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8/3/2019 Day 18 October 26th Chapters 8 and 9 Scribd
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Day 18 October 26th Chapters 8
and 9
If you need to talk to me about the
youtube assignment, we can meetafter class in my office.
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8.21 Laboratory and field experimentsenable us to watch evolution in progress.
A fifth line of evidence for the occurrence of evolution comes from multigeneration
experiments and observations.
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Changes in the Frequencyof the Various Alleles
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8/3/2019 Day 18 October 26th Chapters 8 and 9 Scribd
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In the laboratory, the
farm, the doctor’soffice, the bathroom
sink, the deserts,streams, and forests,
evolution is
occurring.
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Animals should maximize energy consumedand minimize energy used.
1) Behavior hasadaptive value
just like othertraits.
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Humans show an aversion to eating dirt
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Humans like to eat foods high in fat andsugar.
humans prefer sweet, but not too sweet
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Behaviors can be influenced by naturalselection.
Feeding behavior
• Humans; starlings; shore crabs examples
Maternal care
• Mice example – neglectful gene
Singing behavior
• Songbirds example – complex songs
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Effects of evolution by natural selection areall around.
Peacock feathers
Cryptic coloration observed in many
species
BEHAVIOR is part of an organism’s
phenotype.• also under the influence of natural selection
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The degree to which abehavior dependsupon the environmentvaries a great deal.
Instincts or innatebehaviors
Fixed action pattern
Role of the Environment
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Triggered undercertain conditions
Requires nolearning
Does not vary
Once started, runsto completion
Fixed Action Pattern
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Learning
Involves behaviors that are altered andmodified over time in response to pastexperiences
Tremendous variation among behaviorsthat require learning
• Some are easy to learn
• Others are not
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Prepared Learning
Behaviors that are learned easily and by all(or nearly all) individuals
Snake-fearing behavior of monkeys
Acquisition of language in humans
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Animals don’t consciously try tomaximize their reproductivesuccess, yet they behave as if
they do?
How do they do it?
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Rules of Thumb
Relatively easy-to-follow responses to cuesthat reliably lead to a desired outcome
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Rules of Thumb
Pleasures, incentives, and reproductivesuccess
Not necessary for the animal to beconsciously seeking that outcome
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How do we
know?
Tricking animals
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9.5 A general theory of “kindness” helps explain the evolution of apparent acts of altruism.
Does unconditional love exist in the animalkingdom?
Altruistic behaviors —behaviors thatcome at a cost to the individual doing thebehavior while benefiting the recipient.
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Darwin
Natural selection generally works toproduce selfish behavior.
Altruistic-appearing behavior is common.
Fatal to his theory?
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Apparent Acts of Altruism
Kindness toward close relatives: kinselection
Kindness toward unrelated individuals:reciprocal altruism
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Hamilton’s Rule
Altruistic-appearing behavior will occurwhen the benefits to close relatives aregreater than the cost to the individual
performing the behavior.
They are really acting in their own
genes’ best interests .