March 2015

Energy Efficient Mobile Backhaul: A BBF Initiative

Tutorial Contributors Konstantinos Samdanis – NEC Manuel Paul – Deutsche Telekom Dave Sinicrope – Ericsson Rao Cherukuri – Juniper Networks Kevin Foster – British Telecommunications plc

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Outline Motivation Environmental and Cost Considerations Regulation Policies

Energy Efficient Principles and Concepts

Energy Efficient Mobile Backhaul Network Planning Nodal Requirements Network Management

EE Framework: Industry & Standards Progress Summary

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The Broadband Forum is the central organization driving global broadband wireline solutions and empowering converged packet networks worldwide

Focused on engineering smooth evolution of broadband networks and mitigating new technology risks

Our work- – defines best practices for global networks – enables service and content delivery – engineers critical device & service management tools, and – is key to redefining broadband

Motivation

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Energy Efficiency: An Industry Vision

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Reduce CO2e intensity of our worldwide business by 80%, from 1997 levels, by Dec 2020.

40% fewer CO2 emissions by 2020.

Strives to save energy and reduce CO2 emissions at its communications facilities.

Reducing our carbon intensity by 50% by 2020.

Reduce the electricity consumption relative to data growth on our network by 17% as compared 2010.

Reduce our energy consumption in networks by 30%

Launched its first line of environmentally friendly products “Telecom Italia Green”

• “Green Action” plan • voluntarily agreed to reduce

energy use per unit of telecoms traffic by 20% by 2012 compared to 2008

Reduce GHG emissions by 159 kilotonnes (50% of 2003 GHG emissions) by the end of 2020.

• Halve CO2 in mature markets by 2020.

• Reduce CO2 per network node by 20% by 2015 in emerging markets.

Between 2006 and 2020 • Committed to reduce CO2

emissions by 20% • Reduce energy consumption

by 15%

Environmental Responsibiliy

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Global Warming

Global Temperature Rise

Sustainability: Development that “meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs” (Brundtland Report, 1987)

CO2 Increase

Environmental Policies

Kyoto protocol in 1997 introduced a strong objective to take action against global warming.

Conference of the Parties (COP) 17 in 2011 measures taken not sufficient to avoid global warming beyond 2oC (a limit established in G8 2009 to avoid unpredictable environmental damage) and more urgent action is needed.

SBI Bulleting: ICT currently accounts for 5.7% of the world’s electricity consumption and 1.8% of CO2 emissions

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Reference: SBI Bulletin: Energy Efficiency Technologies in information and Communication Industry 2005-2015.

Global Telecom CO2 Footprint

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Regulatory Initiatives & Government Acts

EC Code-of-Conduct (1999) policies and recommendations reducing CO2

create mandates towards SDOs (e.g. M462) define upper bound energy limits for equipment

OECD Towards Green ICT strategies government acts and industry initiatives that help introduce

ICTs with reduced CO2 impact.

EC ICT4EE (2010) address green ICT bring together industries from EU, Japan, US*

10 * DigitalEurope, GeSI, Japanese Business Council EU, Tech. America Europe

Increasing Traffic

Increasing Adoption of Telecom Services Internet users reached ~ 40% of the world’s population Mobile broadband: the most dynamic market with 2.1 billion

subscribers globally

Increasing Data Volumes

Flat rate charging plans New devices / services

Always on connectivity Data hungry applications Mass device support

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Increased Networking CAPEX/OPEX Increasing Energy Costs Infrastructure enhancement – LTE estimations for 2020

Telcos‘ devices > 3 times broadband access > 9 times

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Compound Annual Growth Rate EU Telcos’ Energy OPEX Costs *

* Source: R. Bolla, et. al., “Energy Efficiency in the Future Internet: A Survey of Existing Approaches and Trends in Energy-Aware Fixed Network Infrastructures”, IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials, Vol.13, No. 2, 2011

Energy Efficient Principles and Concepts

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Saving Energy: How and Where How to provide energy efficiency?

Match offered capacity to demand

Where in telecom systems? Access (70%): (i) High number of devices

(ii) High variation of Capacity-Demand Transport/Core (30%): High device expenditure

14 Source: R. Bolla, et. al., “Energy Efficiency in the Future Internet: A Survey of Existing Approaches and Trends in Energy-Aware Fixed Network Infrastructures”, IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials, Vol.13, No. 2, 2011

Power Consumption Vs Operational Mode “Sleeping”: most effective means to save energy Multiple sleeping and “off” states may exist Transition energy overhead

Each transition typically increased energy consumption temporarily Benefit only if saved energy larger than transition energy overhead

Duration of transition (may not be interruptible) A transition requires a certain amount of time to complete

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Green Meter Research Study Possible to reduce the net energy consumption in telecom networks by up to 90% via combination of technologies, architectures, components, algorithms and protocols by 2020.

16 Reference: GreenTouch Green Meter Announcement, May 2013 http://www.greentouch.org/index.php?page=green-meter-research

Summary of Green Meter Study

Net energy reductions that can be achieved in mobile access, wireless access and core networks

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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pAyQ-kxPw9o

Reference: GreenTouch Green Meter Announcement, May 2013 http://www.greentouch.org/index.php?page=green-meter-research

RAN Use Cases

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1. Schedule driven strategies, eNBs powered-off/on based-on predetermined operating schedule.

2. Carrier frequency restricted:

3. Overlaid networks: capacity-boosting cells are powered-of 4. Capacity limited specified eNBs compensate on behalf of powered-off neighbor eNBs

Holistic Networking Perspective Energy Efficient Network Planning Node/interface consolidation

Nodal Requirements Energy Efficient Network Equipment

Slowing down processing/communication Regulating packet transmission/processing

Network Based Energy Conservation Cyclic-periodic operation between on/off Powering-off under-utilized equipment

Energy Saving Management Monitoring – Controlling 20

Energy Efficient Mobile Backhaul

- BBF TR-293

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- BBF TR-293 Energy Efficient Mobile Backhaul

Specification for EE Mobile Backhaul Provide conceptual background for the deployment Considering the external transport specific behavior Without an intent to define internal system design or system

architecture Energy savings in RAN equipment motivates this effort, be reflected in mobile backhaul defining energy requirements for RAN is out of scope

Energy savings without compromising SLAs

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Scope and Contribution of the BBF Initiative

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Holistic

Radio Core

MSC

HSS

P/S-Gw

MME

BBF TR-221 Mobile Backhaul Architecture

Align RAN and Core Network Energy

Planning

Management Equipment

Network-based

Energy Efficient Network Planning Place resources/dimension topology: Off-line activity

BBF Architecture & Network Virtualization Fewer “boxes”: Unifies 2G/UMTS/HSDPA/LTE Support different RAN generations on a common, IP/packet-based

infrastructure Separation of transport from higher layer protocols / services Enables infrastructure sharing & wholesale

24 Reference Architecture BBF TR-221

Energy Proportional Network Equipment

Scale energy with traffic via: Dynamic power scaling, e.g. in (switch, router) CPUs Dynamic link scaling, i.e. increase/decrease links’ bandwidth

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power data

IEEE Energy Efficient Ethernet (EEE)

Mechanism Description EEE defines a Low Idle link state when no data packets are

sent and a protocol that enables Ethernet PHYs in low idle to maintain up-to-date operational parameters.

EEE defines a way of signaling once the physical link is about to be used allowing fast link activation.

26 Ts = 182 ms and Tw = 16.50 ms (10GBase-T)

IEEE Energy Efficient Ethernet (EEE) EEE Mobile Backhaul applicability Relevant to Mobile Backhaul, common for LTE base stations in

access and aggregation networks Applicable for base stations capable of entering an energy saving

state External Behaviour Increases delay: links require a short time to recover Packet coalescing: may further increase delay and potentially packet

loss due to buffer overflow Effectiveness of EEE depends on link utilization and distribution of packet inter-arrival times 27

IEEE Power over Ethernet (PoE)

Mechanism Description Delivers power along with data saving

~0.6-2.1W/port IEEE 802.3af-2003 PoE:15.4 W IEEE 802.3at-2009 PoE: 25.5 W

Empowers remote devices reduces cable installation / eliminates AC outlets

Provides energy control of attached devices power-on/off on-demand

Note: PoE may be combined with EEE for further energy savings.

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IEEE Power over Ethernet (PoE)

Mobile Backhaul applicability Relevant to Mobile Backhaul for small cells Empower equipment without a power supply Applicable to equipment that can run within the range of PoE

power supply

External Behaviour Energy management: scheduled or event based power-on/off

control of particular ports Power-on/off control may result in alarms that need

coordination with the radio equipment 29

ONU Power Management in ITU-T PON

Mechanism Description Three means of power management: Doze mode: an ONU transmitter power-off for substantial time periods

provided that the receiver remains continuously on. Cyclic sleep mode where both ONU transmitter and receiver are powered

off, in a sequence of a sleep and active period Watchful sleep mode combines Doze and Cyclic sleep modes, use Doze

mode on ONU side and Cyclic sleep mode on OLT side. Reduced to Doze or Cyclic sleep via parameter configuration

Mobile Backhaul Applicability ITU PON offers high bandwidth, reliable backhaul applied for

aggregation and last mile access

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ITU-T G.987.3 / G.984.3

ONU Power Management in ITU-T PON External Behaviour There is a tight relation between power reduction in ITU PON

system and degradation of service power reduction may lead to additional delay or packet loss. limited processing of downstream management traffic occurs in low power states

The ONU power management states Listen state: ONU receiver is on; the transmitter is off. Before exiting, ONU

ensures that is fully powered up and synchronized. Asleep state: ONU shuts down both its receiver and transmitter Watch state: ONU transmitter is off. ONU periodically turns on the receiver to

check of downstream signal for remote wakeup. DozeAware / SleepAware / WSleepAware: Both ONU receiver and transmitter

remain on.

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ITU-T G.987.3 / G.984.3

EEE-based Link Aggregation (LAG) Mechanism Description

LAG based-on IEEE 802.1AX (BBF TR-223) allows one or more links to be bundled together to ensure frame ordering, LAG distribution algorithms select a certain

port for subsequent frames that form the same flow Combine EEE with LAG

EEE low idle link state used for each link of the bundle links removed from the bundle may be put into an EEE low idle link state

for energy efficiency At low utilization times IEEE 802.1AX

aggregates load on a subset of member links providing the opportunity for member links to be removed from the bundle

apply low idle state using EEE, improving the energy efficiency of the overall bundle.

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EEE-based Link Aggregation (LAG)

Mobile Backhaul Applicability LAG commonly used in access and aggregation networks to

enhance link capacity removal of active member links of LAG bundle based-on traffic

load, improves energy efficiency decision to remove member links within the LAG bundle can

be based on observed load

External Behaviour IEEE802.1AX LAG removal and addition of links reflects link

rate additivity EEE may increase delay and loss 33

Energy Saving Management

Energy saving management refers to: Measuring , modeling, planning, controlling and optimizing the use

of energy in networked systems Related policies and functions can be managed locally, centrally or

both, according to the energy mechanism Centrally controlled network management can align easier the power

consumption of a large number of managed entities Energy saving functions of a device can be executed locally or de-

centralized based on local observations about the load Monitoring and OAM measures acquire information about

energy provisions and conditions, as well as their effect on the network and service performance 34

Energy Saving Monitoring and Control

Monitoring processes collect information about: Energy consumption of equipment and functions Traffic load conditions and network utilization

Ensure profitable energy savings by identifying off-peak periods Performance at the node and through network management

SLA attributes to ensure that power saving mechanisms do not have an adverse impact the service (BBF TR-221)

Energy control lifecycle: Control and measurement Status Info-Base Optimization

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SG-17

EE Framework: Industry & Standards Progress

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Energy Efficiency: We do not work alone

Ongoing standardization and industry efforts, relevant

to BBF’s use cases and specifications:

ETSI/ATIS/ITU-T: Measurement & Evaluation

IEEE: Energy-Efficiency for High-Speed Ethernet Links

IETF: Energy Aware Routing and Transport

ONF/ETSI: SDN & Network Functions Virtualization.

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Measurement and Evaluation

Measurement and metrics ( ) Measurements for routers, Ethernet switches, DSLAM and

optical equipment (GPON, GEPON, etc.) Metrics EEER and TEER: throughput / energy

Energy efficient evaluation standards Quantify energy cost with respect to performance Specify testing suits for energy strategies

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Energy-Efficient High-Speed Ethernet Links

IEEE 802.3bm, EEE for 40Gb/s and 100Gb/s Optical Interfaces

IEEE P802.3bj EEE for 100 Gb/s Backplane and Copper Cable

IEEE P1904.1 Service Interoperability Ethernet Pasive Optical Networks (SIEPON)

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Energy Aware Management & Routing

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IRTF EE Discussions • Active academic community • Goals and topics discussed

include: Network segments, Metrics, Time horizons, User/application layer, Sleep States, and efficiency of existing protocols, Lightweight protocols and filtering

IETF Routing Area

• Framework and Requirements for Energy Aware Control Planes

• Energy Aware Routing Work proposed (e.g. extensions to disseminate power ratio metrics): “Power-Aware Networking”

• Proxy-based Routing

IETF EMAN Working Group • Terminology and Requirements for

Energy Management • Energy Management Framework • Management Information Bases

(MIBs) for Energy-Aware Networks & Devices, Entities, and Battery Management

• Applicability Descriptions

Energy Monitoring/Management EE Routing & Control Planes IRTF: EE Research Discussion

Objective: Operating communication networks with minimal amount of energy while still providing sufficient performance to meet service level objectives

(Step1: Energy Monitoring, Step2: Nodal Support, Step 3: Energy Aware Networking)

Energy Effciency with SDN and NFV Energy Efficient Transport

Packet Forwarding Pipelining, time-based synchronized switching

Broker based routing Centralized energy aware routing

Network Function Virtualization Consolidate equipment

Green Abstraction Layer (GAL) Standardize interfaces to control

the power of objects and network equipment

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Summary

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Summary

BBF TR-293: Energy Efficient Mobile Backhaul

Planning: Multi-RAN - Virtualization - Consolidation

Equipment: Energy proportionality

Network: Coordination - Control

Management: Metering and Monitoring

BBF Architectures and Specifications drive

Energy-Efficient, Interoperable Implementations

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The Paradox

Does energy saving save energy? Economic Perspective: D. Khazzoom and

L. Brookes (1980) Energy efficiency paradoxically

leads to increased consumption

Involve consumer by introducing: Social awareness Service models that provide user incentive 44

Thanks! Any Questions?

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