Cutlip & Center's Effective PUBLIC RELATIONS

Cutlip & Center's Effective Public Relations, Tenth EditionGlen Broom

Copyright ©2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice HallUpper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458

All rights reserved.

Cutlip & Center'sEffectivePUBLIC RELATIONS

PART IConcept, Practitioners, Context, and Origins

Chapter 4Historical Origins

Tenth Edition




Study Guide

After studying Chapter 4, you should be able to:1. Use examples to illustrate how the development of public relations

occurred during attempts to mobilize public opinion in struggles for power and to promote change.

2. Name major historical leaders in public relations and describe their respective contributions to the development of public relations and the current practice.

3. Trace the evolution of public relations from its American beginnings to modern practice.

4. Cite the origins of some of today’s principals and techniques that guide public relations.

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Timeline of Public RelationsDevelopment

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Public be Public be Mutual MutualDamned Informed UnderstandingAdjustment(1850-1900) (1901-1922) (1923-1974) (1975 –)

Eras of public relations development from Effective Public Relations, p. 93.

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Press Agentry/Publicity Model

Public Information Model

Two-WayAsymmetric Model

Two-WaySymmetricModel

Grunig and Hunt’s models of public relations from Managing Public Relations (1984), p. 13.

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Estimated development of the four models over the eras of public relations’ development.

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Founders of the Field

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Ivy Ledbetter Lee

b. July 16, 1877

d. November 9, 1934

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George Creel

b. December 1, 1876

d. October 2, 1953

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The Committee on Public Information

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Edward L. Bernays

b. November 22, 1891d. March 9, 1995

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Doris FleischmanBernays

b. July 18, 1892d. July 11, 1980

Married BernaysSeptember 16, 1922

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Edward L. Bernays Counsel on Public Relations1919–1962

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Arthur W. Page

b. September 10, 1883d. September 5, 1960

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Allen H. Center

b. October 17, 1912d. November 13, 2005

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Scott M. Cutlip

b. July 15, 1915d. August 18, 2000

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Inez Y. Kaiser

b. circa 1920

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Daniel J. Edelman

b. circa 1920

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Harold M. Burson b. February 15, 1921

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Tim Traverse-Healy

b. March 25, 1923

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Betsy Ann Plank

b. circa 1924

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1. Seedbed Era (1900–1916) of muckraking journalism countered by defensive publicity.

2. World War I Period (1917–1918) of dramatic demonstrations of the power of organized promotion.

3. Booming Twenties Era (1919–1929) of applying lessons learned in the war about the power of publicity.

4. Roosevelt Era and World War II (1930–1945) of the Great Depression, new media, public opinion polling, and World War II.

Evolution to Maturity

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5. Postwar Era (1946–1964) of adjustment from a war-oriented economy to leadership of the “Free World” and the emergence of television.

6. Period of Protest and Empowerment (1965–1985) of student and activist protests, the Vietnam War, and increasing recognition of social responsibility and more responsive organizations.

7. Digital Age and Globalization (1986–present) of accelerating technology, global competition, interdependence, instantaneous communication, and terrorism.

Evolution to Maturity

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Cutlip & Center's Effective PUBLIC RELATIONS