CYTOKINES!CYTOKINES!

02Initial cytokines to respond to Initial cytokines to respond to injury and infection?injury and infection?

TNF- and IL-1

02 Which cells are largest Which cells are largest producers of TNF-producers of TNF-??

Macrophages

02Which cytokine is responsible Which cytokine is responsible for fever?for fever?

IL-1

Alveolar macrophages release Alveolar macrophages release IL-1 which is why you can get IL-1 which is why you can get

fever with atelectasis.fever with atelectasis.

02Which cytokine increases Which cytokine increases hepatic acute phase proteins?hepatic acute phase proteins?

IL-6

02Lymphocytes release what in Lymphocytes release what in response to viral infection?response to viral infection?

Interferons

02 CRP, amyloid A & P, fibrinogen, CRP, amyloid A & P, fibrinogen, haptoglobin, ceruloplasmin, haptoglobin, ceruloplasmin, -1 antitrypsin, -1 antitrypsin, -1 antichymotrypsin, and C3 are examples -1 antichymotrypsin, and C3 are examples

of what?of what?

Hepatic acute phase proteins- Most potent stimulant for release? -

IL-6IL-6

02Which factor is the convergence point Which factor is the convergence point of the classic and alternative of the classic and alternative

complement pathways?complement pathways?

C3

02 Mechanism of action of Mechanism of action of NSAIDs?NSAIDs?

Inhibits cyclooxygenase

(reversible)

02Drug that is an irreversible Drug that is an irreversible cyclooxygenase inhibitor?cyclooxygenase inhibitor?

Aspirin

02

AspirinAspirin

NSAIDSNSAIDS

-

02 What enzyme do steroids What enzyme do steroids inhibit?inhibit?

Phospholipase

02 These are “slow-reacting These are “slow-reacting substances of anaphylaxis”?substances of anaphylaxis”?

Leukotrienes

02When do catecholamines peak?When do catecholamines peak?

24-48 hours post injury

02Epinephrine released primarily Epinephrine released primarily from?from?

Adrenal medulla

02CXC chemokines promote chemotaxis, CXC chemokines promote chemotaxis, angiogenesis, and wound healing - angiogenesis, and wound healing -

what are those chemokines?what are those chemokines?

IL-8

Platelet factor 4

02 Primary mediators of Primary mediators of reperfusion injury?reperfusion injury?

PMNs

02Chronic granulomatous disease Chronic granulomatous disease is a defect in which enzyme?is a defect in which enzyme?

NADPH oxidase

02Precursor for nitric oxide?Precursor for nitric oxide?(NO is also called endothelium-derived relaxing factor (EDRF))(NO is also called endothelium-derived relaxing factor (EDRF))

Arginine

02

02Main source of histamine in Main source of histamine in blood and tissue respectively?blood and tissue respectively?

Basophils and mast cells

02 Enzyme that inactivates Enzyme that inactivates bradykinin?bradykinin?

ACE

02PAF (platelet-activating factor) PAF (platelet-activating factor) is not stored - generated by?is not stored - generated by?

Phospholipase in endothelium

02Overproduction of which factor Overproduction of which factor can lead to fibrosis?can lead to fibrosis?

TGF-

02 Which factor can help Which factor can help accelerate wound healing?accelerate wound healing?

PDGF

02Which factor helps stimulate Which factor helps stimulate angiogenesis and is involved in angiogenesis and is involved in

tumor metastasis?tumor metastasis?

V-EGF