viii

DAFTAR ISI

ABSTRAK ..................................................................................................... i

ABSTRACT ................................................................................................... ii

LEMBAR PENGESAHAN .......................................................................... iii

LEMBAR PERNYATAAN ORISINALITAS ............................................ iv

MOTTO DAN PERSEMBAHAN ................................................................ v

KATA PENGANTAR ................................................................................... iii

DAFTAR ISI ................................................................................................... viii

DAFTAR TABEL ......................................................................................... xii

DAFTAR GAMBAR ..................................................................................... xiv

BAB I PENDAHULUAN .............................................................................. 1

A. Latar Belakang ............................................................................... 1

B. Perumusan Masalah ........................................................................ 11

C. Tujuan Penelitian ............................................................................ 11

D. Manfaat Penelitian........................................................................... 12

BAB II KAJIAN TEORITIK ....................................................................... 13

A. Deskripsi Konseptual ..................................................................... 13

1. Semangat Kerja............................................................................ 13

1.1 Teori Semangat Kerja .......................................................... 14

1.2 Indikasi Menurunnya Semangat Kerja ................................ 15

1.3 Upaya Meningkatkan Semangat Kerja ................................ 16

1.4 Faktor-Faktor Semangat Kerja ............................................. 17

2. Motivasi ....................................................................................... 21

2.1 Teori Motivasi ...................................................................... 22

2.2 Indikasi Menurunnya Motivasi ............................................ 27

2.3 Upaya Meningkatkan Motivasi ............................................ 28

2.4 Faktor-faktor Motivasi ......................................................... 29

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3. Lingkungan Kerja ....................................................................... 34

3.1 Teori Lingkungan Kerja ....................................................... 36

3.2 Jenis Lingkungan Kerja ....................................................... 36

3.3 Manfaat Lingkungan Kerja ................................................... 38

3.4 Faktor-Faktor yang Mempengarui Lingkungan Kerja .................. 38

B. Review Penelitian Relevan .............................................................. 44

C. Kerangka Teoritik ............................................................................ 59

1. Motivasi Terhadap Semangat Kerja ........................................... 59

2. Lingkungan Kerja Terhadap Semangat Kerja ............................ 61

D. Perumusan Hipotesis Penelitian ..................................................... 63

BAB III METODELOGI PENELITIAN .................................................... 65

A. Objek dan Ruang Lingkup Penelitian ............................................ 65

B. Metode Penelitian ........................................................................... 65

C. Populasi dan Sampel ...................................................................... 67

1. Populasi ....................................................................................... 67

2. Sampel ........................................................................................ 68

D. Sumber Data yang Digunakan Untuk Penelitian ........................... 69

1. Data Primer ................................................................................. 69

2. Data Sekunder ............................................................................ 70

E. Operasional Variabel Penelitian ..................................................... 71

1. Variabel Penelitian ..................................................................... 71

2. Skala Pengukuran ....................................................................... 73

F. Teknik Analisa Data ....................................................................... 74

1. Uji Instrumen .............................................................................. 75

1.1 Uji Validitas ......................................................................... 75

1.2 Uji Realibilitas ..................................................................... 76

2. Analisis Deskriptif ...................................................................... 77

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3. Uji Asumsi Klasik ...................................................................... 78

3.1 Uji Normalitas ...................................................................... 79

3.2 Uji Linearitas ....................................................................... 79

3.3 Uji Heteroskedastitas ........................................................... 80

3.4 Uji Multikolinearitas ................................................................ 81

4. Analisis Regresi ........................................................................... 82

4.1 Analisis Regresi Liniear Berganda ....................................... 82

5. Uji Hipotesis ............................................................................... 82

5.1 Uji F ...................................................................................... 82

5.2 Uji T ...................................................................................... 83

BAB IV HASIL PENELITIAN DAN PEMBAHASAN ............................. 85

A. Deskripsi Unit Analisis .................................................................. 85

B. Hasil Penelitian dan Pembahasan ................................................... 89

1. Hasil Pengujian Instrumen .......................................................... 89

1.1 Hasil Uji Validitas ............................................................... 89

1.2 Hasil Uji Realibilitas ............................................................ 93

2. Analisis Deskriptif Data ............................................................. 94

2.1 Analisis Deskriptif Data Semangat Kerja ............................ 95

2.2 Analisis Deskriptif Data Motivasi ....................................... 101

2.3 Analisis Deskriptif Data Lingkungan Kerja ........................ 104

3. Hasil Pengujian Asumsi Klasik .................................................. 108

3.1 Hasil Uji Normalitas ............................................................ 108

3.2 Hasil Uji Multikolinearitas .................................................. 109

3.3 Hasil Uji Heteroskedastisitas ............................................... 111

3.4 Hasil Uji Linearitas .............................................................. 112

4. Hasil Pengujian Analisis Regresi Liniear Berganda ................... 115

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5. Uji Hipotesis ............................................................................... 116

5.1 Uji t ...................................................................................... 116

5.2 Uji F ..................................................................................... 119

6. Pengujian Hipotesis .................................................................... 120

6.1 Intepretasi Uji t .................................................................... 120

6.1.1 Uji Hipotesis Pertama ................................................ 120

6.1.2 Uji Hipotesis Kedua ................................................... 121

6.2 Intepretasi Uji F ................................................................... 121

6.3 Pembahasan ......................................................................... 122

BAB V KESIMPULAN DAN SARAN ........................................................ 131

A. Kesimpulan .................................................................................... 131

B. Saran ............................................................................................... 132

DAFTAR PUSTAKA .................................................................................... 134

LAMPIRAN ................................................................................................... 137

xii

DAFTAR TABEL

Tabel I.1 Daftar Ketidakhadiran Tanpa Keterangan (Alpha) Karyawan ........ 4

Tabel I. 2 Tabel Peraturan Kementrian BUMN .............................................. 6

Tabel I. 3 Hasil Pra-Penelitian ........................................................................ 7

Tabel II. 1 Referensi Penelitian Terdahulu ..................................................... 58

Tabel III. 1 Operasionalisasi Semangat Kerja (Y) .......................................... 72

Tabel III. 2 Operasionalisasi Motivasi (X1) ................................................... 72

Tabel III. 3 Operasionalisasi Lingkungan Kerja (X2) .................................... 73

Tabel III. 4 Bobot Skala Likert ....................................................................... 74

Tabel III. 5 Tingkat Keandalan Nilai Cronbach's Alpha ................................ 77

Tabel III. 6 Skala Kategori Jawaban Responden ............................................ 78

Tabel 4. 1 Tabel Karakteristik Responden Berdasarkan Jenis Kelamin ......... 85

Tabel 4. 2 Tabel Karakteristik Responden Berdasarkan Usia ......................... 86

Tabel 4. 3 Tabel Karakteristik Responden Berdasarkan Masa Kerja ............. 88

Tabel 4. 4 Tabel Karakteristik Berdasarkan Pendidikan ................................. 89

Tabel 4. 5 Uji Validitas Tabel Semangat Kerja ............................................. 91

Tabel 4. 6 Uji Validitas Tabel Motivasi .......................................................... 92

Tabel 4. 7 Uji Validitas Tabel Lingkungan Kerja ........................................... 92

Tabel 4. 8 Tabel Uji Realibilitas ..................................................................... 93

Tabel 4. 9 Hasil Analisis Statistik Deskriptif Semangat Kerja ....................... 95

Tabel 4. 10 Hasil Analisis Statistik Deskriptif Motivasi ................................ 101

Tabel 4. 11 Hasil Analisis Deskriptif Lingkungan Kerja ................................ 104

Tabel 4. 12 Hasil Uji Normalitas .................................................................... 108

Tabel 4. 13 Uji Multikolinearitas .................................................................... 110

Tabel 4. 14 Uji Heterokedastisitas .................................................................. 111

Tabel 4. 15 Uji Linearitas Motivasi ................................................................ 113

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Tabel 4. 16 Uji Linearitas Lingkungan Kerja ................................................. 114

Tabel 4. 17 Hasil Uji Liniear Berganda .......................................................... 115

Tabel 4. 18 Uji T ............................................................................................. 117

Tabel 4. 19 Uji F ............................................................................................. 119

xiv

DAFTAR GAMBAR

Gambar II. 1 Metode Penelitian ...................................................................... 62