ Ÿ& Cg_| ñdm{^_mZ Hy$Q>>-Hy$Q> H$a am hþAm h¡ Ÿ& {H$gr Ho$ Ûmam CgH$s Ad_mZZm dh ghZ Zht H$anmVr Ÿ& `hm± VH$ {H$ H$mbr Ûmam EH$ ~ma CgH$s Ad_mZZm {H$ o OmZo na dh Cgo \$Q>H$ma XoVr h¡ Ÿ&nwéf àYmZ g_mO _| AnZo ApñVËd H$s ajm Ho$ {bE Zmar H$mo h_oem g§Kf© PobZm n‹S>Vm h¡ Ÿ& kmZmo Ho$M[aÌ _| Eogm hr XoIZo H$mo {_bVm h¡ Ÿ& bo{H$Z Bg g§Kf© _| Cgo AnZr OmZ hr XoZr n‹S>Vr h¡ Ÿ& dñVwV:kmZmo EH$ à^mdembr AmXe© M[aÌ h¡ Ÿ&

(I$) Jm¡U -M[aÌ(I$) Jm¡U -M[aÌ(I$) Jm¡U -M[aÌ(I$) Jm¡U -M[aÌ(I$) Jm¡U -M[aÌ

Jm¡U -M[aÌ:Jm¡U -M[aÌ:Jm¡U -M[aÌ:Jm¡U -M[aÌ:Jm¡U -M[aÌ:

AmbmoÀ` CnÝ`mg _| H$mbr Am¡a kmZmo H$mo N>mo‹S> H$a H$B© Jm¡U M[aÌ h¢ Ÿ& BZ_| go A{YH$m§eM[aÌ d¡ pŠVH$ Z hmoH$a g_wXm` `m dJ© Ho$ à{V{Z{Y Ho$ ê$n _| {_bVo h¢ Ÿ&

* Mm¡Yar haZm_ qgh :* Mm¡Yar haZm_ qgh :* Mm¡Yar haZm_ qgh :* Mm¡Yar haZm_ qgh :* Mm¡Yar haZm_ qgh :

Mm¡Yar haZm_ qgh Mm¡Yar dJ© H$m à{V{Z{Y M[aÌ h¡ Ÿ& dh H«y$a -emofH$, ñdmWu VWmgm_§Vr {dMmam| H$m nmofH$ h¡ Ÿ& & CgH$s Ñ{ï> _| M_mam| H$m emofU H$aZm CZgo ~oJma boZm, CZna Ym¢gO_mZm Mm¡Y[a`m| H$m OÝ_{gÕ A{YH$ma h¡ Ÿ& Cg_| h_oem M_mam| Ho$ à{V Cnojm H$s mdZm ar ahVrh¡ Ÿ& dh AnZo IoV H$s \$gb Zï> H$aZo Ho$ g§Xoh _| OrVy H$s {nQ>mB© H$aVm h¡ Ÿ& hmbm§{H$ OrVy {ZXm}fh¡ Ÿ& Mm¡Yar haZm_ qgh H$s H«y$aVm H$m AmV§H$ M_mam| Ho$ _whëbo na gX¡d ~Zm ahVm h¡ Ÿ& M_mam| H$mo dhHw$Îmm| Ho$ ~am~a g_PVm h¡ Ÿ& Mm¡Yar OyVm ZrMo \|$H$ H$a gÝVw H$mo nm§d go R>moH$a _maVm hþAm {VañH$mago ~mobVm h¡ -""Hw$Îmo H$s Am¡bmX h‹S>~m¢J Vmo Eogm _Mm ahm h¡ O¡go gybr na M‹T>m {X`m hmo Ÿ&'(YaVrYZ Z AnZm, n¥. 20) Mm¡Yar haZm_ qgh H$s MmQw>H$mar Am¡a Jwbm_r H$aZo dmbm _§Jy M_ma r CgH$s{ZJmh go ~M Zht nmVm Ÿ& haZm_ qgh Cgo ^r Hw$Îmm M_ma' H$hH$a g§~mo{YV H$aVm h¡ Ÿ&

50

* S>m°. {~eZ Xmg :* S>m°. {~eZ Xmg :* S>m°. {~eZ Xmg :* S>m°. {~eZ Xmg :* S>m°. {~eZ Xmg :

S>m°. {~eZ Xmg {H$Vm~r H$å w{Zï> H$m àVrH$ M[aÌ h¡ Ÿ& CgH$s XdmB`m| H$s XwH$mZ h¡ Ÿ&Jm§ddmbm| _| CgH$m H$å w{Zï>r à^md h¡ Ÿ& bmoJ Cgo ~hþV ~‹S>m MmQ> g_PVo h¢ Ÿ& Cg_| ~mboZo H$s ~‹S>rAmXV h¡ Ÿ& n[aUm_ ñdê$n Cgo H$B© ~ma {P‹S>{H$`m§ ImZr n‹S>Vr h¡ Ÿ& dñVwV: CgHo$ {Xb _| BÝgm{Z`VHo$ {bE CVZm XX© Zht {OVZm CgHo$ {X_mJ _| {H$Vm~r _mŠg©dmX h¡ Ÿ& dh n[apñW{V`m| H$mo g_Po {~ZmhdmB© H«$m§{V Ho$ gnZo XoIVm h¡ Ÿ& M_ma Am¡a Mm¡Y[a`m| Ho$ ~rM g§Kf© hmoVm h¡, Cg g_` dh n‹S>mogr Jm§dHo$ H$_m§S>a Q>hb qgh Ho$ gmW {_bH$a ñVm{bZ, Q´>mQ²>ñH$s na ~hg| H$aVm h¡ Ÿ& CYa Jm§d _| g§Kf© Ho$g_` amV H$mo H$mbr Am¡a Hw$N> X{bVm| H$mo ~wbmH$a _rqQ>J H$amVm h¡, b§~m -Mm¡‹S>m ^mfU XoVm h¡ Ÿ&M_mam| _| g§Kf© Omar aIZo Ho$ {bE dh R>mog H$X_ Z CR>mH$a hdmB© ~mV| H$hVm h¡ Ÿ& CZHo$ {bE AZmOBH$Æ>m Z H$aHo$ Jm§d _| Obgo H$aZo H$s ~mV H$aVm h¡ Ÿ& dh ghr _mZo _| EH$ gw{dYm ^moJr _Ü`dJu`M[aÌ h¡ Ÿ& dh M_mam| H$s _yb g_ñ`m Om{V g_ñ`m H$mo g_Po {~Zm Cgo hQ>mZo H$m à`mg {H$ o {~Zm CgodJ© g§Kf© H$m ê$n XoZm MmhVm h¡ Ÿ& \$bV: M_mam| H$mo Bggo \$m`Xo Zht {_bVo Ÿ& _O~yaZ X{bV M_mapñW{V`m| go g_Pm¡Vm H$aZo Ho$ Abmdm Xygam H$moB© amñVm Z XoIH$a Mm¡Y[a`m| H$s AYrZVm ñdrH$ma H$aboVo h¢ Ÿ&

* N>‚my emh :* N>‚my emh :* N>‚my emh :* N>‚my emh :* N>‚my emh :

N>‚my emh ~{Z`m g§àXm` H$m à{V{Z{Y M[aÌ h¡ Ÿ& Jm§d _| Mm¡Y[a`m| Am¡a X{bVm| XmoZm| goCgH$m _Ywa g§nH©$ h¡ Ÿ& dh BZ XmoZm| H$mo g_` na ã`mO Am{X na én o XoH$a Iy~ byQ>Vm h¡ Ÿ& dh AnZmCëby grYm H$aZo _| {gÕhñV h¡ Ÿ& dh _Ü`dJ© H$m {hñgm h¡, na {ZåZ Am¡a Cƒ XmoZm| dJm] go AnZm{hñgm boVm h¡ Ÿ& dh Mm¡Y[a`m| Am¡a X{bVm| _| g§Kf© CËnÞ H$aZm MmhVm h¡ gmW hr Ohm± AnZo ñdmW© _|hm{Z hmoZo H$s g§^mdZm {XIVr h¡ Ÿ& dht XmoZm| njm| _| g_Pm¡Vo Ho$ {bò à`mg H$aVm h¡ Ÿ& dñVwV: dha§Jm {g`ma h¡ Ÿ& CgHo$ gm_Zo n¡gm hr g~go ~‹S>r gm_m{OH$ e{º$ h¡ Ÿ& H$mbr O~ H$mZnwa go Hw$N> H$_mB©H$aHo$ Jm§d bm¡Q>Vm h¡ Vmo N>‚my qgh Cgo H$mbr Xmg g§~mo{YV H$a ~mV| H$aVm h¡ Ÿ& na Oo~ Imbr hmoVo hrdh {\$a dhr M_ma ah OmVm h¡ Ÿ& N>‚my qgh nŠH$m AdgadmXr h¡ Ÿ& _rR>r-_rR>r ~mV| H$a Cëby grYmH$aZo _| {gÕhñV N>‚my qgh H$mbr go CgHo$ MmMm Ho$ ~H$m`m CYma Ho$ Zm_ na nƒrg én o X~moMboVm h¡ Ÿ& AnZm Cëby grYm hmo OmZo na dh {H$grH$m gmW Zht XoVm h¡ Ÿ&

"YaVr YZ Z AnZm' CnÝ`mg _| Cn w©º$ M[aÌm| Ho$ Abmdm Jm¡U -M[aÌ ^r nm o OmVo h¢ Ÿ&o O[aÌ Ym{_©H$ nmI§S> Am¡a X§ Ho$ M[aÌ h¢ Ÿ& do AmË_m - na_mË_m Am¡a _mZd ào_ H$mo boH$a nmI§S>

51

âr ~mV| H$aVo h¢ Ÿ& BZ M[aÌm| _| AmË_r`Vm Am¡a _mZddmXr Ñ{ï>H$moU H$s H$_r h¡ Ÿ& X{bV M_mam| H$s_wgr~Vm| Ho$ g_` BÝh| {H$gr ^r àH$ma H$s ghm`Vm Zht H$aVo, ~pëH$ \$m`Xm CR>mZo H$m à`mg H$aVoh¢ Ÿ& ~m‹T> Ho$ g_` M_mX‹S>r Ho$ Hw±$E Sy>~ OmVo h¢ Ÿ& V~ n§{S>V g§Vam_ M_mam| H$mo _§{Xa Ho$ Hw±$E go nmZrâZo Zht XoVm Ÿ& CYa nmXar AqMVam_ ^r ~m‹T> nr{‹S>V X{bV M_mam| H$mo Zb go Ob ItMZo ZhtXoVm Ÿ& Ohm± n§{S>V g§Vam_ _| X{bV M_mam| Ho$ à{V Nw>AmNw>V H$s mdZm ar ahVr h¡ dht CZH$s {ó`m|H$mo XoIZo na CgH$s bma Q>nH$Vr h¡ Ÿ& nmXar X{bVm| M_mam| H$s Am{W©H$ XwJ©{V H$m \$m`Xm CR>mH$aCZH$m Y_© n[adV©Z H$admZm MmhVm h¡ Ÿ& A{e{jV M_ma CZHo$ ~hH$mdo _| AmH$a B©gmB© Y_© AnZmboVo h¢ Ÿ& ~m`H$mQ> Ho$ g_` yIo M_ma ghm`Vm Ho$ {bE nmXar Ho$ nmg OmVo h¢ Ÿ& na nmXar nhbo CZHo$gm_Zo Y_m©ÝVaU H$s ~mV aIH$a ghm`Vm H$aZm MmhVm h¡ Ÿ& boIH$ Zo Ym{_©H$ Am‹S> _| Eogo M[aÌm| H$sAg{b`V H$m nXm©nme {H$`m h¡ Ÿ& AmO r g_mO _| Eogo M[aÌm| H$s H$_r Zht h¡ Ÿ& AmbmoÀ` CnÝ`mg_| gdUm] _| bmby nhbdmZ Ho$ M[aÌ H$mo boIH$ Zo _mZdr` {dMmam| Ho$ àVrH$ Ho$ ê$n _| CnñWm{nV{H$`m h¡ Ÿ& Bg M[aÌ _| Mm¡Y[a`m| H$s Vah AÝ`m` -AË`mMma N>b-H$nQ> Zht {_bVm h¡ Ÿ& dh AnZo_OXyam| Ho$ gmW _mZdr` ì`dhma H$aVm h¡ Ÿ& CZH$s naoem{Z`m| H$m bm^ Zht CR>mH$a CZH$mo gmW XoVmh¡ Ÿ& VH$br\$ Ho$ g_` CZHo$ Ka nh±þMVm h¡ Ÿ& H$~È>r Ho$ Iob _| H$mbr Ho$ n¡a Qy>Q> OmVo g_` dh H$mbrH$m BbmO H$admVm h¡ Ÿ& BVZm hmoVo hþE r Mm¡Yar Am¡a X{bVm| Ho$ ~rM g§Kf© Ho$ g_` dh AnZo dJ© H$mgmV XoVm h¡ Ÿ& boIH$ Zo CgHo$ M[aÌ H$s {d{dY nhbwAm| na ~‹S>r gwÝXaVm go àH$mm S>mb h¡ Ÿ&

(J) AÝ` X{bV M[aÌ(J) AÝ` X{bV M[aÌ(J) AÝ` X{bV M[aÌ(J) AÝ` X{bV M[aÌ(J) AÝ` X{bV M[aÌ

AÝ` X{bV M[aÌ :AÝ` X{bV M[aÌ :AÝ` X{bV M[aÌ :AÝ` X{bV M[aÌ :AÝ` X{bV M[aÌ :

BZ M[aÌm| Ho$ Abmdm Bg CnÝ`mg _| Am¡a Hw$N> X{bV M[aÌ h¢ Ÿ& {OZH$m CnÝ`mg H$sH$WmdñVw go ewê$ go A§V VH$ g§~§Y XoIZo H$mo {_bVm h¡ Ÿ& boIH$ Zo BZ M[aÌm| Ho$ g~b Am¡a Xw~©bnjm| H$m ~‹S>m g\$b aoIm§H$Z {H$`m h¡ Ÿ& BZ M[aÌm| _| _§Jy ,Z§X qgh, H$mbr H$s MmMr àVmnr, n‹S>mogr{ZŠH$mo -àrVmo Am{X AmVo h¢ Ÿ& kmZmo H$m mB© _§Jy Bg CnÝ`mg _| ewê$ go A§V VH$ Ib(Xwï> M[aÌ) H$s

y{_H$m AXm H$aVm h¡ Ÿ& H$mbr O~ M_mX‹S>r _| nŠH$m _H$mZ ~ZmZo H$s àñVw{V H$aVm h¡ V~ _§Jy {M‹T>ZoHo$ gmW-gmW n‹S>mogr {ZŠH$mo H$mo H$mbr go b‹S>dm XoVm h¡ Ÿ& _§Jy Mm¡Yar haZm_ qgh H$m MmQw>H$ma Am¡aJwbm_ h¡ Ÿ& dh AnZo Om{V mB`m| Ho$ {Ibm\$ AmdmO CR>mH$a Mm¡Yar haZm_ qgh H$s ghm`Vm H$aVm

52

h¡ Ÿ& na haZm_ qgh _§Jy H$mo AŠga Hw$Îmm M_ma H$hH$a Jm{b`m§ XoVm h¡ Ÿ& dh AnZo Om{V^mB`m| H$mXwí_Z ~Z H$m_ H$aVm h¡ Ÿ& hm± VH$ {H$ AnZr ~hZ kmZmo H$mo Jmbr -Jbm¡O H$aVm h¡, _maVm -nrQ>Vmh¡ Ÿ& H$mbr Am¡a kmZmo _| Jham ào_ g§~§Y {ddmh _| n[aUV Zht hmo nmVm Ÿ& Bg ~rM kmZmo J ©dVr ~ZOmVr h¡ Ÿ& _§Jy ~hZ kmZmo H$mo g§{I`m XoH$a _ma S>mbVm h¡ Ÿ& boIH$ Zo Bg M[aÌ _| nyar A_mZdr`VmH$m àXe©Z {H$`m h¡ Ÿ&

CnÝ`mg _| Am¡a EH$ X{bV M[aÌ h¡ Z§X qgh Ÿ& dh nwíV¡Zr Y§Ym OyVo ~mZo -g§dmaZo H$m H$m_H$aVm h¡ Ÿ& Z§Xqgh AmË_ gMoVZ ì`{º$ h¡ Ÿ& dh AnZr amoOr amoQ>r Ho$ {bE Mm¡Y[a`m| na {Z ©a ZhtH$aVm Ÿ& {\$a r Mm¡Yar Cgo M_ma, Hw$Îmm, H$hH$a An_m{ZV H$aVo h¢ Ÿ& Eogr An_mZOZH$ pñW{V go~MZo Ho$ {bE dh {gI Y_© H$s Om{V -nm§{V go D$na g_PH$a {gI ~Z OmVm h¡ Ÿ& na Bggo Cgo _w{º$Zht {_bVr Ÿ& ~mX _| dh B©gmB© ~Z OmVm h¡ Ÿ& B©gmB© hmoZo Ho$ ~mX ^r Mm¡Yar BÝgmZ Ho$ ê$n _| CgH$sB‚mV Zht H$aVm Ÿ& dh dhr "Hw$Îmm M_ma' hr ahVm h¡ Ÿ& dñVwV: {g\©$ Y_©-n[adV©Z go h_mao Xoe _|{ZåZ Om{V`m| H$s _w{º$ g§ d Zht Ÿ& naÝVw Am{W©H$ -gm_m{OH$, gm§ñH¥${VH$ n[adV©Z go hr CZH$mOrdZ ~Xb gH$Vm h¡ Ÿ& Bgrgo dh BÝgmZ Ho$ ê$n _| Or{dV ah gH$Vm h¡ Ÿ& boIH$ Zo Eogo M[aÌm| Ho$O[a o gm_ÝVr ì`dñWm Am¡a Om{V -nm§{V go nr{‹S>V OZVm H$s XwJ©{V H$m {MÌU H$a g_mO _|gMoVZVm CËnÞ H$aZo H$m g\$b à`mg {H$`m h¡ Ÿ&

CnÝ`mg _| H$mbr H$s MmMr àVanr EH$ ñZoh_`r Zmar nmÌ h¡ Ÿ& H$mbr CgH$m ^VrOm h¡ Ÿ&CgH$s AnZr H$moB© g§VmZ Z hmoZo Ho$ H$maU H$mbr hr CgHo$ {bE g~ Hw$N> h¡ Ÿ& dh H$mbr go ~ohX ß`maH$aVr h¡ Ÿ& H$mbr Ka ~ma N>mo‹S> H$mZnwa mJ OmVm h¡ Ÿ& N>: gmb ~mX O~ M_mX‹S>r bm¡Q>Vm h¡ Vmo MmMrIwer go \y$br Zht g_mVr h¡ Ÿ& dh Iwer Ho$ _mao g~Ho$ Ka OmH$a eŠH$a ~m§Q>Vr h¡ Ÿ& MmMr àVmnrOrdZ â Jar~r _| N>Q>nQ>mVr h¡ Ÿ& H$mbr Ho$ Am OmZo na Cgo Wmo‹S>m ~hþV AmZÝX {_bVm h¡ Ÿ& H$mbrO~ M_mX‹S>r _| nŠH$m H$moR>m ~ZmZo H$s KmofUm H$aVm h¡ Vmo MmMr H$m _Z Iwer go Py_ CR>Vm h¡ Ÿ& naAMmZH$ dh ~r_mar H$m {eH$ma hmoVr h¡ Am¡a CgHo$ àmU nIoé C‹S>> OmVo h§¡ Ÿ&

H$mbr Ho$ n‹S>mogr h¢ {ZŠHy$$ Am¡a àrVmo Ÿ& Xg-½`mah ~ƒm| H$m ~mn {ZŠHy$ EH$ H$m_Mmoa ,{ZR>ë>bm AmX_r h¡ Ÿ& nËZr àrVmo H$‹S>r _ohZV go Ka MbVr h¡ ~oQ>r bÀN>mo r H$ƒr C_« _| Mm¡Y[a`m| Ho$`hm± H$m_ H$aHo$ n[admadmbm| H$mo {IbmVr h¡ Ÿ& na Bg _mgy_ b‹S>H$s H$mo Mm¡Yar haXod qgh Ho$ hmWm|`m¡Z emofU H$m {eH$ma ~ZZm n‹S>Vm h¡ Ÿ& _m§ àr{V r OrdZ a m¡Z emofU H$m {eH$ma ~Zr ahVr h¡ Ÿ&Jar~r Am¡a MoVZm Ho$ {dH$mg Ho$ A^md _| _m§-~oQ>r XmoZm| MwnMmn Bgo AnZr {Z`{V g_PH$a gh boVrh¡ Ÿ& gdU© Mm¡Y[a`m| H$m Bg A_mZdr` AË`mMma Am¡a emofU Ho$ {eH$ma ~Zr X{bV wd{V`m| H$spñW{V H$hr Zht Om gH$Vr Ÿ& X{bV M_mam| _| ~m~m \$Îmmo Am¡a Vm`m ~g§Vm O¡go H$B© ~wOwJ© h¢ Ÿ& X{bVm|

53

H$s g_ñ`mAm| Ho$ g_mYmZ Ho$ {bE do XmoZm| ZoV¥Ëd boVo h¢ Ÿ& M_ma Am¡a Mm¡Yar Ho$ ~rM H$m g§Kf© CÝhtHo$ à`mg go hb hmoVm h¡ Ÿ& Bg àH$ma "YaVr YZ Z AnZm' CnÝ`mg _| Eogo H$B© X{bV nmÌ {XImB© XoVoh¢ {OZH$s CnÝ`mg _| Hw$N> Z Hw$N> y{_H$m XoIZo H$mo {_bVr h¡ Ÿ&

"YaVr YZ Z AnZm' CnÝ`mg _| OJXreMÝÐ Zo YaVr H$mo àVrH$ ~Zm H$a X{bV OrdZ H$sH$éU JmWm H$hr h¡ Ÿ& H$mbr H$mo Z YmaVr {_br, Z ào_ Am¡a Z H$éUm - ghmZw y{V Ÿ& X{bV OrdZ H$sBggo ~‹S>r {dS>§~Zm Š`m hmo gH$Vr h¡ ! Eogm bJVm h¡ nyam n[adoe hr YZHo$ {dnj _| h¡ Ÿ& H$mbrnbm`ZdmXr Zht h¡ Ÿ& A§V VH$ g§Kf© H$aVm h¡ Ÿ& Jm§d N>mo‹S>Zm CgH$s Amem H$s A§{V_ {H$aU {_Q>Zo Ho$~mX g§ mdZmE± g_má hmoZm {XImVm h¡ Ÿ& OJXreMÝÐ Zo `WmW© Ho$ ê$n _| gmao H$WmZH$ _| nmÌm| H$mAmdmJ_Z {XIm`m h¡ Ÿ&

2.7 ^m^m^m^m^m<em -e¡brm -e¡brm -e¡brm -e¡brm -e¡br : : : : :

`h CnÝ`mg qhXr Ho$ _hËdnyU© CnÝ`mgm| _| {JZm OmVm h¡ Ÿ& BgH$m n[adoe bIZD$ Am¡a n§Om~ H$mXohmV XmoZm| h¡ Ÿ& H$WmH$ma Zo XmoZm| H$m ~mIy~r à`moJ {H$`m h¡ Ÿ& M[aÌ, bJ^J g^r X{bV dJ© Ed§J«m_rU _mhm¡b go h¡ Ÿ& AV: CÝhm|Zo ^mfm Ho$ ñVa na bmoH$ ^mfm H$m à`moJ Iwb H$a {H$`m h¡ Ÿ& O~gdU© m AÝ` dU©ZmË_H$ àg§J AmVo h¢ V~ I‹S>r ~mobr H$m ghmam boVo h¢ Ÿ& Bg àH$ma nmÌmZwHy$b Ed§àg§Jmo{MV ^mfm à`moJ _| OJXreMÝÐ H$^r Zht MyHo$ Ÿ& Bgr g§X^© _| Jmbr-Jbm¡O `m ^Xo eãXm|,àg§Jm| H$mo r XoIm Om gH$Vm h¡ Ÿ& Om{VJV CX²Jma, {dÛof Am¡a AmH«$moe ì`º$ H$aZo hoVw Cn`wº$ mfmeãX, e¡br H$m à`moJ hþAm h¡ Ÿ& Bg àH$ma mfm H$m ghr MwZmd OJXreMÝÐ H$s AÝ`V_ {deofVm h¡Omo AmJo Amò Xmo CnÝ`mgm| _| r CnbãY hmoVr h¡ Ÿ&

2.8 erf©H$erf©H$erf©H$erf©H$erf©H$ : : : : :

CnÝ`mg H$m erf©H$ _hËdnyU© h¡ Ÿ& g_ñ`m YaVr H$mo bo H$a h¡ Ÿ& AmOmXr Ho$ ~mX ^y{_gwYma H$s AZoH$ moOZmE± ~Zr h¢ Ÿ& na§Vw O_rXmam| Zo Vmo‹S>-_mo‹S> H$a {ZañV H$a {X`m Ÿ& ~hþV H$_ bm^BZ X{bVm| H$mo {_bm Ÿ& hm± VH$ {H$ AnZr "S>rh' r AnZr Zht ah nmVr Ÿ& gmam H$WmZH$ Bg O_rZHo$ BX©-{JX© Ky_Vm h¡ Ÿ& ^maVr` O_rZ S>rh(ahZo H$s) `m IoV H$s hmo - Cgo g_mZ ß`ma h¡ Ÿ& na§VwX{bV H$mo XmoZm| hr Zht {_b nmVo Ÿ& Mm¡Yar "gm_Vmb' H$m Zm_ boH$a X{bVm| Ho$ A{YH$ma gr{_V H$aXoVo h¢ Ÿ& BgH$m H$ht H$moB© [aH$mS>© Zht Ÿ& ~g H$h XoZo a go gr{_V A{YH$mam| go ahVm h¡ Ÿ& IoVm| na Vmo

54

nwíV¡Zr A{YH$ma gdUm] H$m ahVm Am`m h¡ Ÿ& AV: Bg CnÝ`mg _| dh àg§J {deof M{M©V Zht hþAm Ÿ&na§Vw YaVr O_rZ H$mo boH$a Iy~ MMm© hþB© Ÿ& H$^r -H$^r Vmo H$mbr H$m g§Kf© Om{V àWm go ~‹T> H$aO_rZ Ho$ A{YH$ma H$m Am OmVm h¡ Ÿ& boIH$ Zo Bgr H$mo AmYma ~Zm H$a gmar b‹S>mB© b‹S>r Ÿ& gmjr -à_mU Hw$N> Zht h¡ Ÿ& AV: `h b‹S>mB© H$moQ>© -H$Mhar Z OmH$a Amng _| hr AÝ` _wÔm| H$mo boH$aMbVr h¡ Ÿ& H$mbr H$mo Bg_| g\$bVm Zht {_bVr hm± VH$ {H$ ào{_H$m go r hmW YmoZm n‹S>m Ÿ& V~ dhh{W`ma S>mb nrN>o hQ>Vm h¡ Ÿ& Bg àH$ma WmW© Ñ{ï> dmbo Bg CnÝ`mg Zo H$Wm Ag_má N>mo‹S>r- Š`m|{H$g_ñ`m A^r g_má Zht hmoVr Ÿ& AmJo g§Kf© Xygar nr‹T>r b‹S>oJr Ÿ& Omar h¡ Ÿ& Bg àH$ma nr‹S>m ar H$Wm_| OJXreMÝÐ Zo H$moB© VH©$ g§JV (bm{OH$b) A§V XoZo H$s OJh Bgo {db§{~V ê$n _| g_má {H$`m Ÿ&Bg àH$ma qhXr H$s `h _hËdnyU© H¥${V ~Z OmVr h¡ Ÿ& `h erf©H$ gmW©H$Vm à_m{UV H$aVm h¡ Ÿ&

***

55

"{VañH¥$V'"{VañH¥$V'"{VañH¥$V'"{VañH¥$V'"{VañH¥$V' $

UNIT - III

"OyR>Z'"OyR>Z'"OyR>Z'"OyR>Z'"OyR>Z'

UNIT - III

3.1.1 Amo_àH$me ~më_r{H Amo_àH$me ~më_r{H Amo_àH$me ~më_r{H Amo_àH$me ~më_r{H Amo_àH$me ~më_r{H Or Or Or Or Or H$m n[aM`H$m n[aM`H$m n[aM`H$m n[aM`H$m n[aM`3.1.2 X{bV OrdZ H$m XñVmdoO X{bV OrdZ H$m XñVmdoO X{bV OrdZ H$m XñVmdoO X{bV OrdZ H$m XñVmdoO X{bV OrdZ H$m XñVmdoO3.1.3 H$WmZH$ H$WmZH$ H$WmZH$ H$WmZH$ H$WmZH$3.1.4 X{bV g_mO Am¡a CgHo$ gwYma _| Amo_àH$me H$s ^y{_H$m X{bV g_mO Am¡a CgHo$ gwYma _| Amo_àH$me H$s ^y{_H$m X{bV g_mO Am¡a CgHo$ gwYma _| Amo_àH$me H$s ^y{_H$m X{bV g_mO Am¡a CgHo$ gwYma _| Amo_àH$me H$s ^y{_H$m X{bV g_mO Am¡a CgHo$ gwYma _| Amo_àH$me H$s ^y{_H$m3.1.5 Zm_H$aU Zm_H$aU Zm_H$aU Zm_H$aU Zm_H$aU3.1.6 ^mfm ^mfm ^mfm ^mfm ^mfm3.1.7 AmË_H$Wm Ho$ ê$n _| _yë`m§H$ZAmË_H$Wm Ho$ ê$n _| _yë`m§H$ZAmË_H$Wm Ho$ ê$n _| _yë`m§H$ZAmË_H$Wm Ho$ ê$n _| _yë`m§H$ZAmË_H$Wm Ho$ ê$n _| _yë`m§H$Z

3.2.1 gyaOnmb Mm¡hmZgyaOnmb Mm¡hmZgyaOnmb Mm¡hmZgyaOnmb Mm¡hmZgyaOnmb Mm¡hmZ Or Or Or Or Or H$m n[aM`H$m n[aM`H$m n[aM`H$m n[aM`H$m n[aM`3.2.2 {VañH¥$V : EH$ ZOa{VañH¥$V : EH$ ZOa{VañH¥$V : EH$ ZOa{VañH¥$V : EH$ ZOa{VañH¥$V : EH$ ZOa3.2.3 X{bV AmË_H$WmE± Am¡a {VañH¥$VX{bV AmË_H$WmE± Am¡a {VañH¥$VX{bV AmË_H$WmE± Am¡a {VañH¥$VX{bV AmË_H$WmE± Am¡a {VañH¥$VX{bV AmË_H$WmE± Am¡a {VañH¥$V

56

UNIT - III

AmË_H$Wm - AmË_H$Wm - AmË_H$Wm - AmË_H$Wm - AmË_H$Wm - "OyR>Z'"OyR>Z'"OyR>Z'"OyR>Z'"OyR>Z'

3.1.1 Amo_àH$me ~më_r{H$ : EH$ g§{já n[aM` Amo_àH$me ~më_r{H$ : EH$ g§{já n[aM` Amo_àH$me ~më_r{H$ : EH$ g§{já n[aM` Amo_àH$me ~më_r{H$ : EH$ g§{já n[aM` Amo_àH$me ~më_r{H$ : EH$ g§{já n[aM` :::::

gm_m{OH$ g‹S>m§Y H$mo COmJa H$aZo dmbo X{bV gm{hË`H$ma Amo_àH$me ~më_r{H$ H$m OÝ_30 OyZ 1950 H$mo CÎma àXoe Ho$ ~abm {Obo Ho$ AÝVJ©V _wOâ\$aZJa _| EH$ Myh‹S>o n[adma _| hþAmWm Ÿ& VËH$mbrZ g_mO _| gdUm] Ho$ AÝ`m`-AË`mMma emofU nmofU go Myh‹S>o O¡go AgdUm] H$m OrZmXwâ Wm Ÿ& Añn¥í`Vm H$m Eogm _mhm¡b Wm {H$ Hw$Îmo, {~ëbr, Jm`- ¢g H$m Ny>Zm ~wam Zht Wm bo{H$ZMyh‹S>m| H$m ñne© hmoVo hr nmn bJ OmVm Wm Ÿ& do {g\©$ Oê$aV H$s dñVw Wo Ÿ& H$m_ nyam hmoVo hr Cn`moJIË_ Ÿ& "BñVo_mb H$amo Xya \|$H$mo' gdUm] H$s `h Zr{V Wr Ÿ& g_mO _| ZrM Om{V Ho$ {bE {ejm naH$moB© A{YH$ma Zht Wm Ÿ& OmZ~yP H$a CÝh| {ejm go d§{MV {H$`m OmVm Wm Ÿ& Amo_àH$me Ho$ {nVmN>moQ>Zbmb {Zaja Wo Ÿ& Jar~r go nyam n[adma N>Q>nQ>m ahm Wm Ÿ& {\$a r ~oQ>o H$mo n‹T>m {bIm H$a g_mO_| à{V{ð>V H$aZm {nVmOr H$m bú` Wm Ÿ& Jm§d Ho$ {H$Zmao JÝXJr go âr §Jr ~ñVr _| Amo_àH$me H$m~MnZ ~rVm Wm Ÿ& Eogr hmbV _| do EH$ {dÐmohr M[aÌ ~ZH$a gmar à{VHy$b n[apñW{V`m| go OyPVo hþEn‹T>mB© ewê$ H$a {ZaÝVa g§Kf© Ho$ n[aUm_ ñdê$n ñZmVH$moÎma(qhXr) VH$ nh±þMo Ÿ& VËH$mbrZ g_mOMmhVm Wm {H$ CZHo$ hmW na Pm‹Sz> aho na H$R>moa Vnñ`m Zo CÝh| H$b_ nH$‹S>m Xr Ÿ&

Amo_àH$me H$s àmW{_H$ {ejm Jm§d _| hr hþB© Ÿ& ~mX _| CÝhm|Zo O~bnwa VWm ~§~B© goVH$ZrH$s {ejm J«hU H$s Ÿ& maV gaH$ma Ho$ ajm _§Ìmb` Ho$ CËnmXZ {d^mJ _| CÝh| {Z w{º$ {_br Ÿ&dht na {d{^Þ mJm| _| H$m_ H$aVo hþE qhXr _| E_.E. Am¡a gm{hË` aËZ H$s narjm CÎmrU© H$s¨ Ÿ& gZ²1955 _| CÝhm|Zo X{bVm| Ho$ CÕma Ho$ {bE gm{hË` g¥OZ H$m H$m_ ewê$ {H$`m Ÿ& EH$ b§~r Ad{Y VH$gm{hË` H$s {d{dY {dYmAm| _| H$b_ MbmH$a 17 Zdå~a 2013 H$mo g§gma N>mo‹S> Mb ~go Ÿ&

Amo_àH$me H$s H$B© _hËdnyU© H¥${V`m± Bg àH$ma h¢ - g{X`m| H$m gbm_, Kwgn¡{R>E (H$Wmg§J«h), X{bV gm{hË` H$m gm¡ÝX © emó, _w»`m Ymam Am¡a Xb{V gm{hË`, g\$mB© XodVm,(gm_m{OH$AÜ``Z), X{bV gm{hË` : AZw d, g§Wf© Am¡a `WmW© Am{X Ÿ& BgHo$ A{V[aº$ BZH$s H${dVmE± -"XX© Ho$ XñVmdoO', "CÎma {h_mZr', "X{bV MoVZm' H${dVm VWm H$hm{Z`m± -"H$Wm n[aÑí`' Am¡a

57

"H$mbo hm{eE na' Am{X g§J«hm| _| g§H${bV H$s JB© h§¡ Ÿ& gmW hr BÝhm|Zo bJ^J gmR> ZmQ>H$m| _|A{^Z` r {H$`m h¡ Ÿ&

g_mO godm Am¡a gm{hË` g¥OZ Ho$ {bE Amo_àH$me H$mo H$B© nwañH$ma Am¡a gå_mZm| goZdmOm J`m h¡ Ÿ& S>m°. Aå~oS>H$a amï´>r` nwañH$ma 1993, n[aXoe gå_mZ 1995, O`lr gå_mZ1996, H$WmH«$_ gå_mZ 2001, Ý y B§{S>`m ~wH$ nwañH$ma 2004, gm{hË` yfU gå_mZ, CÎma àXoeqhXr g§ñWmZ, bIZD$ , n«XÎm H$B© gå_mZm| go {d^y{fV h¢ Ÿ&

Amo_àH$me H$m OyPmé ì`{º$Ëd CZH$s AnZr nhMmZ h¡ Ÿ& ~MnZ _| hr CZHo$ _Z _| Om{VoX H$mo boH$a Ag§Vmof H$s AmJ Obr Wr Omo A§V VH$ ObVr ahr Ÿ& Bg Ag§Vmof H$s AmJ Zo CZHo$

_Z _| {dÐmoh$ mdZm OJm`r Wr Ÿ& Bg mdZm Zo hr gm_m{OH$ n[adV©Z H$s Amoa ào[aV {H$`m Ÿ& bmohmAmJ _| VnZo go hr \$m¡bmX ~ZVm h¡ Ÿ& R>rH$ Cgr àH$ma Am{W©H$, gm_m{OH$ Am¡a _mZ{gH$ mVZmAm|Ho$ gmW OyPVo hþE CÝhm|Zo AnZo ì`{º$Ëd H$mo D±$Mm ~Zm`m h¡ Ÿ& gmXm OrdZ D±$M {dMma CZH$m Y_© ahmh¡ Ÿ& ~‹S>r {Z © Vm go CÝhm|Zo VËH$mbrZ g_mO H$m gm_Zm {H$`m h¡ Ÿ& H$[d n[al_ Am¡a g\$bVm nmZoHo$ {bE AŠH$‹S>nZ Zo hr CÝh| _mZdVm H$m _hm_§Ì {gIm`m Ÿ& EH$ g_mO gwYmaH$ Ho$ ê$n _| CÝhm|ZoAnZo AmnH$mo à{V{ð>V {H$`m Ÿ& do Ohm± EH$ Amoa gm_m{OH$ {dg§J{V`m| Ho$ {Ibm\$ AmdmO ~wbÝXH$aZo bJo dht Xygar Amoa ZrbH§$R> H$s Vah gmar àVm‹S>ZmAm| H$mo Oha gÑe ghVo aho Ÿ& ñd § boIH$H$m H$hZm h¡ -"" X{bV OrdZ H$s nr‹S>mE± ¡AghZr` Am¡a AZw dOÝ` h¢ Ÿ& Eogo AZw d Omo gm{hpË`H$A{^ì`{º$`m| _| ñWmZ Zht nm gHo$ Ÿ& EH$ Eogr g_mO ì`dñWm _| h_Zo gm§g br h¡, Omo ~ohX H«y$a Am¡aA_mZdr` h¡ Ÿ& X{bVm| Ho$ à{V Ag§doXZerb ^r ... Ÿ''&

^maVr` g_mO _| "Om{V' EH$ _hËdnyU© KQ>H$ h¡ Ÿ& ì`{º$ n¡Xm hmoVo hr Om{V ì`{º$ H$s{Z`{V V` H$a XoVr h¡ Ÿ& Bg gƒmB© H$s Amoa Ü`mZ AmH${f©V H$aVo hþE boIH$ Zo H$hm h¡ -""~MnZ goboH$a AmO VH$ Z OmZo {H$VZo X§e {Oñ_ na hr Zht, _Z na r Mw o h¢ Ÿ& Bg K¥Um-Ûof Ho$ nrN>o H$m¡Zgo Eo{Vhm{gH$ H$maU h¢, O~ -O~ ^r ì`dñWm H$mo AmXe© _mZZo dmbm| Am¡a {hÝXwËd na Jd©H$aZodmbm| go nyN>m Vmo grYm CÎma XoZo Ho$ ~Om` ~mV H$mo AŠga Q>mb OmVo h¢ Ÿ-`m ZmamO hmo OmVo h¢ Ÿ&kmZ H$s ~‹S>r-~‹S>r ~mV| H$h|Jo Ÿ& bo{H$Z Bg gƒmB© H$mo ñdrH$ma Zht H$a|Jo {H$ AmX_r H$mo OÝ_ Ho$AmYma na _mZdr` _yë`m| go d§{MV aIZm {H$gr ^r Vah Ý`m` g§JV Zht h¡ Ÿ& gdUmªo Ho _Z _| H$B©àH$ma Ho$ nydm©J«h h¢ Omo Amngr g§~§Ym| H$mo _hmZ Zht hmoZo XoVo h¢ Ÿ&'' Bggo boIH$ Ho$ OrdZmZw d Am¡aX{bVm| Ho$ CÕma Ho$ {bE g_{n©V mdZm H$m n[aM` {_bVm h¡ Ÿ& dmñVd _| Aå~oS>H$a Ho$ qMVZ Am¡aAmXe© H$mo AmJo ~‹T>mZodmbo, X{bVm| H$mo àoaUm àXmZ H$aZo dmbo Amo_àH$me ~më_r{H$ AnZr godm

58

Am¡a gmañdV gmYZm Ho$ {bE h_oem AOa A_a ah|Jo Ÿ& Amo_àH$me AnZr H${dVmAm| Ho$ {bE ^rà{gÕ Wo Ÿ& "g{X`m| H$m g§Vmn' Am¡a "~ñg' Xmo à{gÕ H${dVm g§JbZ h¢ Ÿ& `hm± X{bV AmH«$moe H$moH$mì` ê$n _| ì`º$ {H$`m J`m h¡ Ÿ& AV: BZ H${dVmAm| na d¡Mm[aH$ Ñ{ï> H$m à^md {_bVm h¡ Ÿ&

3.1.2 X{bV OrdZ H$m XñVmdoO : OyR>ZX{bV OrdZ H$m XñVmdoO : OyR>ZX{bV OrdZ H$m XñVmdoO : OyR>ZX{bV OrdZ H$m XñVmdoO : OyR>ZX{bV OrdZ H$m XñVmdoO : OyR>Z :::::

S>m°. Aå~oS>H$a X{bVm| Ho$ ÌmUH$Îmm© _mZo OmVo h¢ Ÿ& _amR>r _| {b{IV CZH$s AmË_H$Wm "_rH$gm Pmbo' (_¢ H¡$go ~Zm) go g~go nhbo X{bV gm{hË`H$mam| H$mo AmË_H$Wm {bIZo H$s àoaUm {_brWr Ÿ& Bg g§~§Y _| S>m°. í`m¡amO qgh ~oM¡Z Zo {bIm h¡ -"" dñVwV: h S>m°.Aå~oS>H$a Wo, {OZH$s àoaUmAm¡a à^md go hr AmË_H$Wm boIZ àma§ hþAm, CÝhm|Zo ñd § A§Va§J ~mV| àmo. gË`~moY hþXbrH$a H$sS>màr _| XO© H$amB© Wt Ÿ& VËH$mbrZ _amR>r gm{hË` H$s ñWm{nV n{ÌH$m "Zd wJ' Ho$ Aå~oS>H$a{deofm§H$ (15 Aàob 1947) _| Bgo àH$m{eV {H$`m J`m Wm Ÿ& n{ÌH$m _| CZH$s AmË_H$Wm H$m EH$A§e àH$m{eV hþAm Wm Ÿ& CgHo$ ~mX S>m°. Aå~oS>H$a Zo "_¢ H¡$go ~Zm?' erf©H$ go AmË_H$Wm {bIZmàma§ {H$`m Wm ""(d§{MVmo Ho$ d¥ÎmmÝV) (boI), OZgÎmm X¡{ZH$, {Xëbr,(25 Zdå~a 2001) Ÿ& S>m°.Aå~oS>H$a H$s AmË_H$Wm Ho$ àH$meZ Ho$ ~mX _amR>r X{bV gm{hË`H$mam| _| go AZoH$m| Zo AmË_H$Wm{bIZm ewê$ H$a {X`m Ÿ& Wmo‹S>o hr {XZm| _| _amR>r _| X{bV gm{hË`H$mam| H$s H$B© AmË_H$WmE± àH$m{eVhmoZo bJr Ÿ& BVZm hr Zht BZH$m {hÝXr mfmÝVa hmoH$a àH$m{eV hþAm Ÿ& qhXr X{bV gm{hË`H$mam| ZoBZgo ào[aV hmoH$a AnZr -AnZr AmË_H$Wm {bIZm àma§ {H$`m Ÿ& n[aUm_ ñdê$n _mohZXmg Z¡{_eam`H$m "AnZo -AnZo qnOao' Amo_àH$me ~më_r{H$ H$s "OyR>Z' Am¡a gyaOnmb Mm¡hmZ H$m "{VañH¥$V'd¡gr AmË_H$WmAm| Ho$ Abmdm AÝ` H$B© AmË_H$WmE± àH$m{eV hþBª Ÿ& o AmË_H$WmE± X{bV OrdZVWm g_mO Ho$ H$Qw> `WmW© H$s geº$ àñVw{V`m± h¢ Ÿ& BZ AmË_H$WmAm| _| "OyR>Z' H$s g~go A{YH$bmoH${à`Vm XoIZo H$mo {_bVr h¡ Ÿ& dñVwV: `h EH$ ~hþM{M©V AmË_H$Wm h¡ Ÿ&

OyR>Z :OyR>Z :OyR>Z :OyR>Z :OyR>Z :

"OyR>Z' gm_m{OH$ gS>m§Y H$mo COmJa H$aZo dmbo X{bV boIH$ Amo_àH$me ~më_r{H$ H$sAmË_H$Wm h¡ Ÿ& {hÝXr X{bV gm{hË` _| _mohZXmg Z¡{_eam` H$s AmË_H$Wm "AnZo -AnZo qZOao' Ho$àH$meZ Ho$ ~mX "OyR>Z' H$m n[aàH$me hþAm Ÿ& "OyR>Z' Ho$ àH$meZ Zo EH$ Z`m _mo‹S> {b`m Ÿ& X{bVm| Ho$AmË_H$Wm boIZ H$s na§nam H$mo boH$a {ddmX I‹S>m hþAm Ÿ& Bg {ddmX _| J¡a X{bV gm{hË`H$mam| Ho$gmW Hw$N> AmË_H$WmH$ma r em{_b {XImB© n‹S>o Ÿ& Ohm± EH$ Amoa X{bVm| H$s AmË_H$Wm H$mo _amR>r H$r

59

ZH$b _mZm J`m dht Xygar Amoa Hw$N> AmË_H$WmH$mam| Zo Eogr AmË_H$Wm boIZ go AnZr Om{V H$s~oB‚mVr hmo ahr h¡, g_Pm Ÿ& Bg àH$ma X{bVm| H$s AmË_H$Wm {damoY Ho$ {gb{gbo _| ahr Ÿ&

Amo_àH$me OÝ_ go boH$a A§V VH$ X{bV OrdZ H$s ÌmgXr Ho$ gmW AZdaV g§Kf© H$aVoaho Ÿ& do nm[adm[aH$, gm_m{OH$, Am{W©H$ Am¡a d¡ {º$H$ g_ñ`mAm| go OyPVo hþE A§V VH$ Om{V Ho$H$Q>Kao go _wº$ Zht hmo gHo$ Ÿ& AnZr àmW{_H$ {ejm go boH$a Zm¡H$ar OrdZ VH$ Ho$db g§Kf© hr H$aVoaho Ÿ& VËH$mbrZ ^maVr` g_mO gm_m{OH$ ì`dñWm, gdUm] H$s _mZ{gH$Vm, X{bVm| na AÝ`m` -AË`mMma Am¡a emofU, Jm§d Am¡a ehar n[adoe VWm dhm± Ho$ bmoJm| H$s g§H$sU© _Zmod¥{Îm, é{‹S>,A§Y{dídmg Am¡a Hw$g§ñH$ma O¡go Agm_m{OH$ VËdm| go Ow‹S>o OrdZâ H$s AZw y{V Am¡a _mZ{gH$§ÌUm Zo Amo_àH$me Or H$mo AnZr AmË_H$Wm {bIZo H$mo ào[aV {H$`m Ÿ& ñd § Amo_àH$me Zo "OyR>Z'

_| "boIH$ H$s Amoa go' erf©H$ _| Bg g§~§Y _| AnZo {dMmam| H$mo ñnï> H$aVo hþE {bIm h¡ -" BZAZw^dm| H$mo {bIZo _| H$B© àH$ma Ho$ IVao Wo Ÿ& EH$ b§~r OÔmoOhX Ho$ ~mX, _¢Zo {gb{gbodma {bIZmewê$ {H$`m Ÿ& V_m_ H$ï>m|, mVZmAm|, CnojmAm|, àVm‹S>ZmAm| H$mo EH$ ~ma {\$a OrZm n‹S>m Ÿ& Cg Xm¡amZJhar _mZ{gH$ §ÌUmE± _¢Zo ^moJr Ÿ& ñd § H$mo naV -Xa -naV CYo‹S>Vo hþE H$B© ~ma bJm -{H$VZmXwIXmB© h¡ `h g~ Ÿ& Hw$N> bmoJm| H$mo `h A{dídmgZr` Am¡a A{Va§OZm nyU© bJVm h¡ Ÿ&''

gM Vmo h h¡ {H$ h_ {H$VZo hr àJ{Verb Š`m| Z ~Z Om` _Ja h_ X{bVm| Am¡a {nN>‹S>m| H$mo_Zwî` Zht _mZVo Ÿ& CÝh| CZHo$ A{YH$mam| go d§{MV H$aVo h¢ {H$ÝVw CZH$m OrZm Xyâ H$aZo _| bJo ahVoh¢ Ÿ& g_mO _| X{bVm| Ho$ à{V Eogr Cnojm Š`m| ? Amo_àH$me H$s AmË_H$Wm "OyR>Z' Bg àíZ H$mOdm~ Ty>§T>Vm h¡ Ÿ& dñVwV: EH$ X{bV boIH$ Ho$ OrdZ â H$s ì`Wm-H$Wm H$m XñVmdoO h¡"OyR>Z' Ÿ&AV: {ejm-Xrjm go g_wÞV AmYw{ZH$ gä` g_mO _| Eogo Adho{bV X{bV OrdZ H$s ÌmgX H$hmZrH$m AÜ``Z Am¡a AÜ`mnZ {Zhm`V Oê$ar h¡ Ÿ&

"OyR>Z' _| boIH$ H$m nm[adm[aH$ OrdZ, n[adoe, n‹T>mB© H$s g_ñ`m, Jm§d _| §Jr-M_maO¡go X{bVm| H$s ÌmgX gm_m{OH$, Am{W©H$ pñW{V, gdUm] go CZH$m emofU, AÝ`m` -AË`mMma,X{bVm| _| g{X`m| go aho A§Y-{dídmg, AmñWm H$s H$_r, AmË_g§MoVZVm H$s H$_r, Amngr \y$Q>, VWmñdñW g_mO {Z_m©U _| boIH$ Ho$ gwYmadmXr Ñ{ï>H$moU O¡go H$B© {df`m| H$s CnñWmnZm H$s JB© h¡ Ÿ&

3.1.3 H$WmZH$H$WmZH$H$WmZH$H$WmZH$H$WmZH$ : : : : :

Omoh‹S>r Ho$ {H$Zmao na Myh‹S>m| Ho$ _H$mZ Wo Ÿ& Mmam| Va\$ J§XJr âr Wr Ÿ& V§J J{b`m| _| Ky_VogyAa, Z§J-Y‹S>§J ~ƒo, Hw$Îmo bmoJm| Ho$ PJ‹S>o Eogo hr dmVmdaU _| Amo_àH$meOr H$m ~MnZ ~rVm Wm Ÿ&

60

n[adma _| nm§M mB©, EH$ ~hZ, Xmo MmMm Am¡a EH$ VmD$ g~ Ho$ g~ Hw$N> Z Hw$N> H$m_ H$aVo Wo - {\$a^r Xmo dº$ H$s amoQ>r Zht {_b nmVr Wr Ÿ& VJmAm| Ho$ Kam| _| gm\$ -g\$mB© go boH$a IoVr ~m‹S>r, _ohZV-_OXyar g^r H$m_ hmoVo Wo Ÿ& amV-~oamV ~oJma r H$aZr n‹S>Vr Wr Ÿ& BgHo$ ~Xbo _OXyar Zht {_bVrWr Ÿ& ~oJma Ho$ {bE _Zm H$aZo H$s {hå_V {H$gr _| Zht Wr Ÿ& n[adma _| g~H$s Jmbr -Jbm¡O Am¡aàVm‹S>Zm ghZo H$s AmXV n‹S> MwH$s Wr Ÿ& n[admadmbm| Ho$ à{V gdUm] H$m C_« _| ~‹S>m hmo Vmo "AmoMyh‹S>o' ~am~a m C_« _| N>moQ>m hmo Vmo "A~o Myh‹S>o' hr g§~moYZ Wm Ÿ& Añn¥í`Vm H$m _mhm¡b Wm Ÿ& Myh‹S>oHo$ ñne© go nmn bJ OmVm Wm Ÿ& g_mO _| BÝgm{Z`V H$m H$moB© Zm_mo {ZemZ VH$ Zht Wm Ÿ& Myh‹S>o Ho$dbH$m_ H$s dñVw Wo Ÿ& {H$gr Ho$ H$m_ nyam hmo OmZo Ho$ ~mX H$m_ g§nmXZ H$aZo dmbo Myh‹S>o Ho$ à{V gdUm] Ho$_Z _| H¥$VkVm Ho$ ~Xbo AZmXa H$s ^mdZm âr ahVr Wr Ÿ& Bg àH$ma boIH$ Ho$ AZwgma Bg Hw$b _|OÝ_ boZo dmbm ì`{º$ AnZo Amn H$mo A{êá O¡gm _mZVm Wm Ÿ&

Myh‹S>o n[admam| Ho$ ~ƒo n‹T>mB©-{bImB© Zht H$aVo Wo Ÿ& CÝh| ñHy$b _| OmH$a n‹T>Zo H$s AZw_{VZht Wr Ÿ& AmOmXr Ho$ ~mX r OZ gm_mÝ` H$s _mZ{gH$Vm _| {deof ~Xbmd Zht Am`m Wm Ÿ& gdUm] Ho$gmW Myh‹S>m| H$mo n‹T>Zo H$m A{YH$ma Zht Wm Ÿ& H$moB© AJa ñHy$b OmVm Vmo Cgo Xygam| go Xya O_rZ na~¡R>Zm n‹S>Vm Wm Ÿ& gdUm] H$o$ ~ÀMo Om{V H$m Zm_ boH$a X{bV ~ƒm| H$mo {M‹T>mVo Wo Am¡a H$moB© {~ZmH$maU nrQ>Vo Wo Ÿ& ñHy$b _| X{bV ~ƒm| H$m nmZr nrZm ^r _Zm Wm Ÿ& gdU© ~ƒm| H$s Vah CÝh| h¢S>n§nNy>Zo Zht {X`m OmVm Wm Ÿ& h¢S>n§n Ny>Zo go gOm {_bVr Wr Ÿ& ñHy$b {ejH$ BZ ~ƒm| H$mo Iy~ nrQ>Vo Wo Ÿ&BÝh| ^X²>Xr Jm{b`m± XoVo Wo Ÿ& Ohm± gdU© ~ƒm| H$mo ß`ma {_bVm Wm dht Myh‹S>m| Ho$ ~ƒm| H$mo {~ZmAnamY _m§-~hZ boH$a Jm{b`m± gwZZm n‹S>Vm Wm Ÿ& {ejH$ bmoJ BZ ~ƒm| Ho$ hmW _| Pm‹Sz> nH$‹S>m H$añHy$b Ho$ _¡XmZ H$s gm\$-g\$mB© H$amVo Wo Ÿ& Eogo _| X{bV ~ƒm| Ho$ _w±h _| h_oem _wñH$mZ Ho$ ~XboCXmgr N>mB© ahVr Wr Ÿ& ñHy$b H$s naoem{Z`m± PobZodmbo Amo_àH$me Zo AnZr AmË_H$Wm _| {bIm h¡{H$ ñHy$b _| Xm{Ibm boZo Ho$ ~mX EH$ ~ma _mñQ>a H$mbram_ CZgo nyN>Vm h¡ -"" Š`m Zm_ h¡ ~o Voam ?''Amo_ àH$me Zo Yr_r AmdmO _| AnZm Zm_ ~Vm`m Ÿ& hoS> _mñQ>a H$mo XoIVo hr ~ƒo gh_ OmVo Wo Ÿ& nyaoñHy$b _| CZH$s XheV Wr Ÿ& "Myh‹S>m| H$m h¡ ?'' hoS>_mñQ>a H$m Xygam gdmb CN>bm Ÿ& "Or', R>rH$h¡... Ÿ& dh Omo ere_ H$m no‹S> h¡, Cg na M‹T> Om Am¡a Q>h{Z`m± Vmo‹S> Ho$ Pm‹Sz> ~Zm bo Ÿ& nÎmm| dmbr PmSy>~ZmZm Am¡a nyao ñHy$b H$mo Eogm M_H$m Xo O¡gm grgm Ÿ& Voam Vmo h ImZXmZr H$m_ h¡ Ÿ& Om... \$Q>m\$Q>bJ Om H$m_ no Ÿ&'' boIH$ H$mo nyam {XZ PmSy> bJmZo H$m AmXoe {_bm Ÿ& Xmo {XZ PmSy> bJmZo Ho$ ~mXVrgao {XZ O~ Amo_àH$me MwnMmn ~¡R> J o V~ hoS>_mñQ>a H$s Xhm‹S> XwZmB© n‹S>r -""A~o, Amo Myh‹S>oHo$, _mXa... H$hm± Kwg J`m ....AnZr _m§ ... Ÿ&' CZH$s Xhm‹S> gwZH$a boIH$ Wa-Wa H$m§nZo bJo Ÿ&Cg dº$ EH$ Ë`mJr b‹S>Ho$ Zo {MëbmH$a H$hm -

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""_mñgm~, dmo ~¡R>m h¡ H$moZo _| Ÿ&'' hoS>_mñQ>a Zo boIH$ H$s JX©Z X~moM br Ÿ& H$jm go ~mha ItMH$aboIH$ H$mo ~am_Xo _| bm nQ>H$m Ÿ& {\$a MrIH$a ~mobo, Om bJm nyao _¡XmZ _| PmSy> ...Zht Vmo Jm§S> _|{_Mu S>mbHo$ ñHy$b go ~mha H$m‹T>({ZH$mb) Xy§Jm Ÿ&'' ( OyR>Z- n¥îR>> -15) Ÿ& BVZm hr Zht Amo_àH$meHo$ {nVm Zo O~ `h ~mV Jm§ddmbm| go H$hm Vmo CÎma {_bm-"" Š`m H$aoJm ñHy$b oO H$a'' `m H$m¡Zohm{gb Zm hmoVr Ÿ&'' `m {\$a PmSy> hr Vmo bJdmB© h¡, {dÚm Eogo V[a`m| Jwé -X{jUm _| A§JyR>m Vmo Zht_m§Jm Ÿ&''(OyR>Z -n¥. -17) Bg àH$ma ñHy$b _| X{bV ~ƒm| Ho$ à{V h_oem AZmXa H$s ^mdZm ~ZrahVr Wr Ÿ& dhm± X{bV H$s ar{V-[admO, ImZ-nmZ, Mmb-MbZ H$s AmbmoMZm H$aVo hþE CZ naH$sM‹S> \|$H$s OmVr Wr Ÿ& ñHy$br n[adoe Om{V-nm§{V, Ny>V-ANy>V Ho$ oX-^md go Eogm H$bw{fV Wm {H$Myh‹S>o, M_ma O¡go X{bV ~ƒm| Ho$ {bE dhm± M¡Z H$s gm§g boZm _wpíH$b Wm Ÿ& Myh‹S>m| Ho$ ~ƒm| Ho$ à{VHo$db ñHy$b _| Zht Jm§d Ho$ {d{dY dJ© `m Om{V`m| Ho$ bmoJm| _| ^r Eogr K¥Um H$s ^mdZm ~Zr ahVrWr Ÿ& Amo_àH$me Zo AnZr AmË_H$Wm _| Bg ~mV H$mo ñnï> H$aZo Ho$ {bE AnZo H$n‹S>o H$s BñVar H$aVodº$ KQ>r EH$ KQ>Zm H$m CëboI {H$`m h¡ -""ImXr dXu H$mo _¢Zo aJ‹S>-aJ‹S> H$a Ymo m Wm Ÿ& g_ñ`m WrBñVar H$aZo H$s Ÿ& _oar H$jm _| Ymo~r H$m EH$ b‹S>H$m Wm Ÿ& _¢Zo CZgo H$hm Ÿ& CgZo em_ H$mo Ka AmZo Ho${bE H$hm Ÿ& em_ H$mo ~Xu boH$a CgHo$ Ka J`m Ÿ& _wPo XoIVo hr CgH$m ~mn {Mëbm`m-"" A~o ! Myh‹S>oHo$ qH$no Kwgm Am ahm h¡ ?'' CgH$m ~oQ>m CgHo$ nmg I‹S>m Wm Ÿ& _¢Zo H$hm -"" dXu na BñVar H$amZrh¡ Ÿ&'' h_ Myh‹S>o M_mam| Ho$ H$n‹S>o Z YwbdmE±Jo, Z hr BñVar H$aVo h¢ Ÿ& Omo Voao H$n‹S>o na BñVar H$a X|Jo,Vmo VJm H$n‹S>o Z Ywbdm |Jo, åhmar Vmo amoOr amoQ>r Mbr Om Jr ...'' (OyR>Z -n¥. - 28)

"OyR>Z' _| Myh‹S>m| H$s OrdZ e¡br H$m _m{_©H$ {MÌU XoIZo H$mo {_bVm h¡ Ÿ& boIH$ Zo AnZon[adma dmbm| VWm AÝ` Myh‹S>m| Ho$ XX©ZmH$ OrdZ Ho$ {d{dY nhbwAm| na àH$me S>mbm h¡ Ÿ& Myh‹S>oH${R>Z n[al_r h¢ Ÿ& na H$‹S>r _ohZV Ho$ ~mdOyX BÝh| Xmo OyZ amoQ>r Zht {_bVr Ÿ& \$gb H$Q>mB© Ho$ g_`gdU© bmoJ Jmbr-Jbm¡O Ho$ gmW ~bnydH©$ X{bV M_ma Myh‹S>m| H$mo H$m_ Ho$ {bE bo OmVo h¢ Ÿ& H$m_nyam hmoZo Ho$ ~mX BÝh| ghr nm[al[a_ {X o {~Zm H§$Oygr H$aVo h¢ Ÿ& n[adma _| nwéf ~mha Ho$ H$m_ H$aVo h¢,O~ {H$ Zm[a`m± _ohZV _OXy[a`m| Ho$ gmW Ka H$s {bnmB©-nwVmB© Am{X H$aVo h¢ Ÿ& gdUm] Ho$ Ka _|J¥hnm{bV new-n{j`m| H$s XoI^mb H$aZm, Jm`-Jmoé, _do{e`m| H$m Jmo~a CR>mH$a Cnbo ~ZmZm Am{XamoO_a} H$m H$m_ Wm Ÿ& Xmo nha H$mo àËòH$ Ka go EH$ ~Mr IwMr amoQ>r Omo Img Vm¡a na Myh‹S>m| H$mo XoZoHo$ {bE AmQ>o _| ygr {_bmH$a ~Zm`r OmVr Wr Bgo nmH$a CÝh| g§Vmof go ahZm n‹S>Vm Wm Ÿ& H$^r -H$^r

§JZ H$s Q>moH$ar _| OyR>Z r S>mb Xr OmVr Wr Ÿ& emXr-ã`mh Ho$ _m¡H$m| na O~ _oh_mZ m ~amVr ImZmIm aho hmoVo Wo Vmo Myh‹S>o XadmOm| Ho$ ~mha ~‹S>o-~‹S>o Q>moH$ao boH$a ~¡R> ahVo Wo Ÿ& ~amV ImZm Im MwH$ZoHo$ ~mX OyR>r nÎmb| CZ Q>moH$am| _| S>mb Xr OmVr Wt {OÝh| Myh‹S>o Ka bo OmH$a OyR>Z BH$Æ>r H$a boVo Wo Ÿ&

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nyar Ho$ ~Mo-IwMo Qw>H$‹S>o EH$ {_R>mB© H$m Qw>H$‹S>m `m Wmo‹S>r ~hþV gãOr nÎmb na nmH$a ~mN>| {Ib OmVrWt Ÿ& OyR>Z MQ>Imao boH$a ImB© OmVr Wr Ÿ& AŠga Eogo _m¡H$m| na ~‹S>o-~y‹T>o Eogr ~amVm| H$m {OH«$ ~hþVhr amo_m§MH$ bhOo _| gwZm`m H$aVo Wo {H$ Cg ~amV go BVZr OyR>Z AmB© Wr {H$ _hrZm| VH$ ImVo ahoWo Ÿ& OyR>Z H$mo Yyn _| gyIm H$a AmJo Ho$ {bE gwa{jV aIm OmVm Wm Ÿ& boIH$ Zo OyR>Z g_oQ>Zo H$sVËH$mbrZ na§nam Ho$ AmYma na AnZr AmË_H$Wm H$m Zm_ "OyR>Z' aIm h¡ Ÿ& Bg g§~§Y _| Amo_àH$meZo EH$ KQ>Zm H$m CëboI {H$`m h¡ - ""gwIXod qgh Ho$ Ka _| ~amV ImZm Im ahr Wr Ÿ& _m§ Q>moH$am {bEXadmOo Ho$ ~mha ~¡R>r Wr Ÿ& _¢ Am¡a _oar N>moQ>r ~hZ _m`m _m§ go {g_Q>o ~¡R>o Wo Ÿ& Bg Cå_rX _| {H$ rVago {_R>mB© Am¡a nH$dmZm| H$s _hH$ Am ahr h¡, dh h_| ^r ImZo H$mo {_boJr Ÿ& O~ g~ ImZm ImH$aMbo J o, Vmo _oar _m§Zo gwIXod qgh Ë`mJr H$mo XmbmZ go ~mha AmVo XoIH$a H$hm -""Mm¡YarOr, B~ Vmog~ ImZm ImHo$ Mbo J o ... åhmao OmH$Vm|(~ƒm|) Hy§$ ^r EH$ nÎmb na Ka Ho$ Hw$N> Xo Xmo Ÿ& dmo ~r VmoBg {XZ H$m BÝVOma H$aVo Ÿ&''(OyR>Z -n¥. 21)

gwIXod qgh Zo OyR>r nÎmbm| go ao Q>>moH$ao H$s Va\$ Bemam H$aHo$ H$hm -""Q>moH$am a Vmo OyR>Zbo Om ar h¡ ... D$na go OmH$Vm| Ho$ {bE ImUm _m§J ar h¡ ? AnUr Am¡H$mV _| ah Myh‹S>r ! D$R>m Q>moH$amXadmOo go Am¡a MbVr ~Z Ÿ&''(OyR>Z -n¥. - 21) Cg {XZ gwIXod H$s Eogr ~mVm| _| Amo_àH$me H$s_m§Zo XwJm© H$m §H$a ê$n YmaU {H$`m Wm Ÿ& CgZo Q>moH$am dht {~Ioa {X`m Wm Am¡a gwIXodqgh go H$hmWm-"" Bgo R>mHo$ AnZo Ka _| aI bo Ÿ& H$b V‹S>Ho$ ~mam{V`m| H$mo {Ibm XoUm ... Ÿ& gwIXod _m§ nahmW CR>mZo Ho$ {bE PnQ>m Wm, bo{H$Z boIH$ H$s _m§Zo eoaZr H$s Vah S>ao {~Zm gm_Zm {H$`m Wm Ÿ&OyR>Z H$m {gb{gbm Cg KQ>Zm Ho$ ~mX ~§X hmo J`m Wm Ÿ& {hÝXy Y_© Ho$ {Z`ÝVmAm| Ho$ Ûmam A§Y {dídmgAm¡a ê${‹T>dm{XVm Ho$ àMma-àgma go X{bV g_mO AmÝV[aH$ {dg§J{V`m| H$m ^r {eH$a hþAm Wm Ÿ&~më_r{H$ g_mO _| Eogr AZoH$ ~wamB`m± Wt Ÿ& emXr -ã`mh Ho$ Adga na AË §V {ZÝXZr` gbm_ H$sàWm àM{bV Wr Ÿ& boIH$ Ho$ AZwgma -"" XoIZo -gwZZo _| ~hþV gmYmaU gr ~mV bJ gH$Vr h¡,bo{H$Z Xyëhm hmo `m XwëhZ emXr Ho$ nhbo hr {XZ Cg_| hrZVm ~moY â {X`m OmVm h¡ ... g{X`m| goMbr Am ahr Bg àWm Ho$ nmíd© _| OmVr` Ah§ H$s namH$mð>m h¡ Ÿ& g_mO _| Omo Jhar ImB© h¡, Cg àWmH$mo Am¡a Jham ~ZmVr h¡ Ÿ& EH$ gm{Oe h¡, hrZVm Ho$ §da _| \§$gm XoZo H$s Ÿ& {H$VZr hr ~ma Xyëhm| H$mohr Zht, XwëhZm| H$mo ^r ~oB§Vhm An_mZ ghZm n‹S>Vm h¡ Ÿ& ''(OyR>Z -n¥. 45)

emXr Ho$ nhbo {XZ Xyëhm `m XwëhZ H$mo Ka-Ka Ky_H$a gbm_ H$aZm dmñVd _| EH$ K¥{UVàWm h¡ Ÿ& dñVwV: gdUm] H$s Ñ{ï> _| X{bVm| H$mo ZrMm {XImZm BZH$m CÔoí` h¡ Ÿ& Bg àWm Ho$ à{VAmo_à_me Ho$ _Z _| Ag§Vmof H$s ^mdZm {XImB© XoZm ñdm^m{dH$ h¡ Ÿ& BVZm hr Zht BgHo$ {Ibm\${dÐmoh H$s mdZm CËnÞ hmoVr h¡ Ÿ& AnZo {_Ì {ha_ qgh Ho$ {ddmh _| gbm_ Ho$ {bE CgHo$ gmW J o

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~më_r{H$ bm¡Q>H$a AnZo {nVmOr go `h OmZZm MmhVo h¢ {H$ -"" o gbm_ Ho$ {bE OmZm Š`m R>rH$h¡ ?'' {\$a Xmo~mam {nVmOr go `h H$hVo h¢ -"" AnZr hr emXr _| Xyëhm Ka-Ka Ky_o ... ~war ~mV h¡... ~‹S>r Om{V dmbm| Ho$ Xyëho Vmo Eogo H$ht Zht OmVo ... o XwëhZ ~abm OmH$a Eogo hr Ka -KaOmEJr gbm_ H$aZo ... (OyR>Z n¥. - 44) boIH$ Ho$ {nVmOr Zo Amo_àH$me H$s ~mV H$s ~‹S>r Vmar\$H$s Wr Ÿ& g{X`m| go àM{bV Bg àWm H$mo AnZo Ka _| g_má H$a {X`m Wm Ÿ& Amo_àH$me H$mo _mby_hmo J`m Wm {H$ ì`{º$ n‹T>-{bI H$a {e{UV hmo OmZo na Om{V`m± gwYmaZo Zht, ~pëH$ OÝ_ go{dI§{S>V ^mdZm H$m gyÌnmV H$aVr h¢ Ÿ& X{bVm| Ho$ à{V Om{V àWm Am¡a Nw>Am-Ny>V H$mo boH$a Omogm_m{OH$ AÝ`m` h¡ Bggo X{bVm| _| {hÝXy Y_© Ho$ à{V {d_wIVm CËnÞ hmoZm ñdm^m{dH$ h¡ Ÿ&

boIH$ Zo AnZr AmË_H$Wm _| AnZr Om{V _| àM{bV na§nam A§Y {dídmg, A§Yr AmñVmAm{X H$m {dñV¥V dU©Z {H$`m h¡ Ÿ& Myh‹S>o OmV _| {dYdm {ddmh H$mo _mÝ`m Xr JB© Wr Ÿ& {hÝXy na§nam H$sVah {dYdm {ddmh hrZ Ñ{ï> go XoIm Zht OmVm Wm Ÿ& Myh‹S>o n[admam| Ho$ gmbr go emXr -{ddmh, hmar-~r_mar, OrdZ -_¥Ë w g^r _| gyAa H$s _hÎmm Wr Ÿ& nyOm -AM©Zm ^r gyAa Ho$ {~Zm AYyar Wr Ÿ&Am§JZ _| Ky_Vo gyAa J§XJr Ho$ àVrH$ Zht ~pëH$ gm_m{OH$ g_¥{Õ Ho$ àVrH$ _mZo OmVo Wo Ÿ& Myh‹S>Om{V _| r H$B© CnôX XoIo OmVo Wo - _hma, §Jr, M_ma Am¡a _ohVa Am{X Ÿ& do bo hr ~mh²` ê$n go

oX md wbmZo H$s ~mV H$a aho Wo na Am§V[aH$ ê$n go Amng _| OyPVo Wo Ÿ& gm§àXm{`H$Vm H$s g_ñ`mgo H$m\$s g§Kf© PobZm n‹S>Vm Wm Ÿ& Myh‹S>o OmV _| A§Y{dídmg anya Wm Ÿ& H$mbo OmXy Am¡a Q>moZo -Q>moQ>Ho$na H$m\$s {dídmg Wm Ÿ& yV-àoV H$s N>m`mAm| Ho$ à{V nyar ~ñVr _| AOr~ _mhm¡b Wm Ÿ& Oam ^r{H$grH$s V~r`V Iam~ hmoVr Vmo S>mŠQ>a Ho$ ~Om` {H$gr ^JV H$mo ~wbm`m OmVm Wm Ÿ& AŠga {H$gr^yV Ho$ à^md H$m {OH«$ Xodr-XodVmAm| na gyAa, _wJ}, ~H$ao Am¡a eam~ M‹T>mò OmVo Wo Ÿ& OÝ_ hmo `memXr -ã`mh O¡go ew H$m © m _¥Ë w moJ _| {deof Xodr-XodVmAm| H$s nyOm hmoVr Wr Ÿ& ~ñVr _| O~ rH$moB© N>m`m go Nw>Q>H$mam nmZo Ho$ {bE Pm‹S>-\y§$H$, Q>moZo -Q>moQ>Ho$, Vm~rO, H$‹S>o, ^^yV Am{X H$sAmO_mBe ewê$ hmo OmVr Wr Ÿ& o V_m_ H$m © amV _| {H$ o OmVo Wo Ÿ& T>mobH$ -g§JrV H$m Am`moOZ hmoZmWm Ÿ& JmZo _| A{eï> eãXm| H$s â_ma hmoVr Wr Omo XodVmAm| Ho$ à{V AmË_r`Vm {XImZo H$sA{^ì`{º$ Wr Ÿ& Xrnmdbr na bú_r H$m nyOZ Zht, _mB© _aXmZ Ho$ Zm_ na gyAa H$m ~ƒm M‹T>m`mOmVm Wm `m {\$a H$S>mhr H$s OmVr Wr H$‹S>mhr `mZo hbdm -nyar H$m ^moJ bJm`m OmVm Wm Ÿ& nyOm _|gyAa H$s ~br Am¡a eam~ H$s ~moVb Xr OmVr Wr Ÿ& {H$gr r H$m_ _| XodVmAm| H$s nyOm Oê$ar Wm Ÿ&`{X H$moB© yb H$a OmE `m _wH$a OmE Vmo A{Zï> hmoZo H$s Ame§H$m ~Zr ahVr Wr Ÿ& Myh‹S>m| H$s Xodr-XodVmAm| na Jhar AmñWm Wr Ÿ& "nm¡Z' {nbmZodmbm Jwé XodVm H$m AmdmhZ H$aVm Wm, Vah -Vah Ho$bmbM XodVmAm| H$mo {X o OmVo Wo, Vm{H$ XodVm Z o JV Ho$ eara _| à{dï> hmo gHo$ Ÿ& Amo_àH$me Bgo

64

T>m|J hr g_P MwHo$ Wo Ohm± AmñWm Ho$ gm_Zo VH©$, H$moB© _m`Zo Zht aIVm Wm Ÿ& Z OmZo BZ ^JVm| Zo{H$VZo bmoJm| H$mo _ma {X`m Wm Ÿ& Amo_àH$me Ho$ Xmo ^mB© {~Zm Xdm-Xmé Ho$ ghr BbmO Ho$ Mb ~goWo Ÿ& ha gmb Bg àH$ma bmoJ _aVo Wo Ÿ& na bmoJm| _| BZ XodVmAm| Am¡a JVm| Ho$ à{V AmñWm H$_ ZhthmoVr Wr Ÿ& emXr-ã`mh go nhbo XodVm Ho$ {bE gyAa H$s ~br XoZr n‹S>Vr Wr Ÿ& na Amo_àH$me ZoAnZr emXr go nhbo ~br M‹T>mZo H$s àWm H$m A§V H$a {X`m Wm Ÿ& dñVwV: X{bV g_mO _| Eogr XwJ©{VHo$ nrN>o Jar~r, A§Y{dídmg, A{ejm hr CÎmaXm`r h¡ Ÿ& {Ogo Amo_àH$me br-^m§{V g_O MwHo$ Wo Ÿ&

VËH$mbrZ {hÝXy g_mO _| gdUm] Ho$ Ûmam X{bVm| H$m emofU, Xodr-XodVmAm| Ho$ _§{Xa àdoe_| {damoY Am{X Ho$ H$maU X{bVm| Ho$ _Z _| {hÝXy Y_© Ho$ à{V AZmñWm H$s mdZm CËnÞ hmoVr Wr EogrpñW{V _| n‹T>o-{bIo X{bV AmX_r ^r AnZo Amn H$mo {hÝXy H$hZo bm`H$ Zht g_PVo Wo Ÿ& boIH$Amo_àH$meOr H$mo X{bVm| Ho$ à{V {hÝXwAm| H$s _Z:pñW{V Zo Jham Xw:I {X`m Wm Ÿ& CÝhm|Zo Bg g§~§Y _|AnZo _Z H$s ~mV H$mo ñnï> H$aVo hþE {bIm h¡ -""bo{H$Z _Z _| EH$ C~mb -gm CR>Vm Wm Omo H$hZmMmhVm Wm, _¢ {hÝXy ^r Vmo Zht h±ÿ Ÿ& `{X {hÝXy hmoVm, Vmo {hÝXy _wPgo BVZr K¥Um, BVZm ôX^md Š`m|H$aVo ? ~mV -~mV na OmVr` ~moY H$s hrZVm go _wPo Š`m| âVo, _Z _| `h ^r AmVm Wm {H$ AÀN>mBÝgmZ ~ZZo Ho$ {bE Oê$ar Š`m| h¡ {H$ dh {hÝXy hr hmo ... {hÝXy H$s H«y$aVm ~MnZ go XoIr h¡, ghZ H$sh¡ Ÿ& OrdZ loð>Vm H$m ^md A{^_mZ ~ZH$a gXm H$_Omoa H$mo hr Š`m| _maVm h¡ ? Š`m| X{bV Ho$ à{V{hÝXy BVZm {Z_©_ Am¡a H«y$a h¡ Ÿ&''(OyR>Z -n¥. -54) Ÿ&

Amo_àH$me H$mo {hÝXwAm| Ho$ AmMma-{dMma Am¡a gdUm] Ho$ à{V CZHo$ _Zmo md VWmAmH«$moe V^r AÀN>r Vah kmV hþAm O~ CÝhm|Zo Aå~oS>H$a H$mo n‹T>m Wm Ÿ& BVZm hr Zht Aå~oS>H$a H$mon‹T>H$a Jm§Yr Ho$ {df` _| r CZH$s am` ~Xbr Ÿ& CÝhm|Zo "OyR>Z' _| {bIm h¡-"" Aå~oS>H$a H$mo boZo Ho$~mX `h ~mV g_P _| Am J`r {H$ Jm§Yr Zo h[aOZ Zm_ XoIa ANy>Vm| H$mo amï´>r` _w»`Ymam _| ZhtOmo‹S>m, ~pëH$ {hÝXwAm| H$mo Aën g§»`H$ hmoZo go ~Mm`m, CZHo$ {hVm| H$s ajm H$s ..... h YmaUm rCZ {XZm| nw»Vm hmo ahr Wr {H$ Omo {ejm ñHy$b -H$mboOm| _| Xr Om ahr h¡, dh {H$gr ^r ê$n _| h_|amï´>r` Zht ~ZmVr h¡, ~pëH$ g§H$rU© {hÝXy ~ZmVr h¡ Ÿ&''(OyR>Z -n¥. 89)

BVZm hr Zht n‹T>o -{bIo gdU© Om{V`m| Ho$ bmoJm| _| r Om{V-nm§{V Ny>V-ANyV H$s mdZmh¡ Ÿ& Bg g§~§Y _| boIH$ Zo AnZm EH$ H$Qw> AZw d H$m aoIm§H$Z {H$`m h¡ Ÿ& gZ² 1980 Ho$ Amgnmg H$sKQ>Zm h¡ boIH$ AnZr nËZr M§Xm Ho$ gmW amOñWmZ «_U go dm`m {Xëbr hmoH$a M§Ðnwa bm¡Q> aho Wo Ÿ&Jm‹S>r Ho$ Cgr {S>ã~o _| ~¡R>o EH$ n‹T>o-{bIo n[admadmbm| Ho$ gmW CZH$m g§nH©$ hþAm Ÿ& n‹T>o-{bIo g§^«m§VwdH$ {H$gr EH$ _§Ìmb` Ho$ A{YH$mar Wo Ÿ& boIH$ H$s nËZr Ho$ gmW Cg A{YH$mar H$s nËZr ~‹S>r

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Iwer go ~mV H$a ahr Wr Ÿ& _mhm¡b ~‹S>m gwIX Wm Ÿ& na ~mVm| -~mVm| _| O~ CÝh| nVm Mbm {H$ do bmoJ§Jr Om{V Ho$ h¢ Vmo AMmZH$ gÞmQ>m N>m J`m Ÿ& V~ go `mÌm H$s n[ag_m{á VH$ dmVmdaU ~‹S>m XwIX

ahm Ÿ& boIH$ Zo AnZr Bg Jhar nr‹S>m H$mo ñnï> H$aVo hþE H$hm h¡ - ""dº$ ~Xbm h¡ Ÿ& bo{H$Z H$htHw$N> h¡ Omo ghO hmoZo Zht XoVm h¡ Ÿ& H$B© {dÛmZm| go OmZZm Mmhm {H$ gdUm] Ho$ _Z _| X{bVm|, eyÐm| Ho${bE K¥Um Š`m| h¡ ? AmO Om{V EH$ _hËdnyU© KQ>H$ h¡ Ÿ& O~ VH$ h nVm Zht hmoVm {H$ Amn X{bVh¢ Vmo g~Hw$N> R>rH$ ahVm h¡, "Om{V' _mby_ hmoVo hr g~ Hw$N> ~Xb OmVm h¢ Ÿ& \w$g\w$gmhQ>|, X{bV hmoZoH$s nr‹S>m, MmHy$ H$s Vah Zg-Zg _| CVa OmVr h¡ Ÿ& Jar~r, A{ejm, {MÞ-{^Þ Xmê$U {OÝXJr,XadmOo Ho$ ~mha I‹S>o ahZo H$s nr‹S>m bm A{ÔmË_H$ JwUm| go g§nÞ gdU© {hÝXy H¡$go OmZ nmE§Jo ?''(OyR>Z -n¥. 160)

Bg àH$ma "OyR>Z' AmË_H$Wm _| Amo_àH$me Zo AnZo OrdZ H$s _m{_©H$ KQ>ZmAm| Ho$ O[aEX{bVm| H$s AZH$hr ì`Wm-H$Wm H$m ì`mnH$ {MÌU {H$`m h¡ Ÿ& gM_wM "OyR>Z' {Xb Xhbm XoZodmbrEH$ X{bV boIH$ H$s OrdZ H$Wm h¡ Ÿ&

3.1.3 X{bV g_mO Am¡a CgHo$ gwYma _| Amo_àH$me H$s ^y{_H$mX{bV g_mO Am¡a CgHo$ gwYma _| Amo_àH$me H$s ^y{_H$mX{bV g_mO Am¡a CgHo$ gwYma _| Amo_àH$me H$s ^y{_H$mX{bV g_mO Am¡a CgHo$ gwYma _| Amo_àH$me H$s ^y{_H$mX{bV g_mO Am¡a CgHo$ gwYma _| Amo_àH$me H$s ^y{_H$m :::::

{hÝXr X{bV gm{hË`H$mam| _| Amo_àH$me ~më_r{H$ EH$ ~hþM{M©V Zm_ h¡ Ÿ& CZH$s AmË_H$Wm"OyR>Z' {hÝXr X{bV gm{hË` _| _rb H$m nËWa _mZr OmVr h¡ Ÿ& Amo_àH$me Zo AnZr AmË_H$Wm Ho$O[a o Ohm± g{X`m| go Mbr Am ahr AgdUm] Ho$ à{V gdUm] Ho$ _Z H$s ^mdZm _| n[adV©Z H$m à`mg{H$`m h¡ dht g_mO _| ZrM H$ho OmZo dmbr ANy>V Om{V`m| _| gMoVZZVm g¥{ï> Ed§ àmMrZ A§Y{dídmg,Hw$g§ñH$ma Am{X hQ>mH$a EH$ AmXe© gwg§H¥$V g_mO {Z_m©U H$m gnZm XoIm h¡ Ÿ&

boIH$ O~ N>moQ>r C_« _| Wo V~ AnZr n‹T>mB© Ho$ g_` CÝh| {d{dY mVZmE± ghZ H$aZr n‹S>rWr Ÿ& ñHy$b _| VËH$mbrZ n[adoe AbJ Wm Ÿ& X{bV N>mÌm| Ho $ à{V gdU© {ejH$m| H$m _Zmo md ñdñWZht Wm Ÿ& ~MnZ _| ñHy$b _| H$B© ~ma boIH$ H$mo bm§{N>V Am¡a An_m{ZV hmoZm n‹S>m Wm Ÿ& naAmo_àH$me BZ gmar _wgrdVm| H$m gm_Zm H$aVo hþE AmJo ~‹T>o Ÿ& AnZr H$R>moa gmYZm, Y¡ © Am¡a {Zð>mHo$ H$maU EH$ ANy>V Myh‹S>m hmoH$a r Cƒ {e{jV ~Z gHo$ Ÿ& ewê$ go hr CZHo$ {nVm Ho$ _Z _| BÀN>mWr {H$ ~oQ>m gmar à{VHy$b n[apñW{V`m| H$m gm_Zm H$aVo hþE n‹T>-{bI H$a AnZr Om{V H$m gwYmaH$ao Ÿ& Om{V mB`m| H$m _mJ©Xe©H$ ~Zo, g{X`m| go Mbo Am aho ANy>Vm| Ho$ à{V AÝ`m` -AË`mMma H$mA§V H$ao Ÿ& {nVmOr H$s CËgmh âr dmUr Zo CÝh| H$m\$s ~b {X`m Ÿ& \$bV: boIH$ AnZo nW nah_oem A{S>J aho Ÿ& AÝVV: CÝh| H$m_`m~r {_br Ÿ& Myh‹S>o Om{V _| àM{bV "gbm_' àWm, gdUm] Ho$

66

emXr-ã`mh, nd©-Ë`m¡hma _| ANy>Vm| H$mo ^moOZ {X o {~Zm "OyR>Z' g_oQ> H$a bo OmZo H$s àWm, OmoANy>Vm| na gdUm] H$m ~moP bmXZo H$s AmXV Wr BZH$m boIH$ Zo H$‹S>m {damoY H$a g_má {H$`m Ÿ&boIH$ _| d¡ßb{dH$ qMVZ ewê$ go hr {XImB© XoVm Wm Ÿ& Agb _| gdUm] H$s _mZ{gH$Vm _| gwYma bmZmdo MmhVo Wo Ÿ& dh g_` Eogm Wm O~ gdUm] Ho$ gm_Zo Myh‹S>o bmoJ _w±h ImobZo go S>aVo Wo, V~ boIH$Zo BªQ> H$m Odm~ nËWa go {X`m Ÿ& boIH$ Ho$ ~{bð> ì`{º$Ëd Ho$ gm_Zo gwIXod qgh Ë`mJr O¡go X{bVm|Ho$ H$Å>a {damoYr gdU© H$mo ^r hma ImZr n‹S>r Ÿ& boIH$ H$s _m§ go "OyR>Z' CR>mH$a bo OmZo H$mo {OggwIXod qgh Ë`mJr Zo Y_H$s XoH$a H$hm Wm Am¡a CgH$s ~oB‚mVr H$s Wr Cgo AnZo Ka AmZo naboIH$Zo CgH$m AmXa-gËH$ma H$a AnZr _hZr`Vm H$m n[aM` {X`m Wm Ÿ& boIH$ Ho$ AZwgma -""dhr gwIXod qgh Ë`mJr _oao {Zdmg na EH$ ~ma Am`m Wm Ÿ& _oar ZËXr Zo Jm§d XohmV Ho$ ~wOwJ© Ho$ ZmVoCZH$m AmXa-gËH$ma {H$`m Wm Ÿ& CgZo _oao Ka ImZm ^r Im`m Wm (OyR>Z -n¥. -21)

boIH$ Zo g_mO _| \¡$bo A§Y {dídmg, AÝ`m`-AË`mMma, emofU Am{X H$m Kmoa {damoY{H$`m Ÿ& {d{dY nÌ -n{ÌH$mAm| _| H$B© boIm| Ho$ O[a o g_mO _| gMoVZVm CËnÞ H$aZo H$m à`mg{H$`m Ÿ& BVZm hr Zht ZmQ²>` H§$n{Z`m| Ho$ O[a o ZmQ>H$ Iob H$a Om{V oX dJ© oX hQ>mZo H$m à`ËZ{H$`m Ÿ& AnZo Zm_ Ho$ gmW ~më_r{H$ gaZo_ Ow‹S>o ahZo Ho$ H$maU CÝh| H$B© ~ma bm§{N>V Am¡a An_m{ZVhmoZm n‹S>m Ÿ& {\$a ^r do gaZo_ {bIZm H$^r Zht ybo Ÿ& O~ {H$ Cg g_` Myh‹S>o Om{V Ho$ H$B© XygaobmoJ AnZm gaZo_ ~Xb H$a gdUm] H$s Vah ~‹S>r Om{V Ho$ bmoJ Ho$ ê$n _| n[aM` XoH$a _Oo _| ahVoWo Ÿ& bo{H$Z Amo_àH$me Zo Eogm H$^r Zht {H$`m Wm Ÿ& OrdZ A§V VH$ AmnZo AmnH$mo ~më_r{H$ Ho$ê$n _| n[a{MV aIm Ÿ& Om{V {N>nm H$a H$moB© ~‹S>m Zht ~Z gH$Vm , h CZH$s am` Wr Ÿ& Zm¡H$ar OrdZH$s ì`ñVVm _| ahH$a ^r Amo_àH$me g_` {ZH$mb H$a X{bV gm{hË` H$s g¥{ï> H$a AnZo Om{V^mB`m| H$mo gMoVZ H$aZo _| H$m\$s hX VH$ g\$b hþE Wo Ÿ& dñVwV: CZH$m g§nyU© OrdZ {dÐmoh go âmWm Ÿ& CÝhm|Zo AnZr AmË_H$Wm _| g_mO, {ejm, Zm¡H$ar Am¡a gm{hË` g^r joÌm| _|( §Jr) Om{V H$mhmoZo Ho$ H$maU {_bo An_mZ Am¡a Cnojm H$s nr‹S>m H$mo ~‹S>r g\$bVm go C^ma H$a ^maVr` g_mO _|àñVwV {H$`m h¡ Ÿ&

X{bV wdH$m| _| AnZr Apñ_Vm Ho$ {bE g§Kf© H$s Amdí`H$Vm h¡ Ÿ& na do g§Kf© {H$ o {~ZmOm{V Nw>nm H$a g_mO _| gå_mZ nmZo Ho$ {bE à`mgerb h¢ Ÿ& wdm g_mO Ho$ Bg àH$ma H$s _Zmod¥{ÎmhrZ_mÝ`Vm H$m n[aMm`H$ h¡ Ÿ& V~ Vmo Amo_àH$me Or Zo AnZr AmË_H$Wm _| AnZo n[adma, AnZrOm{V H$m {Z:g§H$moM g~ Hw$N> dU©Z {H$`m h¡, Vm{H$ BgH$m à^md AmZodmbo X{bV nr{‹T>`m| na n‹S>o Ÿ&Bggo CZH$s _hmZVm Am¡a gwYmAmË_H$ Ñ{ï> H$m n[aM` {_bVm h¡ Ÿ& X{bVm| _| A§Y{dídmg , Hw$g§ñH$maAm{X g{X`m| go Ka H$a MwHo$ h¢ Ÿ& X{bV g_mO _| àM{bV gyAa H$s ~br, eam~ nmZ, ~r_ma J«ñV

67

ì`{º$ H$mo XdmXmé Ho$ ~Xbo nyOm -nmR>, Pm‹S>-\y§$H$ Am{X H$m A§Va H$a g_mO H$mo gwg§ñH$ma H$a BgoAmJo ~‹T>mZo _| boIH$ H$s y{_H$m AË`ÝV _hËdnyU© h¡ Ÿ&

Bg àH$ma Amo_àH$me ~më_r{H$ Zo AnZr AmË_H$Wm "OyR>Z' Ho$ _mÜ`_ go g_mO _| \¡$brOm{V- àWm, Nw>Am-Ny>V, emofU, D±$M-ZrM H$s ImB© Am¡a AZoH$ Hw$ar{V`m| Ho$ Eogo _m{_©H$ dU©Z {H$ oh¢ Ÿ& {OZgo gm_m{OH$ ñVa _| ~hþV ~‹S>m Ambmo‹S>Z CËnÞ hþAm h¡ ŸAm¡a g_mO H$mo ~hþV Hw$N> gmoMZo -g_PZo na {dde H$a {X`m Ÿ& \$bV: X{bV g_mO H$mo EH$ ZB© {Xem {_br Ÿ& dñVwV: Amo_àH$me~më_r{H$ H$m X{bVm| _| gwYma bmZo H$m OrdZ â à`mg gX¡d ñ_aUr` _mZm OmVm h¡ Ÿ&

3.1.5 "OyR>Z' Ho$ Zm_H$aU H$s `WmW©Vm "OyR>Z' Ho$ Zm_H$aU H$s `WmW©Vm "OyR>Z' Ho$ Zm_H$aU H$s `WmW©Vm "OyR>Z' Ho$ Zm_H$aU H$s `WmW©Vm "OyR>Z' Ho$ Zm_H$aU H$s `WmW©Vm :::::

X{bV gm{hË` _| H${dVm, H$hmZr, ZmQ>H$ Am{X gm{hpË`H$ {dYmAm| H$s Vah AmË_H$WmAm|H$m EH$ {d{eï> Ed§ _hËdnyU© ñWmZ h¡ Ÿ& qhXr gm{hË` _| Ohm± AmË_H$Wm {bIZo H$s na§nam àmMrZZht h¡, AmYw{ZH$ h¡ dht qhXr AmË_H$Wm _| X{bV AmË_H$Wm H$s h na§nam _amR>r _| {bIr JB© S>m°.Aå~oS>H$a H$s AmË_H$Wm "_r H$gm Pmbo'( _¢ H¡$go ~Zm) H$s àoaUm Am¡a à^md go qhXr X{bVgm{hË` _| AmË_H$Wm boIZ H$s ewê$AmV hþB© Ÿ& _mohZXmg Z¡{_eam` H$s AmË_H$Wm "AnZo -AnZoqnOao' Ho$ ~mX Amo_àH$me ~më_r{H$ H¥$V AmË_H$Wm "OyR>Z' Zo qhXr gm{hË` _| EH$ ZE {d_e© H$mgyÌnmV {H$`m Ÿ& Bg g§X © _| ~Oa§J {~hmar {Vdmar H$m H$hZm h¡ -""AmË_H$Wm "OyR>Z' go JwOaZmdñVwV: Cg g_mO go JwOaZm h¡, {Og_| K¥Um daoÊ` h¡, emofU Z¡{VH$ h¡, X_Z g_mO h¡, Ag_mZZmñdrH¥$V h¡ Am¡a AË`mMma H$m AÝVhrZ {gb{gbm h¡ Ÿ& BZ g~Ho$ Xme©{ZH$ AmYma ^r àmá h¡,Bg{bE o h_| H$MmoQ>Vo Zht Ÿ& BZH$m Z¡aÝV © h_| Jd© H$m Ehgmg H$amVm h¡ Ÿ& Bggo ì`dñWm H$sgZmVZVm nwï> hmoVr h¡ Ÿ& "OyR>Z' Bg gZmVZVm H$s nmob ImobVr h¡, Jd© H$mo "J_©' _| V~Xrb H$a XoVrh¡ Am¡a Xme©{ZH$ AmYma Ho$ PyR>onZ H$mo ~onXm© H$a OmVr h¡ ŸŸ& ~MnZ go boH$a AmOVH$ {OZ Ñí`m|,KQ>ZmAm|, H¥$Ë`m| H$mo h_Zo ghO _mZm h¡, do h_| AghO, A_mZdr`, Am¡a Hw$H¥$Ë` bJZo bJVo h¢ Ÿ&g§ñH$mam| go ^rfU b‹S>mB© ewê$ hmoVr h¡ Ÿ& h_ AnZo H$mo H$^r g§ñH$mahrZ, Vmo H$^r Hw$g§ñH$m[aV _mZZobJVo h¢ Ÿ& gƒmB© H$m X_H$Vm ê$n D$hmnm¡h Vmo n¡Xm hr H$aVm h¡ Ÿ&''

( H$mJO H$s boIr H$m A§Va, h§g n{ÌH$m 1997)

"OyR>Z' Ho$ boIH$ Amo_àH$me ~më_r{H$ Ho$ OyPmê$ ì`{º$Ëd Zo AnZr AmË_H$Wm _|VËH$mbrZ gm_m{OH$ n[adoe H$m WmW© {MÌU ~‹S>o ghO Am¡a ñdm^m{dH$ T>§J go H$aVo hþE OrdZ aH$s ì`Wm -H$Wm, _mZ{gH$ §ÌUm Am¡a Jhar AZw y{V H$m EH$ g\$b XñVmdoO h¡ "OyR>Z' Ÿ& boIH$ Zo

68

IwX hr {bIm h¡ -"" AnZr ì`Wm -H$Wm H$mo eãX~mZ H$aZo H$m {dMma H$m\$s g_` go _Z _| Wm Ÿ&bo{H$Z à`mg H$aZo Ho$ ~mX r g\$bVm Zht {_b nm ahr Wr Ÿ& {H$VZr hr ~ma {bIZm ewê$ {H$`m Am¡aha ~ma nÞo \$‹mS> {Xò Ÿ&

* * *

BZ AZw^dm| H$mo {bIZo _| H$B© àH$ma Ho$ IVao Wo Ÿ& EH$ b§~r OÔmoOhX Ho$ ~mX _¢Zo{gb{gbodma {bIZm ewê$ {H$`m Ÿ& V_m_ H$ï>m|, mVZmAm|, CnojmAm|, àVm‹S>ZmAm| H$mo EH$ ~ma {\$aOrZm n‹S>m, Cg Xm¡amZ Jhar _mZ{gH$ §ÌUmE± _¢Zo ^moJt Ÿ& ñd`§ H$mo naV -Xa -naV CYo‹S>Vo hþE H$B©~ma bJm - {H$VZm Xw:IXm`r h¡ `h g~ ! Hw$N> bmoJm| H$mo `h A{dídgZr` Am¡a A{Va§OZm nyU©bJVm h¡ Ÿ&'' (OyRZ, boIH$ H$s Amoa go -\¥$.- 9-10)

dmñVd _| X{bV AmË_H$Wm boIZ ~‹S>m H${R>Z$ H$m_ h¡ Ÿ& "OyR>Z' Ho$ boIZ Ho$ Xm¡amZ~më_r{H$ H$mo h AÀN>r Vah _hgyg hþAm Wm Ÿ& do O~ AnZr AmË_H$Wm {bIZo Om aho Wo V~ CZHo${_Ìm| _| BgrH$mo boH$a H$B© {H«$`m-à{V{H«$`mE± hþB© Wr Ÿ& boIH$ Ho$ eãXm| _| -""H$B© {_Ì h¡amZ Wo, A^rgo AmË_H$Wm {bI aho hmo Ÿ& CZgo _oam {ZdoXZ h¡ - CnbpãY`m| H$s VamOy na {X Bg ì`Wm-H$Wm H$moaIH$a Vm¡bmoJo Vmo hmW Hw$N> Zht bJoJm Ÿ& EH$ {_Ì H$s `h gbmh Wr {H$ _¢ AmË_H$Wm {bIH$aAnZo AZw dm| H$m _byYZ Im ahm h±ÿ Ÿ& Hw$N> H$m h r H$hZm Wm {H$ IwX H$mo Z§Jm H$aHo$ Amn AnZog_mO H$s hrZVm H$mo hr ~‹T>mE§Jo Ÿ& EH$ ~ohX AmË_r` {_Ì H$mo ^` gVm ahm h¡ Ÿ& CÝhm|Zo {bIm -""AmË_H$Wm {bI Amn AnZr à{Vð>m hr Z Imo X| Ÿ&'' (OyR>Z, boIH$ H$s Amoa go, n¥. -9-10)

Amo_àH$me H$mo ~MnZ go boH$a OrdZ Ho$ A§{V_ g_` VH$ gdUm] Ho$ AÝ`m` -AË`mMma,emofU, CËnr‹S>Z, Om{VJV oX-^md go {VañH$a, K¥Um Am¡a An_mZ H$m nmÌ ~Z H$a OrZm n‹S>m Ÿ&g_mO ì`dñWm H$s gmar A_mZdr`Vm {eH$ma hmoH$a do MwnMmZ Zht ~¡R>o ~pëH$ BZH$m Vrd« {damoY{H$`m Ÿ& CÝhm|Zo OrdZ H$s gmar ì`Wm-H$Wm H$mo AnZr AmË_H$Wm _| g_oQ> H$a X{bVm| _| MoVZm CËnÞH$aZo H$m âgH$ à`mg {H$`m Ÿ&

"OyR>Z' nmR>H$m| Ho$ {Xb Xhbm XoZodmbr X{bVm| H$s ì`Wm-H$Wm h¡ Ÿ& boIH$ Zo g_mO _|ANy>V H$hbmZodmbr §{J`m| H$s ~ñVr H$s XX©ZmH$ pñW{V C^ma H$a OrdZ H$s gƒmB© H$mo ImobH$aCnñWm{nV {H$`m h¡ Ÿ& boIH$ Ho$ eãXm| _| -"" Omoh‹S>r Ho$ {H$Zmao na Myh‹S>o Ho$ _H$mZ Wo , {OZHo$ nrN>oJm§d â H$s Am¡aV| OdmZ b‹S>{H$`m± ~‹S>r-~y‹T>r `hm± VH$ {H$ ZB© Zdobr XwëhZ| ^r Bgr S>ã~modmbr Ho${H$Zmao Iwbo _| Q>Å>r -\$amJ Ho$ {bE ~¡R> OmVr Wr Ÿ& amV Ho$ A§Yoao _| hr Zht, {XZ Ho$ COmbo _| r nXm]_| ahZodmbr Ë`mJr _{hbmE±, Ky§KQ> H$m‹T>o, Xwembo Amo‹T>o Bg gmd©O{ZH$ Iwbo emoMmb` _| {Zd¥{Îm nmVr

69

Wr Ÿ& V_m_ e_© -{bhmO N>mo‹S>H$a do S>ã~modmbr Ho$ {H$Zmao JmonZr` {Oñ_ CKm‹S> H$a ~¡R> OmVr Wr Ÿ&Bg OJh Jm§d â Ho$ b‹S>mB© -PJ‹S>o Jmob_oO H$mZ\«o$§g H$s eŠb _| M{M©V hmoVo Wo Ÿ& Mmam| Va\$ J§XJrâr hmoVr Wr Ÿ& Eogr XwJªY {H$ {_ZQ> a _| gm§g KQ> OmE Ÿ& V§J J{b`m| _| Ky_Vo gyAa, Z§J Y‹S>§J ~ƒo,Hw$Îmo, amoO_am Ho$ OJ‹S>o, ~g h Wm dmVmdaU {Og_| ~MnZ ~rVm Ÿ& Bg _mhm¡b _| {X dU© ì`dñWmH$mo AmXe© ì`dñWm H$hZodmbm| H$mo Xmo -Mma {XZ ahZm n‹S> OmE Vmo CZH$s am` ~Xb OmEJr Ÿ&''

(OyR>Z , n¥. -11)

Eogo dmVmdaU _| boIH$ H$m ~MnZ ~rVm Ÿ& boIH$ Ho$ nm§M ^mB© -~hZ EH$ ~hZ, XmoMmMm , EH$ VmD$ dht na ahVo Wo Ÿ& Myh‹S>o n[admam| Ho$ ~ƒo {ejm go H$mogm| Xya Wo Ÿ& na Amo_àH$me H$mo~‹S>r naoem{Z`m| Ho$ ~mX ñHy$b _| Xm{Ibm {_bm Ÿ& Xoe H$mo AmOmXr {_bo AmR> gmb hmo Jò Wo Ÿ& Jm§YrHo$ ANy>Vm| H$m Omoaemoa àMma Wm Ÿ& na BgH$m n« md g_mO Am¡a gm_m{OH$ ñVa na {~bHw$b XoIZoZht {_bVm Wm Ÿ& Amo_àH$me OmV Myh‹S>m _mby_ hmoVo hr ñHy$b Ho$ hoS>_mñQ>a Zo H$hm -"" R>rH$ h¡ ...dh Omo gm_Zo eae_ H$m no‹S> I‹S>m h¡, Cg na M‹T> Om Am¡a Xh{Z`m± Vmo‹S> Ho$ PmSy> ~Zm bo Ÿ& nÎmm| dmbrPmSy> ~ZmZm ŸAm¡a nyao ñHy$b H$mo Eogm M_H$m Xo O¡gm grgm Ÿ& Wmam Vmo `h ImZXmZr H$m_ h¡ Ÿ& Om\$Q>m\$Q> bJ Om H$m_ no Ÿ&'' (OyR>Z -n¥. 15)

Amo_àH$me Zo Xmo {XZ PmSy> bJmò Ÿ& BgHo$ ~mX PmSy> bJZm ~§X H$a {X`m Vmo hoS>_mñQ>a ZoCÝh| Ôr Jm{b`m§ XoH$a CZH$s JX©Z X~moM br Ÿ& brIH$a H$hm -""Om bJm nyao _¡XmZ _| PmSy> ... ZhtVmo Jm§S> _| {_Mu S>mb H$a ñHy$b go ~mha {ZH$mb Xy§Jm Ÿ&''(OyR>Z -n¥. 15) Bg àH$ma ~hþV grKQ>ZmAm| Ho$ O[aE Amo_àH$me Zo VËH$mbrZ ñHy$b n[adoe _| X{bV ~ƒm| H$s {ejm àm{á _| H¡$grA‹S>MZ| n¡Xm hmoVr Wr Am¡a BÝh| An_m{ZV Am¡a bm§{N>V hmoZm n‹S>Vm Wm Ÿ& BgH$s CnñWmnZm H$s h¡ Ÿ&BVZm hr Zht CÝhm|Zo AnZr àmW{_H$ {ejm go boH$a Cƒ {ejm H$s n[ag_m{á VWm Zm¡H$ar OrdZ _|gdUm] Ûmam K¥[UV , An_m{ZV hmoZo H$s {d{dY ~mVm| H$mo AnZr AmË_H$Wm _| Jw§{\$V {H$`m h¡ Ÿ&VËH$mbrZ ~më_r{H$ g_mO _| àM{bV {ZÝXZr` gbm_ àWm H$m Kmoa {damoY H$a boIH$ Amo_àH$meZo {bIm h¡ -"" XoIZo, gwZZo _| ~hþV gmYmaU gr ~mV bJ gH$Vr h¡, bo{H$Z Xwëhm m XwëhZ g{X`m|go Mbr Am ahr Bg àWm Ho$ nmíd© _| OmVr` Ah§ H$s namH$mð>m h¡ Ÿ& g_mO _| Omo Jhar ImB© h¡, `hàWm Am¡a Jhar ~ZmVr h¡ Ÿ& EH$ gm{Oe h¡, hrZVm Ho$ §da _| \§$gm XoZo H$s Ÿ& {H$VZr hr ~ma Xyëhm| H$mohr Zht, XyëhZm| H$mo ^r ~oB§Vhm An_mZ ghZ m n‹S>Vm h¡ Ÿ&''(OyR>Z -n¥. 45)

gbm_ H$s àWm dmñVd _| X{bVm| H$mo ZrMm {XImZo Ho$ {bE C{Ôï> Wr Ÿ& Bg àWm H$mo boH$aboIH$ Ho$ _Z _| Vrd« à{V{H«$`m {XImB© n‹S>Vr h¡ Ÿ& emXr Ho$ nhbo {XZ Ka-Ka Ky_H$a gbm_ H$aZmO¡gr KQ>Zm X{bVm| H$mo ZrMm {XIm ahr Wr Ÿ& {_Ì {haU qgh Ho$ {ddmh go bm¡Q>H$a AnZo {nVmOr go

70

boIH$ h OmZZm MmhVo h¢ {H$ -"" o gbm_ Ho$ {bE OmZm Š`m R>rH$ h¡ ?'' {\$a AnZo {nVmOr go hH$hVo h¢ -"" AnZr hr emXr _| Xyëhm Ka-Ka Ky_o ... ~war ~mV h¡ .. ~‹S>r OmV dmbm| Ho$ Xyëho Vmo EogoH$ht Zht OmVo ... o XwëhZ ~abm OmH$a Eogo hr Ka -Ka OmEJr gbm_ H$aZo .... (OyR>Z -n¥. 44)boIH$ H$s Bg ~mV Zo CZHo$ {nVmOr H$mo ~hþV à^m{dV {H$`m Ÿ& CÝhm|Zo Bg arV H$moo AnZo hr Ka gonhbr ~ma Vmo‹S>m Ÿ& boIH$ Ho$ ^mB©-~hZ H$s emXr Ho$ CËgd na `h àWm hQ>m Xr JB© Ÿ&

^maV df© _| Om{V àWm H$m `h ^ §H$a ê$n {H$gr Ho$ OÝ_ go boH$a hr {XImB© XoVm h¡ Ÿ&{ejm -Xrjm àmá X{bV ^r gdUm] Ho$ gm_Zo AnZr Om{V H$s ZrMVm Ho$ H$maU hrZ _mZo OmVo h¢ Ÿ&gdU©, AgdU© g~ {hÝXy g§àXm` _| AmVo h¢ Ÿ& na X{bVm| H$mo gdUm] H$s Vah _§{Xa _| OmZm, nyOm -nmR> H$aZm O¡go H$m_m| _| ~mYm Xr OmVr h¡ Ÿ& X{bVm| Ho$ à{V gdU© {hÝXwAm| H$s H«y$aVm dñVw: g_mO _|EH$Vm Ho$ ~Xbo I§{S>V ^mdZm CËnÞ H$aVr h¡ Ÿ& Amo_àH$me H$s AmobÀ` AmË_H$Wm _| àñVwV KQ>Zmh¡ -OyR>Z Ÿg_oQ>Zm Am¡a ImZm Ÿ& Bg KQ>Zm Ho$ AmYma na AmË_H$Wm H$m Zm_H$aU & "OyR>Z' aIm J`mh¡ Ÿ& emXr -ã`mh Ho$ _m¡H$m| na O~ _oh_mZ m ~amVr ImZm Im aho hmoVo Wo V~ Myh‹S>o XadmOm| Ho$ ~mha~‹S>o-~‹S>o Q>moH$ao boH$a ~¡R>o ahVo Wo Ÿ& ~amV ImZm Im MwH$Zo na OyR>r nÎmb| CZ Q>moH$am| _| S>mb Xr OmVrWt Ÿ& BÝh| Ka bo OmH$a Myh‹S>o ImVo Wo Ÿ& ~Mo -IwMo ny‹S>r Ho$ Qw>H$‹S>o EH$ AmY {_R>mB© H$m Qw>H$‹S>m m Wmo‹S>r~hþV gãOr nÎmb na nmH$a ~m§N>| {Ib OmVr Wr Ÿ& OyR>Z MQ>Imao bo boH$a ImB© OmVr Wr Ÿ& AŠgaEogo _m¡H$m| na ~‹S>o-~y‹T>o Eogr ~mamVm| H$m {OH«$ ~hþV hr amo_m§MH$ bhOo _| gwZm`m H$aVo Wo Ÿ{H$ Cg ~mamV_| BVZr OyR>Z AmB© Wr {H$ _hrZm| VH$ ImVo aho Wo Ÿ& boIH$ Zo OyR>Z H$mo boH$a AnZr _m{_©H$ AZw y{VAm¡a EH$ Eogm Am±Im| XoIm {ddaU àñVwV {H$`m h¡ Omo {H$gr H$m öX` {nKbm XoZo _| g_W© h¡ Ÿ& ~mamVImZm Im ahr Wr boIH$ H$s _m§ Q>moH$am {bE XadmOo Ho$ ~mha ~¡R>r Wr Ÿ& boIH$ Am¡a CgH$s N>moQ>r~hZ _m`m AnZr _m§ go {g_Q>o ~¡R>o Wo Ÿ& rVa go {_R>mB© Am¡a nH$dmZm| H$s _hH$ Am ahr Wr Ÿ& boIH$Am¡a CgH$s ~hZ H$mo Cå_rX Wr {H$ D$Ýh| o gmar MrO| ImZo H$mo {_boJr Ÿ& g~ bmoJ ImZm ImH$a MboOmZo Ho$ ~mX boIH$ H$s _m§Zo gwIXod qgh Ë`mJr H$mo XmbmZ go ~mha AmVo hþE XoIH$a H$hm -"" Mm¡YarOr, B~ Vmo g~ ImZm ImHo$ Mbo J o -.. åhmao OmH$Vm|(~ƒm|) Hy§$ ^r EH$ nÎmb na Ka Ho$ Hw$N> XoXmo Ÿ& dmo ~r Vmo Bg {XZ H$m BÝVOma H$aVo h¢ Ÿ&'' V~ boIH$ H$s _m§ H$s ~mV gwZ H$a gwIXodqgh Ë`mJrZo OyR>r nÎmbm| go âo Q>moH$ao H$s Va\$ Bemam H$aHo$ H$hm -""Q>moH$am â Vmo OyR>Z bo Om ahr h¡ ... D$nago OmH$Vm| Ho$ {bE ImZm _m§J ar h¡ ? AnZr Am¡H$mV _| ah Myh‹S>r Ÿ& CR>m Q>moH$am XadmOo go Am¡a MbVr~Z Ÿ&''OyR>Z -n¥. 21 ) gwIXodqgh H$s `h ~mV gwZH$a boIH$ H$s _m§Zo XwJm© H$m ^ §H$a ê$n YmaU{H$`m Wm Ÿ& CgZo Q>moH$am dht {~Ioa H$a gwIXod qgh go H$‹S>m Odm~ {X`m -""Bgo S>mHo$ AnZo Ka _| Yabo Ÿ& H$b V‹S>Ho$ ~mam{V`m| H$mo ZmíVo _| {Ibm XoUm... Ÿ&'' (OyR>Z -n¥. -21) boIH$ H$s AmË_H$Wm

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_| H$B© _hËdnyU© KQ>ZmAm| H$m g_mdoe h¡ Ÿ& bo{H$Z BZ KQ>ZmAm| _| OyR>Z H$s h KQ>Zm AmË_H$Wm Ho$Ho$ÝÐ _| h¡ Ÿ& AmË_H$Wm H$m Zm_H$aU "OyR>Z' ghr Am¡a g_rMrZ h¡ Ÿ&

3.1.6 ^mfm ^mfm ^mfm ^mfm ^mfm :::::

"OyR>Z' AmË_H$WmAm| _| AË §V _hËd aIVr h¡ Ÿ& Amo_àH$me Zo Bgo àW_nwéf e¡br _|aMm h¡ Ÿ& ewê$ go A§V VH$ H$WmZH$ _| gd©Ì _m¡OyX h¡ Ÿ& AV: boIH$ Zo AmË_ e¡br H$m hr à`moJ aImh¡ Ÿ& Bggo àdmh _| H$ht ê$H$mdQ> Zht AmVr Ÿ& boIH$s` B©_mZXmar go KQ>Zm H$s {dídgZr`Vm ~Zr

ahVr h¡ Ÿ& boIH$ Zo nyao H$WmZH$ _| H$B© ZmQ>H$s` àg§J aIo h¢ Ÿ& do H$Wm H$mo B©_mZXmar go àñVwV H$aVoh¢, Eogm H$ht PyR>m a§J XoZo `m A{Ve`mo{º$ Ho$ {bE Zht hþAm h¡ Ÿ& Bg H$WmZH$ _| Mm¡Yar go boH$a~mbH$ VH$ {d{^Þ ñVa Ho$ nmÌ h¢ Ÿ& gdU© Am¡a X{bV ha Vah Ho$ M[aÌ h¢ Ÿ& CZH$s ^mfm bjUr`h¡ Ÿ& `Ú{n nyar H$Wm I‹S>r ~mobr _| h¡ Ÿ& na Amo_àH$me Ho$ {nVm `m _m§ `m Mm¡Yar Ho$ ì §½`âo dmŠ`m|H$s mfm _| bmoH$ ñVa Iy~ ghO Am¡a g_mdoer hþAm h¡ Ÿ! Amo_àH$me H$s mfm na nH$‹S> Jm{b`m| Ho$à`moJ, Xog pñW{V`m| Ho$ {ddaU _| g§H$moM AWdm AZmdí`H$ CJ«Vm Zht {_bVr Ÿ& WmW© {MÌU Ho${bE Omo -Omo dU©Z Oê$ar Wm, Cgo CVZm CKm‹S>m h¡, Cggo A{YH$ Zht Ÿ& "gbm_' àWm H$m K¥{UVê$n Amo_àH$me Zo g§Ho$V _| {X`m h¡ Ÿ& Cgr àH$ma X{bVm| Ho$ à{V H«y$aVm g§~§Yr g§ mfU r ~hþV g§jon_| h¡ Ÿ& boIH$ CZH$m g§`V ^mfm _| g§Ho$V â XoVm h¡ Ÿ& `h CZH$s geº$ e¡br H$m g§Ho$V h¡ Ÿ& nyaoH$WmZH$ _| OJh-OJh bmoH$ àM{bV `WmW© eãXm| H$m à`moJ Bg AmË_ H$Wm H$mo _m{_©H$ ~Zm XoVmh¡ Ÿ& {\$a r boIH$ H$m OJh-OJh g§ _ Bgo EH$ _hËdnyU© H¥${V ~Zm XoVm h¡ Ÿ& daZm \y$h‹S> mfm H$sânya Cgo EH$njr` Am¡a Ag§Vw{bV {dfmoX²Jma ~Zm XoVm Ÿ& Cgr àH$ma mfm à`moJ _| Om{VJV bÀN>m|H$m à`moJ ~hþV Cn wº$ {H$`m h¡ Ÿ&

3.1.7 AmË_H$Wm Ho$ ê$n _| _yë`m§H$Z AmË_H$Wm Ho$ ê$n _| _yë`m§H$Z AmË_H$Wm Ho$ ê$n _| _yë`m§H$Z AmË_H$Wm Ho$ ê$n _| _yë`m§H$Z AmË_H$Wm Ho$ ê$n _| _yë`m§H$Z :::::

qhXr _| X{bV AmË_H$WmAm| _| BgH$m ñWmZ _hËdnyU© h¡ Ÿ& _amR>r _| Aå~oS>H$a hr ZhtAÝ` H$B© AmË_H$Wm | à{V{ð>V hmo MwH$s Wr Ÿ& na§Vw Amo_àH$me Zo qhXr _| X{bV OrdZ H$mo Cgr àH$maàH$m{eV {H$`m O¡go ào_MÝX Zo hmoar {H$gmZ H$mo Ÿ&

"OyR>Z' EH$ àWm H$m Zm_ Zht Wm, Omo g{X`m| go X{bVm| Ho$ gmW Ow‹S>r Wr, `h H$b§H$ WmOmo _mWo na Q>rHo$-gr ~¡R>r Ÿ& AmË_H$Wm _| boIH$ Cgo g_yb CIm‹S>Vm h¡ - {~Zm H$moB© emoa, Zmao `m

72

{dÐmohmË_H$ CÎmoOZm Ho$ Ÿ& g_mO _| boIH$ n[adV©Z H$s Ymam Bgr Vah bmZo H$m njYa h¡ - dh K¥[aVàWm "gbm_' H$mo ^r d¡go hr {_Q>mVm h¡ Ÿ& Bg àH$ma X{bV dJ© H$m ñdm{^_mZ bmZo H$m _hËdnyU©à`mg "OyR>Z' _| hþAm h¡ Ÿ& Bg_| {ejm Ho$ dmYH$ VËdm| H$m CëboI h¡ Ÿ& na boIH$ AnZo H$mo H$ht_{h_m _§{S>V Zht H$aVm Ÿ& AnZo _mÜ`_ go X{bV Ho$ l_OrdZ H$mo _§{S>V H$a ahm h¡ Ÿ& h ì`{º$ H$sAmË_H$Wm Vmo h¡ Ÿ& na§Vw g_H$mbrZ g_mO H$m Ord§V {MÌ h¡ Omo h_| gmoMZo Am¡a ~hþV Hw$N> H$aZo H$moào[aV H$aVm h¡ Ÿ& Bgr_| AmË_H$Wm H$s gmW©H$Vm àH$Q> hmo ahr h¡ Ÿ&

(((((2) AmË_H$Wm -"{VañH¥$V') AmË_H$Wm -"{VañH¥$V') AmË_H$Wm -"{VañH¥$V') AmË_H$Wm -"{VañH¥$V') AmË_H$Wm -"{VañH¥$V'

3.2.1 X{bV gm{hË`H$ma gyaOnmb Mm¡hmZ X{bV gm{hË`H$ma gyaOnmb Mm¡hmZ X{bV gm{hË`H$ma gyaOnmb Mm¡hmZ X{bV gm{hË`H$ma gyaOnmb Mm¡hmZ X{bV gm{hË`H$ma gyaOnmb Mm¡hmZ Or Or Or Or Or H$mH$mH$mH$mH$m n[aM` n[aM` n[aM` n[aM` n[aM` :::::

qhXr X{bV gm{hË`H$mam| _| gyaOnmb Mm¡hmZ H$m Zm_ AbJ _hËd aIVm h¡ Ÿ& H${d Am¡aH$bmH$ma Ho$ ê$n _| à{g{Õ àmá Mm¡hmZ Zo AmË_H$Wm "{VañH¥$V' {bIH$a qhXr X{bV gm{hË` H$moAm¡a ^r g_¥Õ {H$`m h¡ Ÿ& AmnH$m OÝ_ 20 Aàob, 1955 B©. _| CÎmaàXoe Ho$ AbrJ‹T> {Obo Ho$\w$gmdbr OZnX _| hþAm Wm Ÿ& CZHo$ {nVm H$m Zm_ lramoeZbmb h¡ Ÿ& boIH$ EH$ g§ wº$ n[adma Ho$gXñ` h¡ Ÿ& CZHo$ Ka H$s Am{W©H$ pñW{V AË`ÝV emoMZr` Wr Ÿ& Ka _| MmMm Am¡a AÝ` H$B© gXñ` WoOmo Jm§d Ho$ R>mHw$am| Ho$ Ka _| H$m_ -H$mO H$aVo Wo Ÿ& boIH$ §Jr n[adma go Wo Ÿ& Jm§d Ho$ ^§Jr Am¡aM_mam| H$mo ~grR>m|(gdUm]) H$s ~oJmar H$aZr n‹S>Vr Wr Ÿ& VËH$mbrZ O_mZo _| gaH$mar XâVam| _| §{J`m|Am¡a M_mam| H$mo Zm¡H$ar {_bZm H${R>Z Wm Ÿ& Xygar ~mV gaH$mar Zm¡H$ar _| AmZo Ho$ {bE {H$gr r ì`{º$H$mo {e{jV hmoZm Oê$ar h¡ Ÿ& X{bVm| Ho$ {bE {ejm àm{á EH$ g_ñ`m ~Zr Wr Ÿ& ñdmV§Í`moÎma maV _|Yrao-Yrao Bg_| n[adV©Z AmZo bJm Ÿ& boIH$ Ho$ {nVm gm\$-g\$mB© H$m H$m_ H$aVo Wo Ÿ& ~mX _| CÝh|^maV gaH$ma Ho$ CnH«$_(Eg.Q>r.gr Am°\$ B§{R>`m {b{_Q>oS>, ZB© {Xëbr) _| EH$ g\$mB© H$_©Mmar Ho$ ê$n_| {Z w{º$ {_br Am¡a do dht go godm{Zd¥Îm hþE Ÿ& boIH$ gyaOnmb Mm¡hmZ AnZr {ejmJV mo½`Vm Am¡aà{V^m Ho$ ~b na A~ Bgr H$m`m©b` _| _w»` à~§YH$ Ho$ ê$n _| H$m © H$a aho h¢ Ÿ&

boIH$ gyaOnmb H$s àmW{_H$ {ejm AnZo Jm§d H$s nmR>embm _| nyar hþB© Wr Ÿ& gyaOnmbH$s _mVm ~‹S>r _ohZVr _{hbm Wr Ÿ& n{V Ho$ {Xëbr _| ahZo Ho$ H$maU CÝh| ~mb~ƒm| H$s XoI^mb Am¡a

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Ka H$s gmar {Oå_oXmar {Z^mZr n‹S>Vr Wr Ÿ& XrK© g_` VH$ do ~r_ma aht Ÿ& Cn wº$ {M{H$Ëgm Ho$A^md _| CZH$s _¥Ë`w ñdënm`w _| hmo JB© Ÿ& _mVm H$s _¥Ë w Ho$ ~mX {nVm amoeZbmb ~oQ>o H$mo AnZo gmW{Xëbr bo J o Ÿ& dht CZH$s n‹T>mB© ewê$ hþB© Ÿ& {Xëbr _| CZH$m ~MnZ ImZ _mH}$Q> Ho$ nmg {g{_Q´>r H$sPwp½J`m| _| VWm Pw½Jr Qy>Q> OmZo Ho$ ~mX ZoeZb ñQ>o{S>`_ H$s Xe©H$ XrKm©Am| _| ~rVVm h¡ Ÿ& CZH$s {ejmImZ _mH}$Q> Ho$ ZJa-{ZJ_ àmW{_H$ {dÚmb` go ewê$ hmoVr h¡ Ÿ& AnZo Jm§d H$s nmR>embm _| n‹T>Vog_` boIH$ H$mo H$B© ~ma gdU©-AÜ`mnH$m| H$s K¥Um Am¡a H«$moY H$m {eH$ma hmoZm n‹S>Vm Wm Ÿ& na{XdmZÝX Am © hmà goHo$ÊS>ar ñHy$b, bmoYr amoS>, ZB© {Xëbr go hmà g¡Ho$ÊS>ar H$s narjm nmg H$s Ÿ&Om{V H$m nwN>ëbm ~«÷amjg H$s Vah gX¡d _oao nrN>o bJm ahm Ÿ& g§ñH¥$V {df` n‹T>mZodmbo AÜ`mnH$doXnmb e_m© _wPo g_`-g_` na Om{V H$m AmoN>mnZ `mX {XbmVo ahVo Ÿ& _¢ V‹S>n CR>Vm Wm CgÐmoUmMm © H$s ~mV| gwZH$a Ÿ& EH$ {XZ AnZo gmWr AÜ`mnH$m| go _oar Amoa g§Ho$V H$a CgZo H$hm -""`{X Xoe Ho$ gmao Myh‹S>o-M_ma n‹T> {bI JE Vmo Jbr-_m¡hëbm| H$s g\$mB© Am¡a OyVo ~ZmZo H$m H$m ©H$m¡Z H$aoJm Ÿ?''({VañH¥$V -n¥. -13)

_mÜ`{_H$ Am¡a CƒmÜ`m{nH$ {ejm H$s n[ag_m{á Ho$ ~mX {Xëbr Ho$ ^JVqgh H$mboO _|CZH$m Xm{Ibm hþAm Ÿ& dht go do ñZmVH$ {S>J«r boH$a {ZH$bo Ÿ& CZH$m AÜ``Z ~‹S>r H${R>ZmB© gog_má hþAm Ÿ& n¡go H$s H$_r Ho$ H$maU Nw>Å>r _| do X¡{ZH$ ^Îmo _| H$m_ H$aVo Wo Ÿ& AmR>dt H$jm _| n‹T>Vog_` EH$ PmSy>Xma H$s AZwnpñW{V _| CZH$s OJh na Xmo _hrZo (J«rî_dH$me _|) CÝhm|Zo OrdZ ~r_m{ZJ_ Am°{\$g _| PmSy> bJmZo H$m H$m_ {H$`m Wm Ÿ& {Og {XZ CÝh| AnZr _ohZV Ho$ én o {_bo Cg {XZ{ZJ_ Ho$ I§OmMr nr.Hw$_ma Zo CZHo$ {nVm go H$hm Wm -""nm§M én o H$_mZo Ho$ MŠH$a _| ~ƒo H$mOrdZ ~~m©X _V H$amo, Bgo Iy~ n‹T>mAmo, {bImAmo Ÿ& AmO `h nm§M én o H$_m ahm h¡, H$b O~ `hn‹T>oJm Vmo nMmg én o amoO H$_mboJm Ÿ&''({VañH¥$V -n¥. 49)

Cg {XZ Ho$ ~mX {nVmOr Zo CZH$s n‹T>mB© H$s gmar {Oå_oXmar AnZo H§$Ym| na bo br Ÿ& boIH$H$mo Am¡a PmSy> bJmZr Zht n‹S>r Ÿ& Cg g_` Ho$db Jm§d Ho$ gdUm] _| X{bVm| Ho$ à{V K¥Um H$s ^mdZmZht Wr, ~pëH$ eham| _| r Om{V ì`dñWm Am¡a Nw>Am-Ny>V H$s Eogr ~r_mar \¡$br Wr Ÿ& {Xëbr _| ahVog_` AnZo AÜ``Z H$mb go boH$a Zm¡H$ar H$aVo dº$ boIH$ H$mo H$B© ~ma K¥Um na§nam H$m {eH$mahmoZm n‹S>m Wm Ÿ& VËH$mbrZ g_mO _| ZrM Am¡a ANy>V H$hbmZo dmbo §Jr n[adma _| OÝ_ boZo dmbogyaOnmb H$mo AnZo {_Ìm| _| AnZr nhMmZ H$aZo Ho$ {bE Hw$N> VarHo$ AnZmZo n‹S>Vo Wo Ÿ& EH$ OJh naboIH$ Zo Bg ~mV H$m CëboI H$aVo hþE {bIm h¡ -"" _¢Zo AnZo Zm_ Ho$ gmW AnZm JmoÌ-"Mm¡hmZ' H$mà`moJ H$aZm ewê$ H$a {X`m Ÿ& A~ H$m°boO Ho$ gmWr _wPo amOnyV m R>mHw$a g_PVo Wo Ÿ& H$m°boO _| _oam

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EH$ ghnmR>r AZwn_ O¡Z _oam {à` ~Z J`m Ÿ& bo{H$Z H$~ VH$ ? O~ VH$ {H$ dh _wPo amOnyV Mm¡hmZg_PVm ahm Ÿ& na _oam Eg.gr. hmoZm OmZH$a CgZo _wPgo {_ÌVm Vmo‹S> Xr Ÿ&'' ({VañH¥$V -n¥. )

{ejm H$s n[ag_m{á Ho$ ~mX CÝh| maV gaH$ma Ho$ CnH«$_ Eg.Q>r.gr. ZB© {Xëbr _| ghm`H$nX na {Z w{º$ {_br Ÿ& Cg g_` CZH$s C_« 25-26 gmb H$s Wr Ÿ& CZH$s emXr ^r hmo JB© Wr Ÿ& CgrAm{\$g Ho$ {d{dY nXm| na {d{dY OJhm| _| H$m_ H$aVo hþE do AmOH$b dht _w»` à~§YH$ Ho$ ê$n _|H$m`© H$a aho h¢ Ÿ& AZwgy{MV Om{V Ho$ gXñ` hmoZo Ho$ ZmVo CÝh| AnZo Zm¡H$ar OrdZ Ho$ H$m ©H$mb _| H$B©~ma bm§{N>V Am¡a An_m{ZV hmoZm n‹S>m Wm Ÿ& boIH$ Zo BZ g_ñV KQ>ZmAm| H$mo ~‹S>r g\$mB© Ho$ gmWAnZr AmË_H$Wm "{VañH¥$V' _| ñWm{ZV {H$`m h¡ Ÿ& {Xëbr _| ahVo g_` do gm{hË` OJV go Ow‹S>o Ÿ& donhbo nhb gdU© aMZmH$mam| Am¡a ~w{ÕOr{d`m| H$s gm{hpË`H$ -~m¡{ÕH$ J{V-{d{Y`m| go Ow‹S>o Ÿ& H$B©H$maUm| go do gdU© gm{hË`H$mam| Ho$ {dMma go EH$_V Zht hmo nm o Ÿ& H$B© gm{hpË`H$ H$m ©H«$_m| _| mJboZo Ho$ ~mX CÝh| _hgyg hþAm {H$ gdU© gm{hË`H$mam| H$s {deof nyN> h¡ Ÿ& Yrao-Yrao gdUm] Ho$gm{hpË`H$ _§M Am¡a boIZ go CZH$m _moh §J hþAm Ÿ& H«$_e: do X{bV njYa Ho$ boIZ go Ow‹S> J o Ÿ&V~ VH$ qhXr _| X{bV gm{hË` boIZ H$s na§nam àma§^ hmo JB© Wr Ÿ& CÝhm|Zo VËH$mbrZ X{bVgm{hË`H$mam| go à^m{dV hmoH$a {bIZm ewê$ {H$`m Ÿ& "à`mg' CZH$m nhbm H$mì` g§J«h h¡ Ÿ& BgHo$àH$meZ Ho$ ~mX boIH$ H$mo H$m\$s àepñV {_br Wr Ÿ& Bg nwñVH$ H$s y{_H$m _| {d{eï> X{bVgm{hË`H$ma Amo_àH$me ~më_r{H$ Zo {bIm h¡- "" H${d gyaOnmb Mm¡hmZ Ho$ g§ñH$ma ñ_¥{V`m| H$s VahH${dVm _| AmVo h¢ Am¡a Xoa VH$ gX©-J_© by Wno‹S>m| H$m Ahgmg ~Zmò aIVo h¢ Ÿ& J«m_rU g§ñH$ma O~ehar gä`Vm _| CR>Vo g§ñH$mam|, Omo‹S>-Vmo‹S> Ho$ g_rH$aUm| Am¡a amOZr{VH$ ñVa na nZnVo, \$bVo -\y$bVo CJ«dmX H$mo XoIVo h¢ Ÿ& IwX H$mo Jy§Jm _hgyg H$aZo bJVm h¡ Ÿ& `h Jy§JmnZ _mÌ EH$ à{V{H«$`mZht, ~pëH$ {df_Vm, g§H$rU©Vm Am¡a OmVr` d¡_Zñ` Ho$ à{V {damoY H$mo OÝ_ XoVm h¡ Ÿ& H${d AmˆmZH$aZm MmhVm h¡ Ÿ& Eo{Vhm{gH$ nmÌm| H$m amOÛof CgH$s ñ_¥{V`m| H$mo CÛo{bV H$aVm h¡ Ÿ& (à`mg,gyaOnmb Mm¡hmZ -n¥.- 7, y{_H$m)

boIH$ gyaOnmb Mm¡hmZ H$s AÝ` H¥${V`m± h¢ Ÿ& o -H$hmZr g§J«h "h¡ar -H$~ Am oJm',AmË_H$Wm "{VañH¥$V', g§nmXZ -"qhXr Ho$ X{bV H$WmH$mam| H$s àH$m{eV nhbr H$hmZr' , H${dVm -g§J«h ""à`mg' Am¡a "Š`m| {dídmg H$ê§$', ~mb H${dVmE± -"~ƒo gƒo {H$ñgo' Am¡a "_Ywa ~mb JrV'Ÿ& BZHo$ Abmdm BZH$s ~hþV gr aMZmE± Xoe H$s {d{^Þ nÌ-n{ÌH$mAm| _| àH$m{eV h§¡ Ÿ& EH$ X{bV

gm{hË`H$ma Ho$ ê$n _| CZH$s à{g{Õ Xoe Ho$ H$moZo-H$moZo VH$ nh±þM MwH$s h¡ Ÿ&

75

3.2.2 {VañH¥$V : EH$ ZOa {VañH¥$V : EH$ ZOa {VañH¥$V : EH$ ZOa {VañH¥$V : EH$ ZOa {VañH¥$V : EH$ ZOa

_mohZ Xmg Z¡{_eam` H$s AmË_H$Wm "AnZo -AnZo qnOao' Am¡a Amo_àH$me ~më_r{H$ H$s"OyR>Z' Ho$ ~mX gyaOnmb Mm¡hmZ H$m {VañH¥$V gm{h{Ë`H$ Ñ{ï> go EH$ _hËdnyU© AmË_H$Wm h¡ Ÿ&boIH$ Zo AnZr AmË_H$Wm _| Eogo H$B© _m{_©H$ àg§Jm| H$s CnñWmnZm H$s h¡ {Oggo r nmR>H$ Ho$ _Z _|Jhar ghmZw^y{V n¡Xm hmoVr h¡ Ÿ& "{VañH¥$V' H$mo VrZ ^mJm| _| XoIm OmZm Mm{hE Ÿ& BZ VrZ ^mJ _|n[adma Ho$ Qy>Q>Zo {~IaZo go boH$a Xoe _| ì`má gdU© _mZ{gH$Vm VH$ h¡ Ÿ&

boIH$ CÎma àXoe Ho$ AbrJ‹T> {Obo Ho$ \w$gmdbr OZnX _| EH$ g§ wº$ n[adma _| OÝ_o Wo Ÿ&Am{W©H$ XwJ©{V H$s Ma_ {dnÞVm H$m {eH$ma CZH$m ~MnZ ~‹S>r H${R>ZmB© go ~rVm Wm Ÿ& VWmH${WVgdU© g_mO H$s Ñ{ï> _| §Jr -M_ma n[adma Ho$ bmoJ Agä` _mZo OmVo Wo Ÿ& boIH$ §Jr n[adma H$sg§VmZ Wo Ÿ& §Jr M_mam| na gdUm] H$m AÝ`m` -AË`mMma, {Z_©_-{Zðw>a ì`dhma {XZm| {XZ ~‹T>Vm Omahm Wm Ÿ& boIH$ Zo BÝh| H$B© àg§Jm| Ho$ O[a o CnñWm{nV {H$`m h¡ Ÿ& §Jr -M_mam| Ho$ ~ƒo {ejm goH$m\$s Xya Wo Ÿ& Jm§d _| nmR>embm hmoVo hþE ^r CÝh| n‹T>Zo H$m A{YH$ma Zht Wm Ÿ& boIH$ Zo gZ² 1962-

63 H$s ~mV H$hr h¡ Ÿ& CZHo$ Jm§d _| nmXar ~m~ybmb _grh n‹T>mZo AmVo Wo Ÿ& CÝht Ho$ H$maU boIH$ H$sXmo §Jr n[adma Ho$ ~ƒm| Ho$ _Z _| n‹T>Zo H$s BÀN>m hþB© Ÿ& do Jm§d H$s nmR>embm _| n‹T>Zo J o Ÿ& na nhbonhb BÝh| gdU© AÜ`mnH$m| H$s hrZ Ñ{ï> H$m {eH$ma hmoZm n‹S>m Ÿ& boIH$ Zo CZ {XZm| H$s KQ>ZmAm| H$s`mX {XbmVo hþE {bIm h¡ -"" h_ VrZm| §Jr _mohëbo Ho$ ~mbH$m| H$mo Jm§d H$s nmR>embm _| n‹T> aho g^r~ƒm| go Xya nrnb Ho$ ZrMo ~¡R>Zo H$mo H$hm OmVm Ÿ& ... H$^r -H$^r _mñQ>a H$mo Ü`mZ Am OmVm Vmoh_mar KmoQ>m bJr Vp»V`m| na no§{gb go ha\$ ItM OmVo Am¡a h_ CZ ha\$m| na I{‹S>`m nmoV {b`mH$aVo Wo Ÿ& H$B© _mh VH$ h_ VrZm| n[adma Ho$ gXñ` Bgo hr ñHy$b OmZm Am¡a n‹T>Zm g_PVo Wo Ÿ&''boIH$ {XdmZM§X Am © hmà goHo$ÊS>ar ñHy$b, bmoYr amoS>, ZB© {Xëbr _| n‹T> aho Wo Ÿ& g§ñH¥$V {df`n‹T>mZodmbo AÜ`mnH$ doXnmb e_m© CÝh| g_`-g_` na Om{V H$m AmoN>mnZ `mX {XbmVo ahVo Ÿ& EH${XZ AnZo gmWr AÜ`mnH$m| go _oar Amoa g§Ho$V H$a CgZo H$hm Wm - {X Xoe Ho$ gmao Myh‹S>o-M_ma n‹T>-{bI JE Vmo Jbr -_hm¡ëbm| H$s gm\$-g\$mB© Am¡a OyVo ~ZmZo H$m H$m © H$m¡Z H$aoJm ?''

({VañH¥$V -n¥. -13)

76

H$m°boO _| n‹T>Vo g_` boIH$ H$mo AnZo Zm_ Ho$ gmW AnZm JmoÌ "Mm¡hmZ' H$m à`moJ H$aZmn‹S>Vm Wm Ÿ& Bggo H$m°boO Ho$ gmWr CÝh| amOnyV `m R>mHw$a g_PVo Wo Ÿ& na boIH$ H$m AZwgy{MV(Eg.gr) hmoZm OmZH$a CZHo$ {_Ìm| Zo CZgo {_ÌVm Vmo‹S> Xr Ÿ& boIH$ Ho$ AnZo {_Ì AZwn_ Ho$ gmWJm‹T>r {_ÌVm Wr Ÿ& AZwn_ Ho$ {ddmh Ho$ ~mX AZwn_ AnZr nËZr Ho$ gmW AmVo OmVo Wo Ÿ& bo{H$ZboIH$ Ho$ Eg.gr. hmoZo H$m nVm bJ OmZo na AZwn_ Am¡a CgZo n[admadmbm| Zo boIH$ go ZmVm hrVmo‹S> {b`m Ÿ& ({VañH¥$V -n¥. -13) Ÿ& ~MnZ H$s ~hþV gr K`ZmAm| H$m _m{_©H$ boIH$s AmË_H$Wm"{VañH¥$V' _| XoIZo H$mo {_bVm h¡ Ÿ& dñVwV: §Jr g_mO Ho$ {MÌU _| `h "{VañH¥$V' Amo_àH$me~më_r{H$ H$s "OyR>Z' go ~hþV AmJo h¡ Ÿ&

_m§ H$s _¥Ë w Ho$ ~mX boIH$ {Xëbr Mbo J o Ÿ& {Xëbr _| CZHo$ {nVm EH$ PmSy>Xma H$m H$m_H$aVo Wo Ÿ& {nVmOr Ho$ nmg ahH$a boIH$ Zo n‹T>mB© ewê$ H$s Am¡a dht CÝhm|Zo ~r.E. H$s narjm nmgH$s Ÿ& {Xëbr OmZo go nhbo Jm§d _| CZH$m ~MnZ H¡$go ~rVm Wm BgH$m Hw$N> _m{_©H$ {ddaU AmË_H$Wm"{VañIV' _| XoIZo H$mo {_bVm h¡ Ÿ& Jm§d _| gdUm] Ho$ emXr-ã`mh na boIH$ H$s _m§ OyR>Z ~Q>moaZo Ho${bE dhm± OmVr Wr Ÿ& boIH$ ^r AnZr _m§ Ho$ gmW OmVo Wo Ÿ& boIH$ Ho$ Ûmam OyR>Z ~Q>moaZo H$m BgH$m_ H$m _m{_©H$ {MÌU {_bVm h¡ Ÿ& O~ _m§ OyR>r nÎmb go OyR>Z ~Q>moa ahr Wr V~ ~oQ>m gyaOnmb EH$S>§S>m boH$a PnQ>Zo H$mo AmE Hw$Îmm| H$mo Xya aIZo _| VËna Wo Ÿ& §Jr-M_mam| Ho$ n[admam| _| gyAa H$m _m§g~‹S>o AmZÝX go Im`m OmVm Wm Ÿ& gyAa H$mo nH$‹S>Zm ~‹S>o _wpíH$b H$s ~mV Wr Ÿ& gwAa H$m _m§g ghr T>§Jgo H$mQ>Zm ^r ~‹S>m _wpíH$b Wm Ÿ& gwAa H$s M~u wº$ Imb H$mo "{VŠmH$' H$hVo h¢ Ÿ& §Jr-M_ma Ho$~ƒo Bgo _w±h _| S>mb ñdmX go M~mVo h¢ Ÿ& gyAa Ho$ noem~ H$s W¡br go noem~ {ZH$mb H$a ~ƒo BgoJwã~mao H$s Vah _w±h \w$bmH$a IobVo Wo Am¡a CgH$s S>\$br ~ZmH$a ~OmVo Wo Ÿ& Jar~r H$s Eogr XX©ZmH$pñW{V H$m aoIm§H$Z H$aVo hþE boIH$ Zo AnZr AZw y{V H$m ~‹S>r gƒmB© go dU©Z {H$`m h¡ Ÿ& VËH$mbrZg_mO _| R>mHw$am| Ho$ Ka _| §Jr-M_mam| H$s {ó`m§ H$m_ H$aVr Wr Ÿ& CZna H$m\$s AË`mMma hmo ahm Wm Ÿ&boIH$ Zo AnZr AmË_H$Wm _| EH$ bmo_hf©H$ KQ>Zm H$m mX {XbmVo hþE {bIm h¡ {H$ EH$ {XZ CgH$s_m§ ~hþV ~r_ma Wr Ÿ& AnZr ~r_mar Ho$ H$maU dh H$B© {XZ R>mHw$am| Ho$ Ka H$m_ H$aZo Zht Om nmB© Wr Ÿ&R>mH$a Cgo ~wbmZo Am o Vmo _m§Zo AnZr ~r_mar H$s ~mV H$hVo hþE Ag_W©Vm àH$Q> H$s Ÿ& V~ R>mHw$a ZoboIH$ H$s Amoa g§Ho$V H$aVo hþE H$hm -"" Vwåhmao nrN>o I‹S>m `h hmWr Zht Om gH$Vm ... ? nH$‹S>mBgHo$ hmW PmSy> Am¡a Q>moH$am Ÿ&''

boIH$ Zo ~MnZ _| ~rVr ~hþV gr KQ>ZmAm| H$m aoIm§H$Z H$aVo hþE §Jr-M_mam| Ho$ KaemXr-ã`mh Ho$ Adga na gyAa H$s hË`m Ho$ öX` {dXmaH$ Ñí` H$m {MÌU {H$`m h¡ Ÿ& ""VmD$ gê$nmH$s ~oQ>r ê$nmbr H$s emXr H$m {XZ Wm Ÿ& Cg {XZ _mohëbo _| ~‹S>r Mhb-nhb Wr, ~mam{V`m| Am¡a

77

ZmVo-[aíVoXmam| H$mo XmdV Ho$ {b o gyAa _mam J`m Wm Ÿ& Cg gyAa H$s XX©ZmH$ MrI§o AmO ^r _oaoH$mZm| _| gm\$ gwZmB© n‹S> ahr h¡, gyAa H$mo Xm¡‹S>m-Xm¡‹S>m H$a WH$m XoZm {\$a Ya X~moMZm Am¡a Jm§d Ho$_w~agr Zm_ Ho$ AYo‹S> C_« Ho$ ì`{º$ Xmdam bmoho H$s n¡Zr Zm|H$ dmbo EH$ h{W`ma H$mo gyAa H$s ~Jb_| ^m¢H$ XoZm Ÿ& C\$ ! gyAa H$m ^`§H$a nr‹S>m Ho$ gmW V‹S>nZm Am¡a Wmo‹S>r Xoa ~mX CgHo$ eara H$m R>§S>mn‹S> OmZm, Ÿ AmO ^r EH$-EH$ KQ>Zm Mb{MÌ H$s ^m±{V _oar Am±Im| Ho$ gm_Zo Ky_ ahr h¡ Ÿ&''

({VañH¥$V -n¥. -22)

boIH$ Zo VËH$mbrZ g_mO _| ANy>Vm| na gdU© R>mHw$am| H$s K¥Um, Oam-gm Ny> OmZo na AnZoD$na nmZr Ho$ N>tQ>o S>mbZm Am{X ~mVm| na àH$me S>mbm h¡ Ÿ& gmW hr ANy>V nwéfm| Ho$ gmW R>mHw$am| H$s{ó`m| Ho$ AZ¡{VH$ g§~§Y H$m ~‹S>r ~marH$s go dU©Z {H$`m h¡ Ÿ& EH$ KQ>Zm H$s mX {XbmVo boIH$ Zo H$hmh¡ -"" EH$ {XZ O~ _¢ {Xem-_¡XmZ Ho$ {bE Aaha Ho$ IoV _| ~¡R>m Vmo Hw$N> \w$g\w$gmhQ> H$mZm| _| n‹S>r Ÿ&_¢ XoIH$a X§J ah J`m Ÿ& R>Hw$amBZ Am¡a MmMm Amn{VOZH$ AdñWm _| Wo Ÿ& ò XmoZm| _wPo XoIH$agH$nH$m H$a ah J o Ÿ& R>Hw$amBZ Ho$ Mohao H$s hdmB`m§ C‹S> J`r Wr Ÿ& MmMm go Hw$N> ~Z Zht nm ahmWa Ÿ& ~g, dh _oao D$na bmV-Kygo go {nb n‹S>m Ÿ& Cg g_` MmMm Zo _oao D$na Wßn‹S>m| H$s ~moN>ma H$s Ÿ&_¢ m¡MŠH$m Cg g_` Hw$N> g_P Zht nm`m Ÿ& MmMm Zo _oao H$mZ E§R>Vo hþE H$hm -"" gwOnbm, VyZo h~mV {H$gr Am¡a Hy§$ ~VmB© Vmo Vmoò {OÝXm hr YÎmr _| Jm‹S> Xy§Jm Ÿ&''({VañH¥$V -n¥. -37)

boIH$ Zo {g\©$ Om{V oX H$s g_ñ`m hr Zht, H$B© Vah Ho$ {nN>‹S>onZ Am¡a CgHo$ Xwñn[aUm_m|H$s MMm© ~‹S>o hr {Zînj Am¡a {ZûH$ md go H$s h¡ Ÿ& boIH$ Zo AnZo g_mO H$s {d{dY Hw$ar{V`m| H$moñdrH$ma H$aVo hþE {bIm h¡ -"" h_mao X{bV g_mO Ho$ bmoJm| _| d¡go Vmo H$B© Hw$ar{V`m§ h¡, bo{H$Z Omog~go ^ §H$a Am¡a J§ ra ~wamB© h¡ {H$ Bg g_mO _| ~ƒm| H$m emXr-ã`mh Jw{‹S>`m H$m Iob g_PH$a~MnZ _| hr H$a {X`m OmVm h¡ {OgHo$ H$maU do OrdZ -g§J«m_ _| {nN>‹S> OmVo h¢ Ÿ& _¢ nm§Mdt H$jm _|n‹T>Vm Wm _oao {ddmh H$s ~mV {nVm Zo Mbm Xr Ÿ& Q>rH$m VH$ H$a J o Wo b‹S>H$s dmbo Ÿ& {nVm Ho$ gm_Zo~ma-~ma {J‹S>{J‹S>mZo Am¡a H$B© {XZm| VH$ amoVo ahZo na dh Bg ~mV Ho$ {bE V¡ ma hþE {H$ R>rH$ h¡ `{Xn‹T>Zm h¡ Vmo Xgdt H$jm $ n‹T>Zo Ho$ ~mX dh _oar emXr H$a|Jo Ÿ& Cg g_` b‹S>H$s dmbm| Ho$ gm_Zo h eV©aIr Am¡a b‹S>H$s dmbo ^r {nVm H$s ~mV _mZ J o Wo Ÿ&''({VañH¥$V -n¥. -50)

{Xëbr eha _| ^r Nw>AmNy>V go CZH$m nrN>m Ny>Q> Zht nm`m Ÿ& ~«m÷Um| H$m àmYmÝ` Am¡ag_mO Ho$ Myh‹S>o -M_mam| H$s pñW{V H$hr Zht OmVr, {OgH$m dU©Z boIH$ Zo ~‹S>r _m{_©H$Vm Ho$ gmWdU©Z {H$`m h¡ Ÿ& AnZr Om{V H$mo {N>nm H$a AnZr Ag{b`V H$mo {N>nmZo Ho$ {bE boIH$ H$m à`mgAË`ÝV gamhZr` h¡ Ÿ& {Xëbr Ho$ Ôgqgh H$m°boO _| AmVo -AmVo gyaOnmb Mm¡hmZ ~Z OmVm h¡,

78

\$bV: Hw$N> {XZm| VH$ boIH$ Ho$ gmW CÝh| R>mHw$a g_PVo aho Ÿ& na A§V _| ghnm{R>`m| H$mo CZH$sAgbr Om{V H$m nVm Mb OmVm h¡ Ÿ& V~ ghnm{R>`m| Ho$ _Z _| boIH$ Ho$ à{V Om{VJV ^mdZm H$moboH$a d¡_Zñ` CËnÞ hmoVm h¡ Ÿ& gyaOnmb n‹T> {bI H$a, Cƒ{e{jV ~Z J o Ÿ& Zm¡H$ar nmH$a AnZo KaHo$ _m{bH$ ~Z JE Ÿ& do Ka Ho$ ~mha {Og Am°{\$g _| H$m_ H$aVo Wo dhm± H$s pñW{V AbJ Wr Ÿ&Am°{\$g _| gyaOnmb H$s Zm¡H$ar Ho$ _m{bH$ CZgo D±$Mo nXm| na ~¡R>o D±$Mr Om{V`m| Ho$ A{YH$mar Wo Ÿ&Am°{\$g _| X{bV {damoYr A{YH$m[a`m| H$m amO Wm Ÿ& \$bV: CÝh| Xmo df© Ho$ {bE hOmam| {H$bmo_rQ>a XyaJwOamV Ho$ Jm§YrYm_ _| OmH$a AHo$bo ahZm n‹S>m Ÿ& dhm± Ho$ Am°{\$g H$m N>bN>§X {Xëbr H$s A\$gaemhrHo$ Om{VJV N>bN>§X go H$VB© AbJ Z Wm Ÿ& h N>bN>§X Am°{\$g Ho$ AÝXa Wm Am¡a ~mha r Wm Ÿ& BgàH$ma AnZo Zm¡H$arH$mb _| AnZr _Ou Ho$ _m{bH$ dht Wo Ÿ& CÝh| AnZo ~MnZ, n‹T>mB© Am¡a Zm¡H$arH$aVo g_` Cƒ Om{V `mZr gdUm] H$m X§e ~ma-~ma PobZm n‹S>m Wm Ÿ&

{Xëbr _| Zm¡H$ar H$aVo g_` gyaOnmb Zo ZmoES>m _| AnZm ñWm`r _H$mZ ~Zm`m Ÿ& dhm± n‹T>o-{bIo, Cƒ A{YH$mardJ© CZHo$ n‹S>mogr Wo Ÿ& BZ_| go AZoH$ X{bV g_mO Ho$ Wo Ÿ& ZmoES>m _| CÝh| AnZon‹S>mogr "ZmoES>m ñH¡$Z' Ho$ gXñ` Cƒ X{bVm| Ho$ hmWm| _mZ{gH$ nr‹S>m Am¡a An_mZ PobZm n‹S>m Wm Ÿ&`hm± VH$ {Xëbr _| ahZodmbo AnZo ggwa Ho$ lmÕmoËgd _| _XZbmb Ho$ hmWm| An_m{ZV hmoZm n‹S>m Wm Ÿ&_XbZbmb go CÝh| M_ma H$s Am¡bmX O¡gr Jmbr gwZZr n‹S>r Wr Ÿ& Cƒ X{bVm| Ho$ ~rM X{bVm| H$mo{H$g àH$ma Adho{bV, {ZpÝXV hmoZm n‹S>Vm Wm Bgo boIH$ Zo AnZr AmË_H$Wm "{VañH¥$V' _| H$B©àg§Jm| Ho$ O[a o CnñWm{nV {H$`m h¡ Ÿ& nhbo nhb boIH$ gyaOnmb {Xëbr _| gdU© aMZmH$mam| Am¡a~w{ÕOr{d`m| H$s gm{hpË`H$ g§Jmo{ð>`m| go Ow‹S>o ahVo Wo Ÿ& AZoH$ gm{hpË`H$ H$m ©H«$_m|, g§Jmo{ð>`m| Am{X_| mJ boH$a CÝh| _hgyg hþAm {H$ dmñVd _| Eogr gm{hpË`H$ J{V{d{Y`m| _| gdUm] H$m g~go A{YH$_hËd h¡ V~ Yrao-Yrao Eogo H$m ©H«$_m| go gyaOnmb H$m g§~§Y Qy>Q>Vm J`m Ÿ& do X{bV gm{hË`H$mam| Ho$gm{hpË`H$ H$m ©Š_ go Ow‹S>Zo bJo Ÿ& Bgr H«$_ _| Amn {d{eîQ> X{bV gm{hË`H$ma Amo_àH$me dmë_r{H$go Ow‹S>o Am¡a AmJo CZH$m nm[adm[aH$ g§~§Y ^r ~‹T>Vm J`m Ÿ& boIH$ gyaOnmb Ho$ Ûmam X{bV gm{hË`{bIo OmZo na Hw$N> bmoJ CÝh| X{bV gm{hË` Omo‹S> H$a gm{hË` H$s _w»`Ymam _| em{_b hmoZo H$mo H$hmŸ& EH$ {XZ boIH$ Am°{\$g go Am aho Wo Ÿ& {Xëbr Ho$ ~mamI§~m amoS> pñWV "ñQ>oQ²>g_oZ ~g ñQ>|S>' naH$m¡eb Zo boIH$ go H$hm -"" gyaO Or, _¢ Vwåhmam {hV¡fr h±ÿ, Vw_Zo X{bVm| Ho$ {df` _| ~hþV H${dVmE±d H$hm{Z`m± {bIr h¢ ... A~ _¢ MmhVm h±ÿ {H$ Amn AnZr g§Hw${MV {dMmaYmam H$mo N>mo‹S> H$a gm{hË`H$s _w»`Ymam _| Am OmAmo Ÿ& _¢ ^JdmZ go àmW©Zm H$aVm h±ÿ {H$ dh AmnH$mo gX~w{Õ Xo Ÿ&''({VañH¥$V-n¥. -82)

boIH$ gyaOnmb H$s gm{hpË`H$ mdZm dñVwV: X{bVm| VH$ gr{_V Zht Wr Ÿ& CZH$m qMVZ

79

Am¡a AmXe© d¥hÎma ñdmW© go Ow‹S>m hþAm Wm Ÿ& Eogo Vmo X{bV gm{hË`H$mam| na g§H$sU©Vm H$m AmamonbJmZo dmbo gm{hË`H$ma ha H$ht {_bVo h¢ Ÿ& EH$ ~ma {Xëbr Ho$ "_mdb§H$a hm°b' _| EH$ H${dgå_obZ hmo ahm Wm Ÿ& dhm± gyaOnmb Or EH$ H${dVm n‹T> aho Wo Ÿ& V~ EQ>m-_¡Znwar go Am o EH$ H${dZo _§M na hr "H${d go CZH$s Om{V nyN>r Vmo H${d Zo ItMVo hþE CZgo H$hm -""_¢ §Jr h±ÿ, Š`m naoemZrh¡ VwPo ?'' V~ CÝhm|Zo _w±h {~MH$mVm hþAm H$hm -""bmo, A~ ^§Jr ^r H${dVmE± {bIZo bJo Ÿ&''

({VañH¥$V -n¥. - 123)

Bg àH$ma amï´>r` ñd §godH$ g§K Ho$ Ûmam Am`mo{OV qhXr gm{hË` Ho$ Zm_ na Am`mo{OVH${d g§Jmo{ð>`m| _| boIH$ H$mo H$B© ~ma H${dVm n‹T>Zo H$m gwAdga {_bm Wm Ÿ& boIH$ Zo Bg g_`gm_m{OH$ `WmW© go Ow‹S>r hþB© X{bV aMZmE± n‹T>r Vmo CZHo$ {bE `hm± Ho$ XadmOo ~§X hmo Jò Ÿ& boIH$Zo {bIm h¡ -"" O~ BZHo$ _§Mm| go AnZr mdnyU© X{bV aMZmE± n‹T>Zr ewê$ H$a Xt Ÿ& _oar aMZmAm| H$mogwZ-gwZH$a o g^r h¡amZ ahZo bJo Ÿ& BZ_| go H$B© _wPo ~hþV {XZm| VH$ Eogm g~ _§Mm| go n‹T>Zo Ho$ {bE_ZmVo aho Ÿ& H$mì` -Jmo{ð>`m| _| _oar aMZmE± gwZH$a A~ o ZmH$-^m¢h {gHw$‹S>Zo bJo Ÿ& O~ BÝhm|Zo XoIm{H$ _¢ ~XbZodmbm Zht Vmo _wPo ~wbmZm hr ~§X H$a {X`m, {OgH$s _wPo nhbo go hr g§ mdZm Wr Ÿ&''({VañH¥$V -n¥. 108) boIH$ Zo AnZr AmË_H$Wm _| X{bVm| H$mo emofU Am¡a CZ na g^r AÝ`m` -AË`mMmam| H$m nXm©nme Vmo {H$`m h¡ gmW hr X{bVm| H$s _w{º$ Ho$ {bE AZdaV à`mg Omar aIm h¡ Ÿ&

AmOH$b X{bV g_mO H$m EH$ ~hþV ~‹S>m {hñgm AnZr Om{V H$mo Nw>nmH$a d¥hÎma g_mOgo ñdrH¥${V d à{Vð>m nmZm MmhVm h¡ Ÿ& Eogo bmoJ Om{V H$mo boH$a hrZ J«§{W H$m {eH$ma h¢ Am¡a Bg J§{Wgo C~aZo Ho$ {bE do Om{V Nw>nm boVo h¢ Ÿ& do bmoJ AnZo Amn H$mo gdU© hmoZo H$m AmS>å~a H$aZo bJVoh¢ Ÿ& X{bV X{bVm| H$s nr‹S>m g_P Zht nmVm Ÿ& V~ Vmo R>mHw$a bQy>ar X{bVm| H$mo b‹S>dm H$a AnZmCëby grYm H$aVm h¡ Ÿ& O~ R>mHw$a bQy>ar Ho$ IoV _| ~oJma H$aZo Ho$ {bE gw_oa, AnZr nËZr H$m ~r_marHo$ H$maU Om Zht nmVm Vmo dh n§Mm`V _| X{bV go CgH$m An_mZ H$aVm h¡ Ÿ& n§Mm`V _| IMoamZm_H$ X{bV go CgH$mo {nQ>dmVm h¡ Ÿ& X{bVm| H$mo X{bVm| Ho$ {Ibm\$ b‹S>dmH$a R>mHw$a AnZm CëbygrYm H$aVm h¡ Ÿ& dñVwV: Ý`m` Ho$ Zm_ na {ZXm}f X{bVm| H$mo gOm XoH$a CÝh| H¡$go X~m`m OmVm h¡ Bgo~‹S>r ~marH$s go boIH$ Zo AnZr AmË_H$Wm _| ñnï> {H$`m h¡ Ÿ& X{bVm| _| Nw>AmNy>V H$m yV H$m\$s JhaoVH$ ã`má h¡ Ÿ& X{bVm| _| r Om{V Am¡a CnOm{V H$mo boH$a H$B© oX h¢ Ÿ& Cƒ dJ© Ho$ X{bV {ZåZ dJ©Ho$ X{bVm| H$mo hrZ Ñ{ï> go XoIVo h¢ Ÿ&

Ohm± X{bVm| H$s _w{º$ H$s amh Ty>§T>r OmVr h¡ dht X{bVm| _| g¡H$‹S>m| Xama| {XIVr h¢ Ÿ& X{bVm|H$s EH$Vm Am¡a gdUm] Ho$ {Ibm\$ AmdmO {Zîà^ hmo OmVr h¡ Ÿ& Bg g§~§Y _| boIH$ Zo AnZr

80

AmË_H$Wm _| {bIm h¡ {H$ CZHo$ n‹S>mog Ho$ EH$ OmQ>d {_Ì H$s nËZr Imbr g_` _| CZH$s nËZr Ho$gmW ~¡R>H$a Jßn| H$aVr Wr Ÿ& BZ {XZm| _| K§Q>m| ~mV| hmoVr Wr Ÿ& EH$ {XZ gdU© n‹S>mo{g`m| Zo boIH$ Ho$OmQ>d {_Ì H$s nËZr go nyN>m -""Š`m Amn ^r e¡S²> yëS> H$mñQ> h¢ ?'' OmQ>d {_Ì H$s nËZr Zo grYo-grYo CÎma Z XoH$a H$hm -"" ~hZ Or, h_ e¡S²> yëS> H$mñ` Vmo h¢ na D±$Mr Om{V dmbo e¡S²> yëS> H$mñQ>h¢ Ÿ&''({VañH¥$V -n¥. 195) Bg àg§J go nVm bJ OmVm h¡ {H$ n‹T>o {bIo AgdU© X{bVm| _| Om{V,CnOm{V H$mo boH$a gdUm] H$s Vah D±$M-ZrM H$s mdZm _| H$m\$s oX h¡ Ÿ& dñVwV: X{bVm| H$s EH$Vm_| h g~go ~‹S>r ~mYm h¡ Ÿ&

gyaOnmb H$m {nV¥ -{nVm_h H$m g§~§Y \w$gmdbr go Wm Ÿ& {Xëbr _| ahVo hþE r gyaOnmbnm[adm[aH$ {H«$`m H$_©, CËgd -Ë`m¡hmam| _| Omo‹S>o hþE Wm Ÿ& \w$gmdbr H$s §Jr -M_ma {damXar _| Ú{nAm¡aV| Am¡a nwéfm| Ho$ g_mZ hr IQ>Vr Wt, bo{H$Z dM©ñd nwéfm| H$m Wm Ÿ& gyaOnmb Ho$ OrdZ ì`dhma_| dh gm\$-gm\$ {XImB© XoVm Wm Ÿ& ~‹S>o mB© amohZbmb H$s nËZr H$s _¥Ë`w Ho$ ~mX CÝhm|Zo Xygar emXrZ H$a AnZo ~ƒm| H$m _w±h XoI nyam OrdZ {~Vm {X`m Ÿ& AnZo N>moQ>o ~‹S>o mB©-~hZm| go CZHo$ ~ƒm| go rCZH$m ~hþV bJmd Wm Ÿ& EH$ AZwÞV AZn‹T> n[adma _| OÝ_o amoeZbmb Am¡a gyaOnmb XmoZm| ^mB©\w$gmdbr N>mo‹S> H$a {Xëbr AmE Wo Ÿ& g_` H$s J{V Ho$ AZwgma XmoZm| n[adma {Xëbr _| ~g JE Ÿ&{Xëbr _| amoeZbmb Am¡a gyaOnmb Ho$ Abmdm ^mB© gwnhar bmb Ho$ ~oQ>o ^mZw-_Ywa Am¡a O`àH$me^r n‹T> {bIH$a à{V{ð>V hþE Ÿ& do Vrgar nr‹T>r Ho$ Wo Ÿ& O`àH$me H$s n‹T>mB© _| gyaOnmb H$s Am{W©H$ghm`Vm CÝh| E_.~r. ~r. Eg ~Zm`m Am¡a CgH$s emXr à{V{ð>V KamZo H$s ~oQ>r go H$am`r Ÿ& O¡goH$m_m| _| gyaOnmb Am¡a CZH$s nËZr {~_bm H$s göX`Vm gX¡d àe§gZr` h¡ Ÿ& boIH$ Zo AnZrAmË_H$Wm _| nm[adm[aH$ g§~§Y Ho$ gmao nhbwAm| H$m ~‹S>o {dñVma go dU©Z {H$`m h¡ Ÿ& boIH$ H$s nËZr{d_bm Am¡a CZHo$ ~ƒm| Zo AnZo Ka H$mo ñdJ© ~Zm`m Wm Ÿ& {d_bm ha pñW{V _| g_Pm¡Vm H$a boZodmbr EH$ Eogr AmXe© _{hbm h¡ Ÿ& Ohm± EH$ Amoa dh n{V Ho$ Ka _| n{V H$s B‚mV Am¡a ñdm{^_mZ naYã~m bJZo Zht XoVr dht \w$gmdbr _| nm[adm[aH$ g§~§Ym| H$mo H$m`_ aIZo _| h_oem V¡ ma ahVr Ÿ&AnZo ~ƒm| Ho$ à{V Jhar __Vm Am¡a OoR> Am¡a Xdam| Ho$ ~ƒm| go bJmd CZHo$ ì`{º$Ëd H$m EH$ CÁdbnj h¡ Ÿ& boIH$ Zo AnZr AmË_H$Wm _| AnZo n[adma -[aíVoXmam| Ho$ àg§Jm| _| ~hþV gr A§V{d©amoYr~mV| CnñWmnZm H$s h¡ Ÿ& dñVwV: gyaOnmb Zo {ZOr AmË_H$Wm {VañH¥$V H$mo X¥{ï>H$moUm| H$mo gmd©O{ZH$H$a X{bV AmË_H$Wm H$s na§nam H$mo AmJo ~‹T>m`m h¡ Ÿ&

81

3.2.3 X{bV AmË_H$WmE± Am¡a {VañH¥$VX{bV AmË_H$WmE± Am¡a {VañH¥$VX{bV AmË_H$WmE± Am¡a {VañH¥$VX{bV AmË_H$WmE± Am¡a {VañH¥$VX{bV AmË_H$WmE± Am¡a {VañH¥$V

X{bV gm{hË` Ho$ {dH$mg Ho$ gmW _amR>r X{bV gm{hË`H$mam| Zo g{X`m| H$s OmVr`Vm H$mog_má H$aZo Ho$ {bE AmË_H$WmAm| H$m ghmam {b`m Ÿ& AmË_H$Wm Ho$ O[aE X{bV Om{V Ho$ bmoJm| Ho$Xw:I-XX© , H$m`m] Am¡a {dMmam| na àH$me S>mbZm CZH$m _yb CÔoí` ahm Ÿ& ""BZ AmË_H$WmAm| H$s EH${deofVm `h ^r h¡ {H$ ha EH$ X{bV Om{V go {H$gr Z {H$gr Zo AnZr AmË_H$Wm {bIr h¡ Ÿ& BZAmË_H$WmAm| go _hmamï´> Ho$ ha joÌ H$s md e¡br, doe- yfm, ar{V-[admO, ahZ-ghZ Am{X ~mVm|H$s OmZH$mar {_bVr h¡ Ÿ&''

X{bV Om{V Ho$ Am{Xdmgr, Kw_ÝV AÕ© Kw_ÝVy bmoJm| Ho$ {ZË` Ho$ H$m`m] Am¡a {dMmam| H$m{MÌU {_bVm h¡ Ÿ& X`m ndma H$m "~bwJ', bú_U _mZo H$m "Cnam', _mYd H$m|S>{dbH$a H$m "XdmoMoJmoR>U', _wah[a amd H$m "J~mb' , ~«OZmW H$bgo H$m "EaUr M YmaUm', CÎm_ ~§Sw>Vwno H$m H$mQ>_mdaMr"nmoQ>' eaUHw$_ma {bå~mbo H$m " AŠH$a_mer' Am{X AmË_H$WmE± _hma, _m§J, S>moa, M_ma, H¡$H$m‹S>r,OmoJr, bwhma, ~§Omam, Kw_ÝVy Am{Xdmgr X{bV Om{V`m| H$s pñW{V H$mo ì`º$ H$aVo h¢ Ÿ& Bg àH$ma_amR>r X{bV gm{hË` _amR>r H$m A{d^mÁ` A§J hmo J`m h¡ Ÿ&''(gmjmËH$ma : lr _mVm àgmX -X{bV gm{hË` Ho$ à{V_mZ, n¥. -309)

qhXr _| X{bV AmË_H$WmAm| H$m A^md Ÿ& AmOVH$ ~hþV H$_ AmËH$WmE± qhXr _| {bIrJB© h¢ Ÿ& Omo Hw$N> ^r AmË_H$WmE± {bIr JB© h¢ CZ na _amR>r AmË_H$Wm {bIZo dmbm| Ho$ {dMma,^mfm-e¡br H$m à^md XoIZo H$mo {_bVm h¡ Ÿ& Bg{bE Hw$N> bmoJ qhXr X{bV AmË_H$Wm H$mo _amR>r H$sZH$b _mZVo h¢ Ÿ&

Bg g§X © _| S>m°. gmhZbmb "gw_Zmja' H$m {dMma Bg àH$ma h¡ - ""X`m ndma H¥$V ~VwbH$s VO© na ~hþV bmoJ AmË_H$Wm {bIZo H$s H$mo{em H$a aho h¢, na§Vw BZ_| dh dmñV{dH$Vm H$hm± h¡ ?qhXr _| {Og Vah go X{bV boIH$ AmË_H$Wm {bIZo H$s hmo‹S> _Mm aho h¢, dh ZH$b _mÌ h¡ Ÿ& AnZoAmn H$mo Cnhmg ~ZmZo H$s ~mV h¡ Ÿ& Š`m| bmoJ qhXr _| _amR>r H$s ZH$b na X{bV gm{hË` H$m {dH$mgH$aZm Mmh aho h¢ Ÿ& (CÕ¥V, X{bV gm{hË` Ho$ à{V_mZ, S>m°. EZ. qgh , n¥.-40) dñVw: na§nam H$sÑ{ï> go h H$hZm gM h¡ {H$ qhXr AmË_H$WmAm| H$m g§~§Y Aå~oS>H$a, X`m ndma Am{X _amR>r X{bV

82

AmË_H$WmAm| go h¡ Ÿ&

qhXr _| gd©àW_ S>m°. ^JdmZ Xmg H$s AmË_H$Wm "_¢ §Jr h±ÿ' àH$m{eV hþB© Ÿ& BgHo$ ~mXH$B© AmË_H$WmE± àH$m{eV hmo MwH$s h¢ Ÿ& A~ VH$ àH$m{eV qhXr H$s X{bV AmË_H$WmAm| _| _hËdnyU©

y{_H$m AXm H$aZo dmbr VrZ à_wI AmË_H$WmEª h¢ - "AnZo -AnZo qnOao' ^mJ -1 Am¡a ^mJ -2

(_mohZXmg Z¡{_eàm`), "OyR>Z' (Amo_àH$me dmë_r{H$), Am¡a "{VañH¥$V' (gyaOnmb Mm¡hmZ) H$sH$WmE± h¢ Ÿ& BZHo$ Abmdm "Pm|n‹S>r go amO ^dZ' (_mVm àgmX), "_oam ~MnZ _oao H§$Ym| na' (lrí`m¡amO qgh "~oM¡Z'), "_oar nËZr Am¡a o{‹S>`m' (S>m°. Y_©dra), "{eH§$Oo H$m XX©' (gwerbm Q>mH$^m¡ao)Am{X AmË_H$WmE± ^r nmR>H$s` AmÑ{V àmá H$a MwH$s h¢ Ÿ&

X{bVm| H$s AmË_H$WmAm| _| gdU© {hÝXwAm| Ûmam X{bVm| Ho$ gmW {H$E OmZo dmbo AÝ`m`,An_mZOZH$ ~Vm©d Am¡a NwAmNy>V H$s K¥{UV _mZ{gH$Vm H$m dU©Z H$a BZHo$ {Ibm\$ nmR>H$m| H$mogOJ H$aZo H$m à`ËZ {H$`m J`m h¡ Ÿ& BZ AmË_H$WmAm| _| gyaOnmb Mm¡hmZ H$s AmË_H$Wm "{VañH¥$V'H$m EH$ AbJ _hËd h¡ Ÿ& _mohZXmg Z¡{_eam` Zo Bg g§~§Y _| H$hm h¡ -"" {VañH¥$V' qhXr öX` goAnZr Vrgar X{bV AmË_H$Wm h¡ Ÿ& Bggo nyd© "AnZo -AnZo qnOao' Am¡a "OyR>Z' Am MwH$s h¢ Ÿ& na"{VañH¥$V' _| AbJ Vah H$m Ñ{ï>H$moU nmR>H$m| Ho$ gm_Zo AmVm h¡ Ÿ& Omo Z Ho$db gdU© boIH$m| H$monaoemZ H$aVm h¡, ~pëH$ ~w{ÕOr{d`m| H$mo r h gmoMZo na ~mÜ` H$aVm h¡ {H$ ~«m÷UdmX m ~«m÷Udm{X`m|go g§ wº$ _moMm© boZo Ho$ {bE EH$ Amoa X{bV Om{V`m| Ho$ ^rVa nZn ahr loð> ~Zo ahZo H$s ^mdZm Am¡aXygar Va\$ AÝ` H$mo N>moQ>m g_PZo Ho$ Xmof H$mo IË_ H$aZm hmoJm Ÿ&''(X{bV AmË_H$Wm -{deof g§X ©; gyaOnmb Mm¡hmZ H¥$V {VañH¥$V, n¥. -67)

X{bV AmË_H$Wm `h gy{MV H$aVr h¡ {H$ VËH$mbrZ gdU© Om{V Ho$ bmoJm| go X{bVm| H$mo{H$VZm K¥{UV Am¡a An_m{ZV hmoZm n‹S>Vm h¡ Ÿ& gdUm] Ho$ Ûmam CËnr{‹S>V X{bVm| H$m OrZm {H$VZm Xy ahmoVm Wm Ÿ& BZ gdUm] Ho$ {Ibm\$ b‹S>Zo Ho$ {bE X{bVm| _| EH$Vm hmoZr Mm{hE Ÿ& CëQ>o X{bVm| _| Xama|{XImB© XoVr h¢ Ÿ& BVZm hr Zht, n‹T>o-{bIo gÎmmYmar X{bV H$_Omoa XwJ©{V g§nÞ X{bVm| H$mo K¥Um H$sÑ{ï> go XoIVo h¢ Ÿ& boIH$ Zo IwX hr AnZr AmË_H$Wm "{VañH¥$V' _| Bg ~mV H$m CëboI H$aVo hþEH$hm h¡ -"" Xoe Ho$ VWmH${WV gdU© Vmo h_oem go h_go K¥>Um H$aVo Am aho h¢, na h_ X{bV r Amng_| K¥Um \¡$bmZo _| H$_ Zht aho h¢ Ÿ& Cg {XZ BZ n‹T>o-{bIo Ûmam gm{~V hmo J`m Wm {H$ Ny>AmNyV H$m yVX{bV g_mO _| {H$VZo Jhao VH$ ã`má h¡ Ÿ& _oao n‹S>mogr Ho$ EH$ OmQ>d {_Ì H$s nËZr Imbr g_` _|lr_Vr Ho$ nmg AmH$a ~¡R> Om`m H$aVr Wr Ÿ& dh K§Q>m| ~mV| ~ZmVr Ÿ& h_mao gdU© n‹S>mo{g`m| Zo EH$ ~maCg OmQ>d {_Ì H$s nËZr go nyN>m -""Amn r e¡S²> yëQ>> H$mñ` h¢ ?'' OmQ>d {_Ì H$s nËZr Zo grYo-grYoCÎma Z XoH$a Cg gdU© _{hbm lr_Vr H§$gb go H$hm Wm -"" ~hZOr, h_ e¡S²> yëQ>> H$mñQ> Vmo h¢ na

83

D±$Mr Om{V dmbo e¡S²> yëQ>> H$mñQ> h¢ Ÿ& '' ({VañH¥$V -n¥. -125)

X{bVm| Ho$ Bg A§V{damoY H$mo boIH$ Zo AÝ` EH$ àg§J Ho$ O[a o ñnîQ> {H$`m h¡ boIH$ O~ZmoES>m _| ahZo bJo V~ "ñH¡$b(e¡S²> yëS> H$mñQ> Eogmo{g oeZ, ZmoES>m) go CZH$m g§~§Y hmo J`m Ÿ& Bgg§ñWm Ho$ A{YH$m§e gXñ` D±$Mo-D±$Mo nXm| na {damO_mZ A\$gamZ Wo Ÿ& g§ñWm H$m gXñ` ~ZZo Ho${bE CÝh| EH$ \$m_© aZm n‹S>m Ÿ& \$m_© _| EH$ H$b_ "CnOm{V' H$m r Wm Ÿ& CgZo Bg H$mb_ H$s ny{V©{H$ o {~Zm N>mo‹S> {X`m Ÿ& na CÝh| Bg H$mb_ H$mo nyam H$aZo Ho$ {b o H$hm J`m Ÿ& V~ boIH$ Zo \$m_© _|AnZr CnOm{V "~më_r{H$' {bI Xr Ÿ& Cg g_` H$s pñW{V Am¡a CZ bmoJm| H$s à{V{H«$`m H$maoIm§H$Z H$aVo hþE boIH$ Zo AnZr AmË_H$Wm _| {bIm h¡ -"" _¢Zo CnOm{V dmbo H$mb_ _| O¡go hrAnZr CnOm{V dmë_r{H$ {bIr {H$ dhm± _m¡OyX g^r n‹T>o-{bIo X{bV EH$ - Xygao Ho$ Moham| H$s AmoaHw$N> jUm| VH$ AnbH$ XoIVo aho Ÿ& H$moB© Hw$N> Zht ~mob ahm Wm - gÞmQ>m, EH$X_ go, {nZ S´>mngm`b|g Ÿ&'' boIH$ ^r Eogr pñW{V _| ^m¢MHo$ ah J o Ÿ& V^r g§ñWm Ho$ _hmg{Md S>m°. a{WÝÐ ZoboIH$ Ho$ H§$Yo na hmW aIVo hþE h¡amZr ì`º$ H$aVo hþE H$hm -"" Aao, h_ {H$gr r Vah H$s Ny>AmNw>VZht _mZVo ... h_ AnZo Ka Ho$ Am§JZ _| §{JZ VH$ H$mo ~¡R>mH$a Mm` d ZmíVm H$adm XoVo h¢ .... Vw_~më_r{H$ hmo Vmo Š`m hþAm ?'' h OmZH$a {H$ _¢ dmë_r{H$ dJ© go h±ÿ, CZ bmoJm| H$m ì`dhma _oao à{V~Xb MwH$m Wm ... Cg {XZ n‹T>o {bIo YyVm] Ûmam gm{~V hmo J`m Wm {H$ Ny>AmNy>V H$m yV X{bVg_mO _| {H$VZo Jhao VH$ ì`má h¡ Ÿ&'' ({VañH¥$V - n¥. -) Bggo nVm MbVm h¡ {H$ X{bVm| _| r JhamA§V{d©amoY h¡ Omo X{bVm| H$mo EH$OyQ> hmoH$a AmJo ~‹T>Zo _| à~b à{VamoYH$ ~ZVm h¡ Ÿ&

"{VañH¥$V' _| AZw y{V H$s Vrd«Vm Am¡a àm_m{UH$Vm r h¡ Ÿ& qhXr _| X{bV gm{hË`H$mam| H$sAmË_H$WmAm| _| {VañH¥$V H$m EH$ AbJ _hËd h¡ Ÿ& Amo_àH$me ~më_r{H$ Am¡a gyaOnmb Mm¡hmZXmoZm| Zo AnZr AnZr AmË_H$Wm {bIr h¡ Ÿ& XmoZm| dmë_r{H$ g§àXm` Ho$ h¢ Ÿ& AnZr AmË_H$Wm Ho$O[a o AZwgy{MV Om{V`m| Ho$ bmoJm| _| OmJaU CËnÞ H$aZo _| XmoZm| {gÕhñV nm o OmVo h¢ Ÿ& XmoZm| H$sAmË_H$Wm AZw y{V Ho$ AmYma na {bIr JB© h¡ Ÿ& na `h H$hZm Agr_rMrZ Zht hmoJm {H$ XmoZm| H$sAZw^y{V _| Wmo‹S>m ~hþV A§Va h¡ Ÿ& Eogo Vmo XoIm OmZm h¡ {H$ dmë_r{H$ g§àXm` Ho$ bmoJ g_mO _|Am{W©H$ Ñ{ï> go ~‹S>o H$_Omoa nm o OmVo h¢ Ÿ& CZH$s OrdZ`mÌm H$s e¡br r CÞV Zht hmoVr Ÿ& do bmoJnwamZr na§nam Ho$ AZw m`r h¢ Ÿ& XmoZm| boIH$m| Zo BZHo$ OrdZ H$s gmar J{V{d{Y`m| H$m gyú_ {ZarjU H$a{bIm h¡ Ÿ& XmoZm| H$s AmË_H$WmAm| _| H$B© ñWbm| na _m{_©H$ dU©Z XoIZo H$mo {_bVo h¢ Am¡a o r XmoZm|H$s {ZOr AZw y{V H$s JhamB© na n ©do{eV h¡ Ÿ& na gM H$hm Om` Vmo "OyR>Z' H$s VwbZm _| "{VañH¥$V'_| dU©Z KQ>ZmE± Á`mXmVa _m{_©H$ Am¡a AZw y{V H$s JhamB© na AmYm[aV h¡ Ÿ& Bg g§~§Y _| H${dX|V

84

"BÝXw' H$m {dMma Bg àH$ma h¡ -""dmë_r{H$ g_wXm` Ho$ g_mO H$m {OVZm OrdÝV Am¡a AmË_r` dU©Z{VañH¥$V _| h¡ dh AË`§V Xwb©^ h¡ Ÿ& EH$ Amoa Ohm± do Cg OrdZ H$s {dS>§~ZmAm| H$m H$éU dU©Z H$aVoh¢, dht Cgr _| JwOmao JE AnZo ~MnZ H$mo ^r ~‹S>o bJmd Am¡a {~Zm bmJ-bnoQ> Ho$ àñVwV H$aVo h¢ Ÿ&(X{bV AmË_H$Wm, {deof g§X © : gyaOnmb Mm¡hmZ H¥$ {VañH¥$V -n¥. -58)

~MnZ H$s ~mVm| H$mo mX H$aVo hþE gyaOnmb Zo AnZr AmË_H$Wm "{VañH¥$V' _| {bIm h¡ -gyAa Ho$ _m§g Ho$ N>moQ>o-N>moQ>o Rw>H$‹S>o H$aVo g_` _m§g H$mQ>Zo dmbo ~ƒm| H$mo gyAa H$s M~u wº$ Imb{Ogo {VŠH$m H$hVo h¢, nH$‹S>m {X`m H$aVo Wo Ÿ& _m¡hëbo Ho$ g^r ~ƒo CZ {VŠH$m| H$mo JMa-JMa M~mVoŸ& _¢ ... CZ {VŠH$m| H$mo _w±h _| S>mb ~‹S>o ñdmX go M~mVm Ÿ& AmO CZ {XZm| H$mo mX H$a _Z K¥Um go a

OmVm h¡ Ÿ& gyAa H$m H$ƒm _m§g ImZm {H$VZm Agä` Am¡a {KZm¡Zm H$m © h¡ Ÿ& XmoZm| hmW Am¡a _w±h M~ugo gZo ahVo Wo Ÿ& _w±h Am¡a hmWm| na Ag§»` _pŠI`m± {^Z {^ZmVr ahVr Wr Ÿ& N>r .. A~ gmoM -gmoMH$a C~H$mB© AmZo bJVr h¡ Ÿ&''({VañH¥$V -n¥. -27)

_mVm àgmX Ûmam {bIr JB© AmË_H$Wm"Pm|n‹S>r go amO^dZ' EH$ geº$ AmË_H$Wm h¡ Ÿ&boIH$ Zo AnZr AmË_H$Wm Ho$ {bIZo H$m CÔoí` ñnï> H$aVo hþE H$hm h¡ - ""_oao go {ZY©Z Am¡a X{bVn[adma _| n¡Xm hþE ì`{º$ {OgH$s n[apñW{V`m± AZwHy$b Zht Wr, CgZo r H${R>ZmB`m| H$mo Xya H$aVo hþEAmJo H$s Amoa H$X_ ~‹T>m`m h¡, Bg na _oao _Z _| {dMma Am`m h¡ {H$ Š`m| Z AnZo ~mao _| {bIy§ ? Bggog_mO Ho$ X{bV, Aghm` Jar~ bmoJm| H$mo àoaUm {_boJr Am¡a CZ_| CËgmh n¡Xm hmoJm Ÿ& n[apñW{V`m|H$mo _¢Zo ^moJm h¡, Cgo h_mao b‹S>Ho$, nm¡Ì, nm¡{Ì`m| `m Xygao Om{V Ho$ `wdH$m| H$mo h_oem `mX aIZmMm{hE Ÿ& AnZr OmVr`Vm H$s hrZ J«§{W _| ~m{YV Zht aIZm Mm{hE ''

(Pm|n‹S>r go amO^dZ : _mVm àgmX, n¥. -50)

dñVw: _mVmàgmX H$s AnZr Bg AmË_H$Wm _| X{bV OrdZ Ho$ IQ²>Q>o -_rR>o AZw dm| H$m~Iy~r {MÌU XoIZo H$mo {_bVm h¡ Ÿ& CÝhm|Zo X{bV g_mO Ho$ Hw$N> Eogo A{YH$m[a`m| Ho$ ~mao _| {bIm h¡Omo AÀN>o H$_mVo h¢, ImVo-nrVo h¢, Ho$db AnZo n[admadmbm| H$m Ü`mZ XoVo h¢ Ÿ& AnZo Om{V mB`m| Ho$à{V CZ_| V{ZH$ r ñZoh-ghmZw y{V XoIZo H$mo Zht {_bVr Ÿ& _mVm àgmX H$s Bg AmË_H$Wm _| boIH$H$s AZw y{V H$m _m{_©H$ {MÌU Vmo h¡ na BgH$m A§{V_ ^mJ BVZm à^mdembr Zht ~Z nm`m h¡ Ÿ& Bgg§~§Y _| S>m°. EZ. qgh H$m H$hmZm h¡ -""Pm|n‹S>r go amO^dZ' X{bV OrdZ Ho$ IÅ>o-_rR>o AZw dm| H$mAX² wV {MÌU h¡, Omo {ZmM` hr h_mar Am±I| ImobZo dmbm h¡, bo{H$Z BgH$m A§{V_ {hñgm amO^dZ_| AnZo Amn _| S>màr O¡gm hmo J`m h¡ {Og_| {XZm§H$ Am¡a KQ>ZmAm| H$m CëboI h¡ Ÿ& `{X `h ^r{ddaUmË_H$ H$s OJh g¥OZmË_H$ hmo nmVm Vmo Am¡a r AÀN>m ahVm Ÿ& bo{H$Z Bggo r _mVmàgmX Or

85

Ho$ OrdZ H$s H$B© Eogr _hËdnyU© KQ>ZmAm| H$m nVm MbVm h¡, Omo X{bV g_mO Ho$ {bE ~hþV Cn`moJrh¡, O¡go S>m°. Aå~oS>H$a H$m {\$ë_r {Z_m©U Ho$ gmW Ow‹S>m KQ>ZmH«$_ Ÿ&''

(X{bV gm{hË` Ho$ à{V_mZ S>m° EZ.qgh, n¥. -189)

gymOnmb Mm¡hmZ H$s AmË_H$Wm "{VañH¥$V' CZHo$ ~MnZ go boH$a OdmZr VH$ Ho$ {d{dYàg§Jm| na AmYm[aV h¡ Ÿ& {H$gr ^r H${d H$s AmË_H$Wm OrdZ Ho$ A§V VH$ H$s H$Wm H$mo boH$a {bIrZht Om gH$Vr Ÿ& gZ² 1955 gyaOnmb H$m OÝ_ h¡ Ÿ& OÝ_ Ho$ 8/10 gmbm| Ho$ ~mX hr AmË_H$Wm{bIZm àma§^ hþAm h¡ Ÿ& Hw$b {_bmH$a 40 gmb Ho$ Amgnmg H$a Ad{Y _| K{Q>V KQ>ZmAm| na CZH$sAmË_H$Wm {bIr JB© h¡ Ÿ& gyaOnmb H$s AmË_H$Wm "{VañH¥$V' _| X{bV AmË_H$Wm H$s na§nam _| Hw$N>A{^ZdVm h¡ Ÿ& gyaOnmb Ho$ "{VañH¥$V' _| Jm§d Am¡a eha XmoZm| H$mo {_bmH$a dU©Z {H$`m J`m h¡ Ÿ&~MnZ _| J«m_rU OrdZ H$s AZw y{V Am¡a Zm¡H$ar OrdZ _| ehar OrdZ H$s AZw y{V Zo gyaOnmb H$moX{bVm| H$s ÌmgXr Ho$ ~hþ{dY ê$nm| go n[aM` H$am`m h¡ Ÿ& Bg{bE AÝ` X{bV AmË_H$WmAm| H$sVwbZm _| {VañH¥$V g~go A{YH$ {ddmXmñnX Am¡a MMm©ñnX ahm Ÿ&

"{VañH¥$V' _| Ohm± EH$ Amoa ~«m÷Um| Ho$ Ûmam boIH$ Am¡a CZHo$ n[adma dJm], [aíVoXmam| Ho$à{V {Zðw>a ì`dhma {XImB© XoVm h¡ dht Xygar Amoa n‹T>o-{bIo g_¥Õ Cƒ dJ© Ho$ X{bVm| go CnOm{VdmboX{bVm| Ho$ à{V A_mZdr` ì`dhma H$m dU©Z r h¡ Ÿ& X{bVm| _| r dJ© oX h¡ Ÿ& dñVwV: X{bVm| Ho$ à{VgdU© g_mO Ho$ ì`dhma go à^m{dV Cƒ Om{V Ho$ X{bVm| _| Eogm {dMma XoIZo H$mo {_bVm h¡ Ÿ& AJaX{bVm| _| h_oem AÝV{d©amoY ahoJm Vmo X{bVm| H$s _w{º$ H$VB© g§^d Zht h¡ Ÿ&

gyaOnmb Mm¡hmZ Zo AnZr ~më`mdñWm H$s Jhar {dS>å~Zm H$s ÌmgXr pñW{V H$m ~Iy~r{MÌU {H$`m h¡ Ÿ& h CZH$s Jhar AmË_mZw y{V H$m n[aUm_ h¡ Ÿ& CZgo nyd© {bIr JB© X{bV AmË_H$WmAm|_| Eogm öX` {dXmaH$ {MÌU XoIZo H$mo Zht {_bVm Ÿ& Bg g§X © _| X`me§H$a Zo "X{bV AmË_H$WmE±,{deof g§X © : {VañH¥$V' erf©H$ boI _| {bIm h¡ -""amYo bmoYo H$s b‹S>H$s, VmD$ gê$nm H$s ~oQ>r H$semXr, ZmZm Ho$ gmW amO_mVm$ H$s XmdV, J|Xmbmb H$s XyH$mZ go boV H$s IarXr Am{X \w$gmdbr H$sKQ>ZmAm| _| AnZo A^mdJ«ñV gm_m{OH$ oX ^md go {dfmŠV ~mb OrdZ H$m, g~go ~‹S>r ~mV CggmW Ho$ mdm|- {dMmam| Am¡a {H«$`m ì`mnmam| H$m gyaOnmb Zo {OVZm {eÔV, gyú_Vm Am¡a ñdm^m{dH$VmHo$ gmW {MÌa Am¡a dU©Z {H$`m h¡, dh aMZmË_H$Vm H$m H$s X¥{ï> go "{VañH¥$V' H$mo "AnZo -AnZoqnOao' Am¡a "OyR>Z' go AmJo bo OmVm h¡ Ÿ&'' (X{bV AmË_H$Wm, {deof g§X © : gyaOnmb Mm¡hmZ H¥$V-{VañH¥$V , n¥. -88)

gyaOnmb AnZr AmË_H$Wm "{VañH¥$V' H$m àma§ AnZo Jm§d go H$aVo h¢ Ÿ& _m§ Jm§d _| ~r_ma

86

h¡ Ÿ& h g_mMma nh±þMVo hr {nVm {Xëbr N>mo‹S> H$a Jm§d nh±þMVo h¢ Ÿ& {Xëbr _| ahVo hþE r {nVm Jm§d Ho$A§Y{dídmg, nwamZr na§nam go Nw>Q>H$mam àmá Zht H$a nmVo Ÿ& S>mŠQar BbmO {H$ o {~Zm ^º$mdb H$mAml` boVo h¢ Ÿ& §Jr g_mO _| àM{bV na§nam Ho$ AZwgma Xodr-XodVmAm| H$s _Zm¡{V`m± _mZZm, nyOm -nmR> H$aZm, _wJ}, ~H$[a`m| H$s |Q> M‹T>mZm O¡go H$m_m| _| bJo aho, na _m§ ñdñW hmoZo Ho$ ~Xbo ñdJ©{gYma JB© Ÿ& _m§ H$s _¥Ë w Ho$ ~mX {nVm Ho$ gmW gyaOnmb H$m {Xëbr Mbm OmZm Am¡a dhm± à{VHy$bn[apñW{V`m| go OyPVo hþE n‹T>mB© H$aZm Am¡a ~r.E. nmg H$aZm O¡gr {d{dY K`ZmAm| H$m {dñV¥V{ddaU"{VañH¥$V' _| XoIZo H$mo {_bVm h¡ Ÿ&

boIH$ Zo Flash backstyle Ho$ ghmao ~MnZ H$s {d{dY KQ>ZmAm| H$m aoIm§H$Z {H$`m h¡ Ÿ&Jm§d _| _m§ Ho$ gmW OyR>Z bmZm, OyR>Z H$mo Yyn _| gwIm H$a a noQ> moOZ H$aZm, emXr-ã`mh _| gyAaH$mo _ma H$a agmoB© nH$mZm, {\$a Jm§d _| X{bVm| Ho$ AZ¡{VH$ H$m_ _| {bá ahZo Ho$ {d{dY àg§Jm| H$sCnñWmnZm, X{bVm| _| b‹S>mB©-PJ‹S>m hmoZm, X{bVm| na gdU© d{gR>m| H$m AÝ`m` -AË`mMma Am¡aemofU, CÝh| ~oJma _| H$m_ H$aZo H$mo _O~ya H$aZm O¡go {d{dY -àg§Jm| H$m ~marH$s go dU©Z XoIZo H$mo{_bVm h¡ Ÿ& Jm§d Ho$ IoV -I{bhmZ, n[adoe, gm_m{OH$ OrdZ, Am{W©H$ {dnÞVm H$m ^r ~Iy~r{MÌU h¡ Ÿ& boIH$ H$mo OrdZ Ho$ àma§ go gdUm] Ho$ Ûmam {VañH¥$V hmoZm n‹S>m h¡ Ÿ& Jm§d H$s nmR>embm goboH$a {Xëbr _hmZJar _| H$m°boO _| AÜ``Z H$aZo VH$ àË oH$ joÌ _| boIH$ An_m{ZV hþE Ÿ& Bg{df` H$m CëboI H$aVo hþE CÝhm|Zo {bIm h¡ -"" Om{V H$m nwÀN>bm ~«÷amjg H$s Vah gX¡d _oao nrN>obJm ahm Ÿ& g§ñH¥$V {df` n‹T>mZo dmbo AÜ`mnH$ doXnmb e_m© _wPo g_`-g_` na Om{V H$m AmoN>mnZ`mX {XbmVo ahVo Ÿ& _¢ V‹S>n CR>Vm Wm Cg ÐmoUmMm © H$s ~mV gwZH$a Ÿ& EH$ {XZ AnZo gmWr AÜ`mnH$m|go _oar Amoa g§Ho$V H$a CgZo H$hm Wm - {X Xoe Ho$ gmao Myh‹S>o -M_ma n‹T>-{bI JE Vmo Jbr-_mohëbm|H$s g\$mB© Am¡a OyVo ~ZmZo H$m H$m © H$m¡Z H$aoJm ?''( {VañH¥$V -n¥. -13 )

AÜ``Z H$s nag_m{á Ho$ CnamÝV Zm¡H$ar Am¡a gm{hË` g^r joÌm| _| §Jr Om{V H$m hmoZo Ho$H$maU boIH$ H$mo {_bo An_mZ Am¡a Cnojm H$s nr‹S>m H$mo "{VañH¥$V' _| aoIm§{H$V H$aZo H$m g\$bà`mg {H$`m J`m h¡ Ÿ& §Jr Om{V H$s ÌmgX pñW{V H$m aoIm§H$Z H$aZo _| boIH$ V{ZH$ ^r {dM{bVZht hþE Ÿ& CÝhm|Zo AnZo nm[adm[aH$ Am¡a gm_m{OH$ OrdZ Ho$ WmW© Ho$ àË oH$ nhby H$m gyú_ aoIm§H$ZH$a EH$ X{bV AmË_H$WmH$ma H$m ghr n[aM` àXmZ {H$`m h¡ Ÿ& AnZr {ejm Am¡a mo½`Vm Ho$ AZwê$ngyaOnmb H$mo Zm¡H$ar {_br Ÿ& Zm¡H$ar {_bVo hr CZHo$ gm_m{OH$ Am¡a nm[adm[aH$ OrdZ _| H$m\$s CÞ{VhþB© Ÿ& do g_mO _| à{V{ð>V _mZo J o Ÿ& na Am°{\$g _| gdU© A{YH$m[a`m| H$s hrZ Ñ{ï> CZ na Á`m| H$sË`m| ~Zr ahr Ÿ& EH$ gm{hË`H$ma Ho$ ê$n _| ^r CÝh| gdU© gm{hË`H$mam| Ho$ An_mZ Am¡a bm§N>Z ghZm

87

n‹S>m Wm Ÿ& do X{bVm| _| OmJéH$Vm CËnÞ H$a CZ_| EH$Vm ñWm{nV H$aZm MmhVo Wo Ÿ& na h g§ d Zhthmo nm`m Ÿ& X{bVm| _| D±$M-ZrM ôX Wm Ÿ& D±$M Om{V Ho$ X{bV {ZåZ dJ© Ho$ X{bVm| H$mo K¥Um H$s Ñ{ï>go XoIVo Wo Ÿ& §Jr -M_mam| Ho$ à{V D$M dJ© Ho$ X{bVm| H$m _Zmo md X{bVm| H$s EH$Vm _| Xama CËnÞH$aZo dmbm EH$ ~‹S>m ~mYH$ VËd Wm Ÿ& boIH$ Zo Bg gm_m{OH$ `WmW© H$mo nyar Vah _hgyg {H$`mWm Ÿ& "{VañH¥$V' O¡gr X{bV AmË_H$Wm AÝ` {H$gr AmË_ H$Wm _| X{bVm| Ho$ O¡gr AmË_H$Wm H$maoIm§H$Z àmè; XoIZo H$mo Zht {_bVm h¡ Ÿ& Bg Ñ{ï> go "{VañH¥$V' EH$ AbJ _hËd aIVm h¡ Ÿ& qhXrH$s nyd© X{bV AmË_H$WmAm| Zo AnZr AmË_H$Wm {bIVo g_` B©_mZXmar Adí` {XImB© h¡, nagyaOnmb H$s Vah Eogm gmhg {XImH$a, AmË_H$Wm {bI Zht nmB© Ÿ& "{VañH¥$V' Ho$ g§~§Y _| AnZm{dMma ì`º$ H$aVo hþE g_rjH$ X`me§H$a H$m H$hZm h¡ -"" qhXr _| Amo_àH$me dmë_r{H$ Zo qhXr joÌHo$ ~mha _amR>r X{bV g_mO Am¡a H$m ©H$Vm©Am| Ho$ {Og A§V{d©amoY H$m g§Ho$V â {H$`m Wm, CZgoAmJo ~‹T>H$a gyaOnmb Zo qhXr X{bV Am¡a gm{hË`H$ma Ho$ Om{VJV {^Var A§V{d©amoY H$m {dñVma goCX²KmQ>Z {H$`m h¡ Ÿ& Bg àH$ma gyaOnmb Zo qhXr X{bV AmË_H$Wm H$mo dñVw H$o$ {bhmO go Z Ho$dbg_¥Õ {H$`m, ~pëH$ Á`mXm gmhg Am¡a J§ ra Xm{`Ëd Ho$ Ahgmg Ho$ gmW Cgo Xmo H$X_ AmJo ^r~‹T>m`m Ÿ&'' (X{bV AmË_H$Wm {deof g§X © : gyaOnmb Mm¡hmZ H¥$V "{VañH¥$V' -n¥. -115)

Bg àH$ma "{VañH¥$V' EH$ VÏ`{^{ÎmH$ X{bV AmË_H$Wm h¡ Ÿ& qhXr _| {bIr JB© AÝÀmË_H$WmAm| H$s VwbZm _| BgH$m EH$ ñdV§Ì n[aM` h¡ Ÿ&

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DDCE Utkal Universityddceutkal.ac.in/Syllabus/MA_HINDI/Paper-14.pdfDDCE Utkal University qhXr (E_.E.) M.A. (Hindi) Semester - IV PAPER - XIV X{bV {d_e© boIH$ S>m°. {dO` Hw$_ma _hm§{V