Curriculum Guide - careertech.k12.wv.uscareertech.k12.wv.us/cte-instructionalguides/Health Scie… · Web viewPTCB Preparation is a purchased curriculum and adheres to a specified

PTCB Preparation is a purchased curriculum and adheres to a specified instructional course outline provided by PassAssured’s Pharmacy Technician Training Program, Pass Assured, LLC; however, this template is being

made available for your personal classroom notes/use.

21st Century Instructional Guide for Career Technical Education

PTCB PreparationHealth Science Education Cluster

Pre-Pharmacy Technician Concentration

Title: PTCB Preparation (0771)

Standard Number: HSE.S.PTCB.1

OrientationStudents will demonstrate an understanding in basic pharmacy terms and definitions regarding certification, licensure, and registration.

Essential Questions:

How is the dispensing of medications influenced by laws regarding certification, licensure, and registration of pharmacy personnel?

Objectives: Students will Learning Plan & Notes to Instructor:HSE.O.PTCB.1.1 differentiate certification, licensure, and

registration.certification

process by which a non-governmental association or agency grants recognition to an individual who has met certain predetermined criteria specified by that association or agency

licensure process by which a government agency

grants permission to an individual engaged in a given occupation (i.e. pharmacist) upon finding that the applicant has attained the minimal degree of competency necessary to ensure that the public health, safety, and welfare will be reasonably well protected

usually requires written state board examination

must be renewed1

continuing education units are required for most professions

registration the process of making a list or being enrolled

in an existing list HSE.O.PTCB.1.2 determine certification requirements for the

Pharmacy Technician.Certification is the process by which a non-governmental association or agency grants recognition to an individual who has met certain predetermined qualifications specified by that association or agency. There are two parts to being a Certified Pharmacy Technician (CPhT). First, pharmacy technicians must sit for and pass the national PTCE. Once a pharmacy technician has passed the exam, he or she may use the designation of CPhT. Second, to continue to hold certification, a CPhT is required to obtain twenty hours of continuing education for recertification within two years of original certification or previous recertification. (www.ptcb.org)

HSE.O.PTCB.1.3 recognize the origin and goal of the Pharmacy Technician Certification Board (PTCB).

PTCB established in January, 1995 founding organizations – American

Pharmaceutical Assoc., American Society of Health-Systems Pharmacists, Illinois Council of Health-System Pharmacists, and Michigan Pharmacists Assoc.

goal – creation of one consolidated voluntary national certification program for pharmacy technicians

HSE.O.PTCB.1.4 examine the role of the PTCB. responsible for the development and implementation of policies related to voluntary national certification for pharmacy technicians

HSE.O.PTCB.1.5 distinguish professional organizations related to the field of pharmacy.

professional organizations American Association of Health-System

Pharmacists2

American Pharmacy Association American College of Clinical Pharmacy Association of Colleges of Pharmacy Board of Pharmaceutical Specializations National Association of Boards of Pharmacy Academy of Managed Care Pharmacy

HSE.O.PTCB.1.6 characterize the functions and responsibilities of the pharmacy technician.

A pharmacy technician is defined as individuals working in a pharmacy, who under the supervision of a licensed pharmacist, assist in activities not requiring the professional judgment of a pharmacist (www.ptcb.org)

HSE.O.PTCB.1.7 classify the three areas in which skills will be measured on the Pharmacy Technician Certification Exam.

Pharmacy Technician Certification Exam

1. Assisting the Pharmacist in Serving Patients – 66% of exam

2. Maintaining Medication and Inventory Control Systems – 22%

3. Participating in the Administration and Management of Pharmacy Practice – 12%

(www.ptcb.org)HSE.O.PTCB.1.8 determine the requirements and process

needed to maintain certification.recertification

20 contact hours must be earned in pharmacy-related subject

matter earned within 2 year period cannot carry over extra hours at least one hour of credit must be in

pharmacy lawStandard Number: HSE.S.PTCB.2

Federal LawsStudents will understand legislation that affects the pharmacy industry.


Are the legislative rules and mandates impacting the pharmacy industry an asset to the industry?

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Objectives: Students will Learning Plan & Notes to Instructor:HSE.O.PTCB.2.1 examine laws and legislation affecting the

pharmacy industry.1906: The Pure Food and Drug Act (PFDA)1914: The Harrison Narcotic Act1938: The Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act

(FFDDCA)1951: The Durham-Humphrey Amendments to the

FFDCA1962: The Kewfauver-Harris Ammendments to the

FFDCA Hazardous Substances Labeling Act1970: Poison Prevention Packaging Act1970: Controlled Substances Act1990: Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act (OBRA)1990: The Anabolic Steroids Control Act1997: FDA Modernization ActHave students research each piece of legislation and determine the significance of each to the industry.

HSE.O.PTCB.2.2 recognize the importance of the Controlled Substance Act of 1970 as it relates to the manufacturing, distribution and dispensing of controlled substances based on abuse potential.

Controlled Substance Act of 1970 part of a larger piece of legislation –

Comprehensive Drug Abuse, Prevention and Control Act

enacted to improve the administration and regulation of all parties involved in the manufacturing, distribution, and dispensing of controlled substances

o Schedule Io Schedule IIo Schedule IIIo Schedule IVo Schedule V

Students should identify the potential for abuse within each classification and what drugs are within each.

HSE.O.PTCB.2.3 differentiate filing procedures, maintaining records according to State and Federal

mandated filing procedures log of controlled substances dispensed to be

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Laws, and drug substitutuion requirements. maintained and signed daily by pharmacist DEA number required to prescribe Schedules

II-5 maintain required records x 2 years readily retrievable when federal and state laws differ, adhere to

the stricter of the two State Board of Pharmacy is the regulating

agency for pharmacists and pharmaciesHSE.O.PTCB.2.4 evaluate the mission of the Drug

Enforcement Administration.The mission of the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) is to enforce the controlled substances laws and regulations of the United States and bring to the criminal and civil justice system of the United States, or any other competent jurisdiction, those organizations and principal members of organizations, involved in the growing, manufacture, or distribution of controlled substances appearing in or destined for illicit traffic in the United States; and to recommend and support non-enforcement programs aimed at reducing the availability of illicit controlled substances on the domestic and international markets. (www. usdoj.gov/dea/agency/mission.htm)

HSE.O.PTCB.2.5 determine the process by which a doctor obtains a DEA Number.

The DEA Forms listed below are for those applying to DEA for a controlled substance registration:

Tax ID number and/or Social Security Number State Controlled Substance Registration

Information

State Medical License Information HSE.O.PTCB.2.6 establish the purpose of a prescriber DEA

Number.purpose

prescriber DEA number is needed for all outpatient prescriptions for controlled substances

HSE.O.PTCB.2.7 illustrate the process to determine the John Doe, MD5

validity of a DEA Number. AD0865937 Add together the first, third, and fifth digits:

0+6+9=15 Add together the second, fourth, and sixth

digits and multiply this sum by two: (8+5+3)x2=32

Add the result of steps one and two together: 15+32=47

The last digit of this sum should correspond with the ninth digit of the DEA registration number – AD0865937.

A: identifies type of prescriber D: first letter of last name

HSE.O.PTCB.2.8 distinguish the storage requirements for Schedule II Drugs.

requirements physical inventory annually, within four days

of the anniversary date distribution records for in-patient locked cabinet or distributed throughout

general stockHSE.O.PTCB.2.9 investigate the four phases of

Investigational Drugs.Phase I

initial introduction of drug for human use (physician must order)

o must sign informed consentPhase IIestablishes effectiveness and relative safety

limited trials patients are closely monitored

Phase III specifies effective/indications more precise definitions of adverse effects

Phase IV post-marketing trials long term no control groups all remaining drugs should be returned to the

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person(s) responsible for the drugStandard Number: HSE.S.PTCB.3

Medication ReviewStudents will demonstrate knowledge of drug classifications, medication dosage forms, and administration of medications.


Within the pharmacy industry, where should the parameters be established regarding the accountability of knowledge expected of Pharmacy personal (i.e. Pharmacist and Pharmacy Technician)?

Objectives: Students will Learning Plan & Notes to Instructor:HSE.O.PTCB.3.1 demonstrate basic terms and abbreviations

used in the pharmacy.terms and concepts

absorptiono orallyo topicallyo rectallyo by inhalationo parenteral

distribution metabolism excretion bioavailability therapeutic incompatibility therapeutic duplication adverse effects anaphylactic reactions side effects toxicities cross sensitivity drug interactions possible detrimental effects possible beneficial effects risk to benefit ratio contraindicated administrative devices semi-solid dosage forms other dosage forms

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liquid dosage forms solid dosage forms therapeutic classes dependence addiction tolerance physiology

Have students define each of the terms and concepts from Medication Review (doses and terminology)

HSE.O.PTCB.3.2 differentiate chemical, generic, and trade names of drugs.

Drugs often have several names. When a drug is first discovered, it is given a chemical name, which describes the atomic or molecular structure of the drug. The chemical name is thus usually too complex and cumbersome for general use. Next, a shorthand version of the chemical name or a code name (such as RU 486) is developed for easy reference among researchers.When a drug is approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA—the government agency responsible for ensuring that drugs marketed in the United States are safe and effective), it is given a generic (official) name and a trade (proprietary or brand) name. The trade name is developed by the company requesting approval for the drug and identifies it as the exclusive property of that company. For example, phenytoin is the generic name and Dilantin is a trade name for the same drug. (www.merck.com)

HSE.O.PTCB.3.3 compare dosage forms of drugs. compare semi-solid dosage forms other dosage forms liquid dosage forms solid dosage forms

HSE.O.PTCB.3.4 investigate methods of administering methods of administration8

medications. orally topically rectally by inhalation parenteral

see administration devicesStandard Number: HSE.S.PTCB.4

Drug ClassificationStudents will demonstrate a knowledge of the mechanisms of drug actions within the body systems.


Given the expansion of drug research and the development of new drugs, what should be the accountability standard regarding the depth of knowledge of the mechanisms of drug actions within the body systems for Pharmacy Technicians?

Objectives: Students will Learning Plan & Notes to Instructor:HSE.O.PTCB.4.1 examine the basic structure and functions of

the nervous system.nervous system

structureo braino spinal cordo nerveso sense organs

functiono communicationo integrationo controlo recognition of sensory stimuli

From PassAssured’s PTCB files:“the CNS is composed of the brain and spinal cord, example: burn your finger, goes to spinal cord to brain, brain says ‘move finger’.”“Involved in integrating and deciphering all incoming messages and sending responses to the organs and tissues of the body; coordinates muscle movements, visualization, temperature regulation, pain, and sensation.”

HSE.O.PTCB.4.2 report uses, mechanism of action, side effects, and examples of the following drug

Sedative Hypnoticsuses:

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classifications for CNS drugs: Sedative Hypnotics Skeletal Muscle Relaxants Anticonvulsants Narcotic Analgesics Antipsychotics Antidepressants Antianxiety Agents CNS Stimulants Anti-Parkinson’s Agents Sympathomimetic Agents Sympatholytic Agents Parasympathomimetics Agents Parasympatholytic Agents Neuromuscular Blocking Agents

short-term use (days to a few weeks) for insomnia, not for long term use

long term use (months or years); can cause drug-induced abnormalities in the patient’s sleep cycle

antidotes for overdoses of stimulants in combination with analgesics in painful

situations preoperative anesthetics

mechanism of action: not sure, but is thought to reduce the activity

of the brain and spinal cordside effects:

drowsiness addiction tolerance and dependence respiratory and cardiac depression (with high

doses)examples

benzodiazepineso Dalmane, Xanax, Ativan, Valium,

Serax, Versed, Restoril, Halcion, ProSom, Klonopin

barbiturateso Seconal, Amytal, Nembutal, Mysoline

miscellaneouso Ambieno Nocteco alcoholo diphenhydramine (Benadryl, Compoz,

Nytol, Sominex)o Eszopiclone (Lunesta)

Skeletal Muscle Relaxantsuses

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relieve muscle spasm associated with muscle inflammation and injury

useful in neuromuscular disorders, such as Multiple Sclerosis, and Cerebral Palsy

mechanism of action not understood, but may block nerve

response within the spinal column, this has an effect of reducing muscle tone and relieving muscle spasm and tension

side effects drowsiness addiction tolerance and dependence respiratory and cardiac depression (with high

doses)examples

Valium, Flexeril, Robaxin, Lioresal Parafon Forte, Soma, Skelaxin, Zanaflex, Norflex

Anticonvulsantsusesepilepsy: seizures accompanied by loss or disturbance of consciousness and possible abnormal body movements (convulsions)

needs to be individualized by dose and addition of other anticonvulsant agents

prevent the occurrence of seizures, they do not cure the disease

mechanism of action control the excessive discharge of signals

from the brain (seizures)side effects

drowsiness slurred speech addiction tolerance and dependence

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respiratory and cardiac depression (with high doses)

examples the anticonvulsant chosen depends on the

type of seizure the patient has (e.g. partial vs. generalized onset seizures)

Valium and Ativan are drugs of choice to treat a life threatening seizure disorder called Status Epilepticus

other examples include: Phenobarbital, Dilantin, Tegretol, Depakene, Depakote, Neurotin, Lamictal, Klonopin, Tranxene, Zarontin, Trileptal, Felbatol, Lamicta, Keppra, Gabitril Filmtabs, Topamax, Mysoline, Tridone

Narcotic Analgesicsuses

relief of moderate to severe pain cough suppressant (antitussive)

o antitussives are often combined with expectorants to decrease viscosity of respiratory tract secretions

o expectorants help the patient cough up phlegm

severe diarrheamechanism of action

bind to specific receptors within the brain and depress certain parts of the CNS to cause pain relief, respiratory depression, decreased GI motility, and suppression of cough

side effects drowsiness constipation nausea/vomiting addiction, tolerance, physical and

psychological dependence12

overdoses can cause respiratory distress, profound coma, and pinpoint pupils

narcotic antagonists are used to treat overdoses (Narcan)

examples single agents: Codeine, Morphine (MS

Contin, Roxanol), Roxicodone, Nubain, Demerol, Duragesic, Dilaudid, Ultiva, Talwin, Levo-Dromoran, Darvon, Stadol

combination products: Tylenol with Codeine, Tylenol with hydrocodone (Lorcet, Lortab, Vicodin), Tylenol with propoxyphene (Darvocet-N, Propacet, Wygesic), Tylenol and Oxycodone (Percocet, Roxicet), Oxycodone and ASA (Percodan)

Antipsychotics uses

relieve the signs and symptoms of psychoses (e.g. schizophrenia)

have a much better effect on the positive symptoms of psychosis: auditory and visual hallucinations, agitation, suspiciousness, feeling of persecution, ideas of reference, and intrusion of unwanted thoughts

noncompliance is the leading cause of recurrent symptoms

negative symptoms include: emotional apathy, extreme inattentiveness, and social withdrawal

some analgesic, antinausea, and antihistamine effects

mechanism of action originally it was proposed that these drugs

block dopamine (a chemical in the brain) receptors in the brain

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chemically effects unknownside effects

sedation extrapyramidal symptoms (abnormal body

movements) anticholinergic symptoms orthostatic hypotension arrhythmia’s

examples typical

o Haldol, Thorazine, Compazine, Permitil, Mellaril, Navane, Stelazine

atypicalo Clozaril, Risperdal, Zyprexa, Abilify,

SeqroequelAntidepressantsuses

treat severe depressionmechanism of action

exact mechanism unknown appear to increase neurotransmitters in the

brain (norepinephrine and serotonin) usually takes 3-6 weeks for these drugs to

relieve the depressionside effects

sedation anticholinergic abnormal heart rhythm seizures

examples tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs): Elavil,

Norpramin, Tofranil, Pamelor, Surmontil, Anafranil, Remeron

serotonin-reuptake inhibitors: Prozac, Effexor, Paxil, Zoloft, Luvox, Celexa, Lexapro

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serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors: Cymbalta

miscellaneous: Desyrel, Serzone, Wellbutrin, Lithonate, Lithobid, Eskalith

monoamine oxidase inhibitors: Nardil, Parnate

*Important to do a drug interaction checkManic-Depressive Disorderperiods of elation, followed by periods of depressionuses

moderate mood swingsexamples

Lithium Carbonate (Eskalith, Lithonate)Alzheimer Diseaseform of dementia, a term used to describe a group of brain disorders that cause memory loss and a decline in mental function over timeuses

treat Alzheimer diseasemechanism of action

NMDA receptor antagonists cholinesterase inhibitors

side effects dizziness confusion insomnia nausea agitation coughing fatigue abnormal thinking

examples NMDA receptor antagonists: Namenda cholinesterase inhibitors: Cognex, Aricept,

Exelon

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Antianxiety Agents uses

to relieve nervousness and tension in normal and neurotic patients

have muscle-relaxing capabilities some have anticonvulsant activity

mechanism of action benzodiazepines work by binding and

affecting certain receptors and neurotransmitters in the brain

second generation drug, Buspirone, has an effect at the serotonin and dopamine receptors

side effects drowsiness dizziness fatigue abrupt termination of high doses can cause

coma, convulsions, and deathexamples

benaodiazepines: Xanax, Ativan, Valium, Serax, Dalmane, Versed

miscellaneous: BuSpar, Sinequan, AtaraxCNS Stimulantsuses

to improve mental function, elevate mood, overcome fatigue, and produce a general feeling of well being

mechanism of action amphetamines stimulate activity and are

mediated by the release of norepinephrine and dopamine in the brain

Pemoline and Methylphenidate’s action is unknown

side effects

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dependence increased blood pressure increased respiratory rate stomach upset

examples caffeine, Ritalin, Dexadrine, Cylert, Adderall,

Provigil, Focalin anorexiants: Didrex, Adipex-P

Anti-Parkinson’s Agentsuses

to treat the shaking, rigidity, salivation, and slowing of initial movements

mechanism of action disease is characterized by loss of dopamine

manufacturing neurons, creates an imbalance between acetylcholine (increased) and dopamine (decreased)

anticholinergics decrease the amount of CNS acetylcholine

levadopa – increases dopamine levels amandadine – augments dopamine release

and inhibits dopamine reuptakeside effects

anticholinergics: dry mouth, blurred vision, constipation, hallucinations, memory impairment

amandadine: dizziness, insomnia, nervousness, irritability, confusion, nausea and vomiting, constipation

Levodopa: nausea and vomiting, confusion, depression, restlessness, postural hypotension, arrhythmias

examples Sinemet, Parlodel, Symmetrel, Permax,

Mirapex, Requip, Eldepryl, Cogentin

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*Special note: alcohol and other CNS depressants can have addictive CNS depressant effects and concomitant use should be avoidedStudents should know both generic and brand name. *Both may not be listed in the Instructional Guide.

HSE.O.PTCB.4.3 examine the structure and functions of the peripheral nervous system.

composed of all the nerves outside of the brain and spinal cord

these nerves transmit information to and from the brain via chemical and electrical messages

afferent nerves send messages back to the CNS

efferent nerves transmit messages from the CNS to the rest of the body

sympathetic nerves facilitate mobilization of the body for quick action

o (fight or flight syndrome)o chemical messenger is norepinephrine

or epinephrineo provides sympathetic stimulation of

heart, lungs, blood vessels, GI tract, and GU tract

parasympathetic nerves direct restorative and conservative processes

o (feed and breed syndrome)o Chemical messenger is acetylcholineo Provides parasympathetic stimulation

of GI tract, GU tract, heart, blood vessels, lungs, and eyes

HSE.O.PTCB.4.4 report uses, mechanism of action, side effects and examples of the follwing drug classifications for peripheral nervous system drugs:

Sympathomimetic Agents

Sympathomimetic Agentsuses

used to treat hypertension, shock, heart block, asthma, decongestant, depression

mechanism of action

18

Sympatholytic (Adrenergic Blocking) Agents

Parasympathomimetics (Cholinergic) Agents

Parasympatholytic (Anticholinergic) Agents

Neuromuscular Blocking Agents

direct actingo enhance actions of the sympathetic

nervous systemo examples – Neosynephrine, Catapress,

Dobutrex, Brethine, Maxair, Xopenex,o Serevento Proventil, Ventolin, Adrenalin,

Levophed, Intropin , Isuprel indirect acting

o facilitate the release of norepinephrine or block the reuptake of norepinephrine in the neuronal membrane

o example – Amphetamines, increase release of norepinephrine

o example – tricyclic antidepressants, block re-uptake of norepinephrine

side effects high blood pressure increased heart rate depends on the recepton site where drugs

exert effectsSympatholytic (Adrenergic Blocking) Agentsuses

hypertension, heart disease, migraine headaches

mechanism of action oppose the action of the natural messengers

– epinephrine and norepinephrine, as their receptor sites

side effects dizziness fainting nasal stuffiness

examples

19

Beta Blockers – Inderal, Tenormin, Lopressor, Corgard, Blocadren

Alpha Blockers – Ergotamine, Minipress, Hytrin, Dibenzyline, Cardura, Floxax, Uroxatral

Alpha/Beta Blockers – Trandate, Coreg,Parasympathomimetics (Cholinergic) Agentsuses

glaucoma bladder problems GI problems Alzheimer’s disease

mechanism of action salivation, lacrimation, urination, defefaction mimics actions of acetylcholine, enhances

actions of parasympathetic nervous sytem, opposes effects of sympathetic nervous system, may be direct action on cholinergic receptors or an indirect action through inhibition of enzymes that destroy acetylcholine

side effects diarrhea bradycardia miosis decreased blood pressure bronchoconstriction sweating

examples Pilocar, Urecholine, Tensilon, Antilirium,

Miostat, Acetylcholine, Aricept, Prostigmin, Mestinon, Cognex, Exelonj

Parasympatholytic (Anticholinergic) Agentsuses

anti-spasmodics

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anti-Parkinsonism bronchial disorders eye exams motion sickness

mechanism of action inhibit or reverse the actions of the

parasympathetic nervous system bind with the cholinergic receptors and

prevent binding of acetylcholine (they are antagonists)

side effects urinary retention tachycardia dry mouth constipation mydriasis

examples Atropine, Cogentin, Transderm-Scop,

Cyclogyl, Anaspaz, Levbid, Levsin, Atrovent, Kemadrin, Pro-Banthine, Artane

Neuromuscular Blocking Agentsuses

properative skeletal muscle reactionmechanism of action

blocks the transmission of nerve impulses to skeletal muscles resulting in paralysis of skeletal muscles

has a narrow therapeutic index – must have respiratory support equipment available

side effects allergy

examples used mainly in hospitals

o Nimbex, Anectine, Pavulon, Norcuron, Mivacron, Zemuron

21

local anestheticuses

minor surgerymechanism of action

block conduction of impulses along nerves and prevents the sensation of pain from reaching the brain

side effects allergy

examples Xylocaine, Anbesol, Benzodent, Lanacane,

Orajel, Solarcaine, Pontocaine, Marcaine, Cocaine, Nupercainal

HSE.O.PTCB.4.5 chart the location of the major endocrine glands and their hormone secretion.

endocrine system structure

o pituitary glando pineal glando hypothalamus glando thyroid glando parathyroid glando thymus glandso adrenal glandso pancreaso ovarieso testes

functiono secretion of hormones

growth metabolism reproduction fluid/electrolyte balance

o communicationo integrationo control

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Have students develop a chart listing the endocrines glands and their hormones. Label the glands and their hormones on a pictorial representation of the human body.

HSE.O.PTCB.4.6 differentiate between local and systemic hormones.

local hormones synthesized in various tissue types are released and act locally exert profound changes in the body

system hormones produced by one specific gland act throughout the body have a regulatory effect

HSE.O.PTCB.4.7 differentiate histamine and prostaglandins. histamine local hormone found in all tissues of the body causes bronchial constriction, stomach acid

secretion, blood vessel dilation, and local edema, pain, and itching

prostaglandins group of local hormones that cause a variety

of local reactions causes uterine and bronchial contractions and

relaxation, decreased gastric secretions, pain, and inflammation

HSE.O.PTCB.4.8 report uses, mechanism of action, side effects, and examples of the following systemic hormones:

Androgens Estrogens Progestins Corticosteroids Insulin Oral Hypoglycemics Oxytocics Thyroid hormones Anti-Thyroid Hormones

Androgens male hormones, which are secreted by the

testes responsible for characteristic sexual changes

in menuses

testosterone deficiency muscle wasting

mechanism of action hormone replacement

side effects masculinizing effects

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examples Halotestin, Durabolin, Androderm, Depotest,

MethyltestosteroneEstrogens

female hormones, which are secreted by the ovaries

responsible for development of characteristic sexual changes in women

uses hormone replacement (menopause) decrease heart problems prevent osteoporosis contraception cancer chemotherapy


side effects headaches, blood clots

exampleshormone replacement

Premarin, Estinyl, Ogenoral contraceptives

Lo-Ovral, Demulen, Loestrin, Ovcon, Levlen, Nordette, Yasmin

biphasic – Ortho-Novum 10/11, Necon 10/11 triphasic – Ortho Novum 7/7/7, Triphasil, Tri-

Norinyl, Tri-Levlen, Ortho Tri-CyclenProgestins

female hormones secreted by the corpus luteum, which cause growth of mammary ducts and prevention of uterine bleeding during pregnancy

uses hormone replacement contraception

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side effects breast changes, changes in weight

examples hormone replacement – Cycrin, Provera,

contraception – Nor-QD, OvretteCorticosteroids

hormones secreted by the adrenal glanduses

inflammation, asthma, cancer, hypoadrenalism

mechanism of action hormone replacemtent

side effects stomach upset, water retention, increased

appetite, agitation, suppression of the body’s production of Cortisol

examples Deltasone, Orasone, Medrol, Prelone,

Decadron, Hydrocortisone (Anucort – HC, Cortain, Gynecort, Hytone, Locoid, Proctocream, Cortifoam, Westcort),Triamcinolone (Aristocort, Azmacort, Kenalog), Betamethasone (Alphatrex, Diprolene, Diprosone, Valisone), Cortone

Insulin hormone produced by the pancreas

uses replace insulin in patients with Type I or II

diabetesmechanism of action

facilitates the utilization and storage of glucose

side effects

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hypoglycemiaexamples

Regular, NPH, Semilente, Ultralente, Lente, Humalog, Lantus

Oral Hypoglycemics uses

manage Type II diabetesmechanism of action

promote the release of insulin from the pancreas’ beta cells

side effects hypoglycemia photosensitivity skin rash

AVOID ALCOHOLexamples

Micronase, Diabeta, Glucaphage, Rezulin, Diabinese, Amaryl, Tolinase, Orinase, Glucatrol

test for glucoseo Glucostix, Chemstrip BG, Clinistix,

Chemstrip KOxytocics

hormones secreted by the pituitary gland stimulate the contraction of uterine smooth

musclesuses

relief from breast enlargement during lactation conrol of postpartum bleeding migraine headaches


side effects nausea and vomiting dizziness

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increased blood pressure chest pain

examples Pitocin, Ergotrate, Methergine

Thyroid hormones regulate the rate of many of the body’s

phsiological processesuses

treat thyroid hormone deficiencymechanism of action

hormone replacementside effects

variousexamples

Synthroid, Levothroid, Proloid, Thyroid tabletsAnti-Thyroid Hormonesuses

treat hyperthyroidismmechanism of action

interferes with thyroid productionside effects (none given)examples

Tapazole, PTU, SSKIHSE.O.PTCB.4.9 examine the basic structure and functions of

the Cardiovascular System.cardiovascular system

structureo hearto blood vessels

functiono transportationo regulation of body temperature o immunity

HSE.O.PTCB.4.10 determine the meaning of arrhythmia and angina.

arrhymia absence of rhythm, irregular heart beat

angina

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chest pain due to reduced blood flow to the heart muscle

HSE.O.PTCB.4.11 report uses, mechanism of action, side effects, and examples of the following drug classifications for Cardiovascular drugs:

Cardiac Glycosides Antiarrhythmics Antianginals Vasodilators Calcium Channel Blockers Angiotensin-Converting

Enzyme (ACE) Inhibitors Angiotensin II Inhibitors Beta-Adrenergic Blockers Alpha-Adrenergic Blockers Antilipidemic Agents

Cardiac Glycosides obtained from the digitalis plant and exert

powerful action on the heart, increasing the muscle’s contraction and improving irregular heartbeats

uses congestive heart failure some arrhythmias

mechanism of action unknown, but increase the contraction of the

heartside effects

nausea and vomiting confusion arrhythmias yellow/green halos low therapeutic index

examples Lanoxicaps, Lanoxin, Digitex

Antiarrhythmicsuses

helps to restore and maintain normal heart rhythms

mechanism of action multiple classes have different effects on the

heart to affect its rhythmside effects

nausea and vomiting confusion arrhythmias

examples Xylocaine, Procan, Quinidex, Cordarone,

Norpace, Mexitil, Tambocor, Rythmol, 28

Adenocard, TikosynAntianginalsuses

anginamechanism of action

decrease the amount of blood that returns to the heart, decreasing the heart rate or decreasing the resistance to pump, and decreases the amount of work for the heart

side effects headaches dizziness hypertension

examples Nitrostat, Isordil, Imdur, Calcium channel

blockersVasodilatorsuses

peripheral vascular disease caused by arteriosclerosis and advanced diabetes

mechanism of action dilate peripheral blood vessels increase blood flow to extremities by relaxing

the smooth muscles of the blood vesselsside effects

tachycardiaexamples

Apresoline, Nitropress, Pavabid, Vasodilan, Nitroglycerin, Isosorbide Dinitrate

Calcium Channel Blockersuses

hypertension angina

mechanism of action dilate coronary arteries, reduce oxygen

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demand on the heart, and decrease heart rateside effects

constipationexamples

Procardia, Calan, Isoptin, Cardizem, Cardene, Norvasc, Plendil, Sular, Vascor, DynaCirc

Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme (ACE) Inhibitorsuses

hypertension congestive heart failure

mechanism of action prevents the conversion of Angiotensin I and

Angiotensin II, Note: Angiotensin II causes vasoconstriction and fluid retention

side effects cough

examples Capoten, Vasotec, Zestril, Lotensin, Monopril,

Accupril, Altace, Univasc, Aceon, MavikAngiotensin II Inhibitorsuses

hypertension congestive heart failure

mechanism of action inhibits Angiotensin II reduces vasoconstriction and blood pressure

side effects cough

examples Cozaar, Diovan, Avapro, Atacand, Micardis,

Teveten, BenicarBeta-Adrenergic Blockers uses

hypertension angina

30

mechanism of action inhibits the action at the beta receptors on the

heartside effects

hypotension bronchoconstriction dizziness

examples Tenormin, Lopressor, Inderal, Corgard,

Visken, Betapace, Sectral, Normodyne, Trandate, Blocadren, Timoptic, Zebeta

Alpha Adrenergic Blockersuses

hypertension severe congestive heart failure

mechanism of action inhibits the action at the alpha receptors in the

blood vesselsside effects

orthostatic hypertension dizziness

examples Minipress, Hytrin, Cardural, Aldomet

Antilipidemic Agentsuses

heart disease high cholesterol

mechanism of action reduce serum lipids and minimize the rate of

new fat depositionside effects

diarrhea flushing

examples Mevacor, Lopid, Questran, Pravachol, Zocor,

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Lipitor, Lescol, Colestid, WelChol, Crestor, Tricor, Zetia, Exetimibe/Simvastatin

HSE.O.PTCB.4.12 examine the basic structure and functions of the Renal System.

urinary system structure

o kidneyso ureterso urinary bladdero urethra

functiono elimination of wasteo electrolyte balanceo acid-base balance

HSE.O.PTCB.4.13 determine the uses and mechanism of action of diuretics.

diuretics increase urinary output

uses congestive heart failure hypertension fluid retention

mechanism of action alter the body’s electrolyte pattern by

prohibiting or enhancing excretion of electrolytes

most diuretics increase potassium excretion, eat high-potassium foods (bananas, orange juice), or taking a potassium sparing diuretic

HSE.O.PTCB.4.14 report uses, mechanism of action, side effects, and examples of types of diuretics:

Thiazides Loop Potassium Sparing Combination Osmotics

Thiazidesuses

reduce blood pressuremechanism of action

causes kidney to secrete more, decreases water retention, decreased blood pressure

side effects increased urination weakness

32

muscle cramps stomach upset dizziness

examples Hydodiuril, Diuril, Lozol, Zaroxolyn

Loopuses

congestive heart failure potent diuretic

side effects increased urination weakness muscle cramps stomach upset dizziness

examples Lasix, Bumex, Edecrin, Demadex

Potassium Sparing Combination Osmoticsuses

congestive heart failure weak diuretics, often used in combination with

other diureticsNote: no potassium supplement neededside effects

increased urination weakness muscle cramps stomach upset dizziness

examples Aldactone, Dyrenium, Midamor

HSE.O.PTCB.4.15 characterize gout. gout disease characterized by overproduction or

insufficient elimination of uric acid within the body that will crystallize in the joints and

33

cause pain and inflammationHSE.O.PTCB.4.16 report uses, mechanism of action, and side

effects of gout agents: Allopurinol Probenecid Colchicine

Allopurinol – Zyloprim uses

prevention and treatment of gout attacksmechanism of action

inhibits uric acid productionside effect

rashProbenecid – Benemid mechanism of action

enhance the excretion of uric acidside effects

kidney stonesColchicine uses

drug of choice for acute attacksmechanism of action

reduces the pain and swelling of gouty flaresside effect

GI complaintsHSE.O.PTCB.4.17 compare electrolytes. electrolytes

salts which are dissolved in body fluids and are necessary in proper concentration to maintain normal body functions

Have students research electrolytes and compare results.

HSE.O.PTCB.4.18 examine the uses, side effects, and examples of electrolytes.

Electrolytesuses

replacement of depleted saltsside effects

stomach upset, constipation, diarrheaexamples

ammonium, bicarbonate, calcium, chloride, magnesium, phosphate, potassium, sodium

HSE.O.PTCB.4.19 compare bacteriostatic and bacteriocidal. bacteriostatic34

allow the natural defense mechanisms to have time to destroy the microorganisms by inhibiting bacterial growth

bactericidal kills the microorganism

HSE.O.PTCB.4.20 report uses, mechanism of action, and side effects of anti-infectives:

Antibacterials Urinary Anti-infectives Antibiotics Penicillins Cephalosporins Quinolones Macrolides Tetracyclines Aminoglycosides Antifungals Antiparasitic Agents Antihelminthics Amebicides Antitubercular Agents Antiviral Agents

Antibacterialsuses

unlike antibiotics, antibacterials are not synthesized from microorganisms

mechanism of action usually bacteriostatic

side effects photosensitivity allergy

examples sulfa agents – Sulamyd, Gantanol other antibacterials – VoSol, Betadine, Iodine,

pHisoHexUrinary Anti-infectivesuses

used to treat UTImechanism of action

concentrated in the urineside effects

stomach acid Pyridium, may discolor urine

examples Macrodantin, Macrobid, Noroxin, Pyridium

Antibioticsuses

used to treat bacterial infectionsmechanism of action

synthesized by microorganisms – grown Patient Information: should be taken for the full course of therapy

35

examples Penicillins, Cephalosporins, Quinolones,

Macrolides, Tetracyclines, AminoglycosidesPenicillinsside effects

allergy, nausea, vomiting, diarrheaexamples

Pen–VK, Amoxil, Tegopen, Dynapen, Nafcil, Pipracil, Ticar

Cephalosporinsside effects

allergy nausea, vomiting, diarrhea

examples Keflex, Ceclor, Duricef, Suprax, Ceftin, Cefzil,

Vantin, Fortaz, Ceptaz, Rocephin, Cefotan, Claforan, Ancef, Omnicef, Zefazone, Mefoxin

Quinolonesside effects

GI upset, headacheexamples

Cipro, Floxin, noroxin, Levaquin, Penetrex, Cinobac, NegGram, Tequin, Avelox

Macrolidesside effects

GI upset, diarrheaexamples

Erythromycin, Zithromax, Biaxin, DynabacTetracyclinesside effects

photosensitivityexamples

Tetracycline (Achromycin, Sumycin), Vibra-Tabs, Minocin, Declomycin

Aminoglycosides (used in hospitals)

36

side effects kidney damage, ototoxicity

examples Garamycin, Nebcin, Amikin, Mycifradin

Sulfate, StreptomycinMiscellaneousVancomycin (used in serious infections not treatable with other antibiotics)Clindamycin ( use: anaerobes – serious respiratory or GI infection)Sulfamethoxazole (Bactrim, Septra, Cotrim)Imipenem and Cilasttin (Primaxin – for IV use only)ChloramphenicolBacitracinMetronidazole (Flagyl)Antifungalsuses

to treat topical and systemic fungal infectionsside effects

kidney damage with systemic antifungalsexamples

Amphotericin B, Nizoral, Monistat, Diflucan, Mycostatin, Lotrimin, Lamisal

Antiparasitic Agentsuses

to treat parasitic infectionsAntihelminthics (worms)side effects

stomach upset, nausea, diarrheaexamples

Vermox, Antiminth, Albenza, VermizineAmebicides (amoeba infections)side effects

same as antihelminthsexamples

37

Flagyl, Aralen (treatment of extraintestinal amebiasis)

Antitubercular Agentsuses

to treat tuberculosisexamples

Rifadin, INH, Myambutol, PyrazinamideAntiviral Agentsuses

to treat viral infectionsexamples

Amantadine – Summetrelo uses: to treat influenzao side effects: nausea, CNC effects

Antivirals for Herpes Viruso Zovirax, Famvif, Valtrexo side effects: nausea and vomiting

Antivirals for HIV and AIDS Protease inhibitors

o side effects: nausea and vomiting, muscle weakness

o examples: Crixivan, Viracept, Norvir, Invirase

Non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors

o Viramuneo Rescriptor

Reverse transcriptase inhibitorso side effects: nausea, diarrhea,

anemia, headache, insomnia, fatigue, peripheral neuropathy

o examples: AZT, Retrovir, Videx, Epivir, Zerit

HSE.O.PTCB.4.21 characterize cancer. cancer

38

malignant neoplasm class of diseases in which group of cells

display uncontrolled growth, invasion of other tissues, and sometimes metastasis (spread to other parts of the body)

difficult to treat because drugs cannot differentiate between cancer and normal cells, therefore both normal and cancer cells are killed

HSE.O.PTCB.4.22 characterize Leucovorin. Leucovorin also referred to as folinic acid used to protect healthy cells from chemotherapy

or to enhance the anticancer effect of chemotherapy

called rescue therapyHSE.O.PTCB.4.23 report uses, mechanism of action, and side

effects of chemotherapy drugs: Antimetabolites Alkylating Agents Hormones Vinca Alkaloids Asparaginase Antibiotics

Antimetabolitesmechanism of action

mimics a necessary nutrient or blocks a reaction, which synthesizes a necessary nutrients

side effects bone marrow depression, hepatotoxicity,

immunosuppression, anorexia, nausea, vomiting, oral and anal ulcers, fever, rash, hair loss

examples 5-FU, Efudex, 6-MP, Mexate, Ara-C, Cytosar, 6-

TG, Fludara, Alimta, XelodaAlkylating Agentsuses

to treat leukemia, testicular and ovarian cancers, and bladder cancers

mechanism of action bind to DNA and prevent its relocation

side effects39

nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, testicular atrophy, impotence, bone marrow suppression, hepatotoxicity, nephrotoxicity, rash, loss of taste and hearing, seizures, mental cloudiness, depression

examples BCNU, Myleran, Leukeran, Nitrogen Mustard,

Cytoxan, Ifex, Paraplatin, CeeNU, DTIC-DomeHormonesuses

used to treat hormone dependent cancers such as breast cancers

side effects nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, hot flashes,

insomniaexamples

Nolvadex, Lupron, Depo-Provera, Megace, DES, Teslac, Depo-Testosterone, Arimidex, Emcyt, Casodex, Eulexin, Nilandron

unclassified:Vinca Alkaloids (Velban, Oncovin, Navelbine)mechanism of action

arrests mitotic division at the metaphase of cell division

side effects; bone marrow suppression, nausea, vomiting,

hair lossAsparaginase (Elspar)mechanism of action

blocks asparagines dependent protein synthesis in tumor

side effects hypersensitivity, bone marrow suppression,

bleeding, depression, nausea/vomitingAntibiotics

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mechanism of action inhibits nucleic acid synthesis

examples and side effects Bleomycin (pulmonary fibrosis, fever, chills,

nausea/vomiting) Doxorubicin (myelosuppression, cardiotoxicity,

nausea/vomiting) Mitomycin (bone marrow toxicity,

nausea/vomiting) Cosmegen, Idamycin, Novantrone, Hycamtin,

Mithracinhep examine the composition and functions of

blood.blood

connective tissue composed of a liquid medium called plasma, in which solid components are suspended

solid components include erythrocytes, leukocytes, thrombocytes (platelets)

55% total volume is in form of plasma function varies: RBC transport oxygen and

carbon dioxide, WBC fight infection and aid in tissue repair, platelet provide mechanisms for blood coagulation

HSE.O.PTCB.4.25 determine the treatment for Iron Deficiency Anemia.

iron deficiency anemia most common type of anemia worldwide results from inadequate dietary intake of iron

HSE.O.PTCB.4.26 determine the treatment for Megaloblastic Anemia.

megaloblastic anemia anemia due to increased circulation of immature

abnormal red blood cells resulting in decreased delivery of oxygen to body tissues

HSE.O.PTCB.4.27 report uses, mechanism of action, and side effects of agents used in blood disorders:

Anticoagulants Hemostatics Antithrombotics

Anticoagulantsuses

deep vein thrombosis pulmonary emboli atrial fibrillation with embolism

41

Thrombolytics Hemorrheologic Agents Antianemics

prophylaxis of systemic emboli after MImechanism of action

stop of slow the normal clotting processside effects

excess bleedingexamples

Coumadin, Heparin, Lovenox, Orgaran, Fragmin, Miradon, Dicumarol

Hemostaticsuses

treatment of excessive bleedingmechanism of action

affects the clotting processexamples

Gelfoam, Thrombinar, Amicar, Vitamin K, Monoclate, Trasylol, Cyklokapron

Antithromboticsuses

to decrease platelet aggregation (stickiness) and to decrease unwanted clot formation

examples Aspirin, Persantine, Plavix, Ticlid

Thrombolyticsuses

dissolve existing blood clots decrease the muscle damage associated with

heart attacks to treat pulmonary emboli

side effects excessive bleeding

examples TPA (Alteplase), Streptokinase, Eminase,

Activase, Retevase, AbbokinaseHemorrheologic Agentsuses

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intermittent claudication – severe cramping in legs

mechanism of action decrease blood viscosity and help to increase

blood flow to areas of needside effects

nausea and vomiting dizziness

examples Trental

Antianemicsuses

to treat anemia caused by iron or vitamin deficiencies (megoblastic anemia)

side effects diarrhea, constipation, nausea, vomiting

examples Iron Sulfate, Ferrous Gluconate, Folic Acid,

Vitamin B6, Vitamin B-12Colony Stimulating Factor (Neupogen) given to cancer patients for bone marrow transplants

HSE.O.PTCB.4.28 characterize vitamins. Vitamins essential food factors, chemicals in nature,

present in certain food, can be synthesized necessary for normal body functions, many are

not produced in the body and must be obtained from a balanced diet

HSE.O.PTCB.4.29 determine examples and uses of fat-soluble vitamins.

fat soluble vitamins accumulate and are stored in fat tissue excess intake can result in toxicity

examples and uses Vitamin A – skin (acne) and vision Vitamin D (Drisdol) – calcium regulation, bone

formation Vitamin E – reproduction and skin

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Vitamin K (Mephyton) – blood clottingHSE.O.PTCB.4.30 determine examples and uses of water-

soluble vitamins.water – soluble vitamins

soluble in water excess intake does not usually cause problems

since excess amounts are readily excretedexamples and uses

Thiamine (Vitamin B1) – energy production, growth and functioning of nerve tissue, memory and emotional stability

o deficiency can cause beriberi Riboflavin (Vitamin B2) – energy production,

synthesis of fats and amino acids Pyridoxine (Vitamin B6) – role in multiplication of

all cells, especially RBC and immune system cells

o drug induced deficiency of this with: Isoniazid, Hydralazine, Oral contraceptives

Cyanocobalamin (Vitamin B12) – important in carbohydrate and fat metabolism, necessary for normal growth and formation of RBC

o used to treat pernicious anemia Niacin/Nicotinic acid – implant in energy

producing reactions involving enzymeso large doses are used to treat elevated

cholesterol Ascorbic acid (Vitamin C) – essential for tooth

and bone formation, healthy gums, formation of collagen, resistance to infections, and wound healing

o prevents scurvyo large doses may cause kidney stones

Folic acid – used to treat megaloblastic anemiaHSE.O.PTCB.4.31 distinguish minerals as related to normal minerals necessary for normal body functions

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body functions. Calcium Fluoride Iodine Magnesium Phosphorus Potassium Sodium Iron

HSE.O.PTCB.4.32 investigate examples and uses of common minerals.

Minerals Calcium – essential for bone and tooth

formation, activating and relaxing smooth muscle, and nerve impulse transmission

Fluoride – prevention of dental caries Iodine Magnesium – needed for bone, protein, new

cells, clotting blood, insulin function Phosphorus – blood has excess Potassium – important for water balance,

regulating muscle contractions, protein and glycogen synthesis, nerve transmission

o can become depleted with the use of diuretics, coffee, and alcohol

Sodium Iron – important for the formation of blood and

oxygen transportStandard Number: HSE.S.PTCB.5

Aseptic Techniques Students will demonstrate knowledge of aseptic techniques.


Would violations in aseptic technique impact the roles of all pharmacy personnel, including the pharmacy technician?

Objectives: Students will Learning Plan & Notes to Instructor:HSE.O.PTCB.5.1 demonstrate aseptic technique. Demonstration of aseptic technique should be exhibited

during the work-based clinical experience.Evaluation of this objective will occur within theclinical setting

HSE.O.PTCB.5.2 determine the importance of aseptic aseptic technique45

technique to prevent contamination as it relates to personnel and the environment.

procedures carried out during the preparation of a sterile product in order to minimize contamination.

personnel – the person compounding is the most frequent cause of contamination, followed by contaminated equipment and raw materials

o proper attitudes and strict adherence to aseptic techniques is essential to reducing the likelihood of contamination

environmental contaminationo aseptic technique requires control of the

environmentHSE.O.PTCB.5.3 establish the role of airflow equipment to

prevent contamination.airflow equipment Laminar Flow Hood, Laminar Airflow Workbench,

Vertical Flow Hoodo designed to reduce the risk of airborne

contamination during preparation of sterile products

o provides a constant flow of filtered air to the controlled area

HSE.O.PTCB.5.4 assess basic equipment for parenteral administration.

injections goes through one or more layers of the skin bypasses alimentary canal (digestive system)

HSE.O.PTCB.5.5 examine methods of administering parenteral medications to include:

Intradermal Subcutaneous Intramuscular Intravenous

intradermal drug is injected into the superficial layer of the

skin only small volumes (0.2 ml) can be administered

by this route generally used for diagnostic test and a limited

number of vaccines: TB test and Smallpox vaccine

absorption is slow, therefore onset of action is slow

subcutaneous injections of small volumes are given in the

46

loose tissue beneath the skin generally into the outer surface of arm or thigh response is more rapid with subcu than ID

intramuscular injection into the muscle mass common sites: deltoid (arm) maximum volume

adult – 2 ml, gluteal medial (hip) maximum volume adult – 5 ml

absorption is more rapid that subcu prolong absorption by using aqueous or oil

vehicleintravenous

administration into veins for rapid effects no retreat of the drug once it has been

administered solutions and some emulsions (lipids), never

suspensions injection sites

o peripheral – for drugs that do not irritate the veins; isotonic solutions; for patients who require only short term IV therapy; dorsal forearm surface

o central – for administration of irritating drugs or hypertonic solutions (due to the high amount of blood flow which allows for rapid dilution of the solution); for long term IV therapy; use large thoracic veins (subclavian)

o other routes less commonly used: intra-arterial, intracardiac, intra-articular, intraspinal, intrasynovial, intrathecal

HSE.O.PTCB.5.6 examine composition of common parenteral fluids.

common parenteral fluids dextrose – D5W, D10W Sodium Chloride – NS Sterile water for injection

47

Ringer’s Solutions – Lactated Ringer’s injection, Ringer’s injection

HSE.O.PTCB.5.7 examine compounding. Compounding

HSE.O.PTCB.5.8 characterize aseptic technique utilized by personnel prior to compounding procedures.

prior to compounding remove rings, watches, and bracelets (ideal for

bacteria) wash hands and forearms to the elbows with

appropriate germicidal agent x 30 secondsHSE.O.PTCB.5.9 determine the most common and important

equipment for compounding.See Aseptic techniques for sterile compounding.

HSE.O.PTCB.5.10 assess specific techniques and procedures utilized to avoid contamination assuring successful sterile product mixing.

See Aseptic techniques for sterile compounding.

HSE.O.PTCB.5.11 investigate the importance and process of visual inspection of parenteral products.

visual inspection of parenteral products check for particulate matter, crystals, and

precipitation isotonicity is important because the injectable

solution needs to be isotonic with the blood acid content or the pH of the solution is an

important characteristic color and clarity of an IV is important hold product in front of well illuminated light or

dark background to detect particles TPN’s that contain lipid emulsion are not clear,

therefore precipitation cannot be seenHSE.O.PTCB.5.12 examine components of a parenteral

product label.parenteral product label

solution name, lot number, and volume (this may be part of the manufacture’s label)

patient name, record number, and room number bottle/bag sequence number additive names, strengths, quantities date of preparation and initials of preparer expiration and initials of preparer expiration time and date

48

flow rate administration: time, date, and by whom appropriate auxiliary labels

HSE.O.PTCB.5.13 characterize various solutions used in pharmacy to include:

Irrigation IV Piggy Back Total Parenteral Nutrition

(TPN)

irrigation used to bathe or flush open wounds or body

cavities used topically, never parentally use “for Irrigation only” auxiliary

IV piggyback administration of a second solution through the

site of an already established primary line compatibility between the two solutions and their

additives must always be consideredTotal Perenteral Nutrition

intravenous nutritional solutions containing amino acids (protein source), high concentrations of dextrose (carbohydrate source), occasionally lipid emulsions (fat source), electrolytes, vitamins, trace elements, sometimes insulin (rgular)

o usually administered over 8-24 hourso provides adequate caloric intake for those

patients who are unable to receive proper nutrition orally due to their disease state

o administered peripherally or centrallyo many additives increase potential for

incompatibilitieso calcium and phosphorous precipitate is a

major concerno if the pharmacy compounds more than 30

TPN orders daily, an Automix system will assist in preparation

HSE.O.PTCB.5.14 distinguish preparation, safe handling, and administration of antineoplastic agents.

See aseptic technique parenteral antineoplastic agents.

49

HSE.O.PTCB.5.15 evaluate use of Class II Biological Safety Cabinets (Vertical Airflow) and personal protective coverings.

See aseptic technique parenteral antineoplastic agents

HSE.O.PTCB.5.16 determine precautions necessary in the disposal of all items used in the preparation and administration of antineoplastic drugs.

All disposable items that have potentially come in contact with antineoplastic drugs during preparation or administration must be disposed of in containers designated with the biohazard symbol.

Hazardous waste containers should be removed and destroyed according to work site policy and procedures.

HSE.O.PTCB.5.17 assess stability considerations in parenteral products.

stability considerations stability time appropriate vehicle solution light protection (do not agitate, shake), thoroughly rotate instead

HSE.O.PTCB.5.18 examine filtration in admixture preparation. liquid product is forced through a filter device attached to the tip of a syringe with the needle attached at the other end of the filter

size of filter depends on its intended useo filtration of particulate matter: 5 microno sterilization of a liquid: 0.22 micron filter

removes most microorganismsHSE.O.PTCB.5.19 report examples of parenteral product

reference materials. Handbook on Injectable Drugs – Trissel Guide to Parenteral Administration , King

o information in references: drug solutions, compatibility, dosage, dilution information

HSE.O.PTCB.5.20 demonstrate the steps of a typical parenteral admixture order work flow.

steps of typical parenteral admixture order: physician writes order order is transmitted to pharmacy order is checked for appropriate dose, drug

allergies, compatibility, and stability label and parenteral admixture worksheets are

prepared

50

preparation of admixture by pharmacist or supervised technician

admixture is checked by pharmacist including correct additive amount, particulate matter or other indications of incompatibility, and comparison of label against original order

delivery to patient storage in patient setting (may require

refrigeration) administration to patient


CalculationsStudents will demonstrate knowledge of mathematics in the Pharmacy.


Should there be an established guideline for “margin of error” in relationship to the use of mathematics in the Pharmacy?

Objectives: Students will Learning Plan & Notes to Instructor:HSE.O.PTCB.6.1 solve conversions using the metric,

avirdupois, apothecary and household systems.

See PTCB’s Calculations, Weights, and Measures for the mathematical tutorial.

HSE.O.PTCB.6.2 use charts, graphic illustrations, and conversion tables to perform mathematical calculations.

See PTCB’s Calculations, Weights, and Measures for the mathematical tutorial.

HSE.O.PTCB.6.3 determine the meaning of commonly used abbreviations in prescriptions and medication orders.

See PTCB’s Calculations and Abbreviations for the commonly used abbreviations for the mathematical tutorial.

HSE.O.PTCB.6.4 determine abbreviations, symbols, or syntax that should be avoided.

avoid the following: u for unit – when handwritten, can be read as an

O with possible resulting ten-fold overdose, the word unit should always be written out

mcg for microgram – can easily be misread as mg

qod – abbrev for every other day, can be read as daily or 4 x per day, to avoid always write our every other day

qd – for every day, can be misread for qid SC or SQ – for subcu, can be misinterpreted for

51

SL, sublingual T.I.W. – for three times per week, has been

misread for tid or 2 times per week when the same symbols have the more than one

meaning, misinterpretation may result: D/C, HS, IVP as, au, ad (regarding ear) confused with ou,os, od (meaning eye) write out the words

do not leave out spaces between the words avoid /, can be mistaken for 1 avoid &, can be mistaken for the number 4 when

handwrittenHSE.O.PTCB.6.5 demonstrate the Roman Numeral system of

writing numbers.See PTCB Calculations tutorial for objectives 6.5 through 6.25.

HSE.O.PTCB.6.6 apply placement rules when using Roman Numerals.

HSE.O.PTCB.6.7 apply mathematical computations related to pharmacy procedures.

HSE.O.PTCB.6.8 apply mathematical principle to conversion equations common to those used in the pharmacy.

HSE.O.PTCB.6.9 apply rules for decimals when writing drug doses.

HSE.O.PTCB.6.10 apply mathematical principles involving temperature, weights, and measures used in the pharmacy.

HSE.O.PTCB.6.11 apply mathematical principles to problems involving dosage calculations and other applied mathematical concepts.

HSE.O.PTCB.6.12 apply ratios and proportions to enlarge and reduce chemical mixtures used in the pharmacy.

HSE.O.PTCB.6.13 calculate amounts of drugs, chemical, or solvents when enlarging and reducing formulas.

HSE.O.PTCB.6.14 examine units of measurement for drugs 52

and expressions of quantity and concentration for drugs in drug products.

HSE.O.PTCB.6.15 differentiate methods for determining quantities of ingredients and concentration of drugs when preparing or dispensing drug products.

HSE.O.PTCB.6.16 calculate amounts of two solutions of different strengths which must be combined to get a third solution of a specified strength.

HSE.O.PTCB.6.17 calculate final strength of a diluted or mixed solution when given the original strength(s) and volume(s) and the final volume.

HSE.O.PTCB.6.18 distinguish methods of expressing doses and dosage regimens.

HSE.O.PTCB.6.19 calculate the amount of drug product to dispense or a days supply from a dosage regime.

HSE.O.PTCB.6.20 calculate doses for pediatric patients using pediatric dosage information found in reference books.

HSE.O.PTCB.6.21 apply general rules for calculating an infant’s or child’s dose of medication when given the age or weight of the patient and the normal adult dose.

HSE.O.PTCB.6.22 determine the flow rate of an IV solution when given the total volume, total time of administration, and the drops delivered per ml by the administration set.

HSE.O.PTCB.6.23 calculate powder volume and use calculation to reconstitute dry powders for suspension or solution.

HSE.O.PTCB.6.24 examine pricing methods used in retail pharmacy.

HSE.O.PTCB.6.25 recongize the meaning of terms used in pricing methods.

53


Pharmacy OperationsStudents will demonstrate knowledge and skills necessary for the daily operation of a pharmacy.


Does the expected level of competence of the Pharmacy Technician, in the daily operation of a pharmacy, ever change?

Objectives: Students will Learning Plan & Notes to Instructor:HSE.O.PTCB.7.1 differentiate common pharmaceutical terms

to include drug names, codes, expiration date formats, dispensing containers, and closures.

drug names chemical name general name (nonproprietary) brand name (proprietary)

codes National Drug Code (NDC), assigned by FDA Uniform Product Code Mnemonic Code

expiration date format based on shelf life medication considered effective before the

expiration date See PTCB’s Pharmacy Operations (Basic Facts

in Pharmacy) for Reference Books/Informationdispensing containers

vials, ointment jars, bottles, dropper bottles, unit dose, dose packs, dispensing containers

closures child resistant, easy-open, or non-safety Poison Prevention Packaging Act – requires that

most over the counter medications and prescription medications use child-resistant containers (see exemptions and legend drugs that are exempt)

HSE.O.PTCB.7.2 determine considerations regarding authority to prescribe.

authority to prescribe determined at the state level, including the

practitioner’s prescription authority based on scope of practice

HSE.O.PTCB.7.3 assess possible prescribers. possible prescribers physicians, podiatrists, dentists, optometrists,

54

veterinarians, physician assistants, nurse practitioners, medical interns and residents

HSE.O.PTCB.7.4 characterize general processes related to the dispensing and medication distribution in a traditional pharmacy.

See Pharmacy Operations (Assisting the Pharmacy) tutorial.

HSE.O.PTCB.7.5 examine the method of transmitting prescriptions to a pharmacy.

See Pharmacy Operations tutorial.

HSE.O.PTCB.7.6 apply required patient confidentiality. Demonstration of patient confidentiality should beexhibited during the work-based clinical experience.Evaluation of this objective will occur within theclinical setting

HSE.O.PTCB.7.7 articulate the required contents of a prescription and medication order.

prescription contents patient information, date, name of product,

strength, dosage form, quantity, Sig. (directions), label directions, refills, prescriber information

medication order patient information, date, time of day, product

name, dosage form, prescriber information, Sig. (directions, route, duration)

HSE.O.PTCB.7.8 select information obtained from patients when receiving refill requests.

information obtained from patients patient name and telephone number prescription number drug name, strength, and quantity prescriber information – Doctor’s name reimbursement (third party payer)

HSE.O.PTCB.7.9 distinguish the process and information needed when calling prescribers for refill authorization.

calling prescribers for refill authorization pharmacy name and telephone number patient name and date of birth drug name, strength, and quantity original and last refill date prescription directions

HSE.O.PTCB.7.10 demonstrate receiving electronic transmission of prescriptions.

receiving information in electronic form transmission of the exact visual image of a

document by way of electronic equipmentHSE.O.PTCB.7.11 differentiate patient information necessary See Pharmacy Operations (General Prescription

55

for the patient profile. Duties) for both ambulatory and institutional/long term care patient profile.

HSE.O.PTCB.7.12 relate the process required when entering prescription/medication information in the patient profile.

entering prescription/medication information in the patient profile – computerized database

verify information compare new order to profile enter required information pharmacist initials reimbursement pharmacy policy and procedures followed

HSE.O.PTCB.7.13 validate appropriate product selection (i.e. brand vs. generic).

brand vs. generic dispense as written (DAW) bioavailability must be the same FDA reviews to make sure equivalent See Orange Book as reference Formulary is a document or listing of committee

approved pharmaceuticals or therapeutics in stock

HSE.O.PTCB.7.14 assist the Pharmacist in preparing and dispensing medications to include:

Measuring and Counting Calculation and Verifiction Compounding Weighing Reconstituting Aseptic Technique/IV

Admixtures Controlled Substances

Behaviors and characteristics should be exhibited during the work-based clinical experience. Evaluation of objectives 7.14 and 7.15 will occur within the clinical setting.

HSE.O.PTCB.7.15 prepare and package prescriptions and medication orders.

HSE.O.PTCB.7.16 relate information contained on a prescription label.

prescription labels may contain name and address of pharmacy date of issuance prescription number drug name, strength, and quantity

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directions patient’s name prescriber’s name expiration date number of refills lot number pharmacists initials auxiliary labels federal transfer label

HSE.O.PTCB.7.17 report the advantages of the Unit Dose System.

advantages of Unit Dose System(systems provide each patient with a storage bin with a twenty-four hour supply of drugs)

reduce the number of medication errors increase drug use control within institutions minimize drug waste and pilferage reduce nursing preparation time more accurate and efficient billing fully utilize involved members of the health care

team enhance or improve the quality of patient care

HSE.O.PTCB.7.18 examine types of Unit Dose Systems. types of Unit Dose Systems centralized (med. cart, one pharmacy) decentralized (satellite pharmacy, combination

of both)HSE.O.PTCB.7.19 demonstrate the five “Rights” of medication. five “Rights” of medication

Right medication Right patient Right dose Right route Right time

HSE.O.PTCB.7.20 demonstrate the three check points utilized during the dispensing of a prescription.

three check points retrieving bottle from stock counting from bottle returning bottle to stock

HSE.O.PTCB.7.21 report the Pharmacist’s accountability during pharmacist is ultimately accountable to patient57

dispensing of a prescription.HSE.O.PTCB.7.22 articulate possible sources of medication

errors.possible sources of medication errors

failure to rotate stock preparing three prescriptions at a time reading the drug label fast abbreviations

HSE.O.PTCB.7.23 predict reporting procedures for medication errors.

Supplemental Information at the Direction of the Pharmacist

HSE.O.PTCB.7.24 illustrate the use of supplemental patient information.

supplemental patient information package inserts required every time drug

dispensed, new Rx and refillso oral contraceptives, estrogens,

progesterones, isotretinoin, intrauterine devices, isoproterenol inhalation products

HSE.O.PTCB.7.25 examine key concepts and terms used in pharmacy inventory management.

See Pharmacy Operations (Key Terms and Concepts) tutorial.

HSE.O.PTCB.7.26 report ordering and receiving techniques. ordering pharmacy may order products directly through a

representative, by telephone, fax, or computer modum

receiving verifying products ordered vs. products received

o original purchase order or “want book”o invoice received with ordero products received in ordero check for damaged products, complete

shipment, and expired contents documentation of receipt of goods

o completed records should be filed or sent to accounting department

o date and initialo indicate discrepancies on invoiceo call vendor with discrepancies

HSE.O.PTCB.7.27 compare methods in managing inventory. materials management includes the drug procurement

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process, inventory control, and drug storageSee Pharmacy Operations (Medication Distribution and Inventory Control)

HSE.O.PTCB.7.28 assess ways prescriptions are numbered, dated, and labeled.

See Pharmacy Operations (General Prescription Duties)

HSE.O.PTCB.7.29 predict the role of the FDA in medication recall and adverse drug reaction.

FDA or pharmaceutical manufacturer may recall a product or specific manufactured batch or lot number of a product is it is deemed unsafe or has reported problems (Class I-IV) See Pharmacy Operations (Medication Distribution and Inventory Control)

HSE.O.PTCB.7.30 assess theft and drug diversion. theft drug taken from the pharmacy without

compensationdrug diversion

medication taken from the pharmacy without valid prescription or medication order

HSE.O.PTCB.7.31 examine methods of reimbursement and available payment plans.

reimbursement plans or third party programs private health insurance government programs contribute to a patient’s prescription medication

costsreimbursement system

patient pharmacy payer

See Pharmacy Operations (Third Party Reimbursement) tutorial.

HSE.O.PTCB.7.32 determine claims processing procedures using Universal Claim Forms (UCFs), paper claims, on-line claims, and electronic adjudication.

claims filing vary according to whether the submission is by mail or electronic filing (i.e. via modem, on-line)See Pharmacy Operations (Third Party Reimbursement) tutorial

HSE.O.PTCB.7.33 relate the components of drug utilization review.

drug utilization review retrospective – based on past claims history concurrent – done during processing of

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prescriptions for dispensing and compares new prescriptions with what the patient has been previously taking

prospective – intended to be done by the pharmacist before filling a prescription

o to avoid potential harmful interactionso ensures the most appropriate medication

is given to the patiento screens for fraud or misuseo targets selected higher cost therapieso changes prescribing practices and

patterns of prescriberso screens for under-use of drug therapy

HSE.O.PTCB.7.34 examine Reimbursement Formulary. list of medications that are covered by the payment plan (See Pharmacy Operations – Third Party Reimbursements)

HSE.O.PTCB.7.35 determine quantity restriction as it applies to preventing dispensing of unnecessary quantities.

third party plans will typically limit the quantity of medication that can be dispensed to prevent patients from receiving unnecessary quantities

HSE.O.PTCB.7.36 establish steps for obtaining prior authorization.

prior authorization some plans require that the pharmacy call to

receive approval to dispense medication in designated drug classes

if approved, a third party will give a numerical code to be entered into the computer or submitted with the paper claim

HSE.O.PTCB.7.37 relate the purpose of the signature log. signature log – patient’s signature is kept on file to indicate a medication was picked up


Clinical InternshipStudents will demonstrate knowledge and skills during particpation in a clinical internship.


Should participation in a clinical internship be seen as a right or a privilege?

Objectives: Students will Learning Plan & Notes to Instructor:HSE.O.PTCB.8.1 demonstrate a working knowledge of See industry credentialing requirements.

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internship eligibility requirements.HSE.O.PTCB.8.2 comply with required health regulations

such as proof of physical examination and immunization status.

See student data files.

HSE.O.PTCB.8.3 provide proof of personal health insurance. See student data files.HSE.O.PTCB.8.4 wear proper clinical attire. Objectives within this standard represent behaviors and

characteristics that are a result of cognitive skills/knowledge gained from successful completion of PTCB Preparation 0771. Behaviors and characteristics should be exhibited during the work-based clinical experience. Evaluation of these objectives will occur within the clinical setting.

HSE.O.PTCB.8.5 maintain mastery or above in attainment of standards in classroom theory and lab.

HSE.O.PTCB.8.6 report to clinical site on time and ready to work.

HSE.O.PTCB.8.7 notify clinical site and instructor when absent.

HSE.O.PTCB.8.8 conform to policies regarding performance of skills and scope of responsibility.

HSE.O.PTCB.8.9 correctly and safely perform entry-level procedures under supervision of a pharmacist.

HSE.O.PTCB.8.10 request assistance or clarification as needed.

HSE.O.PTCB.8.11 maintain professional standards including client confidentiality.

HSE.O.PTCB.8.12 organize and effectively manage time.HSE.O.PTCB.8.13 complete documentation required of clinical

internship accurately.HSE.O.PTCB.8.14 participate in clinical internship evaluation

process.Standard Number: HSE.S.PTCB.9

TechnologyStudents will:

use information technology to access, generate, and distribute information. demonstrate an understanding of the Internet as a resource tool.


Has the application of technology impacted healthcare careers positively or negatively?

Objectives: Students will Learning Plan & Notes to Instructor:HSE.O.PTCB.9.1 implement the use of software and hardware. Use software, hardware, and Internet throughout

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delivery of CSOs.Use Internet for resource/research for projects and assignments.

HSE.O.PTCB.9.2 utilize the Internet as a resource/research tool. Use Internet for resource/research for projects and assignments.


Career and Technical Student OrganizationStudents will participate in the local chapter of the Career and Technical Student Organization (CTSO).


How does participation in a Career and Technical Student Organization (CTSO) impact professional development and lifelong learning?

Objectives: Students will Learning Plan & Notes to Instructor:HSE.O.PTCB.10.1 participate in the local chapter of the

appropriate Career and Technical Student Organization (CTSO).

See www.HOSA.org.

HSE.O.PTCB.10.2 use parliamentary procedures in chapter meetings.

See Robert’s Rules of Order.

HSE.O.PTCB.10.3 demonstrate team membership/leadership and problem solving skills.

See HOSA Handbook.

HSE.O.PTCB.10.4 participate in local, state, and national projects impacting healthcare and healthcare education.

See HOSA Handbook.

21st Century Skills Learning Skills & Technology Tools Teaching Strategies Culminating Activity

Evidence of Success

Information and Communication Skills:

21C.O.9-12.1.LS1

Student recognizes information needed for problem solving, can efficiently browse, search, and navigate online to access relevant information, evaluates information based on credibility, social, economic, political and/or ethical issues, and presents findings clearly and persuasively using a range of technology tools and media.

Students use search engines to complete a job search for their health care career choice.

Students will use search engines to research networking and professional organization opportunities.

Students identify job availability for their health care career, and recognize applicable networking possibilities and pertinent professional organizations.

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http://www.HOSA.org/

21C.O.9-12.1.LS3

Student creates information using advanced skills of analysis, synthesis and evaluation and shares this information through a variety of oral, written and multimedia communications that target academic, professional and technical audiences and purposes.

Students complete multimedia presentations utilizing HOSA Competitive Event(s) as teaching/learning strategies.

Students participate in HOSA projects in classroom and competition. Projects are judged based on rubrics in HOSA Handbook B.

21C.O.9-12.1.TT1

Student makes informed choices among available advanced technology systems, resources and services (e.g., global positioning software, graphing calculators, personal digital assistants, web casting, online collaboration tools) for completing curriculum assignments and projects and for managing and communicating personal/professional information.

Students make informed choices regarding the use of technology systems within the clinical setting in order to manage and communicate professional information. Use of technology systems will be dictated by the systems found within the clinical setting utilized for the clinical internship.

Weekly clinical evaluations will reflect appropriate use of technology systems within the clinical internship setting.

Thinking and Reasoning Skills:

21C.O.9-12.2.LS1

Student engages in a critical thinking process that supports synthesis and conducts evaluation using complex criteria.

Students engage in a variety of critical thinking scenarios during internship in a pharmacy setting.

Students apply the acquired knowledge by selecting the appropriate course of action and seeking assistance as needed as they complete their clinical internship requirements.

21C.O.9-12.2.LS2

Student draws conclusions from a variety of data sources to analyze and interpret systems.

21C.O.9- Student engages in a problem Students will use problem 63

12.2.LS3 solving process by formulating questions and applying complex strategies in order to independently solve problems.

solving skills to decide on appropriate application of course knowledge and skills.

21C.O.9-12.2.LS4

Student visualizes the connection between seemingly unrelated ideas and independently produces solutions that are fresh, unique, original and well developed. Student shows capacity for originality, concentration, commitment to completion, and persistence to develop unique and cogent products.

Throughout the clinical internship, the student will be presented with a variety of situations, within complex environments. Within these environments, the student must demonstrate the ability to collect and assess data from all sources and produce unique solutions that represent the best action for each situation.

Students apply the acquired knowledge and processing skills to meet the internship standards and objectives. The student’s clinical evaluations will demonstrate evidence of appropriate adherence to the pharmacy technician’s legal scope of practice.

21C.O.9-12.2.TT1

Student knows how to find information necessary to solve advanced problems related to hardware, software, networks, and connections (e.g., by accessing online help, Internet searches, technical documentation, system utilities, and communication with technical experts).

The student will use hardware, software, the Internet, technical documentation, system utilities and communication with technical experts, specific to the clinical setting, as an integral component of the clinical internship.

Clinical evaluation will demonstrate the student’s ability to proficiently use hardware, software, and communication with technical experts to meet internship expectations.

21C.O.9-12.2.TT4

Student uses technology tools and multiple media sources to analyze a real-world problem, design and implement a process to assess the

Within the specific clinical setting, the student will analyze client/ clinical problems and use available technology tools

The student’s clinical evaluations will document the proficient use of technology within the

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information, and chart and evaluate progress toward the solution.

to document progress. Technology tools will be used for intradepartmental communication as guided by policy and procedures of the facility or pharmacy.

real-world of the clinical internship.

Personal, and Workplace, Skills:

21C.O.9-12.3.LS1

Student remains composed and focused, even under stress, willingly aligns his/her personal goals to the goals of others when appropriate, approaches conflict from win-win perspective, and derives personal satisfaction from achieving group goals.

Students will engage in leadership and problem solving scenarios during internship by planning the most appropriate course of action when given their assignment and analyze possible consequences of the task.

Given the legislated scope of practice for pharmacy technician students, they will consistently apply the correct course of action within the appropriate scope of practice; display ethical behaviors related to privacy and confidentiality; and seek assistance if unsure. The student’s course of action, behavior and characteristics during the clinical internship will be documented on the clinical internship weekly evaluation.

21C.O.9-12.3.LS2

Student independently considers multiple perspectives and can represent a problem in more than one way, quickly and calmly changes focus and goals as the situation requires, and actively seeks

The student’s course of action during participation in the clinical internship will focus on the role of the pharmacy technician. Students will develop short and long term goals along with their instructor

Students will adapt focus and goals to internship requirements. Clinical evaluations will document the student’s approach to the meeting of long and

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innovations (e.g. technology) that will enhance his/her work.

and clinical preceptor and utilize technology tools to meet internship requirements.

short term goals, and the requirements of the clinical internship.

21C.O.9-12.3.LS3

Student demonstrates ownership of his/her learning by setting goals, monitoring and adjusting performance, extending learning, using what he/she has learned to adapt to new situations, and displaying perseverance and commitment to continued learning.

Through student/teacher post-conferences, review of learning goals, and clinical accomplishments, the student will monitor and adjust clinical internship performance as deemed necessary.

Through the use of goal profiles and skills check off list, the students will monitor his/her learning and address skill deficits with the teacher and/or clinical preceptor.

21C.O.9-12.3.LS4

Student demonstrates ethical behavior and works responsibly and collaboratively with others in the context of the school and the larger community, and he/she demonstrates civic responsibility through engagement in public discourse and participation in service learning.

Ethical behaviors will be developed as a result of privileged communications shared with students during the work-based experience; as they are faced with situations where they must maintain client privacy and confidentiality.

Clinical evaluations will document the student’s ethical practice in all aspects of the clinical internship. The student will participate in service learning thorough the local HOSA chapter.

21C.O.9-12.3.LS5

Student exhibits positive leadership through interpersonal and problem-solving skills that contribute to achieving the goal. He/she helps others stay focused, distributes tasks and responsibilities effectively, and monitors group progress toward the goal without

Through working in the pharmacy setting (retail or hospital) with other employees, the student will function effectively as a team member, contributing toward the development of positive working relationships.

The student’s clinical evaluations will reflect positive leadership behaviors and effective problem solving skills as he/she works independently or with other employees in the pharmacy.

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undermining the efforts of others.

21C.O.9-12.3.LS6

Student maintains a strong focus on the larger project goal and frames appropriate questions and planning processes around goal. Prior to beginning work, student reflects upon possible courses of action and their likely consequences; sets objectives related to the larger goal; and establishes benchmarks for monitoring progress. While working on the project, student adjusts time and resources to allow for completion of a quality product.

The student will participate in pre- and post-conferences during the clinical internship for the purpose of planning the appropriate course of action and establishing goals for completion of daily tasks. During conference, the student will reflect on patient progress, or lack thereof. The student will adjust the course of action as necessary to meet internship requirements.

The student’s clinical internship experience is documented within the clinical journal. The student is actively engaged in all pre-conferences. The student articulates the planned course of action and expected results for his/her clinical assignments.Post-conference reflects the student’s ability to adjust time and resources to accomplish clinical internship goals.

21C.O.9-12.3.TT4

Student adheres to acceptable use policy and displays ethical behaviors related to acceptable use of information and communication technology (e.g., privacy, security, copyright, file-sharing, plagiarism); student predicts the possible cost and effects of unethical use of technology (e.g., consumer fraud, intrusion, spamming, virus setting, hacking) on culture and society; student identifies

Students engage in policy-based, ethical use of information and communication technology.

Student can articulate the methodologies necessary to protect the integrity of the system in relationship to patient privacy. Students apply HIPPA regulations to all clinical functions.

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the methodologies that individuals and businesses can employ to protect the integrity of technology systems.

21C.O.9-12.3.TT5

Student models ethical behavior relating to security, privacy, computer etiquette, passwords and personal information and demonstrates an understanding of copyright by citing sources of copyrighted materials in papers, projects and multi-media presentations. Student advocates for legal and ethical behaviors among peers, family, and community regarding the use of technology and information.

The student practices ethical behavior as a result of cognitive learning within the classroom. The student applies this knowledge during interaction with the healthcare team, patient, patient’s family, and peers.

Ethical behavior is documented by the clinical instructor or preceptor on the weekly clinical evaluation.

21C.O.9-12.3.TT7

Student protects his/her identity online and in email and/or websites, limits the distribution of personal information/pictures, and evaluates the authenticity of emails that solicit personal information. Student identifies the methodologies that individuals and businesses can employ to protect the integrity of technology systems.

Throughout the clinical internship, the student adheres to policies and procedures in regard to the use of email, websites, personal information, and system integrity.

Appropriate use of the clinical facilities’ information system, demonstrates the student’s ability to follow all safeguards and system regulations.

21C.O.9-12.3.TT8

Student uses technology to seek strategies and

As the student participates in a wide variety of clinical

Utilization of the clinical journal

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information to address limits in their own knowledge.

encounters, the student recognizes knowledge deficits and utilizes the clinical journal to share identified deficits and technological strategies to address the deficits with the classroom teacher.

demonstrates self assessment and correction of knowledge deficits.

Learning Skills & Technology Tools Teaching Strategies Culminating Activity

Evidence of Success

Entrepreneurship Skills:

B.01-B.11, .17-.28

Understands the personal traits/behaviors associated with successful entrepreneurial performance.

Students will develop leadership, personal management, communication, and job seeking skills as they engage in work assignments during internship/clinical experiences.

Students will utilize various multimedia resources in developing job keeping skills and identify entrepreneurial opportunities.

Students display appropriate leadership, personal management, and communication skills during clinical/ internship assignments.

Students successfully utilize job seeking skills as they build a professional portfolio.

Culminating AssessmentGRASPCulminating Assessment:

Tutored Exam (See PassAssured Pharmacy Technician Training Program)

Final Exam (See PassAssured Pharmacy Technician Training Program)PTCB Practice Exam, Study tools online @ http://www.ptcb.org

Technical Skills Performance AssessmentIndustry Accreditation/Certification

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Industry Accreditation/Certification:

PTCB Exam (Pharmacy Technician Certification Board Exam)

Links and Other ResourcesLinks and Other Resources:

Related Websites:PassAssuredhttp://www.passassured.com

PTCBhttp://www.ptcb.org

HOSAhttp://www.hosa.org

Center for Disease Controlhttp://www.cdc.gov

Pathways to Successhttp://careertech.k12.wv.us/pathwaystosuccess/

U.S. Department of Labor in the 21st Centuryhttp://www.dol.gov/

Advanced Distributed Learningwww.adlnet.org

America's Career InfoNetwww.acinet.org

America's Job Bankwww.ajb.org

America's Service Locatorwww.servicelocator.org

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http://www.servicelocator.org/

http://www.ajb.org/

http://www.acinet.org/acinet/

http://www.adlnet.org/

http://www.dol.gov/

http://careertech.k12.wv.us/pathwaystosuccess/

http://www.cdc.gov/

http://www.hosa.org/

http://www.ptcb.org/

http://www.passassured.com/

CareerOneStopwww.careeronestop.org

Employment & Training Administrationwww.doleta.gov

The Job Accommodation Network (JAN)http://www.jan.wvu.edu

Monthly Labor Review Online: Labor Force Archiveshttp://www.bls.gov/opub/mlr/indexL.htm#Labor force

Occupational Information Networkwww.doleta.gov/programs/onet Office of Disability Employment Policywww.dol.gov/odep

Career Voyageshttp://www.careervoyages.gov/index.cfm

Workforce West Virginiahttps://www.workforcewv.org/

West Virginia Earn A Degree Graduate Early (EDGE)http://www.wvtechprep.wvnet.edu/edge.htm

West Virginia Career and Technical Educationhttp://careertech.k12.wv.us/

ContactsContacts: HSE Teachers: See HSE Directory

HSE Coordinators: Rebecca Davis [email protected] Cynthia Sundstrom [email protected] Assistant Executive Director and EOCTST Coordinator: Donna Burge-Tetrick OCTI Executive Director: Gene Coulson

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mailto:[email protected]

http://careertech.k12.wv.us/

http://www.wvtechprep.wvnet.edu/edge.htm

https://www.workforcewv.org/

http://www.careervoyages.gov/index.cfm

http://www.dol.gov/odep/

http://www.doleta.gov/programs/onet/

http://www.bls.gov/opub/mlr/indexL.htm#Labor%20force

http://www.dol.gov/cgi-bin/leave-dol.asp?exiturl=http://www.jan.wvu.edu&exitTitle=www.jan.wvu.edu

http://www.doleta.gov/

http://www.careeronestop.org/

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Documents

Curriculum Guide - careertech.k12.wv.uscareertech.k12.wv.us/cte-instructionalguides/Health Scie… · Web viewPTCB Preparation is a purchased curriculum and adheres to a specified