Cybercrime and its Impact on New Media and Discourse

Robert M. Hayes, Professor Emeritus, UCLA

Information Technology and Journalism ConferenceDubrovnik, Croatia

24 May – 28 May 2010

My Website

http://polaris.gseis.ucla.edu/rhayes/courses/courses.htm

This PowerPoint presentation is available at that site. Simply click on “Other” and it is the first entry there.

Introduction

CybercrimeSocial Networking:

The New Media and

Means for Discourse

The Contexts of Cybercrime

1. Cybercrimes against individuals

2. Cybercrimes against groups

3. Cybercrimes against property

4. Cybercrimes against corporations

5. Cybercrimes against governments

1. Cybercrimes against individuals

Identity Theft Sexual Predation Confidence tricks and con artists Financial Predation

It is fascinating to observe the number of cybercrimes against individuals that are reported on a daily basis

Just within the weeks before my departure for this trip, the following items were in the LA Times and Daily News:

It was the text message of their lives, May 6, 2010 Facebook as a target for Internet criminals, May 15, 2010 Gruesome death photos and Internet privacy, May 15, 2010

And, believe me, these are just a sample.

2. Cybercrimes against groups

The Game Online System Predators

Again, it is fascinating to observe the number of reported attacks against groups, such as the following:

UC San Diego professor studies disobedience, Mat 7, 2010

3. Cybercrimes against property

Violations of Intellectual Property Rights

4. Cybercrimes with corporations

Denial of Service Cracking Unauthorized access Financial Manipulations Violations of Record Keeping Laws Spamming

5. Cybercrimes against Governments

Cyberterrorism Cyberwar

Internet Social Networking

Internet Social Networking sites Internet Dating Sites Scientists Strive to Map the Shape-Shifting Net Internet paradox: A social technology that reduces social i

nvolvement and psychological well-being?

Social Networking in Cybercrimes

Identity TheftSexual PredationInternet BullyingInternet HarassmentCon GamesCyberterrorismCyberwar

Governmental Efforts

U.S. National EffortsU.S. State EffortsInternational Efforts

U.S. National Legislation Counterfeit Access Device & Computer Fraud & Abuse Act of 1984 Computer Fraud and Abuse Act of 1986 The Electronic Communications Privacy Act of 1986 Telephone Consumer Protection Act of 1991 The National Information Infrastructure Protection Act of 1996 The Communications Decency Act (CDA) of 1996 Fraud and Related Activity in Connection with Computers of 1996 The No-Electronic Theft Act (NET Act) of 1997 The Child Online Protection Act (COPA) of 1998 The Protection of Children from Sexual Predators Act of 1998 Digital Millennium Copyright Act of 1998 The Patriot Act of 2001 Do-Not-Call Implementation Act of 2003, CAN-SPAM Act of 2003 Enforcement of Intellectual Property Rights Act of 2008

Agency Procedures• Reporting of Cybercrime

• Determining relevant laws

• Court warrants for procedures

• Identifying crimes

• Identifying perpetrators

• Prosecuting perpetrators

• Investigating and gathering evidence Active Cases

U.S. State Legislation

Nevada Arizona Florida Massachusetts California Washington Texas

International Efforts

What can individuals do to protect themselves?

PreventionCautionProtectionProaction

Some relevant web sites: http://abcnews.go.com/Technology/TheLaw/teens-charged-bullying-mass-girl-

kill/story?id=10231357 Teens Indicted After Allegedly Taunting Girl Who Hanged Herself Nine Teens Accused of Cyberbullying Phoebe Prince, 15. By RUSSELL GOLDMAN March 29, 2010

http://ag.state.nv.us/org/admin/fiscal/techcrime/techcrime.htm http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi

=10.1.1.101.3969&rep=rep1&type=pdf New Media Power: The Internet and Global Activism. W. Lance Bennett

http://firstmonday.org/htbin/cgiwrap/bin/ojs/index.php/fm/article/viewArticle/1394/1312#note4 A privacy paradox: Social networking in the United States

http://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?collection=journals&handle=hein.journals/cconsp16&div=11&id=&page= Child's Playground or a Predator's Hunting Ground - How to Protect Children on Internet Social Networking Sites, A; Groppe, Jessica S.

http://lists.jammed.com/ISN/2006/01/0014.html http://mmictaskforce.com/default.aspx http://netforbeginners.about.com/od/scamsandidentitytheft/ss/ The

Top 10 Internet/Email Scams http://netsecurity.about.com/od/newsandeditoria2/a/socialpredators.ht

m Predators on Social Networks. Sexual Predators and Child Molesters Find Easy Prey. From Tony Bradley, CISSP-ISSAP, former About.com Guide

http://news.uns.purdue.edu/x/2008a/080519GoldmanTask.html http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/cgi/content/abstract/peds.2007-06

93v1 How Risky Are Social Networking Sites? A Comparison of Places Online Where Youth Sexual Solicitation and Harassment Occurs Michele L. Ybarra, MPH, PhDa, Kimberly J. Mitchell, PhDb

http://publishing2.com/2007/05/22/every-newspaper-journalist-should-start-a-blog/#ixzz0lZgNBudw May 22nd, 2007, Every Newspaper Journalist Should Start A Blog. Scott Karp

http://social-networking-tagging.suite101.com/article.cfm/a_cyber_bullying_primer A Cyber Bullying Primer. MySpace Information for Parents

http://tallinn.cafebabel.com/en/post/2008/02/20/NATO-Centre-of-Excellence-in-Cyberdefence-to-be-Set-Up-in-Estonia-in-May

http://www.ci.keene.nh.us/police/task_force.htm http://www.crime-research.org/ Cyber Crime Research Center:

http://www.cybercrimelaw.net/Cybercrimelaw.html http://www.Cybercrimelaw.net/documents/Cybercrime_history.pdf The History

of Global Harmonization on Cybercrime Legislation - The Road to Geneva http://www.fbi.gov/cyber/cysweep/cysweep1.htm http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,315684,00.html MySpace Mom Linked

to Missouri Teen's Suicide Being Cyber-Bullied Herself. Thursday, December 06, 2007

http://www.giantbomb.com/news/the-missouri-Internet-crimes-task-force-thinks-were-perverts/1003/

http://www.informaworld.com/smpp/content~content=a713854367&db=all The Advent of cyberwar: Analytic Background. John Arquilla ;David Ronfeldt

http://www.justice.gov/criminal/Cybercrime/ Computer Crime & Intellectual Property Section, United States Department of Justice:

http://www.kb.iu.edu/data/afvn.html Indiana University Knowledge Base, http://www.mod.gov.ee/static/sisu/files/Estonian_Cyber_Security_Strategy.pdf http://www.pctools.com/industry-news/article/britain_needs_dedicated_Cybercr

ime_taskforce-18472419/

http://www.rand.org/pubs/monograph_reports/MR1382/index.html Networks and Cyberwars: The Future of Terror, Crime, and Militancy. Edited by: John Arquilla, David Ronfeldt. RAND,

http://www.rand.org/pubs/monograph_reports/MR1382/index.html Networks and Cyberwars

http://www.readwriteweb.com/archives/fake_social_network_profiles_a.php Fake Social Network Profiles: a New Form of Identity Theft in 2009

http://www.ryanpatrickhalligan.org/ This site is dedicated to the memory of our son Ryan and for all young people suffering in silence from the pain of bullying and having thoughts of suicide.

http://www.sdicac.org/ http://www.usdoj.gov/criminal/Cybercrime/reporting.htm http://www.usdoj.gov/usao/moe/Cybercrime.html http://www.valitsus.ee/brf/index.php?id=280677&tpl=1007&external=0&search=&aasta

=2006-11 http://www.western-star.com/n/content/oh/story/news/local/2008/01/24/ws012408Cyberc

rimeweb.html http://www.wired.com/politics/onlinerights/news/2007/11/vigilante_justice

Cyberbullying Suicide Stokes the Internet Fury Machine. By Kim Zetter Email 11.21.07

References Asokhia, M. O. (2010). Enhancing National Development and Growth

through Combating Cybercrime/Internet Fraud: A Comparative Approach. J Soc Sci, 23(1): 13-19. http://www.krepublishers.com/02-Journals/JSS/JSS-23-0-000-10-Web/JSS-23-1-000-10-Abst-PDF/JSS-23-1-013-10-1003-Asokhia-M-O/JSS-23-1-013-10-1003-Asokhia-M-O-Tt.pdf

Arquilla, John & Ronfeldt, David (1996). The Advent of Netwar: Analytic Background. Ft. Belvoir : Defense Technical Information Center.

Balkin, J., Grimmelmann, J., Katz, E., Kozlovski, N., Wagman, S. & Zarsky, T. (eds) (2006) Cybercrime: Digital Cops in a Networked Environment, New York University Press, New York.

Brenner, S. (2007) Law in an Era of Smart Technology, Oxford: Oxford University Press

Clarke, Richard A. (2010). Cyber War. HarperCollins. Csonka P. (2000) Internet Crime; the Draft council of Europe convention

on cyber-crime: A response to the challenge of crime in the age of the Internet? Computer Law & Security Report Vol.16 no.5.

“Cybercrime More Profitable Than Drugs”, Sydney Morning Herald, June 9, 2009 http://news.smh.com.au/breaking-news-national/cyber-crime-more-profitable-than-drugs-20090609-c1qm.html

Fafinski, S. (2009) Computer Misuse: Response, regulation and the law. Portland, Or. : Willan Pub.

Faturechi, Robert. “It was the text message of their lives”. Los Angeles Times, May 6, 2010

Grabosky, P. (2006) Electronic Crime, New Jersey: Prentice Hall Kraut, Robert; Patterson, Michael; Lundmark, Vicki; Kiesler, Sara;

Mukophadhyay, Tridas; Scherlis, William. (1998). “Internet paradox: A social technology that reduces social involvement and psychological well-being?”. American Psychologist. Vol 53(9), Sep 1998, 1017-1031.

Krone, T., (2005). High Tech Crime Brief. Australian Institute of Criminology. Canberra, Australia. ISSN 1832-3413. 2005.

Longe, O.B. (2004): Proprietary Software Protection and Copyright issues in contemporary Information Technology. (M.Sc Thesis) Unpublished. Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria.

McQuade, S. (2006). Understanding and Managing Cybercrime, Boston: Allyn & Bacon.

McQuade, S. (ed) (2009) The Encyclopedia of Cybercrime, Westport, CT: Greenwood Press.

Parker D (1983) Fighting Computer Crime, U.S.: Charles Scribner’s Sons.

Pattavina, A. (ed) Information Technology and the Criminal Justice System, Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

Smith, R. G., Holmes, M. N. &Kaufmann, P. (1999): Nigerian Advance Fee Fraud., Trends and Issues in Crime and Criminal Justice, No. 121, Australian Institute of Criminology, Canberra (republished in The Reformer February 2000, pp. 17-19).

Sylvester, Linn (2001): The Importance of Victimology in Criminal Profiling. Available online at: http://isuisse.ifrance.com/emmaf/base/impvic.html

Taylor, Paul. (1999). Hackers. Crime in the Digital Sublime (November 3, 1999 ed.). Routledge; 1 edition.

Walden, I. (2007) Computer Crimes and Digital Investigations. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Wall, D.S. (2007) Cybercrimes: The transformation of crime in the information age. Cambridge: Polity.

Williams, M. (2006) Virtually Criminal: Crime, Deviance and Regulation Online, Routledge, London.

Vernor, Jeff; Parija, Soubhagya; McGuire, Russell (2010). Identification of Emerging Risk Using Bayesian Conditional Probability. ERM Symposium, April 2010. Society of Actuaries. http://www.soa.org/files/pdf/2010-chicago-erm-1b.pdf

Yar, M. (2006) Cybercrime and Society, London: Sage. Zeviar-Geese, G. (1997-98). The State of the Law on Cyberjurisdiction and

Cybercrime on the Internet. California Pacific School of Law. Gonzaga Journal of International Law. Volume 1. 1997-1998.

Appendix 1

List of social networking websites From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Name Description/Focus Users Registration

Facebook General. 350,000,000 Open

Qzone General. In Simplified Chinese; caters for mainland China users

200,000,000 Open to the Public

Orkut General. Owned by Google Inc. Popular in Brazil and increasing, in India.[192]

180,000,000 Open to 18+

Habbo General for teens. Over 31 communities Chat Room and user profiles.

162,000,000 Open to 13+

MySpace General. HTML based site. 130,000,000 Open to ages 13+

Windows Live Spaces

Blogging (formerly MSN Spaces) 120,000,000 Open

Friendster General. Popular in Southeast Asia. No longer popular in the western world

90,000,000 Open to 16+.

hi5 India, Portugal, Mongolia, Thailand, Romania, Jamaica, Central Africa

80,000,000 Open to 13+.

Twitter General. Micro-blogging, RSS, updates 75,000,000 Open

Vkontakte Social Network for Russian-speaking world including former Soviet republics

71,111,000 Open

Tagged General. Subject to controversy about its e-mail marketing and privacy policy

70,000,000 Open

Flixster Movies 63,000,000 Open to 13+

Netlog General. Popular in Europe, Turkey, the Arab World and Canada's Québec

61,800,000 Open to 13+

LinkedIn Business and professional networking 60,000,000 Open to 18+

MyLife Locating friends and family, keeping in touch (formerly Reunion.com)

51,000,000 Open

Classmates.com School, college, work and the military 50,000,000 Open to 18+

Odnoklassniki Connect with old classmates. Popular in Russia and former Soviet republics

45,000,000 Open

Bebo General 40,000,000 Open to 13+

Flickr Photo sharing, commenting, photography related networking, worldwide

32,000,000 Open to 13+

Name Description/Focus Users Registration

Last.fm Music 30,000,000 Open

MyHeritage family-oriented social network service 30,000,000 Open

Xanga Blogs and "metro" areas 27,000,000 Open

Viadeo Global Social Networking and Campus Networking 25,000,000 Open

Mixi Japan 24,323,160 Invite-only

imeem Music, Video, Photos, Blogs 24,000,000 Open

Skyrock Social Network in French-speaking world 22,000,000 Open

Fotolog Photoblogging. Popular in South America and Spain

20,000,000 Open

BlackPlanet African-Americans 20,000,000 Open

myYearbook General 20,000,000 Open to age 13 +

Friends Reunited UK based. School, college, work, sport and streets 19,000,000 Open to 13+

LiveJournal Blogging 17,564,977 Open

Sonico.com General. Popular in Latin America and Spanish and Portuguese speaking

17,000,000 Open to 13+

Geni.com Families, genealogy 15,000,000 Open

StudiVZ University students, mostly in the German-speaking countries.

15,000,000 Open

Renren Significant site in China. 15,000,000 Open

Plaxo Aggregator 15,000,000 Open

Nasza-klasa.pl School, college and friends. Popular in Poland 11,000,000 Open

Buzznet Music and pop-culture 10,000,000 Open

Name Description/Focus Users Registration

WAYN Travel and lifestyle 10,000,000 Open to 18+

Multiply "Real world" relationships. Popular in Asia. Not in the western world

10,000,000 Open to 13+.

Care2 Green living and social activism 9,961,947 Open

deviantART Art community 9,040,962 Open

Hyves General, Most popular in the Netherlands. 9,000,000 Open

XING Business (primarily Europe (Germany, Austria, Switzerland) and China)

8,000,000 Open

Open Diary First online blogging community, founded in 1998 5,000,000 Open to 13+

Trombi.com French subsidiary of Classmates.com 4,400,000

iWiW Hungary 4,000,000 Invite-only

Books iRead All about Books, Reviews, Recommendations and Authors

4,000,000 Open

Ibibo Talent based social networking site Most popular in India.

3,500,000 Open

Cellufun Mobile social game network, Number 8 US mobile website[33]

3,000,000 Open to 14+

Bigadda Indian Social Networking Site. 3,000,000 Open to 16+

My Opera Blogging, mobile blogging, sharing photos, connecting with friends. Global

3,000,000 Open

MocoSpace mobile community, worldwide 3,000,000 Open to 14+

Livemocha Online language learning 3,000,000 Open

Itsmy Mobile community worldwide, blogging, friends, personal TV-shows

2,500,000

Draugiem.lv General (primarily LV, LT, HU) 2,400,000 Invitation only

Kiwibox General. a social network that is more than a community.

2,400,000 Open to 13+

Name Description/Focus Users Registration

Grono.net Poland 2,000,000 Open

Stickam Live video streaming and chat. 2,000,000 Open

Vampirefreaks.com Gothic and industrial subculture 1,931,049 Open to users 13+

TravBuddy.com Travel 1,588,000 Open to 18+

CouchSurfing Making connections between travelers and

communities they visit. 1,560,459 Open

Yahoo! 360°plus Vietnam

Popular in Vietnam. 1,500,000 Open

Nexopia Canada 1,400,000 Open to 13+

CafeMom Mothers 1,250,000 Open to moms

Fubar dating, an "online bar" for 18 and older 1,200,000 Open

LunarStorm Sweden 1,200,000 Open

Zoo.gr Greek Web Meeting point 890,000 Open

aSmallWorld European jet set and social elite world-wide 550,000 Invite-only

IRC-Galleria Finland 505,000 Open to Finnish12+

Ryze Business 500,000 Open

Gather.com Article, picture, and video sharing, as well as group discussions

465,000 Open

italki.com Language learning social network. 100+ languages.

450,000 Open. Global.

SocialVibe Social Network for Charity 435,000 Open

LibraryThing Book lovers 400,000 Open to 13+

Name Description/Focus Users Registration

Taringa! General 350,000 Open to 13+

Indaba Music Online collaboration for musicians, remix contests, and networking.

350,000 Open and Global

Ravelry Knitting and crochet 331,000 Invite-only

Hospitality Club Hospitality 328,629 Open

GamerDNA Computer and video games 310,000 Open

FilmAffinity Movies and TV Series 250,000 Open

Faceparty General. Popular UK. 200,000 Invitation only to 18+

The Auteurs An online movie theater where you watch, discover, and discuss auteur cinema.

200,000 Open

Elftown Community and wiki around Fantasy and sci-fi.

185,000 Open, approval needed

Foursquare Location based mobile social network 170,000 Open

MyAnimeList Anime themed social community 160,000 Open to 13+

PartnerUp Social networking site for entrepreneurs and small business owners

150,000 Open and Free

MyChurch Christian Churches 144,295 Open

ResearchGATE Social network for scientific researchers 140,000 Open

JammerDirect.com Creative resource website 136,000 Open

Wakoopa For computer fans that want to discover new software and games

100,000 Open

Gays.com Social network for LGBT community, 100,000 Open. Global

Athlinks Running, Swimming 68,496 Open

Blogster Blogging service that lets users "add friends" or establish business connections

58,344 Open

Name Description/Focus Users Registration

Muxlim Muslim portal site 50,000 Open to 13+

Dol2day Politic community, Social network, Internet radio (German-speaking countries)

40,200 Open

Badoo General, Popular in Europe 37,000,00 Open to 18+

WiserEarth Online community space for the social justice and environmental movement[265]

34,240 Open to 16+

Fetlife People who are into BDSM 32,500 Open to legal age

kaioo General, nonprofit 30,000

ReverbNation.com Social network for musician and bands 25,000 Open to 16+

Exattosoft MyCity General. 25,000 Open

NGO Post Non-Profit news sharing and networking, mainly in India

15,000 Open

Frühstückstreff General 14,800 Open

Advogato Free and open source software developers 13,575 Open

Biip Norwegian Community. 13,476 Norwegian

StumbleUpon Stumble through websites that match your selected interests

8,822,92 Open

Fillos de Galicia Galicia and Galician diaspora 6,772 Open

Tuenti Spanish-based university and High School social network.

4,500,00 Invite-only

Amie Street Music Open

ANobii Books Open

Avatars United Online games. Open

BabyCenter Mothers, Parenting, Pregnancy Open

Name Description/Focus Users Registration

BigTent organization and communication portal for groups

Open to 18+

Bleetbox Social networking instant messaging website Open

Bolt.com General Open

Cake Financial Investing Open

Cloob General. Popular in Iran Open

CollegeBlender Ffor college students, faculty, and alumni. Requires EDU address

DailyBooth Photo-blogging site where users upload a photo every day

Open

DailyStrength Medical & emotional support community Open

Decayenne European and American social elite Invite-only

DigitalVerse.org Poets Open to 14+

Disaboom People with disabilities (Amputee, cerebral palsy, MS, and other disabilities)

Open

DontStayIn Clubbing (primarily UK) Open

Epernicus For research scientists Open

Eons.com For baby boomers Open to 13+

Experience Project

Life experiences Open

Exploroo Travel Social Networking. Open

Faces.com British teens Open to 13+

FledgeWing Entrepreneural community targeted towards worldwide university students

Open to university

Gaia Online Anime and games Open to 13+

Name Description/Focus Users Registration

Gogoyoko Fair play in Music - Social networking site for musicians and music lovers

Invite only

Goodreads Library cataloging, book lovers Open

Google Buzz General Open

Gossipreport.com Anonymous gossip Open to 16+

InterNations International community Invite-only

Jaiku General. Owned by Google Open to 13+

Kaixin001 General. In Simplified Chinese; caters for mainland China users

Open

lifeknot Shared interests, hobbies Open to 18+

Listography Lists. Autobiography Open

MEETin General Open

Meetup.com General. Used to plan offline meetings for people interested in various activities

Open to 18+

Meettheboss Business and Finance community, worldwide.

Open

mobikade mobile community, UK only Open to 18+

MOG Music Open to 14+

MouthShut.com Social Network, social media, consumer reviews

Open

Nettby Norwegian Community Open

Ning Users create their own social websites and social networks

Open to 13+

OneClimate Not for Profit Social networking and Climate Change

Open

OneWorldTV Not for Profit Video sharing and social networking

Open

Name Description/Focus Users Registration

OUTeverywhere Gay/LGBTQ Community Open

Passportstamp Travel Open

Pingsta Collaborative platform for the world's Internetwork Experts

Invite-only

Playahead Swedish, Danish,Norwegian teenagers Open

Playboy U Online college community Open to college students

Plurk Micro-blogging, RSS, updates. Very popular in Taiwan

Open

Present.ly Enterprise social networking and micro-blogging

Open

Qapacity A a business-oriented social networking site and a business directory

Open to 16+

quarterlife A social network for artists, filmmakers, musicians, and creative people

Open to 14+

ScienceStage Science-oriented multimedia platform and network for scientists

Open

Scispace.net Collaborative network site for scientists By invitation

ShareTheMusic Music Community. Sharing and listening to music for free and legally

Open

Shelfari Books Open

Sneppi Social Network for sharing photographs Open

TalentTrove Online Talent Network Open

Talkbiznow Business networking Open

Taltopia Online artistic community Open

TeachStreet Education / Learning / Teaching - More than 400 subjects

Open

Travellerspoint Travel Open

Name Description/Focus Users Registration

tribe.net General Open

Tumblr General. Micro-blogging, RSS Open

Vox Blogging Open

Wasabi General Open

WebBiographies Genealogy and biography Open

WeOurFamily General with emphasis on privacy and security

Open

Wer-kennt-wen General, largest German Social Network General

Xt3 Catholic social networking, created after World Youth Day 2008

Open

Yammer Social networking for office colleagues

Yelp, Inc. Local Business Review and Talk Open

Youmeo UK Social Network (focus on data portability)

Open

Appendix 2

List of online dating websites From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Name Description/Focus Registered

users Free

Premium Web address

Yahoo! Personals

Basic premium dating site with international sites.

Top U.S dating site.

No Yes/No; free profile but subscription required for

most features. personals.yahoo.com

Match.com One of the biggest online

singles meeting sites 15,000,000 No Yes www.match.com

eHarmony Dating site based upon pre-screening using personality

tests. 15,000,000 No

Yes/No; free profile but subscription required for

most features. www.eharmony.com

Chemistry.com

A sister site of Match.com, members are matched up with other members based on their

profiles.

14,000,000 Partial Yes/No; users can see 5

matches a day unless they are paid members

www.chemistry.com

PlentyofFish One of the most popular dating sites in the United

States and United Kingdom 1,400,000 Free

Yes/No; Users can take a test and pay a fee to be upgraded to the status of

"serious member"

www.plentyoffish.com

OkCupid

Uses answers from user-generated questions to find matches that conform to a user's stated preferences.

420,000 Free Yes/No; Free to join,

search, messaging, and chat.

www.okcupid.com

Compatible Partners

eHarmony's service for same-sex relationships.

No Non-free www.compatiblepartners.net

Lavalife One of the oldest dating

companies in the world.[5] No Yes www.lavalife.com

ShakeMyWorld Listed as one of the top 100

sites of 2008.[16] No

Non-freeBased on user creating activities.

www.shakemyworld.com

Spray Date Run by Spray Network AB Partial Premium users can see larger images and have

more search options www.spraydate.se

True.com

Known for running background checks on its

users to ensure they are not felons or married.

No

Yes/No; Monthly subscription fee for

communicating to other members.

www.true.com

The End