*4 At.rMikhail M. Bakhtin

t89t-r97t

AbNc Jll, arlh'r 'r

d Lhsri( ot g.n,e. padiotrrly o{ . nnvet, rhr h.{orvId n:tJrc or wFnh (rh..tuo Jr. oae for h,m) h. defriocr in. ., * *y, .";.F$EnB rhr ndel wnh.,hc pom, .mphaiiTirc th. ..f,c.dom {or rhc r;tr of

I qs or dhe6 b rkrl

'h.nrlvct.in n tpotyphony) agrjnq,hc nonoroccrl

I pGm. h .$rys o,he! rhM ,h. on. h.rc. h. !.s in rikrary hisrory rhe Brr;D,l

I hNcria.iM_ of th. pom. Th. nor.t rnd n\ (nd.nq, rN,rd potypt o-"y .na

l$. dkrosEl rprr.y(.llcne ih Do{6yey.kr) [. riats bkk inro , ..car

I nrvrr\ric

.s.nq of rh. wodd rhd krds ,n l,coture rhroush iB toytut Et,.I

nrrry" $d -vnrliry" remph^i, 6n,re ha.rcghk irvmrion snd nukiptcI sry|4 m I {nsle wo*. Itc.no\.tinic (,nd c.miv,tisic) runs in is carty fonnst rom sc)or*k du togF rhrcu8h rh. !o{r t'cd Mrrippd n ,rn . h, n;rion ol

truth r rh,r ot $m.rhing bom bcMrn pcoph rarh.rrhan po$*rd rnd rhrn. , \pE.scd by rn,ur\or, Such rnu dr. p,oducr o(di6c(cn(er rr tough &khr ind^a nor us. Lhir rtutur.h{ ,en. rhsr rE cu,,urut and hnrdi

"t. it .," i,,t

wryr I d i , lo8iala, l /s,n,h. io\d. Tf ic rurhor i \ rhnc btr , . , r \p(r tsoi i ofRl .non ro rh. chr ' r ,kr , ( \ r , or r ruA 8Jt \ , in mJt.rhh.on(.pr ofrh.no\. t_istic spread .v.ntulllv or{ alt tir.hry d. '

htu lry,,Br lhrin\ hi)r onel t i.q mpl.suh rhc indr eiddal A rtwlys mu triptc,covhe.l by shr( hc calt) -hd.rogto*,r'.: r Lho\r (ondirion, rhar impingi inrnt.nommr on a hunrn dmr. r6(ring h.rnjnB. Thes.6ndirions \onrribur.io rh. tde. rhar rrurh cod.s io N only diitosiath.

T1. nJ or wo't,of B.$rin in En8rish k.;stad;n ar R,reldiadndHi,wottd{rc6J. lEns. ro68): P'oblp ' r o I Doaor@tLr\ p^an!tNzei r* . r96r; r rJn).

Dnata. inrh. Nord 665

re7r, re84)i [V.N. V'ldsinovl, Madistu ar.l th. PhilcoPh, ol Lrnguas.(re1e, rero, triis. !9?r); [V N. Volosinovl, Fr.dt rir,,:,4 Mmxtu Criti4t4Ge17,rans. r976)i {!. N. McAwdd),'rh.Inndl Method in LiEturJ S.holor'tbip l\glEt tAns. re78li Th. Di.losi. lnrgi'.tits \6say' vtittc. in thc r 9ros,tans. re3r). S€! K.r.nna Clark.nd Mich.€lHolquht, M,tra il Bakhtin (t934).

NOVELMoDERN STYlrsrrcs AND rlrE No\,'EL

Tlr. orcn. s.,ic oa qu.lrions pokd 6y a siyliliicofihc novrl rcv..ls, ,uU/ rnd cl.rry, th". all rhe oreBori.s and m.rhodr ofk irional lqlnri6 r.mainincrp$I. oI d.alins .S.ctively wkh ti. arliiicu.iquends of di*o!6e in th. nov.l, or wnh drrtp.cj6.lit th.rdisolG.l.adsinth?novcl. Pdri.

, l.nsu:s.,' individulliry oI l,nstrrs.. imrs..

, trmbol, '.picaryle"rndo .r sen. l cr,.gori.s

I sorl.d ourrnd ippl,.d by$ylirris,rr w.ll:r 'h.

J .ntir. set of snd.& stylisiic devic* subsun.dI by ttd. stsoiio (no m{t. how dilLrtndy un-' deiirmd by individnal cfticr, !rc .ll.,rMlly ori-| .n!.di6wt<lin. sinsl.-hnsuc.d!n,i rinsl.{tyl.d

g.ncn rossr'l th. podic Fnr.s in ih. nrro* ssnsot th. md. TlE onn.ction wnh tfi; d.luiiv.ori.nEtion *pl.inr Lumb.r ot in. padi.ul.. La-tuEs d limiGrions oi tiirionrl srylktic..i.Eo.ri.s. Ail rl.s c,r.gorid, .rd $c v.ry pbildophic,loaeprion oI peric dismuc. in which lh?y r.srolndd, k bo mrrcw.nd.nmp.d, and en-.or .comnod.G rh. distic prosr of .ov.bti.

. Ttur .ryli.ii.s rnd !h. pfiilosoFnt oI dihurFl ind..d onnon! 1 dil.nmr: .irh.. n .cknowl.dsc

^ I rh. nod (and ons.qud'ly rll rni'ft pro,c 'dd-

I I ins in 'hrdn.crionl

rn un:ninicor qurii-.rirric

J I s.nr, or to Fdictlr idofuid.r !t @nepnon oIrl po.ric di*ouEe in whi.h r:dnionrl $y'nriG h

L Bround.d rnd shi.h d.Rmin.! rllft e'.3ori6.

16r Th. Didotk bn|kdior, .di..n hr Mi.ba Horq!kt, trrBl*'l br Gryl ErcFn anb/ p.nisiotr o, ih. Uriv.rity o, T.x6 Pds, .dpy-

DISCOURSE IN TIIEThi! dil.Dm16d4?r, ! by no m.,nt u.iv.r

s.lly !.6g.i2.n. Mon ichoL6... nor ibcli..d tound.na[. a .dicrl r.vi5ion of rh. tdnd:n.nhlpfiilobphiel conc.ption of po.ri. di*ouE., Mttdo Dot d.n se or rdgnie rh. philosopni..l rootot ir. stylir.ic (,nd linsuisdct i. drich !b.t wr4and shy.wry &oo inylundrd?n.el phildopl,ialGsu6. Th.y uf,crly lail ro se hthind their nolat.d

'nd G,sm.nt.d styhtic obrfttio's .nd linsli*ic

d.eoipriom :ny thor..iel probl.ss pokd bynov.lislic d!cour.. OtIEB-moc principhd-m*c a a!. {or on.ndt individutism in th.irund.Brudi'soIl gu.g. rd $y1.. Fi6. znd toi!-no* !h.y sEk ir rh: stylktic ph.none.on r dndand rnm.dbt d dpc$ion ol zuihorial individu-:liiy, ind such an uodcdhndins of th. tobhm nl.ai lik.ly of .ll !o hcounS. . reon.id..2tion of6.:ic srykiic.Lgone in th. p'dr.r djrdion,

Ho*d.r, rh.c G,nother blution 6Iotr.dildnm'rhlt do.s trl. b.ri..o.c.pb inb zeounr: on. .adonty .onsid.. oft-n.gl.d.d rh.toric. *hicn aor c.n-uri6 h4 includ.d rni*i. p'oe i, iti pudi.*Ono w. $.v. rabr.d rlEloric o dl itr ..ci.nt!isi6, E mr/ .dlEr. ro th. old @'c.pi oI podi.dir@!s., r.lcsri4 to thaoric.l aomC'A!'y_rhinB i. novdnn. pro& rll{ dod not 6t lhc Pro_.ru*..n t d of tudniond $yli5ii. ..!.sori.t'

Gusiv tbp.t' in lit rim., popd.d $cll I solu-tion to ir dil.mm:, r'ith .lt duc risordrn.* .ndrcnriri..cy, Hc rftnr .xclud.d lotnc prok .ndils uliiF,t a3liznion-ih. nd.l-lrom tu t..lm

'Su.l r $ludor b thi pbbl.n m3 4Firly mtdnsto .'lhddu 01 th. ,oo|l rdl|'l in podi* i. r:d, rL.r<,blid,lnr ot Ihdoric

'nh J i6 ndq erly

rEMh.6 'h.

F.mrLi Fri'ioo. Flm:lii d.n. n Ir;,ry.ddh- b !";"h' s"wE blins o@Gdy onrnrcnt *'!{ dt.y .p.1. of ih.

'.q5i9 A qi'iis Adoft,lorsid. pe'i6 (oi .nit

ka.M. t$.n[itn, Liddrr|Litdrtnr|r..ninsd,

Jcsnv thF ('r7e-rtr7)i prot Mr, UtriEsiq d

i{&Gi ru*.^o rvr. u*".'

of pdrrv and .sis&d n b thc.{.go'r ot pli.lt

H.r.itwl'4Shpdszys:bodth.novcl, Th.rE'

ognnion thd conr.mpor.rt lormi oi mo..l pop.-

*J..L-i..., d. ,o,./-do .or :pnnE kon Po.tj..r.,ti,,ry brt r. Put.ly lh.tori.al .onposnioni, n2n rdmi$ion, .nd r conc.Fion, th,t ippa'.ndy..nrc! rrk? *nhout immdil.ly conlionring ilornid.bl. obs:cl. in rfi. Iorn o, 6. univ.6.l itc-.erition, d.spn. .y.rydi.& $1 r nov.l do.rh:E . erbin .c{h@. vu l!., "

Shp.r uft y ddi6 thc novd :n/ a.$h.ric si3-nif..n.., lh..ov.l is :n.x(a...itri. rh€bric'lg.nE, th. co.tcmpoa'y fo.n of mori propa_grd.'; ltirticdir@uc. is.x.lusiv.t/ po.ri. ditcou*. (i' rbc !..s. w. ll.v. iadid?d.bov.).

Vilbr Vinqhdovr .doptd .n ralogous poin.ol vi.w in hn bsk O/ ,4/nrt lo.r, .signing thc

roblcn ol ann . pror. o rhdo'i., \(7hil.18i..ins wirh shp.tr b.ric philGophisl d.fnitions ol$. "p@ric ' ind t[. 1h.bidl," VinosFdov M.,ho*r.r, not so p,rado*iolly cani{c.i b. ren'sid.'.d rn. novcl . syrcrctic, mixed iarh { a h/bridiodltion")rnd adnikd $ai it @nrin.d, .lonssnh ii.loridl .l?m.n*, son. purcly pciic o.d'

Thc point of vi.q ttd comphdt dcludct nov_diic por., :s . rhdoridl lonrtioa, from rh.r.alm ol po.ry-r poi.i of vi.{ $.t k bsisllyfils.-dG n.v.dhcl.$ h.v. r c.nlir indispuEbl.n.rn. lh.ic asid.s in n .n dinowl.dgn.nr inprincipl. .rd in rub*.rc oI ih? in.d.q!.cy oi ,llonrcspor{y !iyli3ti6, .lons wiih i$ philosoPhi'

crt .nd linsundc b$.' wh.. n rcmes ta d.6nitgrn. rp.ci6c diijnctiv. latur.s ol nd.liltic pros.And rnn i! mor, rh. Ery r.lirnc. on rhcto.i.altomr hrs r Sr..i n.u ritti. sien ifianc?, One .hc_

I tori.al dk.our* is brouchr inb ii. study sidl ,ujr livirs div.Biq, it a.noi Lil to hav. a d.eplfrcvol ianinn8 innu.nc. oD li.guirii6 dd of, rh.phitcopfi, of Irngu,Br. Ii n pRci*!, dros. p..t

of dr dnouGc (ihc incmrllt didqic qu.li9 oldiwu6., .trd th. rh.noo.n. 'GI.td

.o it), oor y.ri!6cnndy r.!.n i'to r.@unt .'d l:rhom.d in.ll

'o@aztty '4t' ^4tr.dt Fqs-ab lBn'it.r&n tu..

r?'rrl! 'tr

, m( .onrl.< *Fd h 'h.

h6l rh. Ina.lro h ol t h. w o ttt lv ftn^a jdja f@ n turl tM., I e L7 |

'vtu'driajd lotm ltab, ?. 't.lti.)jvirbr vina,!o' ('3rr-re6el I

iv v vinornddn or r"iJ'n PDr Irrc?], Moi.d-Idiisod, irro, !r, 7J - ror, IAu.l

rhr .normous w'di rhct cft in lh.lil ol lln-su,B., rhr ft r.vel.d wnh scat.{.rn.l pKi-lion in ihdai.d loms, poid.d. ordl and!n'pr.jud'ccd .pporh b tho,.lorns ir uscd. Sucn i3$. s.n.r,l m.thodoloerel ..d hcurnric ti8nifi_onc. ol rh.o'iol lorms for linsuidis and ior .

.oun. n podic dnou.s, bur on. $* des ,ot fit

I rrhin rl,.lrrm. provid.dbr lh. on.ept oI po.nc

I du.os( r tr nos .ri$. Thii (onapi ht aiuin

I undcnrins pEuppoliiions $.r ljmn n, Th. v.rt

I conctpi-in th?cou*.othsnimoic,l lonnulrtio.

: tom Afttodc 'o

fic ptcni dat-h.s b.en ori-.nt.d .o*.rd . rp.cifi. "ot6cirl" sencs md on.n.ctd sitn sp.cifc hbbnc.l.cnd.n.i.s ir v.dalid.olosici tif. Tt* . rhol. !.ri.! of ph.nom.n...m.in.d b.yond its onc.po.l horian,

Philosophr o( l.nsuis., linsuistiG .nd nylisdc

li.c, luch d rh.r fiav. con ddn b ut h,E.llpo$ulatcd a ,inpl. ,nd nnm?din d r.l.tion oIsp.ak.r o hL unitry and singul4 "oM" li!_

slasc, .nd l:E po*ulftd * wll a simplc rczlizr-rion of this hhgu.sc jfl rh. morolog,. ndqrha ofth. indiviaul Sucn di.iplind rct!:lly know onlyNopol.sin r.IiL o{ l.rsu4c, b.N.en *hi.h.r.loorld all th. Iinguistic .nd ,tyri$ic phdoft.n.th.y Lnow: on tfi? on. h.nd, ih. sytun d r nibryl"'rs,s., 1nd on rh o$.r rl'. ,, ditidttl tp.aLiw

va'io* scndh of lhoustt in .h. ptilosphy ofhnsu:s6 in tinsli'ic {d in iryli5nd ll.E, in dilt rc.r p.riod: (and ,tayl in cld .oDnection vithlh. dirs. rcncatc pctic td idmlqicd sql.soa . ern .pch), intmduftd imo

'!.h onepa

is tyn.m oI lms!.cc," nomlosi. ut r.tc.,"'th. !p..kin8 nrliad,,,," ErioB diif.rins .F

1l..hl rsn'fi.rn(. al fidonsl fo'ds far

in..t ol m.rnins btrt !h.t brric.ono'r.orirsunch,nBd,

.|1n t.ii. .onrcni it o'dnioncd bv

A? tp..ifc siohiroric.l d6ini.s ol E!rct.1n

l,nsursB and br rh? d*tina ol dcolos'crl dF

.ou'k,.nd by rhd. Prdi.ullr hn'ori(al F3r3'h:'id.oloiol diKolrs irs ful6ll.d in 3p.cinc 5.id

sph.r;.'d .t trecihc n.s.s in i$ o,n hi,ioriel

Th.eorls.ndd.nin'6of dis.ou*cconditioncdsr..i6c krbtl_idoloBiel mormdb, d wclr .s

vrnous rp..,6. 3!nrcs ol id.ologi.rldi*our. rnd

ulhmt.ly fi. rp..i6c ph'loiophic,l <onc.pr oI dn_

coure is.lt-in panicuhr, d. on..Pt 6l po.tic

diEourk. vnich hd b..n.r th. n..n ar ill con_

Thc it.srh rnd ar thc i.nr rinc rhc limii.iions

o, rkh h*ic lryli$ic.lksdd b.comc llpt nt

/ *h.n such dtsoriB ac $.n ts ftndition.d b/

li ip.ci6c nidorial d.liniB !tu| by ttu irsk th{

I ri id.oloddl dicou'* s3!M. Ther o!.goti6

I no. {ori od *c :haFd bt ,hc inbne Y ,l_; ilrli foca .t sork in $c Er5.l-jd.olosicd .6lu'

don of sp*iic rGhl grcuF; tlt.y codtri*d ih.

th@rctiol .xprdsion of rctu.lizins t6.(6 $:r

*r. in tht pGds of oatins a lift lor lil8uz8..J Ine. l!t@s & thc lotat thdt sddo nit' and

) @inti.. the ufta!-d@lasial @id. l

Di\..tr. n th. Nor.l 667

rina wnhii t hderoslot mnonll Lngu.8. !h.

6an, nabl. liisrisi. nuckus oi:n o6.i,llv EcoS_

nizcd lncnry larstrrs., or .l* drfcndin8-rn .l-

rcldy (orm.d lin8ua8. fiom d.Prcsur.or grow_

in8hcr.oglo*r,vh* ft h:v. in ftind b.r. is not.n .bek d

.fil.onra;on wnh rh. Dt@!*

ArirbRlirn 4ti6, d. !cti6 d ^Wuinnq

s.po.ri6 ol ih. h.did.l chud, o{ \h. on. LnF.8.of r h." rn. C.cno pen6 oI rdcl$iciti\rh. rbrnd eEmmaii..l miEslno o{ Gbniz(rn. i&. ol, :!niv.61l gamna."), Humbotdtt in_

rn,.nc. on th. mrad-2ll dEe, {h.d.r th.ir

di6.*rer in nunc.l si!. .xpction b $. id.

corip.r.l {oiet in scio'li$nbri. .nd id@losic,

lii.! th.y *n. o.. :nd rh. trm. Prcj.c. ot an'r:l 'zinR,od un,ltinsrhc Europ.rn l:nsn.36 Th.

vi.ror/ ol onc hsnine l!n3!:s. (drld)oEr th?

o'h.r, rh. iupplrtin8 ol ltrs!:8.!' !h.ir.nJ.F

not, A. pto6! ol illum'n:tns rh.m with rh.

tru. Vo.d. rh. in@rp.onon ol barb.ri. :nd

lowr *ial *rara i.b. lnnrry lan8ugc of dttut

ind nu.h, rh. a.oiarion of id@loEial svrml'philolosy with ns nethodr of tudying.nd t..i'in8

dod !.nsn.sB, langurBd rh.t Ee by th't Ert

f.cr "unni6." hdo-Erot rn linsuniic wilh iB

Iocus oi an.ntion, dned.s,y Gon l.rE!1g. plF

nliq, to . 3ingl. protel'nsu.sr tlir d4ts

mi'€d rn. contenr and po$dofth. e&gory or"!f,i'

ul' l:ngu:g. in linguBnc lnd tylBic rho!8ht.

rnd dddmin.d rr cr "qttvl.*hrpi4or.inrh.n2joriry ol th. po.tic g.nrd rhd @l6c.d in th.

ch2nnd lomcd by those enc ccnriP@l {orc of

But ih. c.ntip.tsl IorG ot ih. lit ot ln8!.scdbodi.d in ! utibry h4!.s.," opcr.t

'n i,'.

nid$ ol lEEioEIo$i., At tnY FY{ol ion, Lnsu.e. is dBtik nd only inb Iin€lit

Bor.r th. en. tih. n mrl.s is r..l pr6.n@ t lr.r a forc. Ior ov.roning thii 6.t roglo$il impoeins !p.(i6cl'miEro n, gu.mnRinsr..(:,n mLFdum of muru:ldd.6undins:nd crvii,ln,ns

'n6'

c.l. .hhonsh $iU nhiv., rniry-rli unirv olth. rcisni.g conv4, ioni (.v.qd,v) .!d liEr.rvlrneurg., dtr (hnguzs.

A common unnrry Lngu:8. * i rln.m of lin

sunti.norms,lutth6.nomsdo notconsntur.anrb$r.c. jmpcr.dv.; rl'ey et ra6.r lhc s.t{:rjY.ldrd of l;ns*.ic liL, rores lhet nrusdl. b ov.Fcotu rh. hcF6glo$i.' of lansu8., Io(.s rh:tnniG end anEaliE rc.bn iddlosiol rhbuslit' (-

'Hdruslbu|$oI@ndbN!dI!<qFlgBofi 'rcFrn inda(m'l iodi, t ld drd *. hii i ins ol &

6;Brf6* ah.4n . A 'inrq

lin8ds.is;br Km.rhins sn?n t",'ibur ts rr,,Eh.r(nccposir.d Iadd,l- rn d .t .v.rt hom.n i 6f i6 linsuis_;i. hL i; ir oppord to

'h. t:Itri6 ol hd.roslo$ir.

568 M!s^rL M. B^rHrrN

icdiil.ds in th.nri.r s.ns.ol iiN word (...ord,ns id.ologi.d liL, th! iovd-ard iho* r(isik-prosb f.rFal linguniic nrrlats, *pecirllr pl$n{].), gcnrcr rh*scvnzr. romd n-ws b.ing histori'tut rlio-rnd (or !s .his is rhe.$.nial p.inr- crlly rhap.d !r ric.urcnr oid.Rnralizing, c.n.inbl..gu,g.srh{xi. !ocio ideologr.rl: lxngu,gs ki{ugal fo.ccs. Arth.iimeRhcrl.drywar !cco.}o{rdit groups, "prol6sionr" lnJ gcncrn Ln' plnhingtlt &sk ofcuhunl, Mlio.aland poliric.lgu.g6tl,ngxxg.sotg.D{ationsrndsofoth-f.om centrizlion ol rh.y&balideologlcilwodd in lhtihi!poinrolyicw,liEErrllnB!rgciticlfironlfo.c hishs 06.irl socio.id.olosiel kv.ls, on lh. lotrr.I th.s. !.teoslot Lnsu?Eer-antl in ns tun is levdx,onrh.*,csollo.il&nsrndarbu(oonrp.c'als sdiifr.d into hnsuagd (B.n.ric, pdiod' hcld, thr hdsoglo$i.6fih. clown soundrd lonh,hlurnl lnd oihcc), A"d thn sm.ificrrion lndl'.. ridiculiigtl bng!'8.J' ,nd di:l.ctsi thr. d.v.l..'osl6$ia, oncc rel;.d, il ior onlr l ndic invar opcd th.litcBtordo{th. /r'rria,r 'nakhuanh.othniofljtdktic lif., bur:lso *h! inlurrs its dy- $d.t srngs, folk!ryingsi anecdarc., wl*. rh€i.nrmic: $r1ti6&don md hckroslo$ia 1vid.n rid w* noLnsMs.'enGr3t.ll,wh.i. dd.w$roL.dep.n .s long rs hnenagc is rliv. od dev.lopins. ionnd r lively pl.y wirh d'. 'lansu,geC oI pcs,Alonssid. thc cd,tip.bl loras, ih. cendlrsal schol2f, no.k, Lnisnt !.d orned, wn.r. allfores ol llnsuas. c,ry on th.n u.int rflpkd 'languasB werc ,nlks and whele no la!s!as.worh; .lonsnd. !.rbrl !.dlocic,l cenrtrliz,tior coull claim to bs.n iuth$nc, inonE$bl. L....rd unifedon, rh. uoinBnpt.d pioce$er ord. H.t.oslossi3, is oerni-d in rh.* low s.nr.s,ertr.lirdon.nd disunifeaon so ioNrd- wi.

'or m.r.lr hd.roslcsia vk'i'vn rtu..c.r!.d

Lvcry 6nodc un.Ene uI r !p<.|'np \ubi.!r l,rrHn LnSrrB. {in rl, nr rrriou, s.n.ii. .xp,6.ronf.

'lr n, vn i vh,he lingur{L..nkr oI rh.

!npd+b+!: /re brgtdr '9:b.ir.

Ilrrrcc-r, oI r.'bJr'dmloei.i I'G o{ 'r.

nlon rnd,h..poch.ffir€li,Jrion ,n'l d.enn,ltrfion. of uni6erion bu, qn r h.(roglo*ir 6trnrdJyoppo{d rothnand dGuincadon, ini.a..t in $. ut rana; thc u! lit r.ry hnsua€.. It wr prrc,lic, .n,l 2im.<l snt.plfta.a nor 6nly 3rsw.d ifi. requiEm.nts ol its lnC pol.'ni.auy asainn n,. o6.isl Lnsuagd ofowrlenslrs.rs $individualiz.d.mbo'lincntoa! its siv.n dm. k war h.tro8lo$i! rhd n,d be.3p..cn xq bu! it rnsw.s rhc Fqunemsns of hc. <lialosiz.d..roslosir 3s w.ll; it is in f2* rn activ. paiticiplriin su.i spe.ch div.isi+ A.d thG ttiv. pani.ipa-do. of.v.ry utt.Gnc? in livi.s h.t .ogl6$i. d-t?mir6 rhclingui{ic pmfile ?nd styl. of in. uft.r

*.ne b no ks 3 d.crc. ihrn ic inclusion in .ny

. sociil gloup, , goa, 2 (h6l ,nd $ fonh. !tk po*ibl. ro siv. : .onc..t. 3nd d?ttLd .tu1y.3n of ..y uft.ranc., ooc. havins crpoi?d it ,s aonFrdiction{idden, t.nrion-6ll.d rniry oI so.mbltl.d t.nd..cns in th.litc or Lns!rs!.

T$c atrthcnic .nvnonn.n! ol u !n.. .., ihc..vionn.nrir whi.h n lives i.d talcs shape, isdir-logized hctmglo$ir, inonyrous a.d social ashn-gu,g., b ut sir Dha..oudy .o.d.ie, 6lldd $ ra..ci6ccont .r.nd3.c..r.dar an indi'id!,1 ud.r.n!r.

At rh. timc eh.n n?jo' divnioii oi rhc po{icg.nr6 w.r. d.v.lopirg und{ !h. influ.ncc ol rh.unifyine, c.nnrlizirs, entip*,I fores df vdbal'

li.guirrics, sqlG cs rnd lh. philo$phy of h.-Eul:s. $rt wer. bor. rnd $,p.d by th. curcni ol

lc .htal iz inscnd.nci6inrb. l iLol lhsu.s.hrv.lignoEd titr dnloeiad h.t.roglo$i:. itr which i!l.mbodi.d

'h. rtfuitusxl loras in r life of hn-

lsd:sc, Forrhir L.ry r.,son 'h.y

rculd nrl.nop'o-

lvinon for rh. d'rlosr nrtoE ol hnsuu s.. {hich'w.l 1 trruggt! honB r*joljnglistic poi.B ot

I vi.q noi,n indr lrgdi8c rdsgj.6.tsfr. indi-vidurl will! ar logicrl mn@didioB. MoEov.r,.vd intdl.ngu.sd dialos!. (dr.mltic,.hdo.icil,@enitiv. or mddy esual) fi1s hardly b@ lbdiedlidsdtislly o! *ylisiiqlly up b rh. p..s.,r daron. mishr .v.n say ourishr ihrt th. dialoBic asp.cialdi$or6. ind,ll tltr ph..om.da ftnn.ckdwnh n havc rm.in.d to thc prc*nr Fon.lt bc-yond thc k.. otlinsui*i6-

.Siylniic h$ b.en litNi.. complekly d..f bdialogue. A lncrry M.t h:s ber onc.iv.d by$ylilii6 2r iI n wer.2 h-hcri.3rd selr-su6ci.ntwholq on. who* .kmcnts conslitu.. r cl$.dsyn.m pEn,nins noding b.tond rLemslves, noo,her trnen.c.s. TI. sy*.m comprning an :tutic sdrk sas rhoushl to ticandogourwi.h th*y!

normlivH.nt,li,i.g sy$.m oI r u.iiary h.8urg..Ev.ry un.r.ne D.ni.ioa6 i l. unn1ry I'n.

t h ot1hngu.s., r sy$.,n thrt muld f,ot !,i ' l in ior h'surse r.d dkoua. rtut on. ecR in tty!iz.-r dhlogic ini.rclrtionship *rh od.r hi8nrs.r. tioni in ir?,'in parodi.s.ndin vrrious formr oIFro6 rh. point ol vi.w oi sryli$ic, tb. ,flirric ve.brl nrsqu.nd., "nor bllin8 nniglq' .nd inwoi< 1s, sfid.-*hro.rrh.tBholc 6ishrL.- rhc 60r. omolct antic lorm tor th? orsrniz..is. slf'sulfci..t lnd cloRd ?udori.lmorolosue, lion oi contradictio., foms tht o.chc$!i. th.non? rh.r pr.s!m6 orly pr$iv.lGcn.s beyond j!! !h.n.sbtD.usoil gu.8.s-in il chfid.tdicoqn banndJi6. shoul'i w. imrBin. rhdworl.s2 3nd prolouDd nod.L oI bov.liiic pror., ifl Cim-r.joindu in a Biv.. dirlosu., Bhos.s9l.is dear ftlsh.usn, c:n.ni.r, Rab.l.ir, ri.ldin3, StFlnin.d hy its inre(cl.lion.hir wnh orl'cr rjo in dd6 l.i, St.h. , nd or b.4.rrh.$md', l .gdr, in 'h.roFl ' ,voirh. .onKuI

- Th. probl .m of sry lN,6 lo. thc .ovr l n.v i r rb ly

nun)-rh<n u)drionrl\qlNn, dG\ nor od* in l l.dd o 'h.

nft.s'tr ol .ns:s'ns : *nA ol lxnd:,J.qr i . m.) . , l . r ,pp'onhi fs.uch r dulosv.d /mrn' i lqu.{ 'on! .on..min3.h.p\ ' lvoph)old^!ry. . . lh. lh i ip-r : rd.{c 'nr l l ' / no{ f r , ' r .J lJ rcr6. i

' tu6rcn! cDrn.! ' .d }rh rhor nFd3 n

n,nit {rions ol .hn $ylisric .d.sory-rh. po- lJ ih.liL ol di*o!s. rhd hrvr h.d no lidi an onlcmiel,tyl.,

'h. p,bnic, tI. nonic-rr. usually ll in.nbylinsukiica.dstlLrjctronshi-rh:rG,w.

ch$'6.d ^

rh. io i , . r l :nd no,I pci . phmom- lmuid€r lwirhrh. l ' f . .ndb.[ :v 'oroId. \our( inenr. srylno.r lalr.*ry *yhn,c phmommon mh ( idrridco-yrndmuhihnsuB.dsond.

F morolosi. conr*r ot a siv.n s.lasudici.nr rnd -h.rm.ricm.rrnc.,imprhoningit, 6 nre.e, in ttedogsn of i singl. conGxri n is not abl. ro .x-ch..g. ncs4ca wirh othd ur.r eq it is

'orabl. or..lir. iB oqn srylird. i'nplicrnoff in, r.-lliofthil *ith rh.E; ir i. oblig.d @.xhaui itklf,n i6 oM 3i63l. krm.tic ontext.

Lingundca, sryli*is and th. plilo5ophy .f lan-

s!!s!-ar lorc.r h .n. s c. of thc sR:r ..n-klizin8 r.nd.ndi6 ol [urop..n v.rh:l idslogicllIifc-h,v. lousfit 66rand iortmo* ior,,ttin di-v.diry. Thir.xclmiv. "ori?nrlio! row..d uniry" inrh. pr.s'r dd p& Iile oi l,nsu"s6 h:r mnc.n-t.rd rhr lscntion ol philo:ophicd:nd linsukricthouSlr o' rlE fin.i, mo* *11.. 1..* .ning.'

l. rid no$ dono-khic.rpecs of dncouro€-or rl. tro*rr arp.c. 6dt olll-rhr zr. fu.tn6! i.mov.d aron dE chrnsin8 socio{.n,.nricrpl{.r o, dhoue. R.:l idcolosic.lly enr3r.d.hngms. conscionr.$, on. rhlt p,diopares in.cbll ndcoglosi, r.d mtrki.l.nsus.dn6s, hasftn.in.d ousidc ns fi.ld of vision- h ir pc.iFlylbis ornnhtior toward trniry th* ht compdlcdsclDllr b isnor. tllti. v.rL,lB.nr.s (qDoiidir.,r[do.icrl, a{isric-phi) th.t wde th..:di.6 .r$c d.c.nrnlizinB tlnd.ncid jn lhe litc orhngurs.,orrh* wca in my e* roo tundlhcnElly i6pli-c.rd in h.rroBlo$ta, Thc .rprc$ion o( ih; hd.ro..s $dl $ polygjoi consciou5n6s in ft. tP&ificlomr .id ph.nonirln. oa v.rbll lif. r.nai..d u.i.nt wnhonr d.!cm i#nvc i n I uencc on linstr niicj

Tll.*lorc pBp.r d.odical tccosniion mdilluminriion could nor be lou.d for !h.sp.ci6. L.l

D6..nB. t^ th. N"EI 66t

DrscouRsE rN IoETRY AND DlscouRsEIN TIJE NOI.E!

hrvc hgun ro .lrrfl rhc rft.ntion of iholets inLrsuas. md sry'nn.s, but.h.ir fuJ,m.nEI r.d

l*id.{ sinsiisnifeneinall3ph.Eeorrh.lilcor(dkod6. k $ill ia.lrom acl.od.ds.d.

!Jr4! | i.chniqu. of n.mdon ihin'jryh. !p..d ot .

'rji3,iii6 diowhdslr orly r n.infuo.ins:nd inrmixiig ot l3isur96. (rh{ k, omihl L h6i9io$ d dd.nf.d b, &qi:| .oidnion,vlli.i i! kom.d ir absEd li!@i!'j. drh.iii lph}e od nol'b.ro3rr). lAu.l

Ti. drlosic on.ntrtion o{r {o,J:mod olh.r

I wordr t r lll !!!!1rnd d.R .! 91 6!t.!:i6r (ar.e_I nN rnd iznifisd rnBh. Dormtirl m dncouE..

t G tu., ih... ph.ram.nl

f {hdj*4i:!I"!-d d*c,".-p!.rr!.| 1r ric.ov.L _

i. w.will rocusolr*cnrionh((onvrriousionnr

J l.nd dcsrcd ordi,bsnori.nr{io' in dikou6e, aodrlg

'h. rpmil p.k nl ror 1JEnn4vc pror.-Jrr

. A! (.i'.'l by r:dnion:l sr]lB'c rhnush" 'h.

{ \sord r(knowl.dsa only its.lf (rhn Ironl} rs ownJo,rdr), io own obr.d, itr e{n dn.ct.rprtsionJ .nd i's owr unn.ry .nd sins!|4 lMstr3s.. h (,

I knowl.dscrno$ft *ord,on.lrinsoucid. i6own. I conr.xr,only.rth.n?uFal*cdollansuasc.rsnrtI I wodofnoo,?in p{ricul.., .s 5ihply rh.rotm&lI I lo. ip4ch. Th. dtei yd4 ,r raditionrl iylistictI I undssrn&ir 3.cou(as in isod.nr:riotr roward\l 'h.

o[j.( only tlr. iBnDna olth.ohj.dnFtl(lh.rlimposi[iliry ofi6 btins.xhrn*.d b . *ud, rh.I 'nposibiliiy

ot $/in8 ii all), bu it d*s hor ..-l.ounkr i. n,prh bwrd rh. obi.ctrn.lund,b.n-lhl{d richly vrftd orpositior ol:norhd! rod.\No unc hind.s'his wo.d, no on..rru6 *nh it./ Bur no I'vins wod rclaB to i$ ohi.d in 1 sr-

670 [1r(r^rLM.8r!rrN

le!/,r R,)r bcs..n rh. word :nd iis obi6t, be,lr*..n 'h.

word ,nd rnc sp.r!n's ,ubicct, rh.rcl.xnt :n .l.nic ..vnonhhr oi orhcr, rlrn wordsFbof th. em. objd, lh.sb. rh.mc, rnd rit ir

l,n.nenonm?nrIhrt n ir olt r di6.DlttoFn.kk_lk n pretu.ly iD rlc proc.s oi liying int r.ciion

lwnh rhis sp..i6covironm.n.het $. rcrd h,r tc

llndividu:lizcd and sivo $yliri. shzp.a Ind..d,2n), co.c..t d6co!r* (un.r:nc.) findsih. objcct { snich it war dn cd rlftad/ as itw.r. ovc.kin *ith qutir.adons, op.n ro dispur,ch.rg.d with r.lu., rtddy dv.lop.d i. rn ob,curFs Fnr-or, on rh. conr,ry byth...lishc,ofali.n*ords th.t h:!. rk.:d/ b.o {ok.n rboui it, Iii! .dEnsl.d, ihot rhroush wnh sh.trd rnoushts,poios of vi.*, alicn vah. iudsmens rnd aeen6.

{.io idolosi.:l conlcjoohcs rrcunn rh. siv.n\ohjcd oI.n ln.rrtrfti ir€nnor tait ro l,.e;. anlr'ivc r'!nicir..t iI r6irl dialq!c. Aft.r.tt, th./rtnna dnct our oI thi di,lqu. * r 6nri.ua,.non or ir d.s r rcjoind.. io it-n dcs not,pnhr(h rh. o5,.( lrom rh. trd.hnd,

'hr $nound! . obrc.i

ol 1|t.n qor& 2nd tarioudy .v.luztinC..c.nq hrFmo.ninswith sm. of rh. .l.n.nE in drij dvirc,-

iving u(.nnc!, hrvn,eal.n h?aniry 3ndshap.:t: pahiolr iGtoriol 6on.ni in r rci,tltspai6ccnvtonm.nt, c&.ot fail ro b.ush up.r.in$$our.n{k o( living dirloljc rhreds, soycn by

'"HiBhllr,gn,rar' in rh" r.!pd ir rht ral8t. rhImu$

Mtur:lim, Inpnsionim, A.mi$, D.J.ism. SuFE nn anJ indosou, *hdtr wnh rh. "ourti6<d" na,tur d

'1. o[i.d (1 nd$]. krioold bi g. id.. or r

Rum b prinDdir . siou$6r. b oidnj .dn_kiosi6! , ,o,h! obFrw r r r t i ,b eur FcF,on,nd s lodl,. LAu.l

otlir;ii-

hcnt and $nki%i dksnrnc. eidr orh{s, ir rLtc,nr rhn dialasicd rorts, b nntc i6 awn 5ryt'$icproilcand bn.. l

surh ir ri.,t,c!.i, dnrn,roJr xnd rhp inas.6t rotl.tk pro!. i, px i.rl2t. ln $. ,h6phc(olrhsnov.l. $.

'lt d anJ hfr.di,rc'l inr.ntion ol

r word pr.scna nsf.s somdfiins iop.imissibl]naiv?. som.rhine in Gdnnposihl., for nnida n,slf, unda luth.nicnov.lndc.ondirions, itr.son.hc nrtorc of .n int.nrl pol.Dic rid k con$,qu.ntlytli.logiz.d (in,Ior.xrnpl., rh. qqrl D( th.s?ntim.nulisa, in chr..lbri.nd and i. :rohroy)-Such.dir losiz.din,s. . .no. .ur inal l thdpo.r i .8.nrd $scll,.v.n in .hc lyri. (to be $r., qnhouisriry(h.ron.).'ii B$ such an imas.c tuttynn-fold, achi.v.Illl ohpl.xiiy and d.pd and r rtr .i.m. timc rnnic cl.s!r, orl|mdd lh! coidi- Joni prdcnrii rh. s.nrcotrh. novet. I

. h rhe po.ti. im:ge ne.owly con.eivrd {ir lh.l

"Th. Hornrnrrnq viltoq tkr., rrfo4r., atrr.d,i:nd o'h.E-dryn. dr trfl

'hn rhs. rr. Ar(mdy

|.. In rhe po.ri. im:se nrro*lr con.e\rd I',1'h.l

I ,fr,E.n r'opc), :ll rctiviq rlr dnDmics of rh.llimasc:$lod-is onrllecl/ cxhau*.d br $.

I plrr bds..n rhe wo,d {wnh all i. :p!a.c) ahd II rh. obi.ft hn r, $ nn..6).Tfi. qord ptd;s6 rh II 'hr

in.rh:uyjbl. wr[h d conkrd'c'ory nutd. Ii ll icity oI dr. objed ib.lr, *nh its v4if,d, , nillI unur.r.d" nrtur.i thcdoE ir Drdnncrnotiin!I b.yond rh. bod.6 ol iis orn concxt (.iq'! ofI coua., sh{ .,n b. Iouid in rhe @a$r.nouk ofJ Lngur8. nall) Thc erJ ro4.ts (h:r n! ahFcr

I h:r ju osn hn'orr of 6nri:drcro'y,ft or v(ibalI r.cos.itian, ar wdt 6rharn.krcsto$i. rh.tni-Urlls pr6cnt in $ch rts of rcosnjdon. I

. For th. wrir.. of anGric poc, on ii. .onr.ry.I th. obj.d rdsb 6d ol sll pr.ciely rbc scirllyI hcicroglor'nulriplicittof nsoans,dcdnirionsaidI u l t r . iudsmor. lnf loddih.r t ls jnat tut tn63r,d

I indhr6 bi l 'qol .objrdLts. l t , rhcprose{rncrJ .onriona . huhiodc ot toues, .ords ,nd p.hsI dat h.v. b..n laid dosn n, rh. obi.cr hy sociatI ..*.io6n.*. Ar"ng *i,h rh. i*ft,,t o;.,di..I rn.5 in!id. ihe ohicfl i'Rll, |nI n656 as q€llihc unloldins ol socillftkrcstosi.I r/ro,di,a th. objecq .h. Tow..ol Bah.t nixinslol latreurE6 rhar god on,ountl ?n, obFcti eldnkdi6 or rh. ot<' &c.desorrn strh rh. !G

cid dirrqu. suiioondinr ii Fo. rh. prG. wrirer,

D!.o,tvhth?Nowl 5jt

The pios rtii .Iry{( fi? soci.l hftostcsi.5umrndins obi..c irro rn imrs. rl.t hrs 6nirh.dcodou6, .n imr8. cmplddt shot rfimtrglr $irldiilosiu.d ovcdon4 h. s.2r.i.disti.ily.alcu-l.r.d nurn.6 on ,ll th. Iund.n.d:l voi.6 lndbrcr ol thn h?r.roslo$ir lut I K I'uv. ,lrc yrijd,.vc.y del.rnisticprc$ di..ou6.-in y olits forh.! quoridir., rh6ri..l, rcholadr-c.'nortiil to bc ori.rr.d tow d thc alr.dyur.rd, th.".lrsrdy lnown," ti! '.omnob opiDion, 3nd.oIod,,Th. dialosicori.rilrionoldicoueir.phcnonrnon th:r is, of.o!r$, a prop.ry oI d'l di!-coo6.. tr irlhen*urrl od.nldonolany livingdis-colrs. on ru i6varioos dDhr roffd rh. obj(iin dl ft dieclioni rh. word.nou.r.c $ .ti.nBord : iJ (annor h. lp.n(ounEnng n in. Lvns,kneon 6ll.d mr.Hcnoi. ont,

'h.nryrhrtAd.m,uho appnzch.d l vir3in.l rndsy6ec.tily nrqril,6.d *orld wid fi. 6d w4 ould cdlvhdv. csop.d fom 5un b 6ni![ rbi. aid4i" inr.-ori.nrxdon anh th. Ji.. wo.d rhat .'sts in .obj.d. ConcEr hnbricd huh:n diKuF. dGnot hlvc lhi! privil.C.: n c d.viar. ton iuci in.ft.{li.nr.rion only on I ondi.ionrl bdis ra only

It nrl i6. norc Enirkdbl. ih,t linsuntio rndfic phjlosoph/ oI dilcoui$ hay. b.cr pri6,dlyoricnrd pEci*ly tos,rd lhn di6cirl, p(cohdi-tioncd $atu! ol th. woRI, I sord qcGd lrcn di..lq!. and iakcn ior th. bod (,lihotrsh rhc pri-hacy of didogu. ovcr monologu

's {rlqodtly

prochih?d). Dialo8u. G sbdid h.rcly $ r em.poririodal {orm in rn. $tucE;nS oI rFeh, 6ui tlEin'crnal di.losism oI thc woftl (whi.t' oeus in 1honologic uftcraocc as wdl rs in a Ejoind.r), rl.dialogkr !h.t pcn.F,r6 iE drtr. shdurq att i$scmrn.c :nd .rprc$iyc hy.6, n .ho* d ftty is.norcd. surn ir pccidr thir intcin.t didodsm ;{(hc*ord,\'lrichdo6 nori$um.anlcxr.nil@D-pa3nianal fortu oI dplosuq rh'r tud b. nel2!ed as rn ind.p.nJ?.r rct, *padr aron th.soidt rbiriry ro form ! onccpt Ilo,.i?novatul oInr obrrc'-ir n pecndy r& ilt nal di.lo8irdlhl hrs such .Dormo$ powr b slpp. stt., TtE

671 MrxH^rLM. R^srN

inGh.l .tidogism .l th. wod nnd5 dpr.$io. in asri6 oI pmlir. f.atorgin *hrn;6, s)ntax and

'rylisri$ thl hlv?..mrin.d trp.a rhc pr.,crttim.

@q,lc!.ly hitodi.d by linguisticr rnd siylnicr(no:, sh.r ir norc, hrv. rh. p.cdli,. ed1.d. |c-rur.s or ordinrq di.losu br.. sn'di.d).

fl. woA ir bom in r dirosu? ai , rivins r.ioi.d.r Nnhin n; th. wod n ship.d in di:losicin-rcra(ion wnn .n ali.r wo.d rha. ii alrc.dy in.h.obi6, A word lorms 1 m.c.pr oi irs oM obj..r in

Bu. ili! dfts nor dhr!$ rh. intdnd dirloBismol ih. Drd. h ..counE6 an alj.n mrd not orly i.ih. objc.t ns.ll: .v.ry word n dici.d rowr.d !n,nr-.i dd dnnot .scipc ih. prololml in0u.ne oiih. :nsw.rins Bord thatnd;cipat !.

,nr inrmt dialogism. riii h!. ihe lnftnr ior ape^oD *ho pr$ivdy unddouidr blr no( Ior o.cwho r.tiv.ly insv{s a.d r..cG-

Thclnb.rrnd his r.:ponr. i:cksul yh!.ninto a.ou.i *h.! ir cooq ro .veryd.r dirlogue:nd rl'.toric, blr s..y ofi.r son o{ disor6. lsw ll is ori.r.d m*fd .n undcBr.nding rhet is''i.sp..sivc -.lrhou8h rhi! oricnHtior ; nor p.Fticul3izcd in an ind.p.ldcoi &r ind n nor com-Dosnionrlly marla. R.sponsiv.und{iandins iirtund.n.nEl forc., on? thar

'3ricipns in th? loF

nixl:rion oI discons, md it is notw.t 2n a.tiledd.rbndi'8, ane rln di@lsr *nse. $ nsGr,.c.orsuppod.nrichirsth.dGo!6d'

All rhdoriel toi6., monologjc in th.t snposi-

. ion,l rmtur., d. on.nkd row:d rh. lilrenn

| .nd hi, zns.i.Thir onrnhnon rcs1rdih. hrcna

I n sull, .onrid.i.d ih. hxr.ondrurie. Lrorc

I ol rhdo.iel diron6..'1li n hisnly sigri6ca.t io!I ttdric thrr rhir rtl.tionsl p towrrd rhc con(e.e' li.t.n.r, hkns l'im inro i.rounr, i d2rion.hip

rhr .nks i.@ ,ll. v.rr iorm3l con*ruciion ofrhddricil disonc.. Thk o.i.nctidn b$rd sn r.sE. is opd, blaGnr3nd condd..

T6! opd ori.nGrion sward thc lkt nd and hirrn*.rir.v.rydiydi.loslcand io.hnoadl Id.E!h., rhd.d ih. ,n nridn ol I'nsuirs. Bur esdrrh.ft dlnhrsbc.n drci*,linsuisE h3v.b/ ardl*s. 8m.n no Iufth.r rh,n d. cosposnronalfoms br *hich th. lisrc'.r is bl.n i.io rcounr;th.y har nor s6udr inntr.nc. splinsirs irom moEpbfoundFcrinB rnd sryk, Th.t !av.Gkln inrobnrid.rariononlytho,.lsp.ctsolnylcdderdin.dby d.mrdr foi .onpr.h.nsibiliry and darity-t[3t is, pr.ii.ly !hos. rsp.c6 thI3!. d.pdv.do(

" ct v vrcsnddr booh o' ,{n*rt r'on, rh. .hrpr'"nhdri. rd Pmi<," pp.7Jg" yh.rt d.6in$i!hk.n Ibft rh. olda lh.6 s,a iiroduad.IAu.l

lin8uGtid and tlE philosophy oi hngurg. ac-k.owl.dgc only . Issivc lnd.sbnding of dl!coDdc,:nd no.ove thk kkd p'.c. hy and l,rs.on lh. ldd ol.ommon lr8uas., rbai i3, it ir an$4.|st$dinscl an nn nnc.'s

'ectdl tis,iId|io,

and,ar irs dnal heai\.Th.lingundc signiSclnc.otI gircn ln.mne is

!id.6to.J asein* d. b2c*sround of hflsuas.,shnc nr icEal mernins isund?dMd:srin* d.bxckglound oi orh.r .ond.!. ut&nes on rhcsin. thmc,. t.clcound nrdr !p of onr.dic'loiropinions,pointsoivi.sddPlu.j sm.ns-ihrt ir, paciscly th.r brckBround !h.q !r wc r..,6mplic,i.s rh. p h oI .ry word bwrid i6 obj..t.Orly now rhis cortdicrory oviro.oclt ol.liensordr is pr.s.nt o th. spraL.. not in th. objcd,but 6!h.r i. rhc @nscious.6s ot th. |nt n.r, as hG,ru.lep.ivc b4kround) pcsmnt witn r.rponks3nd obj.c.iors. And ev.ry un.r.nc. is ori.nt d to-wid thi, rpp.iccrriv. b.clBlourd ol un&rsod.ine,which ii not a lirguiiti.b.ck3ound bd rrth.ron. onpos.d oI.pcci6. objccc rndoorio!:l.x-

th. u@rrnc."nd 2n di.n*ord, sli.h nil. i&l{lclt is 1 nlw ana uniqn. innuenc on irs sryl..

A p.iiv. undsGkn,lins of lingrisiic m.rning itnd trtrd*{r.tins :r .u, n n onry th..b*act !tp.c! or neinin3. Bur.ven i nor..oncrcr. ?dJJi,tund($rndinBof th. mgnins o{thc un.r:fl.., anudcNlnding oI rh. sp.1k !! int.ntion in$fir rsd.i undcGtndins r.mainr pur.ly pesiv., pudly(c{priy.,conFibur.s nothinsn.wto16.*oil u.derconsiderltior.onlyninoingir, *.Lin8,.tis mo$.mbitious. m.rcly rh. tull rprodrcdon of rha!shnh is ilr.ady sivd i. thc srd-.v.n ruc!,nund.6tndirsr.vc!so6 b.yold thcboundsicsof

lh. wodi ont xr rnd in no wry .n.icher rltr w.rd,Tl.r.roc, n$ohr .s !h. rff.kcr oll. rt s rnh n'ch: prsiv. und.6k.di.& nothi4 n w.:n b. intro.duccd into hn dncouc.; rh.r...n b? no n.w a$pec6 in hn discouB. r.l ins ro 6nsdc obi.cuandemotiohal.xpr.$ioii lndc.drh. pur.ly n.sliv. dnnds, $ch ,r ould oily .6..sr Gom rr.$iv. und.^Endins (for inn.n.., r ned ior

8t1t.. c|firy, tu.r prr5 u rii vincsir no.. vivid n $sd s tonh),lerv. d.,p.ak.r in hGNo peGonrlconrxi wnhin hito*n boundari.r;.{ch..ga r.d.mands 2r. conpl.tlt immanld in .h. sp.,k.r'sNn discourk rrd da noi so 6./ord iir s.mrnricor.rpr.$iv. kltsuIfi ci.tr.r,

Dinotrc. ir th. No!.I 67a

:srini his, ih. lisk..r'5, zpp....ptiw b,ckound.Ths n.* form ot incmrl dirlqr5D or ftc *drd

n di{d.nt ton .hd form d.rlrsin.d by .n .n-counr.r siih ztrrli.n word within .obj.c.n$lrlh.rc it n no. rh. obi6r rhr! s.o.r.s ih. r.nr to.rh. d6unt r, $ur alh.r.h. subi.div. b.li.i iys.mol thd lnt r.L Thu. dir diilogilm b.r6 r 6oG sub.jectiv.,psy.nobsial.nd (iEqud'ly).andoo ch,.,d.rr ror..imd .h$ly lccomholnin8r rn.riD$ provooti$ly pol.nical. v.ry dhm,.st ci.llyin ih! .ndoriol forn., r[i! olirbrion roward rh.liri.n..lndin...lftdini.'tuldi.loBisoo,rh.so.dm2/ limply ovdhrdN rk obj.ci th! $ong rrointof rny onc..r. list*r baon6 r slt-su6ci.ntldi o{ zftndon, rd o.. rh,r i.r..Iercs wirfi rh.mrd! ce4iv. uorl on iis r.f.r.ni

L rho* .xmp!., ot ihc inarnel diiosiaiion oIdim6. dri v. l2v. chos.n (th. i!..mrl, .s @n-trz*.d wiii rh..xr.m3l, onposition.lly r.'t.d,dialosn.) rh. rchrionrnip oI rl. di.n mnl, .o indi.. ur.anc. .nt s in.o rh! positinB of th? nrl.Styl. arg{i.llly m.r,i.s wirl'in itrllindic tharr.:ch ou6id. irs.ll, I orrcspondcna ol nt oM .1.m.n6 r.d rlE .l.n.ns oI r' .li.n c..t.xr, Th. in-Go"l p.tnc. o{ sryl. {how lh. .l.a.nB 3rc pui c

s.th.r) i' d.Ermin.d hy tu .r!.m:l poliiis (iBrclzrionship b 2li.n diiou$.), Di.oudc liv.s,,sn w.r., on ilt. bound..y h.Mcn iG own onr.xt3nd rnot[?r, .li.n, onr*i

In lh..d!al lifr of slldh, d*y con.EE rc ofund.c.rndinsn div.: it r$i6ihks th. *ord bb. urd.nred into i$ oqn @d.cpe.l ry$en filledwith spdi6. objes lnd modon2l .xpr6si.ns,td n irdnsotubly m.rsed Nitt' ih. Espons., *nh: noriqied agr..m..r or di$gr..m.nt. To som..xtmt, prinac-t 6.lo$s io rlE r.spons., er th. r.-riv.ing principl.: i (cn6 r!. goud tor ud.rnrdns it rr.p.r6 th. g.ound fo. rn ,.tive rnd..ga3.d und.4hnding. Und.Bh.ding mmd rofruition only in lh. .erpoNc. Und.$hnding rndG!.ns..rdia!.ftcilyn.rs.d.nJnlttrilly.on'dition .rch ori.r; on. is imposibl. wirlout th.

TIu! an lciiv. nnd.dlrndin& on. tfir asimilat s thc rcrd uod.r mnrid.r:rion inio 2 n.wronccptu.l syn.D, lha. of !h. on. $.iving io nn-J.Eond,gtaunhet . &ti6 ot coDpl.x int.udr.tionship!, .on.on.nc6 hd di$on"ner Dnh rh.word,nd.nricfi.s it wnh n.w.l.n.nB.Ir is D..- .ciEtysuchi.u.deFkrdinrtiriri.D*ld;*" Ion, Th.rlor.hEorknution ro*nd th. |E@* 6 |ln on.nrrrdn owrd r rp.cL6c mnc.prun hod- |m4 rowrd lh.3pRfc won'l ofth.lisEn(, r

'n. i

rod,.a boll/ nd.l.h.ns into hii dn@ua.j nn in dft w:y, 1'ld .l!, rhrr virious di6.r.rr poinbor ri.q .onc.pb2l horizons, ,y*.ds tor proiding.xpr.$iv.re.qv.iour3eirl lan8uagd con.b interdiwithon. aooth.. Th. spek . iriv.s ro

sd r r.:dins on hir mn word, d on his o*n con-..pi$l !yd.m thd

'lekrmin6 ihh *ord, {hhin

th. :li.n oneptu.l sy*.m of th. !..l.crindiisrteiv.r; h. dt 6 into diiosiel i.htiorsbip, *nhenli' rsp.* ol ifii5.yn.m. Tfi. sp.aker br.,!rrhroushrh..li.n@Dcarlallonzo.of d.li$.n.r,con$rucs hi, ow, u({3nc. on 1li.n ftinory,

In rnr rd'l dirloEu. rh. r.joind.' :lo l.,ds;uch , doubl. lit , ir G nructor.d 1nd .onepru.,lird in dr mntxr ol $.

'li.losuc 6 . *hol.,

which .onsn6 of iB om !ftrrla, ('oND- iromrfi. p6inr ol vi.* ot th. +ed:4) rnd ol di.n !ft.F.nc6 ('ho* ot rh. p.dcd, On. c noi lrcit. rhcr.joind.r tod tnL codhin d dnt xi had. up olo..! @r !o.dr ra A. wolds oi orhr *hhoutlosirg iB $n$ ,nd .on.. I. is.n or8di. prt ol .

Tic phdondon oI int h:l dirlogit.rio., .r lv.hiv. $i4 ir p..r..t .o . sr.zt r or l.$c ?xant in.ll r..|ff of lh. li| ot th. qord. Bd it in.xtr-idilric pror {.v.rrdry, rl.tori..l, lchot,dy) dailosiado. usuiuy n nds rpad,.rrrulli8 inio .rp.ci,l kind ol:d oi iB osn and o's ir. conrEi. ordini.y didogu. or in o$.r, @npoino.2llycl...ly m1&.d torms lor mixing d polmicizingwnh th. dikour* ol ..oth..-rh.' in ,nii,pros., and .spEielly in th. nd.l, $i di.!osiu.-

674 M'rH^rLM. B^xuN

tion pco.ra6 kom within dr v.rr ey in whi.hrhc {ord.onc.iyd iro6j.ct,nd nr h.,n! 1or.,,pftsing ib.l{, rclormul.tins rh. s.n1nri6 rndsynt,ctiel nructuE of dnour€. H.rc di"losic,.r.rori.nrarion b.comca, ,s h ftr, ra .v.ni ofdncold. n5!li, animling f@o $nhin and dr.nr-iizin3 dncou6. i! :ll iB r!Fc6.

In lh. m,ioriry of po.tic s.n16 (podkin rh. nfrow snk), rs w.hay.srid, fi! i.r.in,l dialosiz.-rion d diKourc ie not pur rd.dinic urc, it doca.o..nt rinto fi. eork! .6ti.ric obitq, .nd is.nirici.llr.xrinslnh.d ,n po.tic di$ou6.. tn rhce.l, ho*.v.r, ri it inr.m,l dir logitltion b.co m6on. oI rh. hosi lund,n..r.l {p.c$ ol po$ sryl.lnd und..gm 1 sp..ific .nistic .lrbor2tioh_

To ulr,.,t,m.'bihD ir rh. trngL:s. or rh. .J?otos.:t & olp): h. on.n nrr{E hn osn bortdr $ /r JJtrA rc. b), rli.n LnEUrri. jrnd,dr.

ro.*Lntr r,url sol'drrry trnh c'(h olrh sorki A(J on\.qu.n{or rh. p,.r.qui,r6 n.nriondAp.,

' r, ron?!, nD(s-.u.h it rhc lundrm.nut rbove ,hr Lnsu:s. ot pcn( s.n;6, slt.n lh.y rF

P4..qurnr. ror rcn( rhki rqi. b onRiv.J n prcrLh rhu rqhiri. tini,"ohn b.com6rurho;-totrr:d.qu.i. ro r rn8r. Dnalr8. :nd , \inst.hn hn:n.do8nnic,nd on*^:itr., k:tin B. o&surn. .on\cioan6r, Th. pocr ir no' rbl. b op- tof, rh. innuhe ot.xrtn.nry mri di:tKrr

.q hF own in. Tll.r.br!r!h id.:ri. a,r.ctrtirrc hntuE"kn,Dnr ro

'h. l',su:sc ,hr h. 6c,. ro, h. n ? tjnsurs. oI.h. sod.,i. .,pnl,,i, i.""ir"!i

mmpkkr, s,rh,n n h,r 'h.icro,.

onnor tu,n r pG,,) . /nd o ronh coJtd noukh; pc;;r. h

rr.d ro, un8uigr 's nG.nr ro h'm onty {,om in- _ ,hcsikn hFH.y hnsu:s., _i sn.r 6on ro$.

. \p.flicry fld J podr fiJn h. $ b d. *ptoir:don ot rcru,lrp@k \nk.di I i,r':bt. .o.Dt dkkcB. SftD, hnsu,B6 r,.6 .d,nsns.r,s iu I *nh .pR,n. obkcq qrxn, o,.ri r;.,lu.d rd$.3nkid1h. d(hf dehJ o dnsu4. (r.: / hmi,.d, \hit. rh? rn,6.i:[, q.,.d t&rurc. o{{drtr :nd h!sn/Jr , hmMd t inh-nock,t ,q ' , podr} mu{ b. , d i ,dt in(nbatut in;rG

,n0 nn*rbirF or Dnsx,g. rre rh. indnpmkbte q:i,Ba,rh.b.Srn,rnSorrh.Mri.fienturyb+p's.qxtd. Ior r r r .znmof ,h. d, ' . . r rbut not g, , . . to*"p-- ,na-"*rr , .4"t . .8 ' ;sjRh*rJ tyf,rymd h?nriomt jdiJiduni,, ot pG . ral, r\. sJ nooti 'n .B: I,mon,, v t% nort rd tz@?n. rry,. , nd or n\ motroru8'! jr:drrqns!. ttr fururirK d,.mrd ol .r,rin! . \K,.1 ..t&.

' l l *Jo6nor nd1,oi .Ddr. , 'h"-rrroBtus. i r e. ?Be or N.,* ." , "d." ." . ,d; ; ; ; ; ; " ; ,

pt.at. $u, ou, re r' .owrrd .urins ,u(h / trn*u;F .do* olor a podrc wod. b Ms(. s ih posibi t i 'n. , .c \ .Ktrcb, , ,ovJ.

aur i.rm:ldiJoeiuarion.znb.on'.tuch: cru-ci"l tdrc. for .rcltins form orlr sh.r. individlaldi{er.nc6 and conaidicrions ....nriclql br :o-ci:l hct..oslasi,, $he.. di.losic rcv..b<r.rio.s donot $und in 6. s.mantic h.idt oI di$ou6c ("shapp.n! in rh. rhdori.:l s..B)bur p.nd..t rn.d..p nGr of disdu.q dizlosi, tfsuls. nj.ll.nd dr. s.rld yi.* a p*ti.ular l.nsursc has Gh.ink.nrl 1016 o( dkcour*)-wh.r. .h. di.tosue otvoic.s lri$ di.(dy our oI r ocial di.logu. of'' l,n3u.s6, wlrr. .n rli.n ufuoie b.gim roround lik. 2 $cillly rli.n l.nBu:sq wtl.i. ifieori.dration oI rh. wod anobs ati.n uGbncccb.n8.i ino rn ori.nr{ion ol. wod oonq so-.ii lly .licn I insui*6 qirhir rhe boundarj.s oioncand rh. srnE n.rioml lanCulg..

h cENrEs rh.t r. po.ric in rh. drrc* $ns., ih.

/ !.toral dhlosiatioi ol th. wo..l is nor pur !o arI tisi. u$, lh. erd n su6.imr unb ns.ll d{tI do6 noi pKun. .licn un.rr!a. b.yond ns osnI boundiid Po?ricstylc i, by conknrior rusp.nd.d' aom .n/ nuNal infudbn qnh alid dijcou6.,

.ny dlusion to ali.. dimu'k.Any r.r*h.r.y.rof rlludinsto.ti.n l{s!as6,

to lll. p.$ibiliiy oI anod.r c.butary, rn..l.is,nrnti.r ofi.r synr(ric ford .nd so tonh, btll. po$ibiliiy ol orh..linsriii. poinc ol vicw, i!.qu,lly loi.jsn b poe.ic siylc, h follos rlur anys.nsc of rh. bound.dn6s. rh. hnb.iciq, thc sci.ldcGrminiiio, dd ry.cifcny ol onc r own hn8u,gcis ari.n b po.iic stll., md rh.'.aoc:cni.alquJi-hd rclaiionship b on ! own l:n€uag. ks nerclyon. ol hany l.nEu:se in 2 hd.roEior *ortd) n roF.tn to podi. sryl.-ar n a r.lar.d ph.,oh?non,

Dncows ik tht Nou.l 675

I'mn.d, r, (rrrinl:irtod. for h. C nrds or : .p(j:t ur,:ry rnd ,nRtar t:n.

l$H{d*t$ffiffiit obiciiyc h .pp..ro, in .$cnc., as

^ kinp. n

ds not lic on th. rdr p1.,. wnh ihc r.at l .8nig. oI rh. worl: it G .he d.picr.d s6Ne of on.of

'[. (hrrrd.E,nd do6 no.,pp.,r d.n,sp.cr

of rh. wrd doins Ac d.Fmn& Et.hm6 oI hc(d-sr6,i. dk,hs. d

-,kd;mry otrno .,t,n. ':.-:-:-=-

r poinu of r i .q. rh.petbrpcrrn,oi : rsh.r( .p61[. iddo{

th. in.omphr. @Ehnm.it ot 0,6?ll, ol ode! ltrll6...,n9, to i giv.n langliB..

OI couK rhn r.l:iion iO .nd rh. r.l.tionslipro hk own l.ns!rs. (in Bnr.r or ks.. d.s@).ould ncv.r bc lor.ign b a hisioricrlly.riicnt pdr,as , h(m:n b.iq slrolnd.d 6) livi4 hn.rG .ndpolrulo$ir; bui ihis r.lil ionship onld nor fnd rprrc. in rh. po,ti. rrtlr oI t ii wo* wirfiour dc,sroying lhar dyl., rithort lr.nrporins n inb ,proEicl.y.in in rh.I'rN.s rurning ri. poctinto

In podic g.nr.s, anisdc .onki6uin.$-urdcrnood,5rnniryoI . l l 'h . .uthoi : .m r ic.nd*-pi.$ivc inrdtions-iully r..liu6 ibdl w in i6own l.ngu,gq in lhco .loe tu iu(h renlciolsncsfully imh.n.nt, .xpr6inB iBlIir ir dn cili $dvnhor m.dilion! vitnor o.dniotu add *irh-od dn.rc.. Tn. Lns!.s. ol th? po{ n ,n lio-B{a8., b.nrRir imm.n.dinn,in..pa.abl?nonin h. mt.. us. of .a.l' Iorn, .ach kord, each.xprBsion .ccoiding !o irs uim.diard powr tosjBn nenins (is n wrc, "lirholr quoadonn,ik"), rh.ri!, rs 2 rur..nddird dpr.$ion ofbn o$n int.niion. No maftr$nar,:soni6 of th.word'ih. po.t.nducd in t& p.oc.$ oi cr.llion,in rh. fnish.d worl Lngurg. n rn ob?dilnrorg,n,tully i.qu:r. ro rh. :ur[or\

'nhrion.Th. lrgurs. in , pocric Forl :.rliz.s i$ctt tson.$ins abour qnich th?c on bc no doubr,son.dins .hai..nnor b. dirput d,.omdhjnB atl,.ncompa$in8. Ev.r,/rhins th.t &. pqr se,, und.F*nds {d rhih*i h. dc6 $rous! rn. .y6 of as'v.n IanEU,s., i. ns inn.r fo.nr, and tnd. i!nDlhiig rh.t ni8li r.qutq lor is.xprc$ion, in.h.l!oiIryorh.ror.li.nl.ngu.s., I1.l.ngu.s.oIrh. po.tic g.nE k. oaisry.nd rinsulrr t.otend.so d oubid. o{ qni.h notnins .k. .xkb dnolbins .!s. n ned..L Tb. .on..pi oI neny mddrd hnsuasc, dl .quil in .6.n.6iliiy b oncFru.alia .nd b 6. .rpt $i€! ir orsrrn"ly dmi* io

Th. world oi po.rry, no n&.r how mrr 6n@-diction6 and inlolubl. onflicB rn. poct dd.lop!Nnhin n. kslsrrr illtrFin.d by on. trnitlry tud i.-diDutible disou6.. Conr.didionn 6nni.$ inddoubG r.main in rhc obj6, in thouslrs, in litinsexFri.na6-in sfrod, i. r[. tlbi.ct nitur-hdth.y do nor .nct i.& .h. l.n8ua8. iB.l{. In rcrry,.v.n dihun. rboutdouhs nur. b. e$ in l dis-couk ihat airor b. doub!.d.

:bo!r shi\h on..rn $y 'hn$

nor dp,a{bt. in , u.,;r} *d ""g-,.,

Ln*mF rd . unn,d_o(t own hnsxrgc bi nrh.r D rh..,p:c,d oi j ronotosi, / tty ",t.a-O

.n.i-o, n.* ia.,,.iiocPrkdrih8. L{n trh.n ip.arinSotati.n fiin$,

'h. pod sp.rkr in hnoan hn8ur8.. tb sh.d tishr .,

.. "'.1""

*3nd, h. *rc,,6-n,o rn n". ;". n sor *'r {' 4hs 'h v. (onru:1ry duR

curs.. Ns ,hdll n m,cnr m {^r b. morc 3d+ i:;t::i.'11j;;i1.',.#.,1:::;TTl,ilj],.;qdi(

'o ,hn n o,td. whetra

'h. * ri,.r or pt o.r. bv r.a *.*

""a;-"r . p, *i, ."J ii,l,.iliiji"i

.r.n hn o@ qortd in rn /licn t:ntursc or .y. "id.,ptu ,1 p*iodr or jtxr, r LkHry D&rc hFimpl?. h ,. nonlr(,rt l,nS*g..t ,h.

"l* .fl:ff:

or hks. o, ,h. ,+.knaiv. or ; .p(i6. .a,,o. .;:, 9,*:,f:ilT:'it":lii -,. ""

676 r{'xH^r!M, B^$IN

imd...nti.trp€rics.nat*nh which h!worrr,.In . condinon ol dual .onrrdicion, rh.r. arcrhit d.kflnin. t6. m..is 01ot..i:ion ap.. ro$.pod,Tn.pcinun r$ufr. i comphi. sinEl.-

t.Foftd h.8.Dony ov.r his own h.gtr4.,h.mu$,s!m..qu:l r6ponsibility lor...h on. df ns aep..B r.d lubordinrk thdn

'o lis ow., and orlt

iL own, inftntionr Erch word hnn .xpr.$ th.pefs aurite dn.d\ and w'dout nediidon;in.r. dur h. no dis..n.. bcNen $. poet ,nd hilwrd. Th. m.rnins mu$ cm-gc f.oo lingurS.!s: sinsl.int ntjon.l whol.: non. oI i$ *Gincaion.iu rp..ch dive6iry, ro sarndrhing of irs l,ngDlg. di-v.riiry, m?y 6. r.d.ctd in iny tu.drmcnral*ay in

th.r. ir n6 ned o{hekroslotsocial onrxs.rvhnn mor., th. ver,' nov.n.Dt oi tn. po.tic srmbol(fo. earfrple, rhc lnt lding oI r metapbr) pre.susG prs.c.ly rfiis unity of11nsu1s., ai und!!i.alid coreipond.n.c*nhnsobicciSo.ialdive4ityotsp...h, wer.iito?risei. rh.wo.k ind$..tifrit3l,ngurg.. wolld n!1. impo$ibl. borh r[.norn,ldcv.lopm.nt,nd rn.2ciivity oi rynboL *nhin n,

^

'rh. very rhyrhm .i po.ric gdr6 dcs not

lponote any app'Ei.bl. dcgft. of *rtifrcrtion.

I Rhrthn. by oabg.k rtbatidbd kntvmdt

I batL,,t" d\pdt rfth. d@t'at srte"t Dlth.

| ?rota (ft rhc no* i6h.di!e rh,/rhnic unitier,

ll d.sioyr in cnbryo thos. rocial wondi or sp..ch

ll rna oi pqiotr thd rc poicnti.ll,, rnbcdd.d in .hc

ll *o.d: h any ms, $yrhm puB d.6nn limis on

ll rftn, dfts nor 1., ihem untold or nr.'iriiu.

lj Rhy,hm s.nes io $r.nsth.n and con..nk*. w.n'I I!nhr.rh.!iiryandheihc.icrluiliqolrlED.lxc.

I oipo.iic sq,h, rnd oI$.unitary hnsu:g.thdinn

- ,^r . asulr o( ihn ro*-$ipping lll $prcs of

ll.nsug. ol th. int 'rionr

1nd a.@n* o{ orh.r

lp6pl., dc*oyins .ll *res ot rftia I n..droslo$i,

l:nd dr(6'ty ar hnBu:s.-: Enrni fill.d un'ryor

ll:nBuzs. is,ch'.v.d in fi.pG'i. worr, Tfinnniry

I mry bc n.iy., and prc$ni only in thoi. cx&c6.lyI'lra.. .pochi or pftrry. *henpo{ry hxd nor yd.x-

lia.d.d rk li6i6.l. .lokd, unnrq/, undifi.r.nii-

I I 3ted social cncl. wbose lans$s. znd id.olosy w.r.

lliot y.ftd{if.d. Moc oftd,h.n nor, wc.xp{;,lcie a profound ind sns.iour rcnsion rhrough

lwhi.l, $e uln,ry poai.llnsurs. of a worl rkd

ilrom rh. nderoslot and l.nsuas.dir6c .hi.s .r

l4,.lirerry hnsnrse mnt.mpdr.y io ir" ftn k how ihc poet proe.dr, Tnc nov.lilt *o!tirgin pr.* (and .lno$ .ny pros. wrnc4 aL.s:.ddphi.ly Ji6dr.nr prth. Hc selcohs rh. h.t.ro-glo$ii rndlingnrg.div.nityolth.l,t!rar/.nd.*'raliirtaryhn8ulge intoht own ro.k nor only iorw:!.ni.s rhcn bur tv.D i.knsitinsthcm (far h.inrencts vith thei! partidlar srlf'6nsciot$e$).I! is in frd out ol$i5 snti6cation oI lan8ragc, i6spc.ch di!.6iitandcvcnl,ngu,g. divrtsiiy, lhrh.conndc hisrgle,rhil.r lh.s3'n.tim. h?m3in.hin: rh. uniryofhG Nn d.a.ive p(s.iliiy a.dth! uiiq (.fthoush nG, to b. surt, udty or rnorh.roldcd or his own style,

fi. pr6s. writ.r do.s not p!rg. (ords ot inRn-rio.s.nd ton4 rhit xre !li.n ro him, h. do.s nor

To xchiderhis, !h.poer srriPl lh. *ord otoil,eis'inennons,h. u$ only such *ords rhd fonns h.donly in $rh r *ry)

'h.r rhdy lo,e ,htir link wi.h

@ncrtt in&niiontrl lev.L oi hngrasc ind thcnconn.cion *ilh sr.ci6..oners. Btl'ind Ih.mrdsolr peiic worl on.shotrldnois.nseaiy rypi..t orEi6ed in,sd ol s.nres (.xc.F for rhc si€n po4ic

s.nft), nor prolesiods, rendr.ci.!, dtdions (ex-apt lh. dnedon chden by r. pdr hins.lf), normrld vi.* {.xe!r for rh. onir2ry :nd sinsll.rrarld vi.w o( rIc pod himnll), nortypisl3nd in-dirdu,l ir,g6 of $erkiog prGons! th.k sp..chnanrerismr o. iypicrl inon?rlons. Ev.t Jthirs that

t.a thc qo'k ',!n

n,n.e n5dl ih L.tte, adIotqa

"t p.ab" tif. i,.tr ottu .ana'B: tan

gucge tuat tnn.bd onlt i6 life in l,o.tic .aat.xtlin tr.l, ca,hrE, ,.aevn, eten .o"d.x renti,k-

oI&u6c ihert al*,ys exn6 r limncJ spn€re offror. or le$ .on.reie cod.xb, lDd ? .o!n..iionwni th.m mu* b. delib(aklr evidencsd in po'.iic dkcousc, But rhc$ concxB ... purely semrn-dc and, $ ro sp.rk, ..c.nkd ir th. lb*r:c!t i.th.n hguistic dim.lsion lhey 1r inpdsoml or dl.:$ no p,nicll,rly corcrctc linglistic sp.ci6ciiy is*nr.d b.hind tLio. no p.didhr orn.r oI sp..chlnd so fodh, Do soci:lly qpicil lingnisric tace thepo*ibl. pc*onalig oI th. n!r6'or)ned pcek ou!t6n b.lind tn.m. Ercrlvh* th.E n only orut e-tn.lin$i5iic fae of rh?:urno!, ,nrwerinsior a.ry wo.d !s if it w.( hn oM, No nrft.r ho*s$liipl. $d vrd.d tlc* s.m.nti. ind r.c.nturl$r..ds, dcirtidns, poinr. , fiins, corEl.tionsih.r rtu$. {om cv.ry poctic word, 6n. lusnag.,on. mnc.ptual hoinon, is ,tr6ci.r. to th.m all;

dcnro, 'h.

,eds of rcckl h.troBl6,i! .Dh.dd.din *o r, h. dcr not diminrtc tho* l!.3urg.chri,c,eriz{ions .nd sp.d"n,nn.i;ns (Dot n.ial nlir..o.pcnonrliii.t Slinm.rirg b.hind th.*o.ds and iohs,..ch r! r difi.ftntdstlnce iro'nrfi. uhnnatc $m.0ric nucldui oIIis w.rk, rhr is,rh...nr( othisown r..sn,l inknionr.

g....ic, prof65ionel, soci:l in rha nrros :cn*,ih:r of paniculd warld vi.wr, pantcul,r i.fld.n'.i.s, prtioli. individulh, ri. t,ciil.p*$ div.Fsiry and LDgu.sFdiv.siry (dizlecu) of hnsuagrupon .ni.ring ih. nov.i .ribli:h6 nt o{n sp..iilord.r witlrin h, .nd b.ro es 1 uniq!. lil isti. syvr.m, vhich o(h.nr3B tn. nn..ionrl dcme oI

Thur apros.Rritr.andttrnc.hinsclllrom thelarsus. othb.w. sor!, whil!:t th. !"6. imedkt.ncins him*lf, i. v3.yins d.srdt, ftamrh. dil{.r..r 1.y.6 rd 2!r.c6 of ihc *oi.. |J. on msk.us. of hngu+. *nhout Nholly sivi.g himlell uP ton, h. m?y n.t ir ar *ni{lim or o4plet.ly :li.nro hins.ll, wtil.6mpeui'sl2nsu1c. lltiE{.lr to lnry. tl hk own ini.nrions. Tic tuthor dGs nor -

Dis.ots. in th. N.r.t 677

son.how nor. orl.$ ntt..ializ.d, b.om! obirc-rivir.d, lhar hc o.r.ly v.n'nloqud.t.

Tb. Drcs. writ r 3r r n velisr do.s not niP rwiy

'h. inr..rioni ot olh.6 1106 ih. n.r.roslot 1...

s!ag. ot his works, h. do* nor viol,rc lhos. scicideolosi.,lculturd horibnr (bis :nd liftlc woild,)$r o[,cn up 6.hind hd(ogld langurg.! r her,l'. wcl.am.srh.m in.ohn worl- TIE pros. wrir.rm,l.i us.ol*d.ds ri sr.alEdyPopulat d withrh. socirl inkntionr oiotlt.6"nd comt'dr 6cm Iotrv.l'ir own new int nrjonnros.r.r,lleclorc th. intn ons oI rk pros wrn r t(fttct .t. znd rckxcr<l d' difet nt a4ht, a.F.nding on rh. dqr.c ro wii.h th.t.trckd, h.t rc3lorl.nsuaS6 h. d."k wiih :.c rocio idmlosi.:llyrli.., alr.ady.nbodi.d xnd rlr.ady obi.divird

ih. oientrtio. o(rh. w.rd anidth. ut nn..s,nd hn$,g.r ol ori{s, and .ll th. sp.ci6c ph.'nom.nr c.nn.ci.d wnh $ir ori..rlrion, trlson ariri. signi6crn.. in nov.l ,!1.. Divasny ofvoiccs ind hekroglo*tu .nkr th..ov.l rnd oryl-niz th€mr.h.r eirhin ir into : rtructutd arnacsyrem. Thi5 coninutB . distinsn;hin8 t.o..

$. {r.ii6cr.on ot l!nsu,s.-

!D.dl i ' :s iv.nhnru1..{ lomsh(hh.dn,rn.6 "

o louh., . (n$.po.E("t 'durci l .burpor. l -*rroie '*r , i ' t isqa.s ' - ) ,bd h.spd! ' , ld( 'o,d,

r r rn l .n$h'n,F: l p,M)$ i .

,! n s?r., t roq, llnsurse,: lanEuasc rrrt has 4 lrhoe ioddri.s i' sdirllitt r.qtni.s c.nturiB ro

I l unfold Th. nddisric mt4 howdcr' r.sist 's

wnh

'rrltr ir b sn lh. vqd5 & ndt lrii iru. undanz l l.xk m.subd.tyrh. tini6!shiiis.ndosilldionrol

'hrm i d:Ed *o.J', h!' t{. 2r h.\ x

'hin3r 'lD' n. , I rhc $irt nmorph.r., ir dcr ro. mn(d.r, wh'1.

li'l5jl;liL{ilj,l::illir,llill*1llfjlLliil u'g"*'.er'.':"hor..'nrrro'nrAP'rs;;';.r,"-;i;;i;;;;;;v;.;.i;r t !4!D-5.urc€rot mk*.th. @"j i h'dd.

678 Mrrurl M. Barrd

l $ h , -

i , o , n : i ' r n c rcso'l'"& thr lNin Jnd

ihtr'o'i.t vo'(.t populrtns hnsu:9., rll ns vo'ds. ..d .ll i$ iorms, *ii.i proyid. 1..3!as. snh n5

p..icul.. oncrct. conapo.lizrtions, .r. oi31'

n;.J in dr nov.linto, ndcto(dsryliliic ryn.mrh crprs{! rh. di(sRnti.kd rnio idmlosi.rlp..nion of dl ult)or rnid thc h.krcslosi. oa

\WalterBenjamin

1892-r94o

\Y/^ ' r ' ^

s, ' ,^" ' * a"prded (hoJelor h! Lre ,h. 'oca on ol In€'rr)YV .i,ricnm, s it n,shr br dnr,nrJ"hed Lon, , hc P,uhsr;on Onc m'8h!

sy rhat Bcnianin was rlwats an amdcur, ihou8h nor.lways h.PPilv so, h.

w;ot. ior lovc of ihc tctilitn tllizins wnh .handdistic nont that h. wouldprcb.bly nc(r b. abh to e,.. a living atit. 'Ther.rie pltcs in {hnh I can efin; minihun," he w!oe, "a'd pl.ccs in whi.h lcan livcon. minimud, btrt tid.h oopl.eNhe'c I can do borlr' (Il!,i,crlo,r, r.1i). AI dre srne rinc, how'crc., Bd,j,min brouslti a candor and an iftdhcrual iidePendencc to ctiticalwrnins iiai is nc. \/irlDut ssuine colkrgucr, rid thcretoe widout ihc in-

sinrional support upoD rvhkh pofc$ioN dcpend, he wroE Pssionarclt aboltNrr ,ng,! rn rqtr , i ) A cnt iJ l ,o r l l . ,s l ,z in8 .n{ i , d ion\ '

Lntrl hE Lsrc su(rde in r9{o. pre;rprored bt , s un u($sfrl rd.mPr toleav. Nrzi G.rmany, B.njanin iras known P.inaiily {or hn pc.etEtits:nd {r._qu.ndy coniroresial .says aiid r.ricws. Ul. orh.r Gern,an'Jewish iotell<_tnah, Iascism

'.d national socii isn prsnred him wnh not only ihc asPc.r of

obsc.n. brbadshbu|a Folotid dil.mna toucbins thc institudonaliadon of

rodnioi: th. opPr.srd livc in ! prpdud "stat. of enrrs.ncy panl/ b.ouethe ruling classes preenptively...prur. th. idca of hisrcry o juetrl, th.ir o*nrisht to tul.. Th. dil€noa, sinbly $ated. is rhat anron. who feLs r lislonel

iustifrcation lor rlE right to rul. rh{€by becooes the opprcssor. vdting sllcor*iously &om a position ofhdsin.liry, Bdrja'nin n tb{cforc lncommonlywary ibour po(tive clarm! ro

'iSlrle-. qnr, Jhd (o'

'.c' 'hrnkrn8. 5in(. th.e

arcnot in rhervl$ poi{ ive r t r f lbursolpuh( i5 p.oplr , o, mode'oir}odEhtbut tlE csuls ofa crnid diila.lic

Thus Behjanin mishr bc dsribed as a hniodcal nateri'ht, vieilantty con_ened wirh ft. (htion of wi(ing io political@litn but ii would be rtdicrllvirsufrcnnt to say h. is a Maqisi In the *lecliotr h€rc, his very o.nn€. ot tneo_rcticzlvisilrnc. calls theorr itsiliinro quBtioi as a pocntial in$runst oI oP-

Da$ion. The wdtc. is always.ns,s.d in tlE mar.dal, historiql condidons of;hich hc w,n6, and rhe p'dumprion rhn rh. th@i,.t could c(!Pv, to(ition,bove ,nd rchor(d f'om th. histori!,| (.nc of conflict s , polnion tlat 8cn'

iannn sces .i lor only dcludcd blt dans.rcl'Despir. hi5 mrrgrn.lrry-or p.rhrps, b(r ac of it-Bcnrr n,n hi3 br.n influ'

.nrirlin slEpins rubsequcnr .oicpu.nr of cnucnn, mo( notablv rhroushhi!iolr.ncc hn,Thaolot Adodo; Ms Hothb.iner, and ot\er {ound.ri o{ inc

B.njamiot *riiings ftanslaftd into [n8lkh ioclud. two.oll.cdons ofessaF,

679

Iuni"dtio$ l1e6,eJ a"d Reft..ttons (t eiBJ,.d The otisifls ol c.tndi T,aBi.D/,uz (r977). Sc.6pc.h1ly llannih Aendis iniioductory c$^y in llhtri;d-,lotr lid Geoffry Ha(nan, c/i kitn it thc Wildcrt.$. Fot l\dhd discu$jo.of thc oirical rheoriss of rh. rrrnkflrt School, scc M"rri.lay,Th. Diab.tiutIdas;hdion: A Histott of tbe Ftunkfun S.h.jot a\d tb. Lnrub lot So.iat R.-tai.b, | 9,t-t9Jo ltg,a).

444w

TI{ESES ON TIIEPHILOSOPHY OF

HISTORY

Thc nory n rold of rn iutoFaton consructrd insch 1 wry rhri ir could pla), i *inning san! olch6s, .nrmring a.h 6ov. oi !n oppo'?ni wiih , I

, our..mov.. ApuppdinTurkkh ann.and with2I hsk h in iu noull et b.toa r cfi*sbc:rd Dt,cedI or 1 l2rg. 861.. A rynrm o( hir6d cr.ated 6. il-I l6ior th.t$isbbl.wd tEnsD...!! lrom rllrida.

I A@.lly, r lirl. lnnchh.c! wlo wrs ,. .yp.r

I ch* pLy.. et 'nri&

:nd SUid.d rI.pupp.r!h:nd

I by m.ss or$,in$, on! on inrsin.tr ph,l6opht-

lol oukrPan b rhb d.vi€_ T1. Fnppd ciltcdo hi$ridl n.t.rialish" is b win rll rlE rim.. It a..$nr b. . m.rcb Ior rnyon. iI it .nlisB rhc *nicol rlmlosy, wnicn bdir $ E tnow, n wiz.n.d:nd h.r ro lcp o( o( sidt,

,Ilhtr;oiJ by vrrQ 8.rrnn, o 'eri

b:y suh rmoM' 'bsl t rhntr , ld 'HIDh

16&, E G, It!ry z.hi (N.w yo,!| s.ho.k.n D@kire6e), o 1963 br tsr&u. Baa Jo:'oj.b, hc. R.-lrdbd wirh tlr rlmi$jon otHr6u. D6e hwmyi.h.,Rudolri H.m.nn L.d( {r3r7- r3r r, 6.mrn prrit6-oph( ,nd p3 .fiotoFn, rho .npEd h r@n.,L rfi.prir.iDrB or rcn:ir . i,iar;m $ ir[ m(h:nisn. ro(.

tv 's..h lor Iood dhd aothtu fiat, ,h.n

, tb. KkEldn al corl shAI b. tdA..l

, -lt gEl, t367

Tt.'cld !hsst., Fnich i. .lwly. pcsmr b . hi.-bnd iifluoed by Mr! n ! frdr lor th. cdd.

":!hnonr s !h. or/rol{E d1y. lE&l

M

I "ol€ o, il|. -*r

r*-L.bt. .h.ra.t *ti6 ot fiu-I I niriiore" enE! t r., "ii,

'ronslid.somu.iI I klfirhns! r ,pd6( mnrncs, tn. ft..dom rromI I dvr *ticn dr. pr.sr displly. io,r.l lhc futur..,. LR.dddon rhN6 !s $ii ou imas. ofhppine$ is

ihornushly .olo..d by $. tin. ro whi.n r!. .our*oi our qn.xskn( hs rsisn.d u!. Tfi.lindo(

taTt.'.s o" th. Philotupht ol HittDrJ 6Ar

1H"".:;:###r,Hf"#ll+l$;5l4a-"-6.iffi"E

vt lConsida th. d.tA^.$

'nd tht gt'dl

Ii thit utL whkb rct"n'lt eithny4t1y.

-B*chi' n! tHrEErtNw oF M

To hisb'ians *ho wish to rcliv.ln ci' ' Fu*l d?

Goftfti.d K.ll.a mrrk th. d.ct Point uhs' hn_bricrt B.Gri.|isn dB .$dugh linoricird' For..ry

't"g. A,t p*t *.

'j.ot r(osnP'd bvr.ry iniB. or tb. P.n hr s n

$. prceri.e on. of iB oM @n

I ;.. ti6iri:r *iih ir, *d.: fa d. sd"lditual.odbi.r il c t't u at. d3k pour r6'&ih Cir'

:nd nar.rirl dinu! without shi.[ m r6n'd rnd

ludull thrns could .ttrt N.v.nhcl61 n i6 n"r

; th. lorm ; 'h.

.noik wh'.h r'll 'o

rh' vi'rot

${ lh. tand d.L. th.ir pftsde Gft in rh"lt$

*rugSla Tfi./ mm,f6t $.mslK in *ntrugeh

r orrB, humor, onnins, :nd rod!tud' rn'v

hrK rdrordi!. lora ,nd will contridv 'ir 'n

{u6non .v.ry v,ctort Ft :nd Pr6'nt. oi 'h'

{kR, Atno}.Bturn bwnd th. en.bvdini orn

.Rd h.lbtddlm rh. Pnt tnv'lh iu. *hich ii rkins in th. rlt ofhnrory' A h'e

.orial d.tc.irtnr 6u* b. 1wf. of .hi' not incon'

rpicu.* of ,ll Fnsformarions.Couhns.s' rcsdn.nds rh:i thcv bld our

'v'rv_'hi"o 'lirv

lind ,bour d. Li.r 6urq ot hitory

Dci. r no rmr *,r act'-rcrridnsln' ddhod

sih *hlch hNonsl nfl.thli fiJbrol'n ki3r

proe$ of.np:lht who* orisin itrh' indol'na a',

rh. ha( ,..r,, {hich d6plits or Bt'rprns:noholdre t sc.uin. hi onc'l im,g' rr ir tud

uD b";[y, A;o"s ..d'*"1tL-Iog]'B r wa E_

s;d.d a 'h.

roor eu* ol edn.s ntub?d' rho

t ,r.."' I1l.;d! oI tli' s&6' n.!& olt For'

d.;F il m. sks wnn whom rhc .dhddB ol hii'

bdci;m.d:llv .mp iz. Th. ,6s'r i ' indi_

irbl.: ed th. v'ffr. And rlldl.B k 'h'f

i6 or

J,-'.... i***.ttv (Th. s.od 'idiiss shi![

tn. hinori.n ol 'h.

Pnr brinst wifi ihrobbinsh.rft mly h. lo$ in . void rhc v.tv mom'n! h'

vl

ffi.'*:+*-'di-'!r"fr'"T6. ,p; rhoPe'l:hP"' *t'' "

'Gotfri.d x.ll.. (t3re-t39ot swis lqdiiq '\ort'

$rsnE,rndtd JEdr I'lddd wn R:trk i'7er-'336) cdJtr nrron-

,Nqr D.nn Fud dr cdrrB.i {'3re"rrr, rrn+htrbnrn rnd Dro{.e, o{ i i iuicnfturu(otvot

tunbo,*, *ho 4!.'l r8tjd d' r6!nd ldroflq

onsc d kqd/L'n rd dr rrn@i rrn h huo

D.;rnh Rom nau.nd lE&l

b c$5.n!r c:nhr!. |rll

I rE i.ily d4. not 6. o

681 \v^lrEiBdJ.rrN

roph. rhicn kers piliDs wrck,g. lPon sr.ckrs..nd hur's niD lrcnroIhit f.d,Th. s.l would lik.b*ay,r*il.nrh.&ad,rnd m:k!*hol.*hrth8b..n smarn.d. B* t iorn n bbwing lrom P.tz_Jiq it h.s sot clugit j. fiit winca with $ch vio'Lne in.t . $scl on

'o lonsd .lo$ .h.n, Thir

&.m n..snribly p'opeL him in.o rI. tusr. towni4 nirb,.* ir.urn.d, *hil. th. pil..{ d.bris 6cforc hiD srows stlserd, Tl'k no.m it wh.t e .,ll

xTh. rh.md qhi.h nondt disiplirc.*ign.d btiad fo n.dirzdon wa. d.si8n.d io bd th.na{ry arom tb. sond

'odiB 1tt i6. Th. lhoushs

which *. rF d.v.loting h.r. orisinar. irod sin iltr

. co$i'l.rarions. At i mo,n.nt sh.n dt politiciu!

I in shom lhc oppo'c.s ol F,$isn had dcd rn

I hoFs r. pro$EE.nd oi6m d,!n d.i.r by bF

I rlyinsri.n own.ius. th.* obs!,iions aft in'

I tnd.d ro dn.ndnsk tn. pohi..l woildlinss rrcm

irhc snar.s in whidh rn. r.itoB hrv. .ntdpp.d,$.m. Our.onsid(.ion proecd! fon thcind[hr

rh.r lh. rolnici.na Nbhorn fanh in prostes,th.i. cm6d.nc. in d?ir "das b.,n,".nd,6nr1ly,.h.n *Fil. int.siation in.n uontoll.blc lppl_raN n.v. ben 6.e. dp.cs ol thc em. din8.lrsek to conv?y an idd ot ihc higl pria our rccurr.h.'l thinkincwill hrv. to pay fo.l onc.P on oIhisbrythar.roids.nyomplicitt*nh cftinkiisto which rh.sc pol ni. i.$ co! ti!u. to adi...,

XI

T6. mniomism ehicl ha3 ben p.d znd pircl otsochl O.mo@cy frcn th. b.8rnnin8 aftachcs no!onl) ro ib pohi..l r"di6 bur to ib .mnomi. ri4a3 nll, Ii n onc rc4on lor i6 lat. braldN!.Nothin8 lF3 cordtr.d lh. G.rB.n $odcnB cl.sso nuch

'. rh. norio' rhit it *4 noving *ith rh.

dn.n!. k '.ga

!d ilch.olo3ic,l d4.lopmdB lsihc ftll oI6. {r.o wnh shi.h ii ihoulr ir watooviry. FroB d.'? n *as blr . eEp 6 ric illusionit,. ih. tactory korl whi.h w6.uppokd b kndtos.d cch,olosiol poBrd onsdtor.d 1loliti-al achi.e.mcnt. Th. old Prcr.s.d cthiq or *orkwar r6trF.d.d lmong G.m.n *orl.d in 6(u.hriz.d lorm. ft. Goih Prosr.n' {rc1t1, bca6

'TlE a{rha Consrci oI r3rr uoitd r}t No c<d,r s.'.irlh r.di6 oo.l.,l by r..din.nd LanU., dr. olh{ brkrlMzr:DdvilhrldLnblirthiTl.FoslqddIft dbr Li.blo..h d L$.11., v.r itmt :uck.d 6l

,.fr. oI pr%G! it oppond$ tr 2t it ,s : hi$ori-ci nor6- Thc oiirDi .nd.mmr $4 t6. .6in3!$.2rc .xp.rimcins:8 ! I Po$ibl.irrb.Mn-ii.ti dntu.t is ror philo$phicil. T[;.m3zcn.niir.or rh. besinning of knowl.d8c-u'l.s ii G rhdlnowlcdsc thar rhc vi.w oI hiiort which 3iv6 ris.

M.in Ang.I kr un S.turs b-.n,].h k htu Een."/r.k,'tnn blieb ich t".b Lbadie. Z.it.nh ha . u.nb C$n .

-ccth{dschol.m,'Ctu.s rcn Ans.lus"'

AKl..'p:if,tinsnrm.d Ang.hi Novu" sno$ r:ns.l l6li.s * $oush h. k .bou! to 6ov. 2wayfiom FmdninS h. i! 6rcdu conlcEplahc. His.y.s 2r. *dn8, hir nourh i3 op.n, hi: *inEs.r.sprcd. Thn n how on pidEs th. .ns.l of lis_ory, His i:.. i3 tun.d brrd .h. p:s. Vi{. a.p?rriE a ch.in of d.nti, l. eB on. i4l. dui

:(:.Bhon ctdrd $[olcn G397- ), J.*kh Kholrr:nJ ,adLbi boB iD B.rlii, l.kr libo'ai or lh. H!brd Unhdsit ol Ldrlln ('t11-:7):d Nrtidn:lLibrrq (rrrJ-, t, l.fttr iid pdt.s. olJ<wnh mt.dckm a ri!b!{ thiv{5iq Gert-6t. lEdil Mtwiq n cdr lor tisir,/ I mulil lit. b bd b:.ld Il Irir.d nmds dE / I pouu hrE linlc lucr: F.J

'PtulKld (r37r-reaol. Svi$ FiDBusnt{lh.Brunr lmdrrr1,orerLuntilroGdb

vnl

oiiln6"-;iiEiin t'.i " t[-n ii or ;n tIi

r.cs oi rhn .oniusion, dcnninB labor rs rh'

ou.c? c'{ill w..Ih.nd ill olbrc.'Sn.rlnrs. ra!'

Mrx ountrcd rht ',, th. mrnwno porrBser

no orh* protcny $3n his l,bo. portl' h!$ ot

nrc.sity b.om. rhc slav. of orh.r mc. whorb.r.

madc tn.ns.lvd thr o{.e6 ..." Ho*v'r' ih'

contusion spr..d, a'd re! rhGaftct lost Di.o_

s!n'i prcdid.a, Th. myior oI noddn rin.r is

.allcd work. TlE , imtrcv.mcori,tu'e!

'h.wslh +h'ch n nos rblc'o r(om 1

Dl '5h whn no ddernErh:r - (

ben,bk 'o

do lh i r vulrr 'Mn\n' .on. . f !un o(*?irwt oI l " IborbrD;qs dcqkn'onolho. is prcdu(b orshr Ih.*6i f i .woi l . ;wh'k l lndb<'nsrrhf l Idr ' I

Fsl. l*ccosnizA only rh.Prc3rds in ti. mi*sv r

ii n**c, notrh" dms.o,lonclso.i*/i it rlrcrdt

dktl./rrh. r.chiocmri. Ic Dres I

in F.{nn, Anong rhdc is a 6nel'non ol n4ur'

{hich difed oniDoudy irom rn. anr in rh. sc

cirl;r utopias belo* $. r3a8 rcvoluion Th. n.w

co.cDion of hbo. amouns to rh..xPlon tion or

n urc,{hi.bNnh n.i!..ompl&.ncv ji.oi.trkd

snl *F.xtlon:don otrh. Prol?tlii.i Complrcd

*nh this positivistic .on.cption, Forri.r! hnr.sics'

Nhic[h c so olt n bc.. ddicuhd, Fov. to hc .ur

Di,rnaly sound. A(srdins b Fonn.T,rs: dulto,

;fiici;r cooperrnvc hbor, four moonr "oDld

il_

Itr'ninrt rh. caiihly nieh\ rn. ie sould '?..d.

fron dr Dol6, $r warft *ould no lols.i tan.

stlr:ndbca$olprtIroulddomin!biddiis.Allrhk ilLnriter a kind ol hbor which, l3r f.om.x-ploitins n.tur., !s.aptbl. ol delir.i.s hdrof nE

.*dons wni.h li.dormant it h.r womb,3poicn'

tirls. Ntur., which, ,r Dnesc! Pus ir' fcxirugrnis," k I .onPled.nt.o rh..odrpr.d c6nep_

tion oI l$or.

xllule n.ad hntary, brr nor tba odi c

3t.ilell locf.t in tb. E rd.n olhnauhds. ndds n

-NidEhc, oFfrt lse ND

Th.se' on tLe PhilosoPht .f Hdof, 63t

lvi,rx h ippc!\ ,r rh. 12*.ftlav€d clzs, 4 lh.

.v..sd thir smpl.t.s!h. tdko{l'h.ntid in ih'

namc ol s.n.drioni ol $. downtodd.n. Thn on-

viction, rhich h2d a hri.i rcsur8.'c. in t SP.F

ho$ s'orp," h,r :l*as bccn obl.cionrbh o 5G

c'jl D.mcHG.rrih'n E.d.c:d6 thcy mrn,3.d

vt.uilly to .ras. lh? trm. or Bl.nqui' thouBh n

h bc.n rh. rlllying 5oun,l.h{i3d rcv.ib.raEd

rhoush rh. rrtc.dinB cd,tory soci:l D.mo@cv

rhough 6i to 3$ign ro rh. {otkinS.lt$ !h. 'ol.

of,h. rdc.m{ oi n&rc sen.ritione, in $n,.1

curinR rLc dn.R. ol ns sr.tic{ .ft4Ih. Thi.

rnni;s mid( dt. "ort,ns

d8 fo6.t bo'h ic

h*rd:nd 'ts

!p,nr olsrcr6cc. for bo$:( nour

Bh.d by $c im,s. o1."d1v.d anenod rth.. th,hr of li6.ratd srand.hildrtn

xtll

EMr dor o,t .tus b...n4 cLadtdPrort |ettn'nd.

-Vilh.lm Dimgm, Drr Eucron

social D.n&ati. thcory, dd.vo mo. rts Fatic.. h3v. 6..n iorFld by I conapion oI PosEe*hich did noi :dh.r. to r.rliiy but 6d. do3mancd,ims. lrcgr.$ rs pictuad in !h. mi.ds oI Sqi2lD.ddns w,!. fd oI dl. thl pd8r.$ oi mdtindirsll (:nd no. j!* adv c.s in D.nt rbilir, $d

tnoLyl.ds.). S.ondlt n *rs rcnalins 6oundl*,in lc.rins wn! th. ininitc Frf.dibilitt or t.n_ki.d. Ttndh tiogrdt pas tsll&d d krcriidbl.,

em.thing rh.i iurom,iicellt ttrGu.d r nFisht orspnal o!d.. Eic[ oi ih.t prtdic.ils h ontov.Psi.l .nd open ro c&ici5m. Howd.r. $h.n th. chilEir. do*n, cdicnm nu$ p.n.EzE b.yodd ihd.prtdi.,'.s rnd locu! o! son.thing tlr{ th.y l .incomnon. Th. .onc.pr ol ihc hi,io.iel progr6! olm:nkind cannot bc 5u'dr..d lon lh..onepr olirs prosrc$ion ,hroush t homo8mdls, .Fprytimc. A c.iiiqu. oi the.!&pt oI such. Progr.$totnu{ b. th. brrn o( ,nr dtici$n ol rn. .6ePt or

uh! rrcuo. tound.d b! rrd L.bl'nrth' 'nd

RdrLlvnbua;,

'hc b.sshs dI wo'ld v' I in-opPo.i'

don b 'h.

Drc.rn dn'6 d ,h. crur lena(!.nr kG 16sr6<J bi $. cwduii$ Ptrt |r.l

No, mr or m.n bdtth. s,,Tsh:,s..oePrcr:!.i dr:rn*ll n rh. depoeory or h69ll91-I49:11!$g rn

i--n u"a.'. s* t i, "c.rrq* !r 'h.

codr P,G

;J*r dr;$n ('3{-tll,c{-m eh,s^ph- LEd'l

684 vilrza aENtaMr{

Tn2i.nt M16 crdiansPour2rir{ l '

A hGtodot md.n,list anno! do wnholt ih' no-

rion ol a prcsnr which n noi 1 tBnsnion' but it

*hih iiD. {:nd. nill .nd hrs o'n. o . nop, ta'

rhtr dofl.n d.6n6 'h.

p.6.nt 'n

*hi'h h' him*lf

" *ft.s h$oq Htrb'nism eiv.,-Ui.+L

s4!!tdcr.?!!]rirbri.:r n*.+:r:Ilt :wil.j1

#if*tft i":li#"1;l'"., qlDE crllJ On.. upon 2 timC' in httoricirmt' bod.lo. Ilt ..mdnE in co.rol of his pos6, r'n

.noug! !o bi,r op.n ih? &nrinulm or hstorv'

xvll

-K?rlKJ,us"'voRrE

'N vERsrN vol l

Hi,b.i i, ,[. ."h-' "l ' .-.*. *h-L:n'.

;;6;;o6io,(, rmP,r im., blr ljli !ll!9

m*ffi#l;,;:ilrr$. uh. or d. now 4hrh h. bls'J od ol'reon

dnuumof hitoo Th. Fr.nlh tuloluron \i.*'d n

t.ll r. Rod. rnnom,E h Aola.d ln'i 'd YTe

'h. w4 f.sh'on doLG cortoma or th' pi i. rsn'

iotr h2r r tun lor dt. topisl. no mzns sh'r' t

rhd in r!. rh'cldi ol long rso: it n ) s(r l'rp

into '[r

p3n Thn Nmp, ho(Er. hl$plr( 'n:n&nr *hcx th. rulin3.l:$ sP'Ti. lrtr kiP in

'h.oP.n rirolhnrorv is th'db'

l.dial on.. whicl is how Mtx uidecrood thc

Th. rw: n# !h:, thcv rE rbout'om'lerh' con_

hnuum ol h6oo cYplon. s chrnden{n ol th'

..""r"ti""".r .t"i"t it ,tt. -""'d

ot ih?k edon iTl. smd Rvolution intiodnc.d . rcv cd'ndr'

a6gnr^ 'h.

r3, of : Manrntr c6$rcn oil'rp'

Fn'ig,or 1{rd'lta,.ndf, i t\oidaorory'Mn'em

.hc hshr ror ,h. oPpks.di r,n@or trin( rde' tu blJ(r $..'hr *r ourffn'

[omo':.neous cou's. olhkto4-bl'nins '

lPEifc

lift ou'r oI tht rt: or t 3p..i6.worl<.ut oi dr' li"

sork- As, 6!lt oI thi, m.thod tfi.liLmrk i! Prc's.ned inihksork and !t.h.s!n.tim.ca'elcd;"r rh. hi.!orl, th..B; rnd in rh..m' thc

'nnr?oubc of hi'orr' Thc nouri,hins lruit oI th' h;tori'

c.lly undestood ontains tim. .s '1

pieclots lnr

' fto {drd hrr bJ(tJ ir * rE rclJ fir' ifl

6hu:i r r fi! bd a{.!ry rc$( 'rbush'dDrd' \nhrrn. t r ! r ,6r .d h< dirL i ' oe F {oP nq

'ii'ii.ilL- "-,,na-' I,'.rrcdord md;n& 'o

r r r^r . 'odoi .

b un<r ' Lr i

, n. ''.it"t.r,y "f

r -t.na*

*rvs 15 '

histoncrlI dneliDrdm.r. AnJ,b'siollv nis th' sm'drvI

'ndD' -d. i .s. 'n. g" i*orhohdrvs rhich

l**ffilffi@i--lsE4!44!rE:dr.d yd6. In rh. l,'1, rcvoldton rn in' r'tr uc'iid *t'*t' d'o"ca

't i"on"

Onrh.6dde.inBof 6shlingitiuli'dolt rhtth'

clo*s in bwe( u@ bsing lir'd on simulian'oudl

md 'nd.tcndrn

v ho'n s*dlPlr(e\ in Prrs Ai

ryt.$mas, -ho

m;v hrt od h* rnsshttu rl'c

ryn., wde n lollos:

Qui L mn1n! on dir' qu'ntn's onk'

D. nolv@d Jo$is tu Pi.d dc chaqN 6ur'

'r& Ki:ur ('s71-'er6) ^srntr

! rEr lEdr I!&nruf'F lrRDo. dd iidnnd s d' +o6rm

-:,i! ftn h. d*' s

'nPl' Ioi 'tr su'k'r rc

C?F@d, rhnq pr6'rr Ht ' l r r r s! drBdtr '

my.dal'"rt-r lrrl

"tn alrtio.,o rfi.Itr'orv o{ors'nic hl' on-6ah

$nki . noddn biolo$n. th' 9'lrrv hriv mn_

l.nnh ol ,.'o 'pttr'

oiniiurr q'h,lt8 ixeM. (.o.dr .t

'h. doa ol r w'nry lom hodev

Or thit !c:1., th. hiiorv of (nih'd nmhd

$ould 6lt orF6l'h u{ th! L* sKond d r'' D(

!,our" Th. Pr6.n\ rii.h' * '

m

rin.. comtrics rh. d'n. hnbrv ol mmhnd nn

.normous rbnd8ndt m'ftids d{rrv urth In'

{:$n *hicfi th. histo4 of mrnlind ht 'n

thc

Histori.Go @ntmBib.lt*ir['ntblisli 'sa dszl

.onnccnon b.sc?n vsious odncns n h6rorv

Bd no i.d thd G 1 e& n tol 'hd

t'Yroson

h,fldtt, k b.am. hrndnl p'$ htrmounr' 5 r

rR,throush ds6 thrt n:vb'iprtd rrcm tr

bv tloutndsofY.r{ A hntor;n

h; Doinr or d.prd"r. iops Ellins rk rqE(' or

.r;6 h!. th. bdd!ol, ro'rrv lni?rd h'sdip:

't h.s2: o/ th. PhilosopbolLlistory 6as

.h. .on{.lhron whth h" o*n dz hr5 .lorm'dwlh r d.6 k d Er on' TLs h' dDbr'nd r

.onco onol rPrt arh ' 1 'm'orrh 'now

whi.h s rhor ihoush snh'hiptol M'Bsn'c nm?

B

Tl'. soo$s,v.* *h" found 'dt

(om rim! whn tr

h,d 'n

nor. cdrinlv d'J nor '\Pdi'n" '1n':!

d_

d( honoq.n.ou3 o' .mpry' An

'hk '. m,nd s,ll ndh,F s'r:n ido d how par

hder r.(.rpcrinc'd 'n rcn'm

!n 'u(

th. tfle w,v W' tnow ftr rh'l'r! (rc

","h,hca r'o- ,nu.rig.mg thc f

;.J 'h.

pdv.. -n-d

rh'm m r'm'mbirc

h"*8., Ths nnPFd th' fudr

whd all ,ho'. sucdmb who n

$v.d fo'.nl,shknm'nt Tnn dod mtrmnrvinow

Aa $ ao' rh.lN3 'h?

tuturc Nm<d rn@ nc

.o"-.o*,.-1'.v n" f- t*ryr<ond.or nm'

-'; 'h. i-r BtF

'h''sh

Theodor Adorno 4A AAI ?

--- ''re>-t9tt-1069

''critical th.@ d a tm utd bv ftnb'R ol rh' @'ll'd Fd $d S'hel oI

*.r .ri l.t ."i."i, r. *Y""a ,r'.ory dcv*d ip'cilic'llv o lir''uuF th' an!' in

*i"i ri '. "."U.a

t" ,t'i tt. "r

rhis lnrholo$r' cdiic'l thcory" uB Mn in

"n-.ii". iii*i'""a r" rplo "

dr Indru'' fm sd'ar RB'nh ln F mvun unds

'r"-Jr."i"i.r U* n.'*r'.* h la33 n no"d to Pdis md findlv b columbit

ii",L,,i" i"'i *r* ,r'. c.* dcup.uon adomo ws 'arv

ardilkd with

i.Jn'.#.i -a ""rr"t 'r"o

*',t' nin o; Diat.d! oJ Enlishknr?tu tt94h tr' vB

J" "it,rr.u.i- "r

tr'" "-p -a

it ws dir inFG{ dd hn rnn'l b inrk tlur d D'

il,r;;-;;;i;;;i;",i" *"*d "-,

h th. {!d.ni mo*d' or.l'rereeosii.l ir.. v" e0"."..t r'onci.jmr8d itr'hvdt ro Pohrics lnd4d rd

ij-l"h- ',

...'"4.*, "t* 'Dm

cill &rion ir s6 mo:r politicd tlb vi'vr

". 'il. -",- *. r. r-

-.pt"( Id iud.ns d thd lim' b bc paiot s irh

Th. oFbl.m lddc*d in thi\ c*y E thc rbc' ol th' cdti'- in thc rs3'r kM

" *ir.i'"a"-. i.".",.a "-i iL'l *'rv ttk'Fobt6rimrldlorhlldin$'d

i" di".* I-"Gt i" i m ra.l.tth. HMonid Md in aourscoir A6ttdicr" lr

i''i. i'iir.n.r *rr i"*iuttv implicakd in cnd rhus Fsiblv @pliclt "irhth'."irl"* **.*.'rr'"

-r..t cnric *ho dGtmr h

"urdonv i! lit'lv ro

Edlduc( lh. seirllv D(vit?nt cai.3odd ed conhburt ro Lhc !'rus qll':fh-,sBs

."'.iilir'.i"*.' "j,

i,*.p, "-send.a

Adtrm advesia b diariircaau'ts;

iiii '.

ilir,-r",r* *l -.rL "

*'. ss. rida It wdu na;'o & M- i'*d'nt--ul,i".. ni.

-.r,r"" t

-".:*t wft Admo t elspicio or dd flrshr lrcn vi'ru_

,ir" .I or o. .r,.itrca *s ot oppo'irior i.cludins subja t/obj6l H' v@ld oppoe

,ii r.rJi-rio._ u*t"g $"i i $. *hok n th' rik' " criticrrn nusr $*rm

Lo mo"inraioeoatv trsr "duof

d dd philobphv hav' alwalist6d in

-ilii '" i. *u r'ti o**' or si.tv riom shich uFv diln'sushcd th'n

.-"i*":l p.i'i""rrt r* ,la* $. insisr.re or tn o iit ind'p'ndcrc' md tliod_

"." 'i"*;r* o-.i".r".-arhn inwhich fr"nomwE redEd lllhbprcm_

r..'ii:;.*,'*i_ o" r, *-"s. or E i'c ol cu'tut d tlt' pc*nt rin' And

ii.mo is'nor oorimi.ric rrra rtr p@ms k rdlfillabl' at rh' sm uru he rru{t to

"l-0." " ".oit" ,*i"r

' *- r"tn..rlc rhdt

"shcrB impli?s cloiuE od firirv

Ado* --i"

I *- * t . ,-ld oppos thc clouF indicn it Dv lix'd !{opr

Tnc rtulared wdts ol Adooo itult& Diok'ti' ol Enlisht'Mtnt \si|jlM*

Htr;h;nei 1947.t r972)iMi,ina Motulia(lssr'tr'r914i PnsN: C\'tr'lctit'

'..-.Js,.-o iross. t rsozl t Th. Jo'son of Authrnti.it! t t a t l0?J': l/'!d'

,i'. o.i..,i.i inlu, "

ro:,, -d,4.q'r4;i'

In'orl ( IaTo e 1984) s'c M!n'n hv'i,iii-,i-i r^.ri*'a,' e ti'to'1 oJ th. FrunWd sch@t ol seiat R'turchiibrir' i"* s*t:M."", n. oriain o! N4ottw Diatectic' lrvl?)i Gil'ie R@'

fh. M.latchott ici.n . (rg18); i Oario dd E C'bh!4 lii"s"rtl f@Yrt

S.nool R.atur {dM-sin lzr.Adorno 11984)'

Cultural Criticism andr.hovc it .v{ ttrins lrcd $w cddirioB a rk i!.rh or

sublim:rioo bar6 idcditlly s@ *bd snstdbod by r mEn.l tDr'nd;{ Er dd b t*i dd b,

rh.dnabii!enihiLdotroIuld .dhudrb.b!:.Th'

.ulN'al cdtc n'rd sEh dinindd hir privil.3t tn rd_

Lib hi! l.liiimarioo by mlLbodidg eith dM ! jB td-

tricd.idn mur.diuis. Tnir, bows..fis d. oL

srftr ot oiri.is Ev tha iFpltrtic dlq {lh *bich

di6.nd rts.li $. hth of s u.m..oe.:ddr MriB

idpisn.n {i6h ln. dbir oi d.t.gri6r *hich n @ds'fira.d oi tr. sudr. D6if.5onG. To 0M mt trFL

diry it, i( dE rm ritr, b fcl i d th. jo6 W@@bnudy dc pot6noo of criric in boo'!d; cktv a n p.''

tus*drowrdih. Fir orcdtull.ttE .e @lddobr'

ies nunbL ot 6 .Lmd ol u$attio! in lB dilia o

.l.n.d.f *hkh r wire lik Brt4 *a dll.re,Lr*ionC .nrL$qcjd el!!l4!4 iEI 9ia!4

- F I iI ']. -dd

oI jo!lls!d!,"d,. s-!Ijl!:L\.t G6'dEllt Fo.d isishs im t!. mG r i4 v( ircbrin.d odirunv hlrc B.rtl h

-h.* c $b ir d;'h iE i"di"id"d F!d@ ol dt! 6

;u$. m[tao a rh.Y h.E disld.d |n. FIt of

SocietSz

'ro u}w in fi. hrbit of thitr*itr! with hi3 .s' 6' *ordr

turruor diri.iM' (rlldnrrt) dutr lEw o otr.stv.

ni& d mEly bdts., l'L rdomob'k rJEv f pi'ed

bdhs Im L&n ri/ CGl Th. '*rs dir r r4ml

;hdicdotr Th. cullltrl dnic n ld h.ppv ril\ ciriliz'

dd ro *Nch rlon. h. o€ hn di$drdr' H' spi*s 6 ir

h. ftr6otd cirhd nmdulrs.r.d t re or I Nghil hnM'

h.l uF, Yd h. b tedsilv of rh. ed. 6snF G hd

b *hi"h na f4.j6 himelt 3trFrior. nt isu,Ij.j'Ev ot

6. objd-@ridzdby H4.l io hh rpologv ld !E e'6

4aFeh(h n3 cn 'rsci.v

rnd Drcvn6' PsB Judg_ru on rh. m,a .l th..rd.nr' b..

dr iubjer i&lfis d.ni'Gd dlM b iE innmdtnilcup

hriu;a*6rid.d. &!b{ic Hc ltilii d. rkL \itdc

!@ k d;e.n rd nEml6t misv, hc s .inrv spi'i'

br oftNm4 dl. sd. of mh! 6isNn6 rh. dc

di;of nms, By ituhdns otr thk, qirkird i odptd to

folld rhl udhblc irotrd of oiving. hdd InpG

rhrror!!!4Lh.5rEd .irjc bv !nn.48 drfr.r'

,'.r-lila*,fi ,ifl iffilffi #5ffi;:h'trd Bii h. lD(orponb di3 d'rkEna in'o

'h' virv curtuE

iidu;dahich h. *rrt b 1..v. b.hind od *ti.h irtlr

i..dr tha difl4n.. in o'dd to f:Ev it*lf cuxud Ch@_

rdidic or culbrck F:rhion b d;dtrlioi t@!cb {nich

ir d.mpb i6.lf fdn tvlh&tid .gaia.t rhc nddi.l .ondi

ds of litc, * rhr! n k iNadabl. Th. .t$'a!'i cbimr

ofohurc. *hich iD td inhd. ir $. hor.td ot dt tund

r!a! Tln 6.y n\Nld h'r bdi 6h3r.d *i6 tn.616 d

;Fd ud d; ot hdr -!

Mdrv i*vidtk rL

tndlh ..odd.l *irh dp.d @ .n obiddE qdiftr

'i"*'IEL|!l'i'y. lqlldd'4Fivir.sd FstNiD E *o.'n otFrttd-F*gd !G N nc or Lrhe Juds.d d.Fnd! tr4.lt d dEn rGiNBB fi.ir i

iq4D.*ai'n{\.iob're or .mMe wbik d*v l:droirly d'pFd itrb 3!p!.nd *M influd! d dFqtD

non or rh. pc!' $.y Mn.d rhd v*v lthmtv *h,cb dEn

rol$otr rlE,d) prsuppotd. Tn i ml,G &ri€ion ln. rd dal ir r fom! or @dt ddr. r6i.tv id

*rich aI b.iis L n.ftI, $4r& &'Eilinl .hq dE difc

himsrf i! ']e

lr6uld otlv i! l@ of hi. d&*!.lt. tE'

c6r-thd is, ii Gmr of lii ,?ir8 /a sd*thjry.lG

Krawlcds. ,nd ML6bditrg w d lriDlrt Dd { ma

bv-roducB, Td UE n@ th.y & l*kjD& r}l. rm rkt

rc Eeltu.d br on.upmd6hi! 5d cdldbig. $'!d dE

cnk; ii 'ncn

pL) gdnd{{o lonss uidsbd *tt

$q NdF dd .n'nussdcrn) Fsn $c@lvE b bc rt _

lrid.d 'o ptupdsDdsE or m56 it L rh. old di!'hmlnv

or hd. ruLfirlitrq ib. Lf r dd hk Th. Pr.tusni\E or iF

tom,ariod ed Fsirion @i(hd b dpB ri.ir opitio

6if ny.rcobi{t\D lurn kd.lvrh.obj6rivir,of 'h'i-" re, .qd!h o ft Mtr ha rql

ffifr""ji*#"Elt*#

-I]1. Ddior or th. tE dp.lsion or opinior id.d

0d ot i.r.IeMl la.nom i&lt ii bou4.ot c'etvi uP.8rhich 4ltuEl dirici.n n rNr&d, ha is o'n diai-dc FslhiL rh. nind .fuicrd ns{ fEn a ihologicalj$d:l .d'EIuq n h! f'Jld inftdingly unduol L\! rd 4d. Inn dSih.nEriotrsaiv! qi4[ariu of .ll huod rhdois d]d d rioply drfilor rh. @id tum rhour it inhigrEd i o irs

illllrwDlcNiltdt !! inpos! ib.lt a El.nlc$lv otr rhcrnboini,* djnd s htumMi dn6 wr rorudv

, in@rd oo rh. mind *hi.h w{ boutd Not odt dcs c.nhi muld iistr fd th? &1. ol i6 ndchbilirv, 6d lhuscAr.dn.. $c *idly Pcv:l.nr dt gori.r R.th.4 ir g{$

b 'rsblr

dd dorc clorly rh! d..ubjdjv.ly ntni$ 6m n*iis t cotun dnv oliklr' ft?

Bwtofln.whol.kdiyocl.liiib. d ol.rhds!. h lclva thc indj16, .id I* t1rm for .v*ioD, pEf@s it rot sd n@inmusi t;u6iroftapn?tsita.tiion r!l.sibilirv

of dit rrcins is.lf s all dilldcic. degcddd.s to t id

0c h d. nonorony dt surplY. Ar $bbE of fa.dom ma*6 ancnoi trpod@ in.mDdtry dorc dilfidlt thrr.ncdd ,6.d i. onEdidion b @iiGn unt ..dom du!mnsdBiog d.Fnd.E! sud mom.ds. in rcquncuonvirl ri. jm|l eldtotr ol fic +piridal sd inElr4tdlad6 , rcdt io thc EgEssid of lPidr rid iitlld li &'

corddE*ith th. Filn mitrsr rcial e.f tlE rind b@md r fidiotr. of j6 fEdon it d.v.lopr

dnly rhc hasdiv. frmcnr, 6! hdids. of rh. plul6srrdologicd @ndidon, iftspo$ibilitt olh"i* ho@.

be which n clti h hnqod ft. sricMr of x&l

Xror rsdd ft.ion ot $. PEs d ctuiry mt b b

dd ljt@Iy. To inrck. sdounv tn. eE6 lsxn'n hkk_wirc vdld b. ro djiv. ou! dc deYil vi.h B.!l.bDb N.v'

dh.l.* uk bdFlidioi and de.ir {hich trduish un'irr

rh. rds or nddor or rhr F(s r. nor (cidnbl b 'ne

nilki.ri treh ot rh. mind. Rdh.

$dd ffi stikiis lnm *h.€ th. nin oiicism. rvid $. cidd ruird mbc.d it with 6. i.r.. trdioi of d rpFeciarion

th.y ;E kd b do e onlv bv tlE nss.d imer'ni or 'h'6drir *E qbicn iill f.&tJ rh. !55id or r M,rqun

Pdt id ih. impcnin.E. ot &. joum.lnt B 6. selr sa!

nli.d dlNnl br'trism vhi.h chmodrd lo' rh. ,lolition

ol.nd&n, tnc in.diotr ofrhc wild h.rd. ino rh. l!sn.or rh. niod. udawe: cArd kind in kiod Thl besial n'rv

ot ihq B6*dshin agonn tlTins di6cl an.s no! n'crv

fs6 his .nvy of r culurc rhkh .:ctud.s hid sd '8aitut

wbi.h n. blindly rcb.hr nd is ir ndlv hi. entunr or

rh! F6oi who 6 +.ar oui rh. EsttiE soed *hich h.

hir$lrdun tprcs- D.cniv. is rh{ tn cndc'r0v*'3n

ssM$gge*tohi, rrdd!rn turonomv *hjch h. d4!

nor bxvr, sd m8:k! fo ulf r Pori'joD of loddhip

*hict ir ii.onpzdbl. ltd hi! o{n ldnciplt of inr.ltd$lrrc.dbm. ft n im.d&d bv his mnl.s Th.n edism

vs idrsw.icdly ib.r.d bv th. warne* cl.vdlv di*glied 6 3@trs0\ of.hs. who, b ln.ir dic6rodal b.ddg

@lil h3v. wirliosly .tcdl.d in. ks .Le.r tvtuc *ho

*clo suqdt rhd. Er..tt th{ rh. fents sDcumb.d ro

$. sb. niiv.t { Llc crii6, d. fdrh iD cultw d tuh,

vrich ad@.d ir ro lldp sd app@v.d rpintur SiancIr.y rsaJd.d lh.melv$ { PhJ'cinold,h. $oh olcn'i. sn lmm iL Thq th* nor onrv d.

rd.d .ulturc ro 6. ofiici'1, bui in lddi.ion f.iL'l io E_

"*;i. u. *o" . *t.tt *t*

-a djdckm. fd b.ttror

t; ;oe. @ inEn*in.d clhr t onlt h. vhcn ioplic_iiy niriel, ind $. nind l$ch fo.c.G ltit cvdsd i@lfii d; didcs n bEds. clilichn is ao tddjsrcnkbl..t.mDrof c'j)N wbicn ir i@lr mhdicrorl^ in dr iB unb$ ltilt

s tu 6 otM i3 lnNe oi@ism n d nojun vh$ n

di$Eb rhir d b. i6 gti6t vinurbur Fthc' wl''n it

th comr[city of.uliunl cdtcism viib.ux@ nd od

itr 'n

nft ftncliry or 6. duc Fdffi ltLdicbEdbvhi eldiotr b tnd *i$ wnich h. d.rlt Bv nrriDs cultu

hk obj*! nc objdjn.i it oEc rG Ib ve.t Nriing

howv.i n d* rrFnsion of objdifidrio' o*. dr@

ilslfhGb.trd.bai.nb dlrldl goodJ. ljln it hid'Ns

Dhildophicrl hd@rliztio( cdru.ll vrrua" n ha lLddv;eh.d is u i'e l tra Tn. d!'dlldion or such vahca

ih. e[o ot conn.ftial lais!'se is bt no n.dr @id'n_lal-plras coltua d ln. wirr oI tha nr'*4 Esn rh'

'nth!_

rrio ir whnh mon.y hay bc iiv.*.d rt oltunl ctijci$.vr. d iB ben *iln vrlary, sid* viri cons.N'dvism n

bsnol jdnafcde*hjch, d,nig dia !ri' ol lar. upiutim, .jms { ! tofl ot

om;d which n nablc d iideFir,a.it.*. tt a*.t-tt" *,a! ic dindcc trcm $.

ry!.n in odd. :s n vcrc, b ofid unir.6'l sff v ii $0

ditic is Do lss $. acp'ajsing olator $h lne 3d didc rn

s.i.rd. culbdl c.idcisn @lL $. gctture of begrining.

of rhe .iFn qu.saoning rtu au$.micirv of ! Pajnriig or

cla$iryiig it smg rhr M6tar l.$r turrs. Orc d.yru.riric .vrtsr6 @d

b.E n i@viubly anvoh.n iu r ip.\.rc rnn.n wi$ tur-.ddr v.lud , 4.o rh.n h. m6

'8rjri rh. MSrsirg of

curruE. rli! co@phriv. rbrc? bwily otrbtu ,snnizid8, :Dftying, bduin8. nle.ing: rhispi@ rui6 hih, $n h. Gj.ru. Y{ hir v.ry sdisdry. ln.cllin b ! n@ trcfMd krowl.dg. ol $. oljel d,. rcFerid ot dE id{ tmo i6 obj4r .tough dr iid.p.id.i..of rh.crldcr,judsn. v$r.nsIosecun'brorh.lninglil.fm ot th. obj6r ehcn dltunl .riricim apD..ir to r mllE'ido'id.sddisplry.ailsf'cn.sqi..xochriniDd.Iirciidt6.Individu .

or ohDrc a $h. tu. m dA.dic ro* of d dd rc dpnjlcophn iedirg ro 0Eir v.ry m

n3-iFisr ftey hrleaivays tu d ii Eldid ro th. rturl lif.-prcs of rri.rynos which rh.y dininldsl.d ln.hs.lri Th.i. v.ry rtje-tioi of th. 3!ilt of. lif. ehich bnndly ard elldsly rFGdu..'ic.rf, En isbim. on i.d.p.dcdr rnd ebnoDy.oi apdiod rtum rhc F.v:iliqs a,lm orru.p.sa, impli.s.i IBr c o ui@naio!. .lcm.ir rhc pnnr of ! .odi

'id'nwhjcbfu.donwEEdjad,Ihjc.l pmois ofctrltun r lds $ i! .riit.ie d.p.i& m ib.*irch.d Ediiy rnd, urdbndy, oi .ohl ov* $c wodof dna, lld r,ap.& dhe invhlch E .nd dE .dnruma rnd *hich roday n pEsib.drq *hob poprhrim by nin4.R dd psy.ldehni-

in it tuDdid *ith rged b madrlrrdni iG EDmiido

ws'oE.duF'cDlbEbyhis'o'y'Facn ol * tut wilg iDto iE r. otrly indiddy .hd ir, $nb.rgdL dlM cmciks of . pdry frcn 6. @ltjislrn6 ot . roliridin dGtrda rhich .nh:"6 .rl ed ofcri&M.,Onlyinefranei !d{tfiomirutrwhi.hh.r d4.nht d itrro ir opposir, lmplrdErim ot vhd n dw!$ d! smq tom ln. kdic ordE cudoft. qho himrlf sn.. rt. tunipuhrol{ily insofuai .widdi f t l6nMm'cd

lutlt m? r o*r! rc gub. .rmDl. of shjch tu rd h.fdndinlhcpo.ay3ndlhMjczll

pav*irbncnr of rhdsub3M@. Onc. !i. didd i. nd IMsd dn{red d c1lity, ibl@ii3 ir .h!Ds.n d6Pir rh? 5Ej

dvd BoE, dftugh i! i$hiton a or. li.ld floDg o$.u.

fte cmeul.rioi of dm ha us.cd phirosoph!6 sin..

da ljrc ot Rds*,u rnd th. iik-'plrtunos :&c of s.hillly, to rh. Fdhd or

commir'rir tor i[ owD sk.. This i rEnsrhoacultuE'.b.coning slt-on*iou'lycultutl, *hi.h h M rler crl-fl4 ih vig')mr md coairdr oppa3iriotr ro rhc 3Drii8

n rpp.$ b b. th.dErinc or dft n iB @ming ro FftOiy *l'.r Eur.lk.d od Eifi.d, dar CultuE nb* iBlfb b. idarizd. Fcdshim sflviEk ro*zlds mlrhoro!, tn

frcm oriquily h rn dubiouq long{vqmr.d umd ofin? rih.u r|n .i, whict @rrrd r!. djgini oa.ulrua ii i6dEriE. curNnr c,iiicism rcjER rh. piof'lr:la*olcmcioDftswilhtDEial

''ndudiq. B! b...w n fiiL td c $dd !. |,-

prEtu. ir bm ro*ds m. pell, luEd ht r}E Fs.i* oI

nd tlEly by th. iDficft. of N trds whtcn s i&lfo6lig.d b d6m d. ia pos.s indi.s isrinr &humiztid td Fogr* TIE iblrdon ofrh. iiid foo Mbri.l p.ld'xdon i.ishrs iB den hnrle n*B ir r spcscr h rh seEl comiesE* ld$n which i! p.,Fhr.d i. pftdica, tutst..@d r

r.rtoEibl.. rl.oe, th. idioddnm of flltonl diiickm,one n ba *r4h.d rh. ni'i qr otro6nl .ddjtitu or lif., n sza it un.quivrdlr rdihithdlw{dly a rh. pdmiplc of fldny, rhE und.rd-riig $! niid ! oh 6i!'!e, ln. cDlrudl 6idc n b.ftdrbn rh. inisir tl'{ t}r ftjfiotion ot li| E$l! d ,onbmkh.nlishi.Dftnrbdn m b llnlq rd 6dne ro-rihrid or M whicb tu rh. Esulr of rhc Di..4r pMicdr-|{i.niimrliiyitlb.ilign'o'th?bdh'drtty'a!rbolirion ol $h ndimury, wbt h*

'boliriotr of rh. div@ b.M Etur rd phricd *odc

,ppon 6 chd ro dE briin6r of..vr glon66 orn* !d fm a sd!fi.d dvlft b mh.!F of rh. El.nal. Th! $c r.td ln8-ftnb'iodofci.' ' ' ' jshisom.d:yccndc, 1f:hl d.dny. tl. *dld rarh.rha tor tukiid ro pd rD dd b rci

ion ot mrdial d.ni:1. w]l.d*d cuhul mdcis .;'rplliis of mdtnrrnm , ir tunh6 rha b.li.f lli{ rh. !h lj.rio 16! &3ii rd .dsuftr s@it, .nd d li rh. trsui'ai6 ol ti. vh& *nich wirhhol& thd 3.r* tM nu:ror rh. cultud cn&, dr .id i. e!hurid ro poss $. El$ ol sood,rh. chds of rld civili?.d ba'b&im ehich dlMl 6i.ictadib b rh. rd6c.d i.E ol ll. huru .piriI ndE thrro dE rtud.d nd? of sei.rt Tl'. d.n3lvrtr6 of*l'ich

rord THffiiMdo

"'.." ";i, .:r::.':Y'*"'1rl'.:"r"$ q1;ili:t{1[$;liiiHiir,'*"I''"'l[*-*u...n",.'-'d,,. (rnon!,'.i ::r;1,:;ffi;;:_lllil,;.;il']1,'J]l'l"llTi"il : +n: i..-tr*i?j'"#*lr ffi'fti;l**nf++++*:'*:*;fr li:r;1tr*T1#ti#lr,i[l.lFi:i'8"::-q'Fii]:#H,#1;ipJ*.':fii;It#{i..t:d; *rrlTi#r :*nil:"r'r:;llH'&ull:luir,,iri.I- H.rftiii."y; :il"J :;i'#; ff#,i*ill.:flin1#ffiJii:Jirii*ii;iup.*" "b:ryry'd.'y'':.T ::Hff 'Hfi'H'3vffir1f ;jJli,llT::

-rhniv. t;t !b of l *Io\. O,

m.it'fr :i;'*r.*i*i*"r** fi l"tnff m*;;I*$r'i;lr'*-ifr tr #r';trh'.'',#n*i*"fi * *IJ*#H.g.JffiffiffTr"r n,*Htri#illir"t*t:"*ff'#*:$iti:*li**ffi;l'*r*'".:L*J##,l#Hi::P1i{Ffi,:::H.*#::ilfi Hl*,':,'fl ';TJ'ilSil*iof hll rvnF$Y qi6 diK( rul'. h' d

Htrii*i":f,trffi ,sf i"'f.'ffi im:*ff;,**T#,ni*:'*ii;;;-, ". "" -..*."hdc@

{ nf.:<

""11f".,-"n,. n. ***. -,y

rb,.,o R'"*h'rffiliffi hqlHi#r*n;l'm"'*#*:UEl-W*r"*lp.:#*$:,Hi#i:'#fli!h,fr ,,-5*i ffi#:H,;ffi:ft tr.gic ffiiuti*s wE cdncd rm

i"il:;il.i'"';"*.-,'.,"rir.*.iaa..*'1 lfi:ffif:kTl,*,i#i;Hff fff"ifllh& m!id.'.d qq.i.Iv ffi fimrdiig rd (hsF I

it iffi;-*;.i'""'*.,k'r ddnmid',1{ 1il.S,:*jf :mnl*,";";Slfr lH#'#ffi*H#T*lTH ffi f.:'T- ilSr#;';;;:;; ;"-- a "r" "v:;:r-ffi ''snd#Tii*ii:;l*:.*;q$lp$lr*Fil*r-tr$n;ffi i#:H":T.3i*Ttrli**iTtj'ffi1ffi:J:T ;";;;;;;;;;;;i;"d-r*ar"'irnp'j"'r'g

ts o*n un.asy.onsi.m. on b ns ynd'ns !r rh.ft br.-r.s , sEh ,tr drirud' rlso rccrs rhili qri3:.id or n5 b L!. F. -riliv6 m" tulodu..d. ,\ll Fr.,Jirurcne oI dii.ofd b 0E !Pot.!mn oI Powr tldo mdtuift c hi.r ahy rh.y rnld rd Fmn th. diotr r0d&. td.r4 in quBtioni @ncuiD$.y .dvdd.d r pEgmiish whi.h contab crao$ly *$$. rdior of fic r$o grcd mMphysiciss. Mod.n botFg.ok cuxurl cr icism hri or ou$foUo* rhcm q*nly ii rhis Erpcct. But.rh miricim *-crc ynnds|$un.of .o'nfdirrb.dilqcdbctui hilhrd p.ptrlr'cul(uft, d sd.detuinn.nr. knq*l.dg. mdnon-odniMl lv!l,r.r.rn!.' Irs 3nd-thilistinkm.r_ceds ${ ol lt. r\rh.nim utjd cl6pokdjlt ir dor. dos.ds ftitr rh. rllvs ft. nod.mno oof .p!F.rurorcmousculbE iidi.,r.s$arrht.i_ksdni'h h6 beom. ift.oicil'b1.. Thi5 j! th. csuh bo$of rn lmmp.orniu oppornion ro b.iigjq{omd$ing.le. and oI rn id.olosy {hich in irs hybft 6dinn.s ikll

Cultudl .dd.isn shud $. blindn.$ of iBobjcl h nindprblc uf rlla*i',s rh.

'ddnirion of i$ tBilrt io r!F. r

fr.ilty !d ii $a divisioi ot n ihl rd physiol wolt. NosGj.ry vhicn .onhdicb i6 !.ry nkind+ii ho. tull .oo$idri*1oa itrtlr' a dnPl.v otsubjetiv. idolo3/ k mr nqun.d bciouss. aldouEh in tih6 ot hisroto Mtiblrc @ rh. objEtiv. 6lindn.ss. Rr$ei tn. hd ftdcv.ry r(m otrcpc$ioi, dep.ndins onosn hs b..n ne6.8y for rt suFival ofrEi.tn:nd

'ar:ai.ty 6 ir is, d.spir. il absrdiry, das inded rp{<lueiB lirc uddd th. .rkdns sndirioG, Dbjcriv.ly prodrdth. !obl'E. ot si.ry s l.giriddjth. elt-mNdd$* otti iMsonjtric rcnry, d[@ cdno mN diE* it.ll or thn $mb!ffi $d cn.ulrurl cdrkl4 duch dsurtl!!]Lrs1!!l!l!!!1i$! id.!r-Th. rdb|,l'lrt16Fftm. td|l ir r thx. iD rtiich idjdllity dd obj6dv. Irkiry hid. t hind Eriomliy .Dd obj4riva o4$iry. N.v.nhcld! by vinu? of th.t Ed fm, uFsrsmisnt

'6.n $.Bdv6 in ft. E h of cotraioue

e$. Jusbcaus.cufturltlimrh.vrlidityof rh.pdnci ool hmdi wi$in an.$b8@i.dc ci.ry, alb.i to ordd Io

cldify th* @i.rn it .snot lvoid codrodng ldi.ry *ilnib oM idid of hmony and tbacby luoblitrs otr di:.od.Ttu id.olos *hici fim! lir. k rorccd in'o dl,Position totilc by rhc immd.nt dJivr otd'. idst. fte nid rhi.h $B

rhd rcaliry dNs ior E$mbl. it in.v.ry 6p!d bur ir iFndd sblcd @ s ws0\cior a, f:d dYrdq L n

otnici n:'rdm'r

ridry h..om6 ftd lo6c wh.r it mvd M. it fo.d.d itr

rlr .bjcrirlry of dc ind i6cll wlric|\ rlmll rh. fulliltu or ib idolosicai lunrrid mut te rrnn ii t&dogyPronF.n by $. ixmFdbilhY or i'rhc ni'd, iD dnpbyiry i6 bliidm* itlso d;plrF iB .fldro fM i6.lf of id@lou. Dien*$r€4

cirn. Thc rind .i6d dmd i* h.&.i{ b|€, in fts_dm. *trh 0E .s-qudrisr6l. cdrttld ol ic puc p'n_

cipl. . d i! beams Nd ol iB wn qudtimibl. pciriaby yinD. olit incMp.rib ny wih rl, h{., At r

'sh or

ln. s$iil dyiDic, cunuE bFon t .ulbr.l oid.nn.which pr.w6 d. ndiod of 4loE shik dcmliliii! iBpEei( lHil]sbrioN 6 m.E omftFdiri.5.nd

']l4 or

bdr iarion. Sddh cdtic.l cokidicd ro culrur io s rr a i6 orm vin cul@ dLlat6m rh. tu hoffi. Fmm rhi' nis rlE nbiY!!!!i.d\tud. ot $id d{.f,y rov & dlbril c.iicis Ttr p@_ |dde ot culMl rid.i.m n jer dr objd or Fffid \cdricjsn, bdn ii j6 3.n.1:l p,@peGtttmFlt iim_ Incn.a ii $. *islirs skiy-ud i. iB dn@ jud3n4tr-/Fo' ,b subedi.d. or cdNrj snid\p.cific cetir md oly iD tnis M, tt b. sBFd mll.iiv.ly. Ar ltcrm.tn.idiaiEtic.ltndry$hj.ndoc!&l

&nriftd *hicn holds6dr rnc dbsfomnioi of rh. *dld is .rniucd in or in-cc6. or Foducrior msr ib.od culMl riricGc. th. brhof lhich .onsnt ir biingiiS unhln to do*ioure$ ot n-*lf, A djal€icil .n ory *hicn i! uiin@lr.d in dltud ain rc.piph.noncFn, ridr F.udc.rd@ b M mFed collabancs ii $. rcpulucdd ot th cvil CulMI h_diUonJnfr dd 6. dn of thc e* REjD d.Qoa e iibasic rsrumar. Borh rl6tu dl@ q r *noh, tishru-san. *hil. n dE l.ft rid posibcio8n$ *hich @ dd rEd.rF(dL$ idelogicd ln.n is criticiq *ho n cds . di*trrbodidcul@ bcrw ih tib!.'I. n hordr 6. dl4.d ElJjvi9 or.uh!d rcspoisibl. fdfttl cil,e9hd. To cer dl@ aa *hol. k r. drFiv. ir Dt E fml strch a ia v..yh'n-rcsrdo rn. jo)sr r,PNF'idjnooias wirh i .Ii'd. ot njlio'y DDnc r Frnrjlgt ofb.(lcsaEs Vnar dilrinsuislEs dillcdcd fFo olonlcriddm n 6r n h.i3nh' dtlnl diricor cuxuE ir i6.lrrc!&:d. frrlfil.! d

Inmn.nt djricism of cuhua, ir my bc tg!.4 @.l6ki $hd k d.cisiv.: thc rcb or id.

'ndcftLnt l4ic or cultuE ir to collrbdE h L\' hJ por['

". "i.ulruE. 'ha idalogicalr"rd rr'ldd Tb-uef,q

.'##-#*1frFd;ffiEillffiHn-a@-3;-;r,q;Mn dsn.d or juntricd ud Pc

-ri-n tjl@-.mm' b. rurlv whrood 'irh' 'n

kns ol

i*tr . . . or m E;! or rE ld4rrd u

o{ E mid To ignoE dk tu usu

6dlv Atrd itr f*1' hrsng r*'tr 3'itkrnd rlm turrmr

cndflsm muc @ hJTo56rz "dFn!

d curnrlr\

dq ftuiDt B no5'liv r Eg,rd @ cu rE bv r"ogMng

lh:-].€r' Fii.!6^ us-n ftnhnF wffon' '"11E11

.,titn.TcodE'E-,.El,l!"@[''ic"'l-i*i'

ffffiffi:ffi*-*F*ffi,.Whi{*i6l d@ic Th. mdqu ws c

ik- d" o]!lMpb,*l r* 'r'j'h '[dB

lh' rdnhiatror

of cdM T6dry, ho".'d 'Ji'

d'fin

drio'trs * hch dn nd 'onfm

ldnn ofhlh, *i 'nor drnch d. d

rtr., i . *uty.Pt'..1 o) *tB* 9"(i ' ivnm $d pftsn!

Gm{x'mr.lv rh, s bt bd'BroL5 rubjdivrn Dmrg

tc olt sinlr.dw* 'ndirdotr

$d Dlidcd tui. rFad dlr wh' wd Lnp'nd !'r Iq

(hs!. th. *odd hd rhd ro itrEl?d n r* ohd rr h$

'r r !b$npuv., uninrm.d rd rdminkhriv' mmrtr

rf,d;rnmihnns rhm iiro lh. pr.'jl ing 6nstntrd5 or

9N' lh ' .h lh. fk| |a 'Ngh' lo.;'erd.mflb or dde'iol mr.drli

rG,; el..L.I' rhenm. or$. d'Fnd

- ui..

"rt*" 'tto-ogv "-, -r.aNo m. r tui..m.d v ' ir 'h.

ohj{' iv

\tl d]. \.ry futrdon of id'ologd homd 'rncs

jnllr ruru{L Th. slPEon h.ld bY'

r coonm.!: m. rodd Phkbden'bcii* $. rurh.otrc .\p.n.ft. ^f 'nL'llarurl

ph'tuffi

r' .io.c g.*,* **..0, p.t,l

nofto. R t$ 'mndmr

lns !t ldsrqh'i! i rrl b nrLfi. \xuuo 0trh

ciNt;s sd h d,sd rmm rhc or'

Mrn of is i€i,l .ffd rh. PMiculr id'olosctr ddbrc

vhi.h | filn 'mrffi

ro 'a

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"- 'u."m'-a.-" t . t4."i.*."n -

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pdd. l]lao PldsrioN dprddotr *T:l ,',:"c' i:-:l:

onfirni;{fiiiidffi or {bjen.lv ddi*d m'iir6u'

u; or$. obld r mind, bd do ma * rh"pnT "

.iiin';* -v t."g*

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'rt+u.nv khr rh. p.r.mkr one s4h k dpo* bul

rn uijd.ololjdl rhdshr it lnn whch dcs d Fmr rB'I

b b. Edud b oP.E onn kmgtalvob! | ' lh. lbf$|h.N.|y6'ovbcn Ey e o|J'wig o' otr by

'n

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h5k of md.i'm nrtn b. not $ mrh m i4h rdu' pe

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';ii,6,r Dd$ orp,od(uon linirrv stik i6di a rhr

$hich ( rlvry!wd, r 'om 'sonsiff

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mnr'jonrl moft in$. fun'uoninsorD'rbk rmrv

id.olort m.ff 5ai{v s rPp''me altxosh mddld

bvn i;Lhu Ehiid .h,th 'bdr 'h. ruh or p€n'lrtv re

"i". " *' ,i.dv .a**t. .

' F"rJ inkEn r R rr{

wae adrrY nd 'he

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'nd cft@tdior ri r .pch n whkh bdxlds 5( r

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&nrd idvolv.d m ov4l@ting 'n'

t!

u-t*r..*-'u.rr'+.e i

ftcltmdivd<irh.rcrllinSctlruc '5

r vhqk imoqu.sion nom ousid. undd rn 8{.nlDdidor .olosv,d confrcnring it wjrh rh. nms which n ibla n4 crvn:Llizd<d@r b. u.prql hy nirjcal .ory To inl;r oo th.choic b.rwd infrsn E trd trDcnd.@ k ro rcv.n to$c r.difoDl losis criricizdd iD H.gdl pol.mic .sain!XbL Ar H.s.l rgud, cv.ry mdnod wnich s linia zndr6hct irsltrorh.r!6it or ib obidih.h. Irr pqnion mr*ndins cultu

trdruppo$d by dde&t as rnc @nsiou$?$ whi.h dmiuddmb in rdyr.c b rh. f.rishiztion ol rh. ldclleru

lrh.rc. Diieri$ n.aN ii@nri3.@ @'dr all rcin.6_rioi r1" tudd.d tuthod. *hicl lims d iottirv. cns

'l1m mdiel fid r]l. imnli.dr i.thod, lhi.h prcsu!|r.'6

d* qGlriMrblc ,hoL- Th. @.trd.s it @ ,Arhimql'i Fsirid !b.Es of 5eirty, r'om vhidh cmeidshlity, io hd.r now tNivq inro flm Th. io.k on rhc

*,iolc dn$ 3t ^grh

trom $. td $aih. ambl!@ of

urnry nd vhol.E$ in d. todd gro$ onn th. 8dvin.. olrific.riotr; rhr B *i6 divisid. Btrr rh. sunntry dnmisslof id.ologr wnich in $? Soei.r sPh.E.Ekx! fd dnlcl Eru, bli4 $c loii'i'-, p.y: rtn *t ooo" r- r,rer,rftitud. bur !, dlruc rn ,la ton seidy, Egadlcs or

ln. us b which ii is tur. It idmlogy is dcljEd a sitllvee$'.y rpp.:tre, rhd rhe id..losv rodlv n !4idv ir

*lr itr so re d ib iikFl powt rnd 'Evibltlirv

itr u\ d_*h.lmiig .xid.ne-in.itell. smsrts $a n mins *hicn

ourtd. $. $!y of aisrins uirrv irh. otrhdion of $Md urooia crn hc H.q tl'. w'

@nd..r riricisD of dlM, nucl lir. b&rson cdtunl.ndci'd. r€r i&lt.Alig.d ro t ll bq.k upon Ih. ida or

haMlrs , *6i.[ ib.r f(m . etrbl .lcmd 0r b@!

s.ois id.ot*r. llE msnd. rMrpdrr. $. !us!rs! ot rzle.srp., d'x d6pi$ dt dind &d n, vdli coihdins

'd rh.v @

aft.r all, only Bs-nldc ud d..nly b ov$up nabnr

lif.. Beius or rhis dl4.d qord'lesn6s rrt ph.rcftm

,ib, lnc6$lv6 b bc mmitll'r.d znd d4rded for PFpo!6 ofdomintdq ftn elpbins dE inrd.q@v ot n6tsddi.r conlnbldois io curolal criliEd.ne oa rhr !{h $hich {n.v ddl ln qidii! b *iP'

;*'y 'r* "r-k -

( *i'r' , 'p"a., 'r'ro bsro{ism. th.k:Ynt!$i.s e ln

siniriv.. o* undifidntid.d, no m;offrdicr d! l.vd,or intclld!.r Fodudive rmA I]E

blan*d Ej4.ior or culrE b.mm3 '

vha n cNd.l! h.altht.n,.!co qE$iv.i rhov. tll rh'

cd'urolcdtnin 4 s.ri.rt to3t

d?wi ii ril. mircn qhjcn tu ot6tn'oI sidy aMnlins ro rh. cntna orn\..dni rtd6 sh

h!\! !fl,rcpnlld tr FIm |n( i tr onlv I *P b rhr oJli

mmrr eni.duE u r nR 6(nrirllv dBldftd fiuld

,-*rt,i. p.r*rp'.,h" r, r' "d 'd6rog)'

r iklr lhch

ir unh. bd nrh* i6 rrsion 6 cm3!.nd b rc:rivInmenr cri,icisn or iiGll{id rnd djstic abdom$r*tr ro gGsp, dmush

'nr bzlysis or rh.t rM ,nd hm

if,s, rh. orndiction b..M .h.k objdiYc idr rd rhd

Drd.nsian. lr nmd wh2r rht.dsk dv o mnin'i|v

of d. *o* nslf .iPa3*! oI In. 3l]1hE of $c "d'msu.h cdricin dG nd {4 n t sdml @ogddM or Ac

$dirudc of'lt oti4riv. nind. bd s$k ttuwl.d!. inb r h.ishti.d F@ptan of thc {!n! n-

alt tnsishi ido rhe n.sdiYitY or stFe,!h'eoP

equm.. d lNnss of . thdsnr .h. ohdne d in'drd-.N.6r' s6ftE. rhc $b*dialirv ddprin6t of ! &Eof !p.dh. vt.E i. nn& ii.d.quti.s n do.t not eib'

rhcn hcrily b ih. indivjd$r md E. Pndly $c fa.d" or th. r.jlu€. bur irh.m frDm

'n. idncihbilitv or $. objd , oomdB lr

FrG rlE tolrc or iB ardic d. 'isolub'ritv

.r fi. ErRrr h lrh sdnoni.r siricirm F@Ei th* orGi'

4y. A sE..stul sde r..o'dins ro inn|Mr mdcna it

ior on. ehich colvB obj6ri* .oiFrdicrio: ii r rtuou!

hmony. b on *hich.rFs6 th. idd of hmorv m!_

rriv.lv bv.mbodF! rh. cmridkdcrnndr.d lnh fir

idrd 6f {dL 'lE

v.did rd id.oldar dk 5m tim. howY.i il@d criricism holdr id

'v_i&@ lh. ftr rhd th. riid hr i,.v! b.!tr !td.r r sFI

Or i6 o*i ir it Mblt 6 csk fi. conodicriNr udd

shich n hb!6. Ev.i 6c nGt ndid Enedonof$. Flndq i8 ovn itl@ ;. Iimitd bv tu fd rh* ir tbrins onlv

rcnadoa*ilhN|ndirylh..*edb.s *ib$. Hcne i@nr diricnft crlwr br. con'

fd iD is .'n id4 Ir cd n.nnd bc Y:jn m8n to b.lirc

lhi ir 6n lib.fttc !\. tind diddv bv infrdins ierr itr

ir, nor ndit.ndsn h b.li.v. fi{ mfli*hing ibmdio! ii

$s otid vill ievibblv lad to hrh bv vituc of th' Iosic

.r fti;s. ir *ry d,. sbj*,i* b.*r.dis r.d f'm inhdins ftlm dE.trtd.tmidrim or lll. .bial Tn. kr uE dirl6nci ftrhod

.d ro&y p.lsue!.r lJl H.s.lib id{dtv.t subjer sd

obj.d, rh oorc h is oblis.d b b

'h. mm{blri N5, Eh'.1r. rmw'dc. d d':rl

I I

@d'ry:d;t'n. mnd! intoh.h.ntii ir b drdtnin_

h.rni in 6. sp..ilic conlar of rh. otjdt $d i! b. rpfrc_

sisrcm. on losi.tl o..h6t ro .ncruch d is ighr {o sohr on D objd in iB.rt

iimri fr "r.tr.3 r 3knL:e '

_(i.rn ro pE$nr !f,(t*nn lh! rirr *hr.h ft objcd dJ!. , :vrry oPF, :.n b.!*En tmvlq j' I*nhout s4 L .r ftich bod frctr rb ulqdirle :.r

',.r'dd, *hj!h $':, ii 'rvnr:3:oIPc

cialy rhar rciiidion which ft. "iad

c n obn3cd ro e

ri:, d nU'l!I ir4 ii1.!d.@\P(Ifdnhi.n.i3 .ojcrbindb iB!.n6i4vhichbGb..orcur. p,..en | oI tF d!!-d au! if obbsnlv ihdmnrdntmrldio. .,ftndr b Er.d to idalnm. to rh. illusimot dE alr-sDfllci.or nind iD rmmed ol horh tr&ll md of

frliry,ll:IK Lnt oncnpl.dd 6Er.c b fo4et d..t'

fd ot @n.durianion i.quftld 'nd

cod. ir&lf iKtd*i$ $. ptsib.d lab.l, rh. Ftitun intatiF, nos on n

'[dy bou'!@., dF uls dnpd.hd tum rbova TopGlosic.l thin*i4. *hich loo* rh. pl@ ot 4.rv pncnon '@n Dd L\. 6.@ of ndc. k sErlv rld.d ro L\. prr

btc qdd or d.lniN {hi.h k .u( off lot.!!cri.ic of

th. objer, Wiih rhc rid ol mhaicdly flndioins Brcsc

rcdy f6 ih. y.Jy d.mjiation .szini onich coGpb 6oft. coiaiY.d No $cory, nd

"vcisrlc tmm p.d.6id into &lusioi o.Fnt:m$ Eldioi b ln. objat. Dialdics nu$ su?.drrijd $h N Ls &u as.iB. dtlrrllm.d ii tb. culturarobjd h.s sub$nb. n.illfl b rh.b*.d of ir. rla dideri.al dric ofcuipfu tf, culM md nd p€nicip.G Chly t$.i dd h. dojusric. ro hir obid rnd to himdr

Th. lrdiri@1l tu$ddeni cdtiqu. or ideotosJ it oF

.o14. Io piripL, rh. ndhod rscun$ ro th. v.rv Ei6_

crid ,hkh i! i! criti..|hd. BY

cidr 6nt h&k b.hind ir! o*n objrff.rtn! ftrhod 5 nilr lpF:l b dE lrcr rhat n .m'plo)! rili.d dlons ody h s tu ar rci.rv itelfi rtifi.r.Th6us! rh. ndig rd ev.dtv ot ihc n@ot of.rus'litnit cLjns ro hold up. himr to ldidy.3 oqD .'udirt rDd

&!.drn to i6 d.bem.nr o( th. miidEsntd reidy or bdry m lon!.r blcErs .Etr lho* d'

diy.ly iid.!.'d. dn ict momtib to*dich rhc ro'v otrh. ca,Kl d.!.nd.re ot ruP.cmt rtd lr .; lFn'ai prira which rt vdld i! b..oniig.n is m long( r idpo@t td ttow whd dlpcnds o! vhri,

isoE'AI.r.md.n:nsid' rj, beoi "-

insigDh. or $. rb$luE l.ofrndtnichir ftm r. no mrc tdololia ii rt d$cndc $ns otl:is. onsi@n.s. only rdEniem.na fd rn wold

!tuNsn ib dupli.ariod fn $. F'tr@riE lie shich dcsd !.r b[.r bur comm.a& 3il.sc. Hci.., th. qEsnd

ol $. ersl d.teDd.B of culrur, r qu6tion whi.h *.Diro .mbod/ rh. yoie of rhd on *hich dl@ is tughr onrvb d.Fnd. blc on r tel*.{d! ;ig Of.dR, .v.t $eintrm Nlnod I .Kntugllt oEdtta hv $ii I nd'gg.d ido ln. .bys by iE objel TlE maed'lkric ts!

lercy ol culrue ha nd m.& it mvuls4. Ay Elinqnishiig is wtr pdiculd n culruE haal$ (ltnqukh.d rhc .dt or rrurh. {hrch oE. oieitcd itr

ie oDportiim b dhd pMkuldid.. To crll n b @mtbelorc ! G@ibilitt *hich ir ddid i! onlv ro cqlim c!l'rur'r perpFry. rlrdhr;.d md E!dy-n'd., hdir'nioiitoa hs b.c6ini rodle* hd,v rhmsb .n imlaabr.pres ib hdhs., btedtkally €lain.d bv ft. Rlr!irs. hs beom .rp.id'bl. to tha highst d.gE iuFflNuq 6h. And tfi. heL{d.f ms olM 6n !oj{ b

n vi$ i cfln. fd lty @r ir a,u.h T1'. ma rdd sEvbdond. rh. srdr.r$. rcin.rnm oftnc mind and rb? mE

Dindoxier i6 dr.d b 6dF rcifEiE ffir dbs. cocidsEs ordM.fu in'o idk rh|nc. cu!'uralqnn$m fin& &lI r*at*kn$. fimt!68 oLF dilldic oI culrw-tid blbdie

ro wrk EEy;nca Aush;rt ii GiFmtts1r

'.d.r .\.o ft. rerLds! ot{hyfri{@lIjlq9!!!1.-

'o rnL pa.try rodrr Abldft :.ll!!js'rlvhi+_ll9sF

pFd rrrrd,u:r rcsas rd.!t{34m.tt.rr'lo! ercNn8 b rbsd

'hqnldd'rrlJjilicd hkn'sm.. d

d b. .qul b dn ct'l5s. s ,on! r!! onfiDnBf b

EltelLfi.d ontnplaim.

iI

Roman Jakobson-'._*l€E+

1,196-1982

h\ohs6 i e$ t Th. Mtloph.nc ara M4duJni. pot s ilus@s dc emgtdityof rclalidship3 rhst n,y cxid td',q $. ro of F cho,o8id linguisrics lod li!ctut .ndci!m. .talob&n had bowtcdse of &,6 tctds. Hc b.tFd found rh. R6'eFmalN mov.ftnr sd llt4 lnc Prrglc shmt ot tinguisrics, bolh of rhict rE tlir.rarlr a fundamnratlt dcfi..btc s a ldguagd tltob@ bc8iB eirh , dj$ussioof ihc rcladonshjp b.rfta ocrrphor md 6.bnyny od th. rwo pdu.yp6 ot aph!-sia a bdin disord.r afidling.3pc.ch. gc then oisd4 6ar rh. dilriocrion bctl@RoDddcnn tud Ealnn l6jn lnc r.latiyc doninscc or mekdb. jn RomdlicisEand n.bdtny in r.dtum. H. su3A6s diat doudt dEE h6 b.cn nuch disclssio of@lapnor, tn.rc hd ben lir{r stody of fteron Tr For a considcrarid oL rtE leslag,of rcdism dd of FoF, ! rhoy ol beionrry is a na*'r/. b iN6rjslrio4 such eJa*oblon s, criricisb, linsunrics, dd psrcholosy conriblt to w dolncl

For ! lkt of.talobsonk Fmalist pubticatio'! in Rusim re Mcld Erli.b, a6-tian Fomltun 11965), pp. 28& a9. Fo! a bihliogmphy of hh p,6lcadom e. thcwtnn For RoMn tdkabtot.(19561. Jakob$n is $c au6or wiln Motris g.tl. andC. A. M. F6| ot PElihinti.s to.t?..., ,4r,brn ( 1952) dd wjd fiat. oa F!dd-

^.itat: oJ Iaryus. 0956 t;a..phdDroE, in Relatjon to pholdi cs,,. in Mdet of

Pir"n.ri.r ( 195?), .dn.d by L. Kaier Ahons numms sorra by Jarobsor "Eihbtcir English e JLrt la3!rA.r: A Cond.N.rt Sud.! 1t955), Scld.d writinE, i

sev.nl rcrufts iI962 fi), S&r'ier ih u..bol An \t91rJ, Stu.Ii.! o' C^id rn\uq.a Apluit (l9tt). P6h*in onn Eit Cdtutol Mrthlu.tn5J,Sit t .1\r.su Stunaand Mtuins (8. 1918j, n 'Fmvo& oJ t ,sEs. /J980). R6!ia @n ShricCrMt Stodi.t l93l-1 ! (n: lg&'). dt tesus. in U.rattE l9a1\ saEbtu lroLnst ia, Rotun Joki,btons App@en to LdErcse (8. t9t6): tlcrjad^ R.w.tsh, RM latobtun ! sci.nc. of bnsrcs. e916).

The Metaphoric andMetonl,mic Poles '

T]r. vei.ri.s of iph6i; d nun@s and div6q ho. atl ofrh.n dctrarc b.rEsn rhr rwo roki

'yrc. tn dscrib.j.

N4dte Pdq t 6ia t d re6de ./ 6tFB tt )wdld!ro(u6)FlFidl 'Fd6

Erot fom ol rptdc diaurb@ oosi* in m tnp:nn.nr, mo€ or k$ *y4, .jrhd oa rh. tmht fn EL.riotdd strb{iturion or lor.onbimdoo lrd cd6@, Th. fGm{ nidior irvolE I d.rddj6 of n.rr;Slisic opccrions, *hil. dr. l.!a d:f,rsca rh. crpsitr ftr r;ibi$iog L'r. lidr.hy of lib8uisic uni6, ll| rtrd6 ofsimiltuit is suppresd i! $. fma, rb. Ehrioi or o i.srny in rh. hn( D?. of

'ph'sir M.Ephd n dnn b tn.

sinilriry disddr, rrd nddymy ro rh. @nriSlit, dsLiTnc daclopMl of r dir.W Dry 6L phe dd!

r*o difi.d $huric li* orc ropic h.y l..d b sdlscioEr rlmlh 6.n rimilaily e rhoud dEn dieli.)l,

4i ln

r ne roeocs ot JpaceFNa

I

A rhilo@phs *ho ha dolv.d hi6 .orirc tiinri.s rrdn $.tutrdmnri d.E ot.h. phalo$Oy ol *i.nc, ad ror-

Gaston Bachelard.+--.7€>--

1884_1962

Bach.lard! r.bdk Forc.s d. Duit s..d inpans $rt 6 d pss ow8h $.cimirs oi knoeldSc," .pnonizcs hit poid 6f virq H€ vd inrcrcsr.d in ..perjctvrry od aish.d to dcvclop I eiiicisn thar wdld Dor ..i €IeoatiE . rtc Fcticad.gq h. udEd ro b. !u. ro ih. ,.peric losor. 'TIE utrimat ly in!.ndr potnt kfd rhc pe.ic imr8. io ilvad. dE c.d.r *irhour rhc ftdiand of Btionat jnquiry qdy rod orMlrysis.I' would.pFd rhar iD odcr ra ret lhn inrGubjdivny djv.,lhe cntic mui m,t. o po.n ofhk criuci$..k. rh. chain of itue.ry is bmr udth. whol. orn r falk i.!o i'tctleludtadon dd oatysis. O@ I€en es rhoushtio liti fts from rhl llav.ry of iSrodcr od pssid, bur f6 Beh.lrid tlr @ricim.ge in i. pnnitiv.m.s elds md i o tcdom Aon ,lrioMl h* Accordins bB*h.lffd, borh psycholryy ud psycho.otyljt rddr,k thc pebc rms. ad;./-/..tu ie it, thur desoyins ils pow. ftc rcd.r nu ra*. thc ids. .in iB b.irs ,;by d'ring so hc b6@ orc wirh ir" h i.vad.d by ir, lnd invd6 n D om.

B&hclddk dfioilics @ wi$ rhc pndoMtogical cirics of F@c dd Swi._4la{i His innEna on tsungd diti.s ol rh. c.rcva Sch@I, 6p..idty.t.d-pimRichard, h$ b@n pbfound,

Wo*s ol Brch.r&d avlihbr. h E^Etnn e Th. poai.t of Spdc. (t, 196q, rh.Pt doa0Dlit 4 Fn G. 1964), m. Philatophr oJ No lE. 196A), th. pdi6 o!R.r.n G.r 9), On Po.tlc Imtivtid ond R.e.ti.lE. tgjtt,7rt,.ieht lo Dtub(lr, l97l), rd ltr iv w S.t rri6c Srtn (r. 1984). Se Mlry Ab C!*,, S,udti,,onn lwgitutiu I1966t, Dffiiniqne Lm( Moditd otd Fpi@Iq, \8. tg15)iRch C. Smid, Grrrrd ao.r"/rrd t l9a2\ tin Mty Tet .. Buhrh !, S.i.M. oni

cdmdoD{!,k$Uq!46&Fn&.fu|{oolsb[. tsU'fr Mlt e;

rowd tr mdr lirc or rhc &dv., sbwiB8 d;oortirn of

l@iog md td:l vj6 .ll hir h.hi! of phitosphi..t r-*ft|r irh. *t6 b dudr rh! F!5ldB F !d b, $. Ddictmrsiodid. Fd h4 x c ud @r d€$ldnr. T1.lo.g.lry-ic d.y{ur lfiod of Duniry rosatd dd cdDl@,iia hr! rhoshb is iE f€oil. on. nu{ b. e.dvq @rw b o. imrs. r u'.

':'@o n .ppcs: il d6 b. r Dli-

rdophy of po.try, ir tur ippd rnd -,!F-

dfturt rsilnif'd v.e, in dd dh.,tE ro o i$rir.d inrs.: rob. cx&! in dE r4y *rEy oI $. mws of rtE inr3..Th. pa.k img. is I sndd.! .di.r o ih! r[lfc ol $.plrchc, rn. ks lsycholosirrl .ru*s ol *hicb hM db.q safici. ly invBrigdd. Nd.u dt1nin! !.d.dt rdodimGd ad. G r bGir fd a philo!.pny of po.ry. fi.

r0t4 c^voN BaoruiD

id-otDri*iolad b6is in rhis ca. rculd h' diMs

tdir*Nldi;klftEwid'rhad,pivchic&tuaijtv,th'dsni, nd.rrt ol Lt F.m, And whlB phil6opl'ic||

nt.dd .ppli.d b ci.otfic rhitrkin8 .l!b@t'd dc r

lom Enod or dtr qu'8 rt rw

$; in i b.dy of tdr.n 'dd

no 6oush lni' dv or

;d b. sdbidral rd 9'llNnd chus. bv rhr rw i&' (a n

.h. ce itr .ll dE Gvolurim! of onkpo':'v *i'E) trt

Dhiloqhy of pa.uy md xrrcwkds. $tr rlE Padc rd

;- .o E . d lar rc G4' tr{ in *hkh iB F Fr'uoD[d|''.,trec{|db.rollod'

bEr, rlrn L 3b:ll h've lruiM ro mDtd h ttr_

'io! of I E* po.tc iN8. $ e trchdtr'

"iiq&lM!

ri

fi. &tft of th. umotrFc. I sh|jl h

.o.d $d d$ El.do L m! portlv sp..hn3 '

d6d

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d & (ho or rla od on L shrv: L\'d[n ! bn!

liaM ol r im8., $. di@ Pd Eidirb'dbkmr d *hn d.t th

b.d. sd di..vry. Bar* of 'E

novdrv dd B dioD'

lh. qc& 'm'g.

h! u drv 'nd

. dFrmitn or iE o*nr I

t nJ.obL b I di'*r d.roo Tnn.nblol} B wh' I pb

v; orcn, !*a n tr 'tr

rhc ottdi. ot ('unlj'r' od

MiirNki.' $n I $itl rc find rh' @l ndra or rh'

b.'tr! or r pdc iros. ltr di3 E\<rh'anid k pak

'mc { r ev. I snonry or bdns TrE pd 3p'4t on N

t-mra O *i""b(m! or m

'n.g., w sh'il hrvc b .rp.ritr' iu Eldr

rrioD 'tr

r tlffi ar Mi oqrri'' Pknollmiosr'Io !v ilut

'h. Fic imE! i! ind.gcr& ofqBrtitv

n b hrr. | 6rkr 6@ tDkmdt Bd $. .rus 'n'd

bv

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or 'rt

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dielvi:*6 d it D. Tn .olnui

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,futolhiiqdjdofconnutrid mughbrid iDl 'd'

mid @mr hsd .rcir. 6-|tr<.,i t *.m.e- .t

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tt*h. s .d, ol .ffi, b.r ir dind psvcbMlvtk'l

mrMr fd d.tmitins !r P.Mdilirv oI t po'r' ort tus

6rl I tl'suE of tr F6tllrbd rbov. dl o"'' opFd$

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lil, gul 0E ecdc sl i&lf. lhc sudd'tr im'g' tht ltd-ut

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lEd;@l 'nd

b.itrs or tu, itpt ltnd'd ii hi! lctoiirv

I I

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imrgi'

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obidl* r Nid@ B p6!ibl. qith rsr'J b Lt' imsd or

ft; rd mia'l.l.NiB, dE rd prnEipls orth' ifri'iv'

@3mgmi.i tn'1. fudful to nt h'bB 6 I pbrl6oplH or

Ehne,I ui.d bonnddinrsa"ilndr itmpuns pd'

snrl inBplatN Ud. bv li[k. thB ctho4 ahi'h h*

fi.ldr bri' d rhrhb fdnd I mspbvii6 oflh im'li '

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i! | Grsrl ro ohvftiDM'rk d\nmic! or ft iro3r I

bs dirrculi n ii b hR t *r, r'm rhis pddda" To

$v rhd d. hs Ln sdn i.tlldud trtiB b.hj li.dv

.;d. but ho{ ii ir b b. scni.Y.dt Fd r nrid'lnt, dir

"-gl.e . .i* aoitv oltir,

"on or 4lir in ona i thint'

i ,hich. ?vd rhousn 'b

objd b. er'jd-r n'd

im;s.--+s ffil|.ks rE, D3 .tic aFms.jnt IoNl.w, fi! mlmr cuxuEt risi ni ols!

of r x{ im4q conbE th. . iE Fnihr ol r 96inomamto3J of th. iNgiMdoa rhi(h n: b.

ind v.ry unued, t t r b b.IofrGrch.? Hu*-w h Do prprndd+r thir :inguw

i-.1""4.*r --,i

t"a uv o" +p.M' ot d urusun

eadc iNsc d oD o$* miDd' .nd m o'rH Flur d':

tnE rll $. bm6of t()':mn !d. dr k d*rPtrod

*hook oI rhoulhr, mkd iD fi.ir imbiurv?k Gm.d ro R. L\.n, $n fts htr$bjdjvirr ortE

ims. cdld nor b. ud.6rood iD i6 6kn€.lnrdlh th'

lllbits of .ubjcriv?.t rc@ rloB Odv prtum'Nblv-

rhn k ro or .middtiot ol d. d.r .Jm. img nn

indiridr.l c@idrBro hllp u! ro ftc@ ba iuole

un,r of 'mgs

rd b n^ra L\.i' nr ndt 'n'n

3kns6

Dd d.iroulrbidirirv rh* ubjdiriijd rd ffiuF

iariririd.snd b.d.hin d @ Dd fd!ll. ftr$t pc

.uc inrr. t5 6*nuilly !,niarid,r'.nd DoL s in |n' cdt

ore<de*.drndr? No ddb!

s wlt s I noiMs oDFb noh& th' hntfmning

&do ofrh. F.lic inrg.ijd in tn dcblofdEr6'tionslr-krdlcr Err kld k'ddq(G4q0

h.rcIoc, $ apFd ,o

' d*tin hd b.{. ih? r.cqeidy h

ph.mm.mlosy (s fallins on d.ra.m- And tcr idd.p.n-d. ol rll dcriE, rhi| rpp.al i! .l{: trlE

'.rds of pcms

objd dd .Y!n rc$a $. sub$ituc tor b objdt. blr to $iE iB 5p..ific,Er]ntFo.!nis,rh.adof fi.curiv.otridse*nBrba.yn'drti.rlly G@id.d *id d'. 6r naUns prcdud of ${coNious'6s, rh. pdlic id!g. Ar thc l.v.l or ln. raticimig., lb. duliry or lubjd ed objd ir i'ide.n( shim-

olin cdtion ot th? pcdc idgr by tl. tar th.ntuml-o3r, it on. dd to rt e, k . niqospic ph.nor.nolqy.A. r Eulr, $n ltamddoSy till F rbly b. tthdy cl-cBiwy. Ir rhi' lnioi, rhdd ll1l lb|3r of . Dln butd.r1-lir.d eubjetjviry &d r Fdiry *{'ich *lll d,F6-suily flch it liDl .GdMid. d. Dlrtrmmlogit 6odr. 6.ld fd cMd$ aF iMBi h. piliiB by obrltidstn* co b. qet belue riEy c rimpL, bdu* Irt' 'hr€ no coi*4!.M'& n ln. @ *idr si.odficdDu3]lt shicb b .lr.$ 8,4.d tlb!8nt Thr in4.. in ialihptcnn ia N Rd ofehornhip. n |. {. FDF iy of rDriv. omisn6* ln ;e .iFBam, n h

'nurhtul lu-

iusd.Tn !er, in tn. rcEl.y of hn img6. k rl*ryr tb.6gin of ld8!rsr. To lp.dry .mdy vhd r pl'mft61o8y of r. ir!s. en b., to.Fciry d rh. img.,orurt4,E rbdgh, E $dld Mvdo sy th'r po.try, nl\d rhrb.iis . ph.imiolosy af th. nind, L I Dh.nomdology ofrhr sl. w. lhould

'n d hl. to 6l

6..tbi6at $. !h.ani^. mrio8ns.m. hh3ligc of odcmtcr./ fEEh philoqphy-

dd c6 n@ $, FFrolqy-h:ding ol dE so'd. ul dd nid Ai r c$t llry rn bodre@*trrr d.rt ro din rhd* d.r c v.ry iufrcrds irc.fu pnibrQay, in vhlch dr didiidid b.rwD oidddd wt @t c.kt nd di. set ) isphil6apny of pdvt rud b. giEq $. htiE ro@ ot rh.

'arbuLry. n n\old d sinplity, ior hddo hyrhin8- Fd

rEh . philolophy, nid rid Frl r. mt rynmJnd., 4db/ ofii8 dEr a !kh. w br tlfrl{ioablc 1c$. w di$ol dcm.nb M{Ent to lsh llank rolltc shdlogi* ofrh. iml!. D& ed rdl ir o ilibon rword, Ir cdin pcm n i:fld b. df*.4 fd n ie I wordb.d of N b@$-: n. vm'l ;mp'it*c :loi. or | *odshould ffit rh. ancDio of s phdord.loSie ot p&ty.ft. wont r, tu,inr&!b.peri. y lpor.n *ilnsuch

,|6tddt$twMq, adtu\ wd e' @ot4 tF-

J@t{4t inaqFdtd d.o.q@l@t4sn

m.Podntolsprc. tat

conYicdon rh{ n o$ditt r smi

rcm. fte p@tjc asi*r lnd .ffip.idt b dE sr m!.ihcfort cn.in op.r ro our phaonholqt d ir@

ln rhe doDfi orpdnrin& ir *bi.n raliatid lrs bimply ddkioB rh{ d.ivc r'm d. tin4 rnd Ejoir c6li-sdtois or thc w6ld of Frc.9rio. 0F a+€nsndrlqy ot$. sod en Ev.:l tn. tur enDilrBr ol r mm, R.oaHuyslr.. in hi! v.ry lie pet@ f6 $c .rnibitim ofG.d!6 Rouult s rc*r in Albi. wr.: 'Uw Ptt d ronid dr vhd.jn RNulr dplod6 &liiiti.d , . , w .hdttp.rhaAs hav. ro c.ll ryon . v6d dd hG b6@ dn6o!nod.d, whi.h k 6. *qdro,l H.sGurolho|n:riddrjs 6 nnd6h{L ro rsc md b loe. Ro@lt i wls Ensr "!h toD rh. Enrd, ar $a v.r I'd of d. cjDI.ftud wh.F $o vholc dnns &!ik. i!

'.d td w com. bd l3rir b rtd rolge4 6ta. rd4

dc@L tnde.n, $! dl-d R.u.!h'l p.inirt I'w.Fpo*66 u i'B ltgla 0E liglt dt t D ie. vi.ioo rwsd.rmshtbceo d ol trillior colm. i' rb! *dtd ofsuiligllr, p rh.t r kdr,bl. Ev4d .f F cboloajc.l F-sperivE n d.modd ot rho& vho t*L b uiddtn4 !lhalm.liEL\.tlh"y|o.Roudllt9.jjil.Tn.yft|lani.ipar. in d iNd lisl* vhich k nd. !.lkdiotr oh IiAtfom $c o$i& *ond, No doubr rh.E E Ddy lxilc

!'d r'E lirir au.h* n is : prinh sp.dins, ! Fod'F oa liglc rt trqftom whi h.d m 6. lsh @ms- H. 4pdi@ rh.i imk lrEnns of !E Flrioo rd 4npajnriig, $4 G. sl id cmbd-!h.trcs, is inbrid. Pdndng liL rhjl is rbdfG r ptdMmorrhrdr. I]l. mn rcr rdc6 m hFsnor.d.!d.

Th.s D46 ty R.nl Huy3n cmbde Dr id.. ridir i! @rblc to.F t of !dwomlo')|otd! dl. rtndy.Lumtuei w e oblis.d ro &hr*Ldt! th{ pGd, ir r ffiitur of rh. oL A.6ddud E*tri.d*irh th. $ul i3 mE d&4 les id.ndoo.Uanlhe. @sio:Gs asi*d *nn th. lhrnmd of rh mhdFm6 e Mifer.d ir p..fl ihd do d par dn{I rh.ciruik of knovl.d3d. Thc di.kctis of i$pintjd !d bl-dr beonc.ld il € oiid€ th.ir le pol6: tn. ud oddc niid h Dt opinjor! sl !d mnn e irdisFiet lc tdsNdtiig trE ph.noDd or dE pcric iftrsc itr t!.ir t!tuluiljg,,bovr rn, rn rdlL*tis d'c ml ioD olF.ri. irascs frcm d. oisiEl sh. of rvsy b tur of .'dio. lnt .r in ! furm *clq I pld b c()tr:.ll@ t tcnidt oPdttldyarphdotriololyoflhas!ol'hikr'l+a-y oBdtDt6 r pr.hic mditioD dEr i! b fr.quad, #fus.d wirn dEffi. Bur vll.n n is. qsrho of Fdc ev..tot av.!y $n dqiv6 ddG not only rlm i&lt, bd dspE!!a pdic d.dd ts rh. ort6.

o* li m lousd drifrin! irb ednolar6 Tn. nind it rntro El:r hlr in po.tic r.vfi th. sul laps vdch wih m

@ja czin.d tld iciiv.. lo @np.e r finkh.d wli{d'rtu d!*n,$cnjndiscblis.!IotularojeG$dpE_6pE ir Bur t61 siDpic po.tic ims., tncc is no ptojdr; a

nictdof 6r od n alr $'r n ned.4Ad $ir n hw i pci p.s6 dr ph.!.n.nolosicll

FtrbLi ofrbc sool in a ddiry. Pim.J.s JouYa vrires:

'Fc!r i! r sel jn.uguGtiry ! fonnrd. Hd it h rh. supllm. polei tr is hmatr disrnv. Ev.o

lf rh. l(m" E ,itady wll'knoPn, pavioudv di*ov-.!4 d.d tom totuoiprds, b.foE & inc.s Pedic usb, B ludd upd ir ir ws r nd obi6t t* d.hld Bd dt sNl cm6 Td iittrpdd d. fm, dwllsh iq !rt3 pL6ua in iL FjeJ6 Jturft b. 6ld 6 i cler nrxin ol

ut

siE r phmm;nobsi.d iquiry .n pmrv 6Pid 'o

so sd

tu dd $ dEA b...u5. ol tuhoddlogiEl dblildions n

frun so b.Fnd rha $nrincit,l Esoreiv? ln@ d l.* n.Nv-whdn$ $n nrl)nds b. wi'hi!ffi16 6 litn n ft. Po.n) 3 rortrh. pifficooloscai doubl'r of Esrim mi h. snsiriz.n. nc Gso!3r!. din EDr rldd or od lif. in rh. lmld whil? $e ftp..

clsidinvik6logjv.gdtldcp6In 6. @dd. w hd $e qdd, inlP.* j! ir is o( own Tn. ddb.chdF of b.ins. It n a nhough rhc PGh.in!. An. nulriplkny ot t.offid rhm issu3 rbn rhc

Ev.tn..idm uoity of b.ins O( ro Pn n noE timPln rhil

n o inprsim thd 'll

impssioied petv roY6 riow

wlt $. p€n Fs6es ur.diftlv Tttu 8np rhd !'xLrroui6 o! N v.ry b.i.s b.m . ph.$; n umisur.bl.. rn cxub.B* .nd d.pft ot ! pdm

bLr. lr n s rhesh d. pc& 6Fush.rEd !.v d.9th! r G. L ord.r b etuitr L\. plvchrosr_

ol rdo! or r pGn. s rhdd ln@r*o *@dv6 of lh.mmruloskrl e'iFi3 ro*d 6'

ertsEid$ of L\. mind 'nd

rowd! rh. ptruidid.! of tn'

Nc!l!$ ro .ry' fic dvdb.nrio itr xPie ot irs d?nv_

ir os., h:s Midpl. ph?D#nolosictr Ebr. ii rhe dG

nrinorrnc 'nrsinnion

}or I iivov.nbllc Na*minA of Fric rotron,.v.n in Ih. loul or

6. ft:dc( tr\Eogh !b. ..vdtddioE of ! si0sl. pcric

in.g.. tsy its rcytlrn r pdjc ir1g. ,ct! iD mtion ft 'F

ric rinpisric nd[okn lic p..ric itus. plrc?i tr3 'r

6c

Tluolsh ,i5 rcl.rh.duon. b) going tnzdr,trt Fyond dll p5yrhology or pry.hdtrrvsir' w tal

' pc'ic

!.wrririis nsjv.lv *idxt s AFtd Eoisin:iRvtu-

rusios. ftmind.n of ou Pd;drh.d $. d.o$s b.foD i: sri6 6c sfie. Aod $is it.l$

M or i sind; .rd.n€ orsdins n! inds! orcai us

by Edins trr. p@m me bdd! t l]lv N dn Il r*6

d in !'.. ft hd b.d sivd !s by dorhd. but w b.gin ro

hoo th. lnprsior th.r w cNId h!rc ct t d it, 0ur w

should h.v. cmt.d iL It t .o@i r Ee bdrs ii M hlhrr r o9rBes: iD

orid mrds. r i5 4 oft. ! b..ohry of .tpa$loi bd I

b.ohing of o.r b.in& H.a .xp,6im cErc bdng'Ir,it lsr Emdl d.fiE rh. lev.l ot rhc onrolog c

*!rdrihicbImwo*iis As.3cndil]l6nIb.liaEthd.vnftid rFc,ll@llvhuroi in dE it r,s,i Oc vdldd & $1. o m.d'brc m ! Dm

'lrs pc.d.d bnsu4c Brr

.v.n if ihn .n.sk lppc6 b rjdt n dbrosic,l d.Prh. i.

should b. g@tcd. rl l4t s ! vo*ins hrrotnsi' ippI pri_

i. ro $c rubict of rh. Ddic imtsinddrnN d.; @ric itug., whi.h .ctr Fdn $'

'osds, n

Fsd,ny intuhrins w. es. b oidder ir a m ob'

isf hlr rel ${ rhe "obj€drc qirjdl nud.tin6$.i.*'n *d". *d*i6o.p"*ft oas'Nlp&ri. ph.nom{on ,ffigisr, k,ng d.alcd by rh. Etonre! h. r(p6 Lvm-8 b

n dod, j!.virably iftrlccnBlt.! divedeBdons his dtd F urbsl. $e skein or his inE

oEerioi!. l{. undc6@ds ine inrgc noc de.dv mm lh'

$ycborqF! I]s sdt jsr s. PoinFor lh. psychodlysq $. Pc,i( imkrl MEn h. inErpEE iL howd

[. losB NAs in

r-i iv '',"a..*. ""u*, " ^qb1..

when I eeiv.. fts penc ima8. I 'rp'fico"

ib

qu.rity or inisubjerivirv. I rnd 'n

nl.Putictaltx.. tm

iriinddrocomn cdcnt.n!hu5i6r.whdmDsid.rcdii ho.his:ior ftom orc $ul ro morh$n r po.ris imrs. .udd d!.nnr Ddi!6 rhd e rimidry crusr, ru.n a psy.holoa,, or rhp.ychdBlysi3, cm h3iiry &rminc .h. mbrosy of vharis pe.i. Fo. mriing pdpu.s 1 pcdc img...rp<hlly ia

I ilways co* th.n b ln. ym. concludM: di. 6!.n-dar n.*f$ dt rtl pedc im!g. p.*5

'h' ttobr.m.f rhclpcaldos t iis! cHrivlB' Ttrcugimrsinins m*idsn$ 9rov6 b b.. ecry inply bur v.rypucl, o odgin. In . 5hrdy of ri. in'simrion, a ph.noG

ins dt rhis qurliry oforigii in vdions pcnc imu.i

lnr hr! b.rom deb.ed b tbr poinr ot h.ins pd or rh.

fld rh. pbf.sor ol 'bdeic,

*nd knoe ii' .i! judsc iLrudily go ir f6 . rinpl.r ol $r.rioriry. & ror m, b.ins

d ond d.:d {h.t Iik., *nh a bir ol Ed6 s p.ide nir.d i. wid rufi .nrhu-si:$. Bur wh.B flid. !$:lly d.v.toF inro . n6sis

p:in thd is hcr ot rdh.rcn.. ro rh. t liciry or b jtusq

rtar *. m. n n fd us, ,1 f@ 6 iLn.. l. i, . hoftty enngwc6t jv i !3d

Efrp!{jotr! ro b. r p€r Al, ddc6 rt h.w. *irp&, L,'fl3h Erd;!3. ln.

ddi4 !o b€oru r kicr Vl|i $. I):sr E h:v. jur fldi5 (m nd p.d€rio4 or nod.ey xnpeEs. rh! d.riLBor ir Epp.m. n.rtnnd6!. Ir ey c&, rEry Mdd ulD

bir. Ii ,s.Pi.m Ri.hndt .@ll. dl@noi ol 6eyi. itt a Po^n a u.Iod4r t?Ety rd D.prhi.

'h.a n

oi. d.vor.d ro Bui.r,jE Dd o4 rd v.nrji., Enplui, i3

*o* ".dcms s.' Tn e t smr di6.ti@ of bft 6ar@tr d. r& 6r.tr Unlik. a deLiE, Val.irc .loe! oor

'@d conpr.'c phmnmlotcd an ndm- nnd lhjl k ri-

!:y!th.celnc.fuintypdofEdin a..p synpatix itr $? vq.rp..iad iklf, w e $."b.n.ficiri.r-' ,.d-Piul Ri.hri in 7td, Sv6 d. rol.lo{insd.$rjplionolhnh4o:,,H.6ddlogjdofgd

h. hrnsr htd batrhc objd oa

'ha. pm8yi.r "! li dy c@ hmony in

.din3 n lGrPonbG iion rdnn.ddor i.s, blt I 5ineE lmDul*, r linr. i

IEiv.ll '.F\.mm.nologicd b.&li. ot r p*.jc in.gc. 11r s[gntn fiiri.alosid.dtjm1186dfuinpulabypUond positioa d.sbiis dre pimitivny ot dr imlgiBdotr.

rhpri,iE d'irdd*, ,iajoy of rtadiinedon ot th. jot d *ndig, e rhoush !t Ei&r wc ,h"*ri&r'! Shost At lst t!. Rad4 pdicipiB ti .h. Joy of

riioi bt6 pla.. d l]1. tnudB 6aid ot A. kd.d. iq tn.flaing lif. of d .xpr.sioi. Bd dln Ddti. .rt6iion, d.$otrgh n fiG !o vir.l i4$ir, hd .

IV

By 6E linitirs ny i4uiry b rn F.ric im!s. i is qtj4

'(xalint frco purc im:ginarid, r rdv. aide rh. pmbr.m

or de orpdrld. of $. per d r goring rogdll{ otiuftmur img.s. Ido lhn mmposiiichorosicany @nphr d.ftnb rht ssocjlb .ulidcul.ucspnn.drl lir.iry id.rlHonpoEn6 which t compki.ph.mmdorosy pNrd m ddbr bG obrigcd b mnsidd. Bde BEBiv. r pbje' nighr b. pcjudiciri .d rh: puiity.tdcPheftnolosja|ohsodios.

bpkiommldgjdlcrdirt pow6. *hich 6.1? or !n. E*itn $e image hc h6 ca4 tno$ ih.dy r uii. of piid..

p.6oi.lly r ftldirg pow $d olld d{cn rnd rlivc 6cpow oforsaniz4 conpr.r. cEariotr imprr.d by r Feo iniri @drq, But

'xcr i5 .v.n 16, hol,. ot doining io r syn-

vn. d ..tuin Diy.nordly$ bcli.v.6!y cd dd. I n $e'roc oi E r.v.r or d.@r,cd ima8.s rha I sh.I smrd jn"EE!n djis" plEmmhologidrlr.

Pr,6isdy &is hch orpdd., rhis l.sd pdd., rhis n.EHdd! p.id. rhd dliv.r ii t|. oliNd. of r!dii3. bcm

n.i'biftd- H* th. pn nomnologiit h6 erhiis ir cod-non d, th. ljcnry critc *hq a. h3s fiequ.dly bcd!ot4 judg.' 3 wo* rhrr h. old loi crcra ,n4 if e rb b.lt.vc c.i.io t&ile .md.mdioccte A litdary ftidc i I r.dd *ho is ne.sdily $v.E.By hhjig insid! olt lilr r sldvc rn olcodlcd.onpl.r

livd, rn rll thd lb sD.'r Rll tu pd or liYi4 wlr' Th'

4rk im.!. n a mcr!.m. Ircn l.

ijrrl. dotc JE hisursd of siSdfiqtd BY ti!i4 ri.

lffi E Er4 * hrE $.n th. .,lub!v .rpdi.'e or

!ffi8ing. I]iii. D ddbr, b.m.4in3 d sho. mgo adi'dt,9u!|u3u4.

tn r et oI .ns!.n.., h *hjcn Itdsh i! viv*itn Tb.$ linsukrjc imprk i ehi.h sund

our am th. udiir'y tuL of p.tgDric ld3tri!. esinl

|lc ofot vibl impols A mi.GB.rysonnn d'd $tn_

&,rd !: d6i. or lesu13+s in.hmt in firo or nF

UFsk oI bnguge* cdiry wld li'd in 9€dv nmrcs

rlo.!tri6 d th. incc lif. ol lr4ur8.Tnd, rlong *i6 dnsjdd oEod.lit of*old3, a

ir rpr.{t in rh. .voluti6 ot lssuls.rhe lo.ric ims., ! . d,i'.ntj.itn *w rdoldilf4nddoIihis.voh d.A gca(vNco

h.v. r sFd iifle*. d |n. sl or I lsgug. x '{rt'ns

ird6 !d h:d tco.ff&4 n Ltr. em dft $n it @D'fim; ln. ur@zbrc i c or sp.-h And ir l. EDd6

rF(h u @!abk. u $i d $ rpPrnlk6hip b Id'

dom? !ftx d.lid' rJE pod. imrgidg'ft or.moul llft ws qbh $. pcdc s .odifi.d rhc

lic.n$ ro b. tFmied C.nbmpt r'y peuv Nwld ns

ituDdu..d fF.dom h dE v.ry bodv ot rh. lrDgus. At a

6{lqgcq!rF{ s.D6@'ll.]Mof rn dod

V

Ev.n !t E Lvrl ot D ieLrcd po.ric in'€q if onlv in nt'

pr.gr*io. or .rpErotr oiiirui.d b . kc th. ph6

nMLli6l Rdb.dioo cr rpp.4 md if, ib .:t ma

dnplici.r. n !jv6 s msE.y or @ bns6 g@sein

ln. rrcne of r nDuula Phmm.*id*sr Th! 9o.ric img. k cdiolv $. Fvclic.vd $d hd $. k5r impoa@ To sr junifidja. of n

i! hs ol gdeFjbleEdit, ro dcr.dii. jB pld. and Dlc

in lb. to.Fk coBPoaria d leo eks thi do id n!.n b

b. u.d.tur.n uitil laE h th. l"qliry ol $. pauc n4flton, rh. imhtd im'€. rh.

phe rhr .si.t r twrd rh. v.m

s|:u iD *hi ln. dic in'rs. adid.i f'm dr!,s.

,zd da shodd b. ledi.d bv tldt ol toPo_d.lvsit J A'

Pohljr, fd ins@ pltgb Mhh.l riift 6 '

lotr'lvplcFeid'JE!,ltdB.'wrd{'

kftly tll rhk fiba.d 3paca u'Y.Fn I $c simPrc 'i!

tsM of *uds rh:r h.v. bcn rrFri.n.!n. Th. {onn'n or

mrdu'l lssu4. dcmd& lt&s fot fix'rioi. tor's 't

."Dhlidjd. Eu rt. v.6t tl*rv! hinas? flowr inro th. liE or $. !.Gc crrtiig tn. imrgini_ddjonswlhiqslhNsh6. ingfib.L Pohblis .dds $. ronowi4 lp 93l), shi.h d.snd ro

h. cftmb.r.d d a surc indu fd ! plknoddolo8v or.i'

F.$on: ftc |F*ins subj.d it {ro odE sbtd. And

n no bnF .eht p'r'dori..l b $v thd tn {c:kiig iub_

ict .ris6 in his cnrircry in r po.ri. intg., b(ar$ unrc$b ib&dm! hin*ll ro eirhot rc*d.dos, h. dG dd

.nk i.b th. pdtic tpr. ot n\. inrga v..v cl.tlv, thc

edric imrs. fumkh.. @ ol rb. rimpldt .ipsi.rc.s ol

lus!&s. ftd hG b..n liv.d And if. a I prwe to dq n ir

conndd.d .r !D oridn ol mnscioutrc$. lt Dorb to a

Io. if w I'd e d.. tchdl 'otph.nmiolosvir would no douh b. in o.mdion *nh d. po.ric phenor

.noD !\:r w 3hdld find rhc d.slksni ID r c.d b@lc, tLvsit o Bd!*rirsr: Po.6

ud Btui. @ bsn dtn(Mlosi36 a And mrins thd

dilgr 'ip.2r" b u! dd $rt, s r rcsdr ot thir lEt if w

ri( rhir l0sBr8! iu ruu ttluc, *rhins, vn&i Bds:ddi _w. tr.cddiullvlYi{g r 3$

tunodor@bl<ft th{Eneudonndhop.bsha Th.ph mpnd*hosinE isanod Gc.ntE td rh. sF*_iDx b.tis will lind .nouFs.m.nr in 6qc lie bv 6nI.lftd Dlbh ph.non.noros'n

vti" pn mn.roloci.'l 3iurid wirh tstn b psvchM$

lyd.,i inv.*ig..ioD *i[ P.Jhip3 b. lt@ Feislv $r.d it

in coDmdd *nh 9ocri. im36, w F.bL o ish!.qn n or p\E srUitutid; ol r tthlimriotr which tublt

md.! ndning, f,hich ir Eli.val oI rht hdcd tf pssion

sd f@d rrcm thc pt sud ofdait. Bv rhs living ro $tpdric imsa d j$ F* rd atslnG oI .ub,imdid, I p1...

have sbk6 or I rinDlo nuzM I l.d io tr howtn

$n pery sivd ab!;dd pdf ol d'it !hsh& rubtnr-

rion. d *iU b. $.tr fi.{ucndy h th. .(l@ .f $n w*,

vl:.tr lsycholosids fd Fychdr$lt c f6isi.d rhispdf. rh.y ca$ to c ry$ing iD tE P*tt imasc but r

rBdrdlr. B.Pl@.*i&rLt*dbPryelatu .d@aqkd

^!d h ld

(tu;cft r,touk srlttrlE'rhliilertFd)

ri! sam. ,h!s.s, inpanicurrr, hrr no sisnificrm. tor rhrricirlil ftum Enddp.ini ol dc p:sionr, nor frcm rhl of FFhology sp6yc[odalysh. x do6 nd e.u b rh.f rhd ino :jsnifb@a of ssh ihag6 k plenlly r pcIic stni4cae, BurF.try i, rhd lidi iB oun'r.s su4i4 imzi... im*6tldsh phich rh. .rcdv. iinisidion corut d livr iu iE

rh. P@ti.toJW. rne

incnsirr $n ft no ronss m.d riv. d i's oitnrr s'c.Hahim.llha$id:'ParyondaDrttrulplgtudiliis,Td b..ru$ ir $fia bm deplr in .!$y s ir lmq ir

I rdran.ql h rim, tlc Dm rh. tlung. h shlk4 E.nov..lrcm'r4iddbubyo*'dj

rhs e .d ltfrJ.dJov. wdld

'3@ 6 o$idr dE ous dinh.d by p.y-

.hodily3ka tdlibubry. 'Bur in *n8ioDol t\.tmfon ol |[slrs. ' 6. Alychcn:ryn! ds & d .ltorusroF*licllhcpdicimg.iotBwms, Ir,?yft,1dEv.'y moll oppotutr id ltr lih.dim. ADd io rt. podic rg.in whi.h * livq ti k jr thir rhdper.y it $cific.llr 'kr-priri.C.i ra ih!*6 d. rhEf@ urFldicubla Md li6-rry crni6 e irurfici.trily Ne of lhn spcdicEbilit*hich is pdisly {i:r lps 6. plos oftE !$il pry.ncloEical.4lmari.nsB nE poct $&s ckalJ4 Pauy,.eFcially ji ia pcsmr.trd.rv6, (.b) ody.ms!.rd roa&nriv. lhousbt drr i! rnamcd ot sGnins ulmp(id c*dlirllt a*tjy. ra I'c.djng," L!a. d p|s. t70:''Co!.qn.rrlt, r n.* d.nniuoi of. pd i. in via. *blchis: h. *ho kdo{a rt4 i. ro st *ho Mdr, .nd rd6*hd hc knowi." Lalrlr. (t l0)r "nft ir io tct, *nhour

Such po.q i5 r@,ri Th. grcd m$ of p.dy b mor.rn.n liih pasioi. mm plychologi..n H.q hNv.(dnry ed .reprioi do mr cilrid 6. ruL, bur.uhdj.l ir

siodorilrolesb.r.d it dt b., ud

.(d $o!8h n tuy *.n !o li. b.)ond rhr Each otFydol-o3k6 o! psy.no&!l).B who. ifb all. brv. io

't&o b

Erlmim lur. F !-y-po.ry! arcr poki9 dd b.

w. my h*ibre in daminins ii. .rd kv.l of diedptd,Etuy s Endn fs r rons rim i' rh. dm'il oflnc conruliig p.$ims rhd p.drd p..ty. M('4d. rh.h.i€hr d whkh w .i.utr po6 sublidtjd ii ddb&$rct rhc sMc for.ll sk. Bui 4 lar d! ftesiry of $p.-nlirg i $blinnion .r.nin d tt ! psltbtlfrly{ fmD @erDined by r ph.iof.iorosin of F.fr ni !

'@siry oa

.hdkr. or p..b bur, a i ftsux or his ou pj@n in $.rcsron of lh. pasioN. h. n

'd prpftd b $udy peric iG

r8.s if, lh.n .rr[ng M]iry. c. c, ,uig liid rhi!. itr f*t

rdkr 6r h! diE" (r4z drd4 o LM t! k tu rJ.)

For. pb.im.nobg4 $. xtnF ro arribnc m@d.nts ro m ima8., wh.tr * ir. i' rh. v.ry .{!ki.c of rl€itur.. ls a rtn ot inv@rc tNy.hologi.n- Oi djc .Nhry,ld !i r.l. fia p..ric imr!. iD iB b.itrg, Fe .h. todic cotr.$'ousn.s is :o *holy rb6orh.d b, rha if,asc

'1u' appcu

on tr\c lssu84 abor. c$@uq 16$13.; rhc ldgulg ir.P..tr *irh rhc peri. ims. is 5 i.* rhi! mftirdo3 bt-lwcn p4' md pGnr.d m lonsd t usltrlly.sid.rud.

'DF.rihpl.r I rhdl siv. ol br.:k itr dgnin.arc., si-3rrjon md s. m.nr wirr obris. rh. rc'dd ro gd tu $d6c pcri. imrg. i! und.r rh. sisn ot a n.w bci|ar

-n k n.* b.ji8 i! n,ppy hai.Happy in sFdl! lh.fttoa uih:pp/ in caliry, will bc

rh. plychoo:lysl immdnc objedon. Snblinnion, ftrhin, n m$ii3 but : v.nl.!l conp.{srion, .iflishi u}sfdr, .xrcliy in $. sdE ely Itar.mp.nlarioi is I lar.ninb and 6ghr Nay,ln. psychoerry$ will abrndon oFrolosiol iny6dsrtion of ft. imsq b dis ido $d !N ofmn. H. :4s rnd poiits dt rh. po.fs s.ftr surf.dn8!. llcatbilsdrnowrbyrh.fdiriz. I

]n. pndmddo8in dB nor so lhn fa. rc him, drcinag. k rh.E $. *od sFrk!, $. wod dr m. pcr lpcatsro him. Ihc n no ,ed ro i,y. tiv.d drcugh lh. pd!lufidirsr i. o-dd to si4 th. fcliciry of $.ahiofi.rcd byrh. pd-. f.licity rhai domiDdis h8.dy tu lt su61i*tioi ii po.t, rN6 rtora th. p3ycholog)l ofrh. inuidel,mhrrDy $trL F6 n ii i ret $.r pett pos*ld r r.liciryof ia oM, hNvd scd fi. hlcdy n nq b. .dld upoo

PUE slblihnion, a I $c it por6 ! rdiN F.bhn ofnElllodror.i€dlcsben .ph.noftnolo8tntrrddi$rsrrdthc.L.pt6rcholqicdnhyot Epl1)6e.dt.utslimdim thd i.v. b€tr 50 l.nsthily smimd by pry.hcrdysis. Ui! cl ir dd ot pd..dirro inrg.r qhi.,, t:r. nd 6ctr .rp.dde6 nd Dftpr. bur rli.h rhc pcr crobq or rtvtru {h'rhd rd bcd live4 rnd b.iig re.prir. b d ov.iurc of lxn

h I cn!i! P{n5 byB.E-J.an Jouy.. i which .ip.n.i@e of $n liid m.y 6ctNid, IndcdI ktro!olno euft atiasb.!trnounrh.don p.y.h@inj..r ftdibrion mE.v.r, h.rc rnd rh.rc. hn lcq paiB Jniush aNtui ofsEh

roe ciebN BrcnE!^RD

iirEd h div.d.d ldn tn. w{ of {r 'd

loesi&lf ii d. io.rtridbl.ch.o. ofPrychohsnrl .n'

rcccd.ici 1l& per bccomd a tlitriolcaa, d.r;pla b {hich ii siv.n a dit iunb.r id rh.

. vdl! or d ruv6 rqy tmm iE obi-' d c'_ri6 lhe din$jon into r doman or36cd nnmuj.ErL *hi.i n nor in lhd l.rn p.culi! to $.tdn u4 pdidluln hs no impotuM. tor hn

Md.ly lirh ryn* b$mnri,in! dJtdilcusioD l

$dld likr ro m.l&,ool.mjcal nnuk alLloDgh ind0l8ln8ii pol.ftjcr ts trdr o'. or my habis

s*t@ti9l\: N. tutot !1ko &pida,L 'lEvsy dn. thr. ie r qu.nioo of pur. $bumdion

*id [r v..y b.iDs or po.uy mtr( b. dli.Phao@m|ogi5l9'6ih.I'rycho

VII

Itr obd words, s s! s :n d hls b.cnrl6rfGhrdhitd'docstu .oconrid!.&ndad$ r bn ofrt.mn.iotos:y. or PdncriquidrB $. Pd dd cofrcla whd i

nc pnndng. uhjd bd. *ihts ro t tlju. rb. imp.tul

dd.c or. pl&a nd.F.d.inv of tkll ltr. studv otth'

Fidrin! or O616 r:picquq by Jd r.sdE w fld:

AltlDWb hn eo* Sivd avidctrc. df vid. .uxurc

od Lno*l.dsa oI rll 6c drrmic dpdrio$ oI

rPu, Ey m d +Plj.d, rh.v e mt md. ib

sip.5. . . . (no*ins mln |].tErc b. t.onplfl.! b/ s .{!rl opr.'ry ro tolgd tno*i3No'Iiowiis k 4d r rof, oI i$rc b'r I dii

iicdt tuad.n@ or lnowLdsa lhk i $.

F6 rhd FUn b. glid atr b eurc ro b. n 3ll

rim6, . lod ot pn b.sii n& {hict' nard *.mrion m .rdi& in rdlod "

' 6 !* eer aI ^e\tu,tu.u

b P 4t\ | 1r

w*hi ,- L6G Le(* 'c'

D{. h-r. r r

mryb.tru5Fdioh.dilkly[blPhr,ic. h rky, ronlnowins k r p'inn coldidor it thd.rl.s

' lrnl in rh! Iririis or Pdrrr, ir

ol $ei.riig intrgd. But UE .nrin lif. ot L\c im|g. n ii

i! drzlios spl.ndoq iD da fd rhrl a idg. it r hisdd'

iis dl rll rte pEnis6 ofttuibihtlI b€omB ?vid.( d.n, $d I N r wt rbdr ot

md dpldn n, roLanE e)! of &. prinEr (k . .i( t lt): "tipj.{rc danDdr of rh. ft4iv. .d d.r ir lhould otla iin a rutuDis s I'l. islr._ A^ rltrD, it e i4r.4 ol lir.. I bn

of omEurcn oI $oliq &{ iimdn

l4icqu. hin&lf(giv.d by kcw, p. lll) * rdd:

lt, ts iRiht., I {u' b p:jd tolg qiins tb.

wB tftdlr ar IE AuEuil n.eotre,l dFr nvpain{ii8 ro siva nc 6 nu.h rhd ir !&rPdd.alddsb or rno$d kiid. r d. dual @ I *i!

audljoiolrpbduci'g.:rr{y:lll4ft|clhalnrlJedy in rhc orL 8ur t brE to

'.liv! it 4'jEIn

io r ;E did is,i!' {d drl rim.. too $r

sbdpoid of p'jdji!- Bt ddiis rhic I di. ao,

6yall6c Po$ibiliry ol r IGsh ifrPeL

a'd r.{u. orcrud*: "ar dkr dcs rcr crdc fi. *!v

h.ri$!,h.IiYc twxYl&dd.5'n u!, .onbnponrr Prirtu io lonsd consid.r rh!

$id alE dyof ssprid.dbvE!tuthn$.,*c "rn.{vaidy *iIn which rht Pri d,ljl.emdcLvdhodidhu'kLhdcdich.dr|lcmeLnIY D

vIII

kd.mi lsycbology bddly d..! dln dt .trti4t ol $c

rd( tmrsr, whi.h it oha miluld ro simple ndphtr'

C.mdllx 'n

ti.t, rh. *od iMsa ii rh! work or Psvchol_odiB- ii .Dtrsndcd *irh coofudod w rE itusE w Fprod@

'm:sd, w @i! iNgo ii du n.morr' Th. nlsa

is pard,Lns *epl r diEt p'!d6 or $. im:gidtim ln

Bsgson* Motnz 4 nltun lLld.r oi il.nort). i'

fi

:,

t

:

vhich rh. inrs? cDnepr ir v.rt wi'rclorc arftic.i0 r, 193) b rh.phrlc!produ.rion Enzinr. rh.rcam. rr d of lBs fEiom, 6rtha oo Ebrion ro 0. gEd ar e6 rrr'rn ht B(B5oni.iphilo$phy. ID $i. Aon taigc, ih. philo$plM nf.6 roihc "ph, of tucy $d ri. vrious inrsd rhar d.riv.nrm ir s "o ofty lib.nid rhd dtr niDd bls *iur n.-M. tslt rh* lib.ni4. io oE plunb.|q:'IEydoddd'odElzlgug!

d.o4 rh. imgirdoo h'lnlt |dd! inde!'.? ro or Ecol'lodon! b rhis dmrid ol peticiu.dwn 6k id. of E!E(TI| libdti$ 6d rh. niid ol.r wnn

I p,npGr, m rlE oDney. ro 6Eid* rh. ihrsidrioi$ | hajq pow oI lumu D|e, To b. $F. rhd! ir notn-i4 b b. snod by ayiry drn rh" io4imn6 n .h''&dryof Fodeiig imis6. Bur lni! uurologJ fi$ i lar th. vn;lE ot purdrl .n .nd to c@pdjens or imr36 wi.h

By rh? :vifru! of lb edo6, rhc imlsir.ion epr-nE us tor dE pai c wll a r,m Ediiyi ir rzc lEFr@. ro tlahadttu bt tutity vi* ib .rp.d.ft. or

'n.pst G i. L d.fin n b, hdidoi.l prycholqn rhel.l b.,ad.d.lldton ol0tuti4 *hjch k.qu:lly psidv., a Iui.d (o lhow ii @jo of ny dli.r wo*' Ant *.rt*$

ii:}'clM.|ionofmrcililywi|lhanp.

8trr ro ro.i dor 3i'ir,y updn $. nftSl. olth.p$

.llr of p.dry uilc$ rh.e.vo atrtrrion! of$.I'urD prychFrh. tuidion of thc rll ud tu tuktioi of rtu udol-3rc md. ro cmp.nr!. w. f. off.i.d r v.dobh cur of

'hyrhncln.lFii $nuBi rh. pa , {

udDi@I,udsiyddnmilrtoluADrBabynoNot Edul diviry ot ii8iiliotion Dd psLy. ]{nd ii rEry, rlrcommnn. ol $? iroslDing bciot i. N.n u{ ir k mlon8d nary !! $bjc' orc. v,h r, dtatt rk,U

^4!ncddirioN e no ldf.r dd.didld Wi6 pcrry, d. 1ru3-itrdim bra i6 phc. dtr !n m|Jgia .rior ot u@dn, cdf6 ro clm or b

'iiioir-:lwryr ro

lwalcn*rh. rl.cpinS b.itrg lsl in i$ rdonrljtmi Th.

!s3., ee: to lundior *rEn w .ord inrd d. dodtir ofa rublindioi. S..D lsd $L h.ighr of FE 3uh|turion.

rp'odudiv. inlsinriid c.as Io h. of nu.h inpond..wjvc jhrgiorid h

rn plw of prcdudiv.imrsin(ion.-n

{ IB-E|d) l4hdk!!( | 'd{k4

84o HdlcE"rc CrDrM.R ftu tl l \ J t l

,^G:drm.r! b@l! r,n,hr.d into EAdBh n rturhandMdhodttg6o,i.^s.

1e-7.1)i :htlotophiul

H.haett.s Its67-fz, n.a.,,e,b), d(o c. onof hi5

*: li : i::i:t lx:ail"ii :Y,nitj;:3:::j' ;t :ti ;: {;,ipr.,ta'ntp t tej7, n,il. .t es r). S"cJ,ns S. Ham. "Hans{tu,cC,1".*.;andnmcux( phmomoorosy.,, rh,ldoptry rodar tsatin|,ris), aod DIidr tt$!.Hoyt Th. oitttut Cr.t,, tui^,",,

",'a ii,o,y io co,t,.po_,1

TRUTHANDMETHODITHE ELIVATION Of THE HISTORICAIITYOF UNDERSTANDING TO THE STAT1J9 OF

HERMENEL,TICAL PRINCITLE

(A) TfiE HERMENETITC CTRCLE ANDTrlE PRoDEM oF pnxJuDrcEs

li) tt i.k\set s rlB.losut. ol th. Iot.,h,aut. ol

H.id.B$r *.nt inro rh. prcbt.nr oI historici tr.Fmo<uh6,rnd cini<;m onty in dd?i b d.rtoDroh r, ror rh. Durpo!.e of onbtoB, l|). ,oc.3rtucturc or und.srnding. Conr:rjw,&, our qu*-non B how hqnmoDc, oe rkd f."-,h;."..o'o3r(, obntud'onr ot d. krorilic on..D, 01oDrdrry. en do ilsic ro !h? hnbdqh; drundrBEndh& Th. e:f in w[r.[ h.,.m.,r;hIF:drron:Iy und.i*ood nntli! bJkd on,B ch:.-r.d a.n or (chniqu.,'Tfiir tr rd.d.noID,t-b.yr, di.mion ot hom.n.uri6 b b.mm :norg.aon ol in. hoban ki.nc.!_ lt nzy b.

"jl.dThB rlrtliln lbnnm hD I EHoq n.D[y Drb.$n d

" whth.it

'a.1 M4to,t nc.m;iti. ,;L *

ftpnntd nd. no rrytt .''1 N.tlo.r, Nd yni, rAc

rDomisaD{u.4 p!bkh.4 oon!ll, ,,r.Li $*mrh.i! raad,{ (.d. H. ftD;i. _

^d6dtrnt4 'ta Hdtth4s.t A^addi., bE.znd,e,d&"r, srnh n

-p,icn! trn,Ed ro ih. di

,ord rdniqr.tp_ ' !7, ide .t. . . irkr ?hd r rheor dc nor ro b.yoDd Drd! :nJ ,h. br6 o, rn

.u;- L jl ;l"ti.i r:.LJ#,is, i."*-"'.;qDdn urdq { ,8JJ_,e,rr , C!

whdh.r tll( n &.h: rhine, n.n or kch-nqkd undknrndine_m3tElt mn. h:ct,o !h.porhi 6ui .r .ny r:rc w! r.y dquiE inb rl,. on-kqknftr lhn H.id.$(! tundrftnr.t d.nqdonor h. drcuhr {dcturc oI un&8,:ndi,,c llon rh.i.hponriry oI Thacb.ins hs for rh. i.imcn?cncd rh. hud,n rnn@. Th.k conkamnG donor nr.d bhr such rh,, $oryjr,ppt,.d,o D6(_ne ?nd d. trncr nN h. p.rtorRd d,F.r.nru FIn: qry rh.r is (.nni.. y (oftcr, Thry tuutd:tso@ns!

'r . cotrdion (nd pu.jnatjon of j,ad._

q!rk n,nkat aa 'hc

qry in qhi(h con!untry d6.cr*d ,nd.Rknding und.Rrrndt iE.tt_a Dba-dur h.r wutd b.n.6t ,h. .tr o{ und*h.ii.r {mor only indn<tn

. H6.. q.3fidt.rah,nc one ho( H.id.a.r!

ddcnph.n or 'h.

h.mcn.u.iot.nc,. in od; rouiq ror om o*n purrcq ,h. no tuid.n.nut si..n'i(rer rqun.d h.( b, dr d*t,,

"..ru,i.hod.g€.r wrr6: .lr is ior ,o b. Edu..d ro d,cr.vcrd: I'ciou!.idq or d.n otr d6t. whi.h nm.r.ry,bt..ftd, tn !h. cird. it hdd.n . pc,riEpo$rb rr d

'h? ho* prihodEt t iftt oI lnqinc

ro ksur, E g.nujncty h!?hotdoI i, M,bn;onty eh.n, in or m(rpcu.ion,

". h;. u.d...

*ed.h4 od f iBi hnrndmirb oik i rn.v.rro drow ok rok-hrqng. Ior..iishr, and for+conepron .o b. pa*nrd b !! by Ln.js andpoprhr onaprior!, hr bl|.'s lo n.t .h.,.i.drnc ib.m. $ar. b/ erldns dr t.* toretnuciuE3

'n {.rm oIth. {ds rll.hrlvA,!

vh{ H.id.s8.i wo*! ou [q. R not Drin*,lv. o...na on O. p-oi.. A una.,onain" U* tit d6crjpdon oI th. w:, in whr.t inrry;hdor

'hbxBh hd.Bhndins n ,.hr4d. nE Doinr ol

H.rd.$.rr h.rm.n.u'iot rhinlins i! nor $ muchto prov. d.t rh.r. is i cnd.., b.id rh,t dn| 3.r*d' fik. ,rs J. M{qurrHid Edud Robir.Etr lunod. !{i !L*w , r9dr. p, rrJ.lFdll

(n.L posds6 .n onrolq'oll/ porn'v. jen,6,on.!. Thc denption re iu<h sitt bc obviouj h,.y.ry

'nkiprc(rwho lrows whar n. n dou..A1l

or.d in'.rlrbrion nun b. an BuId rsrn, nbnnry hnad:nd

'h. I'mnnion! ;mpo$d b,,d-

p..c.!'ibl.h$its ot dotrdr rddn.cr ns Fzc ont[. thin$ JEnslEa {wlich. in rh. crsc oath. tii,.r{r dirici r. h.anirstul Htl' whi.L tn.Fetr.s,rc 13:in .o.en d witn obiftr), t. n dcrrtrhar bI( th. objd t.t. ov.r in $n my is noi a mlildIor ih. int rpcr.r oi I sjn l. &ckioD. buris.rh.6nt, lsr:ft| oB'ant hs!,. For n is r(d;r, bkRp o..! Bra 6xcd on rh. rhhs thrdslour .ft. dntrrcionr rhr rh.

'nr.Fr.rs qi o$rrnrly

dpcri.,e ir rhc r6c$ .hd vnich oriaih,.. innim$ll A p.6on who t b-i.s ro und.;lund rklt ir.lwryl p.rlormins,n r.rofrrojKnns. Hcp'ol.cs b?Iorc hih*lfr m.inm* for i[. k{ $ a*noh.s so! as $mc i.itial m..nins.m.rr6 in

'hc rnr. Agrin. th. l:h.r .mdgca only b.cruse h.

n r.ldin8 ih. kq e'th p'dcular .xpcfl,tron! ,nr+rrd to 1 enair d.aning Thc workinS olr oIrbk a.rcpoj.d, wnich n con*r.dy avn.d int.im or *.h.t .6.rsd dr h. !.r..iG inro d.mc.rar& n udcsunding whd G rl.r..

Thh d6ciption ii ol ou&, a rotrgn rbb€vj?-tion o{ th. {hol.. Tl.prc($ lh,r Hodcssd d.scribs is rhn ?rry retrion of rh. ror. rror..r is.ip2bl. of proi?ciiDs 6ctor iti.ll l ftw pr;rd o{n.anins,

'h.t riy, poies an .m.rs. si&.by sid.

util n b.com6 cl..d wnd {r. uniry oI aenjnsk, ihlt intrpr.Eli@ b.sins rnh IoGcon;ptiorsih.t .r r.pl...d by ho.. ruir.blc on.s. T[n con-$nt proc$ or nN prcjcction n lh. 6ov.,.nr oIund.cundirs iril inErpcEtion. A p.rs..who nt/j4 to undd6.$d n dpo*d b da&.ctid tromloFm.rninF

'hr!:r. no' bom.ou' by A.,h,nqi

th.mclv6, Tll. worlin&our ol rpprop,r,E pbr.c.s, aniiciPxory in n.Nrc, to bc .o,6m.d .by rh.$ins!' d&1v6, ir ln. od.ni bsl of :un&-dlrdirs. Tl'. onlr 'objdiviv' h.G is rn.,@fi.fiarior o{. loc-od.ir8 in iB b.in8 workid oui

.cr. L nrisd i d.*npr'on, qh,.t k,n rod $irh rInaI H.id.rg.i in Di. rq4t d.t htorbnoa, e |

' tt. I

do'o!hd*r,.F 'hr.h.wo'l

01: I 'kr4 citr 'cbqi!. otrt *hd !. 1G in d.:idrtion oI r @Drmichry dd., , ftn k $ndfiins ]r nda *, .na rd v.rc sp.5r. of ud(*nrdin& ,aoush w. qn ntKrzciid. r d.6Dir,{ei.t or rDpoct ido.i.y !nh.

Ttuth ond M.thod B4r

Th. onlr .hins rhr da..cEris ir. {biftriEroi in.pprojJri*. tor. 6.ming. is lhr th.y .on. ronorhi'rg in rfi. mrling-oui aur m&BondinSachkvca n! Iull poEnthliir onty wlEn tn 1o!.n.anine! d1t it ur.r:r. not.6ia.ry- atu! it i!quit. right lor $. int rpr.rcr nor o .ppM.h rn.Gxt dn..dt .cl/ad3 FLl/ o. dE loFnanirg rron.. avail.hl. b him, h( ..tkr ro qiaie.xptic-itly rhc lc8itih..y, i. fic oriBin xd v.lidjiy, o{ $.lor.-honir83 pr6.nt vnhin hio.

Thir tu.d'D.oal r.qui'.n nt mln h. cn slh. edi.ii...ior o{. pr.adur. tnri in t d s d-.fti* rh.ncv.r E ud.s..nd dy||lin& Ev..y rdrpr6cnB th. bst of nd tinply .hplotins utu,-. min.d ou oqn I'nSUnnc u98r{r in !h( as. o{1 loEsn hrSurs. rh. ur.B. dr K rk Lm inwnh fom wrircd or tem d.ily i'Erou6.. V. k.s.rd our bst a ritlr.r rh4 of d.riviE our !nd..*andins of t[. tdi frod rh. lin$!rj;s.g. o{ rh.tim. oi th. luilDi Th. qo.$ion is, or euc, bwhat rx&nt rhn s.n?nl EquiEhmt @ b. Irl-6llcd, ln rh. fcld of icmlndcs, in panidl,r, w. .rc.oncon'cd wirl tn. p6bl.n o( rh. u.oEciourn&re ot olr own u,c of l.ng!.B.. How do e di,covci rh2t rh.r. n I di6crc.c? ba$omary !eB. r.d rh.t ol rh. dta

I thh[ rc mDi !,, .]r i. is g€...rlty $. .Ip..j..nc. or bcingpull.d up lhod by th.6iri.hsirdo.s nor rnld dy hc..ing or iB tudnins i. rct.omp:tibl. wirh *h* wc h.<l dp<cd. h L .hnd'armak.s $ kk rcmnt ol porsibl. difm.. inu!a9., h ; , gocrd pr6upposition 6n dn b.qtr.rtioned onlr in prnidl* es6 dla FhM.who sp.aG th. sid. I2nslas. as I do us6 dchidi in rh. s.nF l3miliar b m.. Th. so. rhirs istru. in rh. o3r of l tor.iEn l.n8urS., ir rhn s.,tlrhint I. hrv.. noturl !no* t.dn. ot ir rnd ssum.rhi .o.hal a.s. Nhd s. .E rc.diq . i.xr

^/ Vha C ku. oI il'. Iorc-manins ol u64., hN-

/ dd, is .qu:lly to. ol in lorenainsr *i.t FI 8.rd io @nE.i wiit wlid {. ra.l dr" .ndI which n.lc up orr for.nnddordins- H@ on.I mt$ likwn. .sk id on. 6 po$ibly 6op.I froE $. cnoLriv oI on* foE.und.6tudins;I G{rinl/ n ir nor : scftr.l p'6umpdon d:r *hII il i:id ro I in : Ex' :d,pb 0:wlc$ly s on.! dnI id.as and .rp6ations. on llt. cond.rr, vlEr .!,I o$s pcso. r.ll. m., wh.rftr id @rEFrion,I Cts, bool q shrcEr, ir scr.r2lly rhosllt.r@I naiiauy b b. hn own and iot hy opini@; . tn

8{t ll^M CEoRc CiD^M!R

I [.his $,r I am to takc ndt.f(i!hout '.ce$,ily

I nrvins D drlre n. But rhis pi.supposition n nor

I Dndhins th{ n:kca lndsmndins .trsier, but rI lrrds, in tlt* iie loi.-nanin8s

'hn dd6ri.! hy J

I Nn un&AE.Jms o' Bo atrrciy unnonrtd. ll I

I I ry siv..i,. m mi!und.r5'rnd'nF, how (Jn rtrir I

l\ undd*,ndi;ss or. GR b.ecosnii.drt dl ii th.'.' \! noftins.l$ 6 sntr di.i? Hov en 2 t.xt b.|nrot ct d G6d mnu.d!6bndins non Ae *rtr I

ll ft .xanin. rh. siru.tjon nort closly, how-.v.r, * 6nd $.t msningr olror b. mde':bod i.m lrbitn.yw,y.h*as.ennoroniilMlly Dis-!od.6k.d ih. us ol ! vord wirhour ns a(cd-h,3 rtc nc.ning oi lhc Rhol., so w onnoi hold

indly to our oM for.'m.aning oa the .hi$ il*c would und.isbf,d th. m.aninB ol.noth(. Otcou.s fii! d6 .or ncan 6:r *h.' w. liii.n totom.onc or ilad . bool v. Bu* ,o4.t

'11 our lor.-

m..ninsr @ncdni6s th, ont '!,

rnd all our ownid.d. All l!.r ji ark.d h rht *. rm.ir op.n to thcm.rnins oI t6. oilcr p6on or ol tfi. di But lhnop..r.$ 3lwals incltrdd ou. pldns ih. othchcrins in . rclation with dE $hdl. or our o*ntu.nin8i ot or*lwr in. el.tion to it. Now it irrtu a.. tha m.rhinse rprc*nt 1 fluid va.idt oipo$ibilirid (whm conprr.d wnh dE asrcem.nrpchid by 3 l.nsulg! andryoobul2ry), bDrn it*ill

'or ill. ss rhar wi6in ihis v .q, oI whar 6n

6. rhouslt, i. or wn"r a rcad.r crn nnd s.:.insnrlrnd h.na.xp.d io 6.d, d.rytbins i5po$ibl.,:ndif

' pson Gils io h€r wha! th. oth.r pcdon i!

rcrlly sryins, h. Nill noi b. rbl. !o pl&< cor.dl/qh.r lE h4 sistrnd.Ftood within rhc nngd oi hkdn v*ious dp.drtio.s of

'n.rtrin& Thus rh.c is

r didio' h{. .lso. Thc h.mctr.lic,l .4k Lromd.uromd.:lly 1qudlioning of lhi.Ct and i5,l*.y. in pandckroined by di! Tfii. pl2c.s h.Fm..oddl *ork on a 6m b:sis. If r p.en ir try'

.- in8 'o

lnddond bmdhins. h.trillnorh.rbk rotB-t r-T

'l '. 'cft 9' h'" osn ch.i.r pdrsjPrd.:li mBnng 4 rog'otry rnd stobbrnr/.r pot

gt3 trhl. th. rtuzl mon,ns or th. trt un,il rh.l*-I r.l d 6.mms s p.nkkdt rud,bl. th.t n brextsL/ | ,hlouch rhc inDineA und{{rfdrs.fr. Rilh.i r- I *-" i*-"- i , .a-"-a... i ;-*;; ; ;

th. obj.d nor .lE cxrincrion oi oncr $ll, bul thc

.oo*iour .*idlaion oi onet own focmc.ningsand pi.judic.s. Th. imponrN thi!8 i! bb. r*38oion.s.'n bire,iorh' dr t xr maypr6.nrnklrin ill ib n.wn.* rnd $ur bc,hk to !s.d ns owntdtlt rgains on.! ow. forc.ncani4t

y!.n H. .gsd showcd thtrt shat w. call th.t.idins of *hrt is iha. is thc (or.ituc.ut. oItrnd.dbndins, rhn *s, thcooo.nologiclly, com-pldely mrc.L Hc rlio $owed by an.r,mple tL.hsk rh* rn.s ftod is, In d,s c'l Tt , h.

Ervi!cdsdeextrnple,i.lh.quAtionolb.ing,otth. scnsal $areo.nt drt wrs, for hin, , he.n.n.uticl pobl.m.r ln order ra .xplain th. heFnen.uiicrl s ib rtion ofrh.qu.*ion ol beirg in rc-

snd 6 tor. hrvirs, Io.eiidt a.d toft'coneprion,i. crirically atpliddhis qtrstion,direct d. het.'

$I'ia, io imponant hming-loilB in th. historyof m*lphysic, Hd.i. war lctuily doing tinply{hat tn. nisio.ical, h.rn.n!u!ic.l onrciousnc$r.quir.s in.v.ry c!s., M.thodolosielly consciou,unddshnding eill bc onened nor m?ftly toforE ,nticiprtory id.$, bur ro n!!c li.m 6n-$ios, so .s .o chd< itum and thur,.4nir. righttndc6.'nding froo tllc thins5 lh.miclv6. Ttis i:{fi.r I l.idcsg{ mcrr vhm [.$lkt tbour ldFina: our *i.nri6c thcnc by d{iving our to'..fiavin& foc{igni rnd ,orc{onc.ptions I6h the

1r is noi, drm, :r :ll . 6. of rlt gurrdinsouFaher 2sri.i the tedition !h2r lperks our of rh.rcxr bu! on ri. onr6ry, ro k .p w.rlthing awtytn.i could hinda", in didstxndins ii in tms oltfir tnins- lr is rh. rrranny oI hidden pr.iudicd th4m*cs !s d.rl tb th.lansltse lh:t sp.rks to os inr.dition, H.id.sser! d.Domt.tion that dE con_c.pr of coosdolsn.$ in D6c1'B rbd o{ lPnkin H.g.l' is *ill indu.ned b/ Or..! sub*na-ontolosr, vhich 5..5 [.i4 in t rms of wh.r it

t!66i ,nd rul, u.donbr.dly g06 bcyond rh.nlllndc6lodi's of mod.m mcrarhysid, y.r notin d.rbnBrr, willul u,, 6ft on rnl balt of. loE_hivins$:tin hct m.k6 thi, r,didon int Uisibl.bt rvcaling rt'. onblosial pr.dir6 oI thc conc.pior $bjcciniry on rh. oth( n d, Heid.$.r dis'.orG io Kmk ciiriqu. oi dogml.iC r.t1p[ysiarhc iJ., of, m.bphysic. ot th. 6nit which k 1

'n;,t ^t n-", pp. rlsf. tt,.l(Rma D€(a {!re6-r6Jdl Fftn.h ph dsph<

c.v,F. Hqd C77o-t3Jt, Gdmrn PnilosoPh.i Ge

.iru.ns. .o nG own ontolosi.al sch.h.. Thur h.taur.s rh. rci.nafic .h.me by Innins k *nhinrh.lndedrendinsolrrdiion rnd $ p!fti.8 n, in 1s?ns, zi tsk. llis is ln. onfietc lo.m oI th. histori.al coNciousncs tht i. iovolv.d in und.Ktindins

Tli! r.osniiion $'i 3ll !nd4* dins h.vn*bly involvd 6on. pGjl'dic.siv.rrh. h.d.o.uticrlp.obkm n, r.alrhiusi Btrh.lisht of lhn insis!!napp.rs rhri hkiorjcGr, dcspii. iB ailiqu. ol 6'do.alism aod oI naNBl l.w pnibsophn k ba$d on

thc rod.r. ..lighten m.ni 3 nd uolnNingly shlnsns piejldias. And th.rc is o.. pr?iudicc oI ihe.n-Iighreom.nt rh { i5 .slntid io ir; .h. turd,s.otrlprcjndic oI th. enlisht€nmsnt n th. pr.i dic.lg.in$ prjudic iccll, sbich d.p'ie6 tndition ol

"'{i["i;' .,",r,0 "n.*.,n.,,r is 'o, untir rr*

.nlishtcno.ni rh{ lhc onc.pt ol plejudi.. rc_qun?s ri. n.grtiv..sp.ct *. !r. {rnilnr wid Ac'

tu.lly p.cjudic'n.an! iiudsF.nithetnsiv.n bclor..ll rh..l.n.r$rh{der.rnin.r rituition hav.ben 6nrlly dbincd. In G.mar l.g3l trntnoldgya'pEjtrdic n1tiovnionall.S verdicr blfore the6n,l vddid ir ra.h.d. lnr bmsntinvolv?d it al€rl dDpur., rhir I'nd oI ixdgn.nr rsah!, him ;f'tmhnch,nc6 "cr*ly

A(ord'nsl,/.'h.Fr.nchpnjudie, a! w.ll rs th. Lrin p6.iudici,n, 6.anssirply ldv.r& .dd" dGdv!nr,g., h.m.Burlhis.a.dv. sd$ h only a co.re.Diiv. o.e. Th..es.iiv..onr.qlene a.p.nds prds.ll on th. posinv. eli,lity, th.

'du. of the provisionrl d.cision 3s 1

prcjrdsrsr, *hich is thlr of i.y Fre.d:nlTi$ pr.iudic.' ed,inly do6 nor men a fxlse

iudsD..r, brr n n p.( ol !ft ide rhd I cd h3ve .positiv. and i n?sdv. etln.- i,is b dlc cl.2rlt 6tfi. infldrnft;I rn. Lnin pr:.iudiciud. ]}.rc.teuch thin83 ts p!;jtrg,s lasirime. Thts $.ms i lonaE t lrom our cur.n. d* of th. word, Th. C.meoVoro.bi!, lik. ane]nh 'pr?iudic' ind d.n mor.rh.n rl. FEnch prajlsi, sdmr to hive becom. rin'ncd in i$ m.anin8, $roush ihc.nlighitnmdr rndii! c.itiqu. of religio.' ,nd hrvc ti. $tu. tin{lv of

an 'nnlolndd i!dsD.nr.' h i, .nly iB havin& a

b.sis, . m.thodolosicrl junific.tion (md not th.

'Cl r{ Skuia Dp rd'siddt,til Spircda t '<''Th<mil"ok'udrcc tr,h.nsr rr:bkoPEiionlor

'h! srn ni, ol

'h! dl'stu$Ent,

'l '.n.,nr lor,'(

unErm"l.d tri6ois, $.b'po$ pohmsl @rnft ol $. 4rv :hbiBuo6

-od

Tn hrnd M.thod e4t

tc! rhlt it ',,,,

b. adudly or!d) rhd siv6 .judsm.nt n. disnnt, Tn. L.t ol such a b.,it dGno. B.rn, for ri..nlishtnm.nn rh.t rh.r. highrh. o!hc. tinds ol ..dzi,t/. b . h.r .r .h. jrds'

n.nt do6 not have 3ny foundrtion in th. t.cc

th.m*lv.t ic thd n n unfoutrdld. Thi, i! r 6n'

clusio.only in $. sptn ol nionrlnD- lrGth.r.!'son lor $e dncr.diing oi pdndicd tdd th..limbyscimtificlnowhdg.6mpl.r.lr.od.lud.theo

Mdn'n $i.n.., in adopii.s $k principl., is lol'lowingthe nlc olcad6ian doubi ota.c.riing noti'

ing:s.?nainwiich crnin rnywatb?doub!..l,rdrh. id.roi6.ncthodr l i t 'd i . ' . : .o lh isElun'm.ni. In our intoductory ob$F iion! w. kv. +re y poinkd olr hos diifcllt ir n ro h.tDonis.thr hi oricrl knovt.ds. thr fi.lps to shaF olr

histori.al @'sciousnc$ wiil ' riis idcil ind ho*di6eh n n, for rhd reason, ,o. th. nod.n .on-c.pr oi ndnod b sr.sp ni .o. n.tu.c. Thi: i. th.p!tr.. 16 tuh ths. n+zrivc $.rem.n$ idto P.titiv.on$.Trrconc.Diof

'h.'pi.judnc i,sh.E*..an

lii) Ih. dnd..lti'e of Ptziudr.

It w. punu..h. vi.w $ri in. dlighr.r'.nr dcv.l'op.d

'n r.srrd ro prciudias w. 6nd n nak6 rhc

iollowing fur,lam.nhl divnion: I dni.cion munb. rt.l. bflc.n !h. pr.judic. dur o htrnr. .u-thonry and rhrt du. to ovd_hrstinds 'Ti. b:ri5 otlhn disrinction ir thc arisin 6l Fdiudi..r in r.e&l16 rll. p.Bons who h,v€ rh.n. Ir ii .nk' th...'sp.ct in whi.h w. hold orh.6.nd ft.ihrthd'itv,lhdl..dr!! in.o rror, ot.lsc i. nin ouBdv.s.Tfi r!,!d,o:ity i5. etr.c.6ter.jdias.ccords enh ri. w.ll.knaM ptin.ipl. ot 6. .n-lisht ohcnt th Kdr iorntrhi.d: H.v. rh. colr

;. - -.r. "F

oi y"*.M rrd.nsndi4.'Arthousn rhir dtrindion il aeinly not limird bl!. .ol. th.t p4i ies pl.y in ih. !nd.ss.di.8 otr.xB, its chicl4plicaiion is *ill in th..ph.f oI

hem.n.uri6. For rh. c.itiqu? of t h. .nligh con..rL dir.ct.d primzrilt 131i'* tlt rdigiod raditio.

I ''ci/did\n 'udotnd&

4 rtdpiud ! y r ckni.n $omrfurt ,/.rb,.r /. tr&,tds' lt rseteo) n'J ts Lnt.it"stt r v@,rht'ht ch

'r,ll rr1o. cI rr. rf,rhr 'rrl.[r

P^'1orcp,tu.i6lzr*ur ('7:!), p. a7e{d.lAu I

'^' . b.&rninB orhn drt &rnNdfrr8ddt'sew{ in

^u&firuns? (rlr).IAu.l

E44 H^Nrcroic c^D^uE{

ol.hrnti.nitr, i. d. biu.. 3y k dins th.lakr.r.n hinoridl docuo.o., bibli€l cati.Gn .nd Sc6ia own doBb{i. daim.,Tl* t rh. r.:l rdic.lityoI thc modcd .ilidrnn.nr .s .s.in$ oin.rnd.n.ns ol .nlighr.nm.nrr it nu$ a$cd irscltrgd,n rh. bibl..ni ir doAm:ric in..rrr.ration.!"It i\ rn.r.lo.., plriolffly .on.an.d *nb lhc h.rm.n utiul prcb,.6, lr dan.s b !nd.6t d rr.li,rion corrtcdf, i. r.6on.bl,,dd wn$our pr.juJic.,But !n.c ir. rp.ci.l <li6culq rbou. lhir in rh.rth. shdr f1c. oI sonnhin8 b?in8 wrni.n do*'.onl6 on n rn.urhoi9 oIpdiol.. w.ishi h isnor rlbsdh.r.rsy to i.ali5. tnar wlEt i! rrnt ndown .an b? uio.. Thc w rcn soid h.s thc irn-sibl. qurliry o( iom.$ins rh4 an b. d.Donnrar.dlnd is hlc.ptua k .ed! : sF.irl.rnic.l.6odB Ge on*dl {ron th. pEjudi<. in tlvour of wh.in-rntcrd@nandrodhtinsuirh h.rcalso, rssi$all orrl ascdon! bs..n opinion rnd torh.rt

L ie $c g.n.al r.rd.nc/ ol tl. .nlighEnn.ainot to ae.F r.y ,urhoriiy and ro d-idc ry.ry-rhiry b.roc $. ju4m.dr ..r ot r.isn, Thus rh.erift.n kdnion atscripturc,lil. rny.ih..hnrri.6l doom.nr. c.rnor clrim any ibs,!r. vilidiry,bu(n. posibl. ruth oI thr sldition d.p.nds ond'. ccdibility rh{ ir.$jsn.d biibyr.son. k isnot t,ditioo, blr ra.6n lhli con$iru6 rh. u[i-n{. burc ol.ll .lthoriry. \vfi.ris wiftn downis @i n.e$.rily he W. m.t hrv. rlFrior kno\vfcd8.: thir is rlrc n.xin snn whicl rnc Fod.m.n-liglt nnmr .ppro.d.! Ednior nd wni.n uld-m.tly l.r& n ro und.trit. hi,rori..l c*arch.'r lth:k6 $. k2ditio. a! much obi6r ol criticism

llrr.nlisl dh. ol.n..h$iczl rorld, ft. lrun olwhi.h xr: cct ptulcophr fd ir otninnion in 3phi.h, *r quir. did.6t jn ntun :nd h.!a E nihrdI .l

'k(,iL rllb b u* phiroiophic.t mJ,& ro onyq

rh. rlisi@ Erdirion :rd E di:lciolhilloJ ofr[i-b.oDhiin& Ct eri.h Fr.nL rrrldidDrn4. E ta,riltal thstd! achth!|, o )

'8, 'nd ry Ria ot R h tn.

fhobsn h Ru4d'1.4y 'eto

tpp, ,6. ,66). Cr at oC.ttad x cd. En,iA. ,nd kid*hclt, 2nA .d

'A sood d:npl. of tlk ii t. ldslh ol dD! n hs rr.nfor $.,rrhmq ot,h! [tr,onqtw'nnsotrnhquir, bb. ddrord in niron.:l tru,lB,trJ hw 5lo$l|i.ndr or dris .nd rh. lg4.h inrc b'rs n:a. B-lb|nh.d .hdK {.t n. G. Collin3ved, ,{rorio!.,crra oxfod, ,rre. ch r" $h.rc t. ho4 o,lsrdr*r I pn:lhl b.ven lh. odiis 6 th? $dr .ridr6:id,h! Broii rdotuiion ii $.ndyoarltuE). tAu.li:cf rl{ w. eid ibotr sdnozl rlbl%iqt.pohjdlf6rnc IAu.l s.. rfrr, ,'/

^r./rol, p. i J'fi. trdil

:r do lh. r:ru.rl si.rcs in. didoe oI ih. ,.Ncs,This do6 nd nrcs:dly D.,n tltlr th. .paj!<tia

4:inn rr.judiar wrs ft.ywlFr. .r!.n ro rh. *-tcm..ons.qu.nEd ol lc tlidins.nd nncih, sin Enslad Md F .nca Or $. ont.ry! ihc c.rmrtr.oridEnm.nt a@Bris.d d.lru. priudi.d ol$!chri5ri.n r.lisioD. Sinc. !h. hun.n indl.c. i3 ttuw.i. to 6,n:B. *nhout prciudic n n r hatrtonunin b hrv.6ar.dm,rd qi.h h. pr.judicc!.

li mlld b. ol vrlu. .o inBds2e b rt.r .rt.rlhn kind of hodifq.ion and nod.ra o ot thr .'-lishr.nd.ni" p(r...d !h. My to.|h. ri* o{ rh.roolrtic nov.ncnr ir C.rn.ry! 1r indoubdlydid ih. d!iq!. oI th. .nlisnr.nm.rr .nd rh. !Fludon by Edhlnd Burl..'t Bli non oI$n.leEd. tund,m.nlal facc. Ttu. F.judic.. mud ditt 6-nally b. junif.d 6y r:ton.l knowt.ds., a.n thoudtlE u* m1y n.v.r b..bl. ro b. fully co6Dl.d,

Tfiur rh. crir.rir ol th. noJ.rn .ntisit nn."i{ill dd..nirc ih. *ll,nd.rsirndins ol hnbicaso,-ltk dcs not h1'Fn dn dy, but ir . (rious rc-hrdi.a crund by rom3rricisn'. T1 ! en t snwjrl prtidLr clritr in th? turd:m.nlrl ,ch.nlof.h. rhiloopty ofnisbry tnn ron,ndcnd sh...swkh lhc .rlighrmdi and rl.t pr6i$lt rh. 16m ric r.,ction to i[. .nligfi.cdr.nt mad. inro anunilDk..bl. premis.: rA. 5.[.8. of ih. onquc{ol6y$6 by logor Ir n rnc pr.suppo,ition ol thcrbs'65iv. ..rdr ol nrgic in r Nrld tllrr g'v.iihn Eh.m1r! qlidiry, t u suppo$d b r.rc*nrlhc proBr6liv. 1., oI tn. hidory of rh. hiDd, .odptcisly be!! rcnroricGm h.s . rcgdb. ari-tud. b \hn dd.lophdt, n rr!6 ov6 th. jclrn'itkll $ an obviour dr|l' lr 6had dE p!6uppo-lnior .f In. .nli3hkinii. rnd oily dd&r th..vrlu.tion o{ it, $.kins ro 6bblirh rh. validir/ oIwfi4 ir old, iimpl/ bes. n n old: i:c .sorhicmiddlc,s.,, rh..hrifli,n EuoF.r omhrrity of*.'.! th. nu{Ll 3r!clur. oi rci.iy, bur.ls in.simpli.iiyof pc*.nr lifc :nd.l6.n.s 6ndE.

I. confr.$ r. rh. cnlid t nn?.tl t.li.l in p.J.c-don, which rlinks in ..ms oI tll. tc.don tem tu-p.6tition' nd r$. paiudi.6 ol thc psr, v. now6nd th oldd tim.i, fi. mdd d{ nrth, u.r.n c-tiv. ljL, nor yd .n.ly&d .wry by ondolsn$, in. lci?ir do* @ n.tur.', il'. sdd ol.hrnrian

nAr *. 6nd, rn (umpt., itr c.r M.i(i ,.r,te &da I2h4 nr t.r votuaat4 t6 nd,.Lt.t,; c-

!EdnuDd Bu i.(r2:r-e7),B;drh$,jdman&noG* CrP, pp. Jo1- r r. lEdal

(hntry,:11lh.*:catrn./ bm:noc hasic, .v.n ipnorir] of uu ., Drc r?\*st ot tn. crhBfr(n,n.ot1 pr.ilpposiior r6uti in rh. p:ra.t.;tic.ttnd.ncy b r.rbrarid., j. rh. Gnd.ncy to r.co.-stuct rhcold bcerF nnold. th. cdrscious r.ru,nB rh. un.oMioG, alnr{rs in rh. cogn,hond rhc supdor wndon of rfr. nihr.\Jt ad. otnys. bur d. rom ric r.yurJ ot thu chrc,ion olrh. .'liehi.nD.nr :tu:lt pcry.ru,!* th. absr2c@dd b.Nen nFh rd rtson, All crjdcnm oirh. chligl'rnDcnt now p@d6 vi1 6n tunmftnidor im.s. o{ rn. .nlirl|.oh.,i Bcli.f in rtd o.tsf('ibihr of rnon udd.nt' dr:ic.r inro $. ;-rRrion ot rh. mydial mKrui,6, md 6ndr tr-t.lr rcfls.d in r p?irdit.prin.t n:rc befoc rh.

ln f.d d'c pr6rpp6nion o{. ny*.,ious d,rl-6r in whic[ rh.rc Mr. hythiutcolldiiE con-

'c'ou,nBt lh,tpE..dcd dt,housn, i!,u( r doq-

n,ft cnd rbrHcr.r rh{ ot . nrc ot E (Lm.chi.v.d br r ioul lilirhFhb..r or rhd oi ab_$l!E lnowLd8., Primrdi wildoh is onti ih.cou.r.r-i62s.or'piiBadrl*upidiir,.A mytlic.lmnrcDU$6 n nil tno*lcds., :nd if ir H@saboui dirin. powrn ih.n ir has prosEsed bciondm*. n nbling beior. row.r (l ihG ir ro 6. r-sd.d 6 thc prina.El n.E), hut rtro 6.rond3 .ulh.Lir. Iifc conrarn.d m mzSi. nru.tr (:5 *.hnd u ir'..rt/ on.nt.lrlnuwi abour,$tf. rndin $i! lDovl.ds. n it m tonsd simptJ, o id.

Tn.rc n th. r.lsr.d poin. th.t d.. th. co.;a$bfr.o gmuin. myiliot rlinL;nr :nd ovudomythiel Fdi( riinhns i! ; ,o;:hnc iriEion*hkh n ba.d on r pEiudreolrh..nt,shthaor:n:h.ry, rr'trh.p*n.:ci, bruu!. n n r cE oDof rhe . ihrsinidon, ir no lonr.. j, :nv *a!bomn qnhitr rh. klisiour q$ity oi ri. mri,. tt r;d. old qrrrtl bcs..n rh. po.c,nd d!,hno!o.ph.6 in rh.mod.m sarb.pproprBk ro dirF olb(li.I in.ci.ne.lr tr nN fld, not lharp@r; r.tlni hr. :dnrrd rn ornpk of lni, | lks r i l idt.

5tud/ otr In'nirn:rni chlh,rjrh. soDdc I Dr Na.

nHq$.d.ir; Meno Eo ioic

' ir df l l). diior ot lh! dtlhrfior' hlrhou.h I

ms, 4rd 'hc

rrrt,oliq o{ rddoloqor oi; insd'r 'boms.oir'bOdrs(rr,I: uEolhrbri; ldkdoi,

' f no!,ndFd, r.onlsioD d Hom< s,tl i

Johr i i HdDrch vo, l r ord,h. , ,ndrd 6ddi .rinDridorHom(t, qloh,d lt,udy bci onosd

TrthandM.kott 845

l ici bur 'hir

rhcy ar. 'ncrp,bt!

oI$yins.nyLhinsru.. rnc.

'h.y h.!. rn ,.irhrd..ffd o,ty .nd

ndd/ s.?k ro rous. tlorgh d.ir i6:Sir.rjv. ad-ron5 rh. in4inatjon it rh. .notionr oI d ,

Thc coDeFr ol thc tocidy cl6. .o n!tuC i,p'obrbll rnorhn.a. ofr romMdc niftor,n:g.,Ehoa orsin ou8hr b bt inv6is{.d. ln Kr.lMrix n :ppcr4 zs , kind oi rclic of mtur.t l.x rfi.tl'o's the vtrtid'ry oi hi ocio<o'mic rl,@ o{thc .lass iru€slc.!' Do.r thc i?d eo b.* e R;u,uut d6q'rrio. of rci.ry b.for. lh. divi,ioD .tlabolr .nd rbc inFoddion of prop.nr? '' At .nyr&, Pl.io hx ak ady d.non$nr:d rh. iltub,n{urd oI t6n pohical .hory in rh. noniat .c-sft h. cir.s ot 1lrit oItururc'in S. d,ir.t b@t

Th6c romlntic (hlu.d@ sjv. ds b ilE .ni-tud. oI rlc hirtoriul side o{ dlc nin ianth .d-rury. Ii no IoDE( mdsc . prn by ,h. y.d-

?s iI rhry ftDrd<nrd :..bslur., bui ir esib.s ricn om ealu. to pa* ,s6:nd en.vcn .ck!owl.dg. d.n rlp3riorny in on.or rhc oih.r r.sp.ci Tn. src{.dicvcbc.s oI rohantcnd-th. rcvival ot rh. Dasr, th. disok.r ofth. voies of d. pmpl.s in fi.ir 5ng3l ti. 616-ins or Liry{2ls J t.s.ndq rh. oiiv.rio, oI s"c,.nt cunon!, drc dircov.ry o( rh. *orld vis im.plicir in hnguE6, d. rtody of rh. Elirion.Ddh3don ol tndi: -har.

'tt hodEr.d tn; rilbri-

ol ksEh ihzr hr rlo{l/, $.p by n.p, rrneronrd rh. intuirjy. h'v:l inb hjlronat l owt..dE pbpd. Tll. hc! ri.. ir e* ,on.nricim rt 4e.v. binh b i[. fiisronal scioot &nfiis tn{ th.rooariic Gddal of oigitu i! nF[ bs.d od thc.nlishemmL Tb. nistorial rcide of rlE,i,eic.nii cnb.y is ib p6ud.d ttuir rd 6 ir.[prdnlr s rh. tuliln.nr ol

'h. .itiSl:lom?it, s

'n. i:n n<p in d. hborrion of'h.6iod 6od d,.

r.nm.ls oI dogd., r[. n ! b rb. obj.div. toowt-cds. oa tn? nntoriel md4 wnich !t n& 6 .ncqu.l bcsid6 lhc lo8l.dcc oI mor..di.vcd by

Th. f.d dDth. @tonivc rcnd.nc, o( bhr.

"cJ 'i.

dlcnotr on rtu jhp.tut qq6tun r, c yonL!r,6 i hn Hnro, o/ cJ4$ co,b@,ai bodot

r sdru', Dt@F, en t dnsrc 4 h! ktadau atr n.sark D'tm kt hann4. tAu.l

'ct , {44' '!tho,s

Pkt; {; d( Dr^b.,tLt.

lt6 HNlcLoRc CrDrMlR

rrrim was ahle to rcmbin. snh . tundam.ntal! ao ofilt&lightnn..r ro.on$nurc the utiry,,1 . hiio'ical sinc6:imply i|di.Ies th* it isr|t rmc brc wnh th..ontinoiry olmcanins intrrdnian lhrtli.s6.hi.d bo'h. If nir an silblnh.dL( ld rh. .nlishtnm..t lha il tadiio. th3rrmn sho$-to be impo$ibh, n noffens, crnotrly b. und.a@od hisiorielly, i. by soingb..k ror[. pa$t siy ollookinSarlhinss,th.n rhr hisrori_rrl con*ioE.e$ ihrt eD.r8.s in romx.dcnm in'rolv.r I r.dielnation oI!h..nlishr.nm.nr' For th..r40rionrl c.s. 6{ nonren.icrl tndirion ha be_d,m. tnc s.oml dle lor hGorical .onscio!$.$.Moning ft:t is s.n.,all/ ra$ibl. rhouElt (aoi

I D lintc b.li.v.d t6:i rfi. !hol. of th. pi*,.ycn.nhimrt ly, all th.thinkirgof on.t oni.mpourid,l. En onry 'nirio.ically, Thus rh. ronannc ci_ilqu. ot th. cnlislk.h.nr ad5 it*la in.nlidtn_Nnt, in th.r it .volv., as nnbricd .oedc. anddnss.v.ryrhins inio rn. orbit of his.ori.irm. Th.lBicdiscrcditingolrll p..iudicB,which unn.s ib..4. ntiil enph?sis oI thr new nxual scienc?rwifi lh. dlisnrnm.ri, 6.con6, in tn. historical.nlisht nn.ot, unieeuzl ,nd mdical.

'Inis ir th. point r*hi.h th.3fttmpr to,niv. rrrn hktori€l h{mcnculic hr b $. jts clrique-'ft. ov.rcohing ot ill pi.iudics, thi! globrl d*

'Mnd oftlt.nlighrcDment, wlll proy.,o be nselfa

tmjudic.,$.ftfrov.loIwhi.hop.nrthewlyio 3nrpFrop'iat unil.scndins ol our tnnude, whichdomin.6 notonly ourhumrDirr, bN rl5 our hir'

Do6 ih. fud rh* onc n d sithi.r.nolr idi-rioni mclns r.rlly lnd pri6adly.lDt on.

's subjd

to pcjndid r.d limn.d in on.\ r..cdos! L not,rd'.r,2ll hun.n .xi.ti.., .ven th. tccsr, linii.drnd qudi6.d in v.noue ways? lf thn i5

'd., th.n

rh. idd otm 3h5oltrt rron h impo$ibl.Ior hh'tonel hlmrniq. R.asonexnc ror us olly in con_.d., hisFri.r! ,e.nx, ic n is nor its own mancr,but r.mai"r .o"srnd' depen{l.nt on,h. sivef, cn-om*oc6 in vhi.h ir op.nrd. This ( irue noronly in 6. snk inslich Kinrlimncd rhc d:tN offdon.lho, u.d.r th. in0ucnc. oflh. sceFnal ti-dq!.orHtru.'to th. rpnod.l.'neniin ib. krowl_.dg.o{!xtu..i iik$ill tBer.lhnrori.rlconsciout

!lmmnu.l( t(r74-r3or)iC.mrnphilosorh(GaClsr, pD r77-etr DUJ Hun.l'7', 7!1, Ln8lnfid,'losph( {( crsP rp r' t-:r) lFi! I

n.s rnd !h.posibilityoihnt.riQl knoqhd8., rorrhr mrn ir.onceri.d hrte wnh himsclt.nd lJs own..crions (vi.o)r' ir only,n appr.rnisolurion olthe

rrclikr let by Lirtorical Lno*hds.. Mrn is,li.n tohim$llandnishi5rori.al hkin3qtrit di,ts.nt*4,/{iom rir in shi.h n*uic, thl kDosr nothins o{

Tle tpiskhological qu.nion ntrn be rrk.d hn.in a lundln€ntrll/ difcrcnr w!y, \0e nrve shownrbovd[d D]lrl eyprobrbly*Nthir,lur|cwrsnotabl. to oy(.om. t6. influ.re o!.r him of radi'donrl cp(Ehologt His *rrting poi.i, the a*r._ne$ o(ltp.ri.na,\'asnoratkro buildrhe6ridg.io th. !klri.rl r.:liti.!,b*3u5.thc Br.rIhtoicrlrcaliri.s o{ socicty and *!t. :lw,ys hive . pr.d.t..

'ninrni ianu.nce on sny dtp.rienc.. s.llc0.cnon

:nd atibbi.srathy-Dilthey's $rfting'point-2r.not primtrry indar.norad ad.qut btit for th.herndeLricrl probl.n, b.ca!s. rLou8h thcd hit'to.y is Frd. priEr. oncd noi.- ln hcthkbry dcsnotb.ions to trs, bui w. brlans io n. ljns b.l.rcwc unddsrnd ouErlver thtoush rh. proc$ oIs.lf..x3Finrion,we trndeht ddou6elv$ in r kll-c'id.nt{ayin !h.limiu so.niy and s{cinwhichNc liv., Tk

'o0r ol$bi.ciiviry is. dnodi.g mn_

.or. Thd s.l!.w!rc.e$ oIih. individu.l i! only 20icL.ri'g in $. clokd cnoiu ot histo.icrl liLT1lr L ahr rLe pieju,lies o{ A. individurl, f.rmorcih?n nh iuden.ns, coninut th. hinodcrl

' !;*.i.

-...t.P.i.a *"

-. no lo's.r hold

th. vn* rbar. sholld rh.r. b. nodircctuod.cEnd-i '9, inlcrticr.tivc idc2i * dn{n on, as .ad.d,out ol I lingliiiic nor.{oor in shich ih.y .r.lying r.dn R,rl'.., I2ns!.s.

-

rh. univesll nediun in *hi.h und.runding it.ll i5 ..elir.d. Th.6od. ol..rlisrion oI und.6.xndin3 is int.qr.tr-iioo. Thk *.Enent dB not m.in lldt drr. n nosp.chl probl.n oi.yprtsioD- Th. {ti(.r.nc b.-srn rl. hnsuas. ol Mxt :nd rI. laneuse or th.inrryd.r, or $r g i tharscparai* rhe tanslttorGom the oigiial, is nor a n.!.lt s.cond..y q!.rtion. O. th..odriry, rh. tct & rhr th. probl.mso, li.gunti. erpr.sion arc rlrcidy rrobl.ni .Iund.6Enains. All !n d esbn ding is tnrerPr.t.tion,r.d allinrcrpG,tio. hl€s the in rhc mediun ot

i'cionfli lani5tr vio 1I6.3-t7a4), rrall! Philo$-phs lG c P, pp, 4r-rd ). tE,l5.l

.lln8uag. which woull:ilowin. objrq b com.i.io wordr rd yd n :i lb. so. tih. rh. inrcr

'Ilu, rhl h.m.n.uiicrl ph..om.noi prov6 robe I rp.ci.l cr$oflheB.n.r:lrtUtionrhip bets&nthinlins sl slr.aking, iI. nyneriou! in!im3c] ol*hich ir bourd !p wtrh lh. wry in rhnh ipeeh isco.i,id.d, in a hidd.n w.n i. rinIins_ I'r.ip.ct.-ion, lik. onrrs ion, n i clokd cird. snhin lhedirhqic oI que*ion rnd.isw.r.Ii h i s.ndn. his.toric lii.{ib,ion lhI E!e! plaa h rhe m.diunof hngurg. aid rh1r,3lso in rh.cas?ofrb. inrdrp..Gitor ol rxB, w. an c,ll r conv.6aiion. Ilrlingui..i. qualiry oI trnd*i,nding n.hc concr.rionot eii.ctivFhkbricl.on.ciousn.s.

Thc rtlrtion bersn hnsD2g. rnd !nd.*!nd.ingn ed pdm:ily in det&rrhir irk th! nltureol mdnion ro.rist in &. m.dirn oI la.gurg., $thrt ih. F:.ler.d otj..t of ini.@r.hiion ir I lin,

(a) I-^xcuAcE as DETE&r,trNATroN oFTHE HERMENrurrc OBrEcr

Th. f3d ih.r sidiion is linsuntic in ch:r,d( h.sh.rnei.nricd ons.qu.nc4. 11. und.dmndinsofli.gukric hdi on i.rinr sp.cial p.iori.y ord ,lorh.r hdiriDo. Lin$*ric ftdnion mry h,vr l.$phFic.t im6.dir9 rlDn monum.nu of pL c an.IB lack oI inm.Ji*y, how.v.r, is Dar r d.Ld, buttlft applrclt lac!. i. ih. lbtrract alie!!6s of.llt xt,.xpr6s5 th. tactrh3rrllho8ur8. bclonssin . uniqnc way o rh. pruas oi undds,ndi,rg.Uns!ilic nadirion n kdiior in rl. ln.r s.ni.olrh. word, i. sndlingiind.d down.li ir nor ru*soDdhina that hrs bee. l.I! over, ro b. inv.ris.rd3n,r jnt.rpd.d ar. lmnrnr ofth. pr( \rbr hsco6..iM.!o ur hyth.w,yollinstrnlicr,dinon isrot l.fr fti, but girn ro us, rold !i-wbe'h& inthc rom of dnd ..p.tiiion, oI Nnich myrh. Ls.tuland o*oft ar..xlhpl.6, or in t!. torm ol wrincrerdjiion, th. risns oi *l'ich lc iFm.diar.lr clcarto cv.r, r."ds qho ii:bk ro re.,l rlr.d.

Th. tull h(s.n.!ridl 3igni6cr.. oa th. iactthrr F irion n fingtriric in nitur. i. .l..rl] r.-v.al.d w[d !h. r2dilioD.ir . wrifr$ on..In writ-i',9, l.nguag.irdm.[.d Gom irs tullte,lis4io., lnrh! Iorm ol*ririrs ill tadnion n simulEn.otrr wnh

r h.nd M.thod A47

ant pr6.n im.. Mormv.r, ii invalv6l trniqu?o-exnr.nc.oIpd.ndprc*nr, insoL..spr6.n.mnsciotr$.$hs rh.posibil4 otr lra re$ to allthrt n hand.d dosn in srnins. No lons.r dep.n-d..r on eped.ion, *ij.$ linls pan lDosl.dg.wnh the!r.*nr,...in ft dncd:.qu"int.ne wirhlit.nry tadi.io., und.6i2 n ding con*ior s..s hrir genlin. orportoniiy ro widcn irs ho rcn ,ndrbu5 n.i.h its woild bJ, , wh6k new a.d d..pd drhcn!i.n. Th. :ppropridon ot In.r:ry kdirion Ld.n mor.yrlurblcrhr th..xp.risnc. giv.nhy.hcadvcntn.c of.iae.l d.xp.sur ro !h.wondof,tor.ign l$guag.. n. rcrd.r who dudic, r to'.isnlrn3trlgc bd lit nture }is,,r d.ry mm.nr, rh.p.$'biliry o{ t.. nd.neor brk b hinsll .ndrhus is 2i onc. b.th h.rc and rh.r..

A *rir.n kdnior i! nor . frago.nt ot. panwo d, bur hd alw:ys r.ked irsll b.tond fiir inroih. sphcr. of rhe m.aning th* it dpr.$.i li ir rhcidaliry ol lhe *or<1, which rai$s liDsuilric obiErb.yond rh. finit.n.$ and nan5i.nc. of oth.r i.m-n.nB of r.*.xi*.nc.. k is no hn doctrmnr, $coninB tom th.pd,rbitt.h.b..rcroin.dirion,but fi. coniinuny of 6.dory Tlrough m.morynldnion becon6 pra of olr o*n wond, .nd owhat n conmunicfts c.r b. dirccdr .!pr6*1.W6.e w. hav.. *nnd ardnion, w aE nd tWbld,n individual rhin& bui: p3* hum3niry iB.ltbmn$ Fe..nr to us, in ia g...ral rel,don @ rh.wortd. lhr is wiyonrund.ckndingr.nrinscuri-oudy unrtrre and {.rso.nrary *h.n wr h3v. .os rnmJnionoi: culrur., buronlydtrnL mon!-nertr, and wc do nor clll rhis i.lorm ion .bourih. p3r'hisbry. T.x6, on th. oih.rhind, alwryr?xpr.s a whol.. McaninBlc$ $rok6 shich san*rins.,nd incohtEh.niibl. pmv? suda.nlr ini.l 'l i8ibl. in.v.ry d.hil wbcd ,h.y can h. inr.rpd.drs wrning-so mu.h so rhl.vrn rh..rbirainc$ol a 6ulry kidnton on bt cor.c&d if th. conr.xi

Thns windn !.16 F6.nth. reln&mm.uricrl!6k. V.iiing invoiv.! iclf-.lier5iian, Ia ov.rcom-ins, 6. r. ing ot rk ur, n dus rh. ligh.* tailo( und.Bt.ndins. Ev.. th. pu.. sig$ Df inloip.tioncan b. se' pio!.d,/

'nd.[idl.rd co'(c y

onlr iI th. kxr cin 6. i1nlfob.d b.ck inio l,n.suig.. ThL mnriom.rion, h.*ry.r, als lyr 6ra6-lish.s, as E h.vc said, r r.l.rionship ro sh.r i3m.ant, ro rhe obj.d 6,t i! b.ing rpo!.n 1bour,H.re rh.pio@sotunddi,.dins mov6.nrir.lyin

848 Hrxs-GEorc G^orMrR

'h4Dh?r. ol r hc:nrBm.dDkd b/

'h' linsunfi(

t:d;on, Thut ih. h.rm.n.ur(rl h5! snh tn 'n-

sc@non tdt onlv ,fi- n hrs bcn driph'rcd

Oniy m :n dod.d .o* do nDn In.dry monu_

m;u Drd r h.m.ndndl ril lor'h'vcrnno'

b. uo.l.Bhd olth.mkh.' Whrt th'v mdn n '

ou6$on oldrn inklpd{on nqolrh'd'ciph'r

';e rnd und.Gundmso{ wh n'I e}

'in rn'ine, Lnsu,s. srinr iB ru' inkll'c'u.rl

qu:|iry, for whd on{rcnrd snh r *dnm t"r_

don und.in.ndin3 @d(ioussi nqrkr $ rr

oEn|gnry.lB t rg dG no' d<pmd on rnvrh'n3

ThE Grdinq.onlciousNs n in PoRntd pos!

.i"" d nr[i;od.lt itnot lot no'hins'hr wiLh th'

.mm.ne ol r irkBrv .ultuE lh' id'r ol philol'

.*y, l"* ol rp.dn. *s t.Bkftd dtndv to

lh. rll{mbracin3 r( of ddin& lBn3 'E

s'8mr

.onrcdiof, ejti tb..uldu.ion o{ spech d r

glmmL A rcdmg rcN(6sn*- u marq /hrronc.l :nd onmunieid JunIl.S.l, on. s:ys tbd fiiio'v bqini *ith

'nsg'm'o{ 1 *'ll

'o hlnd thirs! dNn

'o mzk? 6'mort

lln.! wnti"e s not m.t.lt .h,nnon d aurltrivdr.tuns.r nothing in thcddl

@m.nt oiort tr'dition c.nlinlr' $'r "n

bt '

will ro n1l. dtin6 .ondnu.' I {ill ro li'rnln'nct*iihour wriiing Bur onl/ . vrin'n Mdirion-'$

d.r.6 iBlI frcm thc m.tc @niintr "

ol tds

n nsl.ft ov.r iom th.lif. or$. Pt*! rcmnanB

l6m whi.h n R po*,bI. to rftonnrud li{' '

Frcm 'h.

<.4 'h.

nrdrdon ol inrnption! doci

no. rh{. ir lb. (rc. fom oI tndidon th{ e' c'll

|n.Ebq inaimucl .! n d.pd<L! on th"xntte

o{ .1. rcn.ins. whdhd of non. o

ri.t But it n truc oI .v.tthi4 tht h2s oh' dom

b $ rht h.r. 1 will ro p.n:i.'a hts cr'r&d rhc

unidu. lodt o{ 6nrinu.nc. th2t s. crl hcriturc'

h D;.s.nB I not onl/ ritn . $dt ol n'nonals

a 'im3,

Litrrture !{h.r' lut .cquircd iB osn

iimul';Mq -ith.Erv

pkEd To undti{lnd n

d\B no. m?.n pnmlr t b raio

inb $. D.*. bu o h.r ! Pr6. inblv'm'nt ''

slDr is ei{ lt ir nd rqllv .bour . ftLnonhip h''

Mm o.en.. h.Mm d'. rcid.."nd lh':utnor

(rho ';FrhrFqut.

unlnown).burrhour tfi na

in dr @mnuniotion th:. th. r'rt grv'! 6 r ntr

m.rins ol 'hn

h t R. whd w' und'r*nd ir'

qur. indcpcnd?nr ol eh.thd $. on 3|'n rrom thr

,H.Fl, Dt v.da titdaca.,ichr.p'rat l r'l

kdnion 1 li@rc of $. .utfior .nd ot vh'd'r of

nor rh. [isbri.rl inr.rpr.t'tioD ol E trldirion ls i

lit r.ry BUd k.ur on..m,I d; brc @ll ihi rh. bsr othsm.'.di6 wd

ori$n:llt rnd chnn/ tk und.rundin8 oI rdB

tchl.iddrchd N1r .hc idr to k. thd 'h'

h'i '

n.n.uial Foblo *4 nd 6i$d br wnn'n woldt

nona hu tfi2r or.l ufr.nn...lso pt$ntd-'nd

N'h.6 in iB tulkn t tm- r probl.h ol ond'F

;.nd;s. v. nN oudin d abd.! l$w th' pt'

ciolodal din.nsion $rt h. gi* b h'rh'euno

6lck;d n, hct ricrt onc ln ]6.l f.c.' *inin8 n

cnk l b tll. h.m.n.utic.l Ph.nodnon' 'Noltri( it d.b.hm.nr bo$ tom rhc *nr.r or 2uthor tnd

frcn. rDc.60llv rddr6.d r.(ipnnt or (:d'r h:3

civ..n;Ihofrsasn whr n 6i.d,n srninehrt

;.is.d n*lf t!$li.lv inb . ,pkr. of m' iD8 in

which d.ryo;. wfio on ttd hs it .qu'l 'harc'

C.iainly, in ..!.ion to LnEntS.' *.tDg cft '

kcond.n Dn.nohcnon Th. lisn lmBuas. oI *n!

inr r.Li6 brcl to lnc acb.l l"'su1sc of tF 'ir-

lut

rh; hnsu:s. is optbl. ol b.ins srin'n it bv no

m.rs hcid.nhl to Gtudr.. Rnb.r' rhs oP:od

ol b.ibr *uno do*n it b,kd d ih' lad 'h:r

rd.cl ict{.h.t6 in th. pu* id.aliv o{ ih' n"n-

i;r rh{ ommunior.! itsdr in 'i

In *'itii& thn

m:rnin* ol uhri ir iPolm dnR pu(!v for itt' lr'

.onrl.klt dd,ch.d from lll lmotiodldemmEnr

.rD..sion 'nd

ommnnid on A Hrir nor bb'

und($ood a rn 6pr*ion of lLlc' but in whir it

irB. lqrninc n d. rh6t.c' 'delirv

of linsusc

H..<. rh. mcanins of sm.Lhnr *ritEn n lundl

nohlb id.niitubh and 4roducihl' Whrt is

ij.niiil in $. r@o,luctiot ir onlt lbai *hich sd

Ltrmul,t d. Thi!i'dianB rat t pioducdon'cn'

not 6. m.:nt hcR in ni *rict.?M It dod nor

B.rn rlcrnns b:c! to som. onginrl touc 'n

-hi.h sncthins E tid or wriRt. Th' xndd'

sbndins o{ rcr.rhins vrit n n not . r'podud'ot

of smdhins th.r is pa$' bd $. th"ring ol '

prc$

vrnin*;t 'h.

mdhoJotosidl :dqn€s' 'hn

n

oFso! d. h.im..cu'iql pobkm in ,ll ibpudq''dctrncd from .v..rtb;ns psvchdlosial wnn it'

how.v.r, in our .tB .nd tor our turpo* a ndhod_

ologicrl rdvtnbgc n * th. em. tim. th.'rP(t

!io. oi. lFcifc s.:ln.i th:rn ch,'rckntncd

s ins a;i oorc dim oI ltos!.ec Tb. Bs!. or

L1ra. fi)s. 'nd,6$

i Ttuth 'd

t\tdhon l{tl

unddnandin8 is&.n snh panicuh.chrny whcn*! r.osnG. tli! waLn65 oI all $ti!i4. t0. nedonly ro dinl rslin of whlr rhb rrid, n.mdr tnrd. rF.i6c w..kn6s oI wriiir8 s.s dtno Dnr@uld .omc to th dd of 6. sritcn word if itt l! victim to ni6und.s.rndi'& ifi.nionll oruini.nrionrl.:' l

Phro e* in rhc h.lpksn.s of.h. vin.n word .norc liou {alr.s rhrn rI! k.lo6s oI .p...n(ro arhdsDn oeon) .nd {h.n h. allr on di.-lcctic b @m. io th. .id ot thtu *3lh6s ol sp..cn,elil. d.d..iq rh. conditi.n ot th. sdr.n.sold bb. S.ro.d nop., ihn h bbviously:n ironic dzs-

scr.tion with which to conc.al his own w iinssndhn orn a*. I. l,ci, *riting dd sp..ch.r. in rh.s,n. rilishi ,{t in q,.cch .hcr. h .n t ol ipre..:nes.nd .n ,n o{ tr 6otrsir-Fplnr./ ddial.dic-so in writins ther. is such a dtrrl ad:n.G$phnty and ruedial.ctic. Ti{.is,ih.n, anr( of wrni,s ,{ co6ei to rhc 2id oI dDwir rdiin @rbn thatrll..doaund.(hndids-whi.! af.fdrdr in. $m. n tp to vh3r is wriftn-i. aUi.d.

All writins is, T w. hd. said, a ljnd oI.li.mcdspcch,.nd n! risDs nc.d ro b. taNiorn.d b..kinro rpech ard n..nine- B.cl!s. rh. n.anins l'.sund.$on. r tjnd of $llsli.nrtior ihrcus! b.inswria.. down, thi, rrrolorm{ion b:ct n rtc !.:lh.ro.n.uric.l laL TIE .'ca.ins of wh4 h:6 bt.ns,id G to b. ${.d r.w, .imply on rh? bisis oI rh.*ordr pisnd on b/ t.,tu oI rh. tded dsns. Inmnr2$ ro rh. ipokrn *ord rh.r. n no oth.r aid inthdintrpktltion of rhc stinmeord.Thu,.tl.im-pom.t ihing t.r. is, inrsp.ciil sns.,ifr..:d olsriring.r Thc rpold wod inkrpr.s itklf ro :ia$oniihiigd€r.., by !h. w:t of sp.ikn,g, rlk bnco( voie, rh. tcnpo dc, b"r .lso by th. .nam'sdnc* in *l ci iris !pok.n."

3ut.h.rc is dso such. thi.e rs *riri.g rh2t, rs itwcr., rc.,! i6.ll A r.orrlabl. d.bdc ar il.lpnir3nd thc l@r in philMph/ b.sr.n M gE,r G..n.n philosophiql *rn.6,S.hiU.r.rd Ficht,' h.s

4 tto, Sddth lrtb )!re i4.c, tn'l thx.Itr'. L7t,

lnn n $. rcaor lor rh. qoqoui dlaft *[n n,pdtd.,nd :, n sfib. b{w.nihl ltlk o/ lpolrn rukrill r

'ft l{ hLsh( d<mrnJ!

dryk ihr '

Innrry mr! hn b qnrrr. t\r.l"Kirp.nb.4 rchB dit r.llkl .irt rd om oI hir

D m E4r.J rldd in d r uy rL4 lncn6 r3Emt r .ll rw.rc of th. di6otq of th. podry. { dl

'cL ft .oiidpondda tl'* lollsql fidc! .s:t

Ttuth anlM.th\l 849

rhis f&t.! i6 $adrg poini n n inttiiin8 ihrt ih.dnpui. cinnor b. r.solv.d wiri rl. r.$hdic 6i&ri.usd !r rhc Fo m.n. Fundrn.ntJl/ 6.y:E not.onem.d wnh a qustio! oi thc a6th.h6 ot good:ryl?, bu! rnh a nc'n.ncutj.al qu.nion, Thc'.dol wriiins ir ruch 1 v,r rar th. rhordts oI $.r..d{.d $i6ul.t.d ind hcld in pmducdy. hoven.n! n$ litl. ro do wilb lnc onv.nrior:l rh.b.nsl or.6$.tic d.vic6. RtlE! n @nsifl .itiRltin orc! bcins hd b thinL d! m....hl tlrcuo.I1E'.n'ol *rnin8 do.s no! ct h.rc 6 h. ud.Gt@dand .valulrd .: $cll TIE a. of rritiu. lik. tnrn o( sr..lins jr nor an .nd ir iMll .nd rh...ior.nor rhc Iurdlo.nol objcd ot hdMicunel .Solt.Thcund.BBndingis.n rlr Btcn ur wnl *hat nh.ins writrcn ibou.. H.nc. un l.r' lhiDliD! xd'brd wrnins ,rc not, Ior ik bJ( of und.Ba.dir&cx?mpLry qss for ib. .n ol h.d.n.uti6 b ihdis.ll in its tull slo.y but, on th. onn&y,linltin8caser wii.h mdnmin. rl. brsic Dr6upp.sition o{? n.rnrn.trtic,l c6s, nrm.t dr cl6r ufin-bieun/ of rh. int nd.d 6di.&

AII wriiin8 daims rh:r ir m b. rwlt r.d iniospo*cn lansu2s., fd thn d2in ro dbrony oln..ning g6 so lrr $ar en luthdric @din8,.s t[. r.:di$ oi a pird !y ri. pst, bmm6 qu.*tionlhlc if rh. diEtion ol ou! ln&nins El.6 utiw,y {oR wh.t our uid.Rtadine lhould elly b.oned.d wjrh, Rsrs. th. impoftnt thio3 ! th.omolnierion ol ih. tdc m.nins ot. cxt iB in.tarcotion tu al@dy $bjcd b .n objdivc nom.Tl'is ir rh. Fquir.h.ni rn.r th. Pl.bnic di.l*ricrok6 wh.n n .cks b brine on! th. lqor 4 6ud.nd in doins E oli.o l.rv6 b.lind rhc .cto.I Fn-nd in th. corv.rsrion. ln fld. tlt p:diolt {at-n.s oi *rning, ns gr€td hdpl.s$s *n.n om-prrcd wnh sp..ch, h6 anoth...id. b n, u rn{ nd.monsu.r.s {nh gdi.r d{nt tn. di.l.dielt sl o( lnd.Bt.ndibg. At in o .sno, u&F$a.dins mrd bd. $.k b !nm6h.n .h. mad.sol wlai is said. vlzr; id.d in r[B rd har b.a*ch.d {rcm:ll contins.lt i.cbn md g6t.dinh {ull idcrlit/, in shich alon. it h$ vdidi+ Thu,,p.cciscly bcau* n cnni.l/ dd:d6 th. tr ofwhrt is eid (!06 lhc lcson ..yine n, th. sddm

'L5.. Glkr uDd BuchDb. h d. Phit@rhia (fidlcxarli?ercl1n t^u.tri.d.icrsdirld(r7rt-r3on,Grfrrn nhdj Johrm conlnb ri.fri? (r7tr-rrrt),

8to HarcroRcc^D^.r

M.d mal.s rh. rc:d.r, in hi! un'l.dtaDding oin, d,?.rbn.. ol i6.l.im to tud. Th. rcad.r ?1'p.ri.i.dina ns vrl iry eblr ir rddr?$td to hio.ndwhn h. !nd.ctmd,, vhrt h. und{*ods i5iw.t. moB thD 3n ti.n tc,ning: ii ; .lu,/tposibt. r!tn, T)li5 n sh.t.m.rg.s lrom d,. dc'hdhnln! ot wh,t is spoL.n lron !h. lP.trk . tnd

lsn tl. p.rn..ene that trnins bcnows- Tnis is

'h. deper b.rhmelricxl r.a$n lor rh. Iact, men_

doned abov.." tn* n dGt !.r oeur to prcpl. whoL .or us.d to rc.di.s rhl! *hd is *titcn downonld b. wrons, 3ince .ntrhins aridei $emr brh.m li*. : dodm.n thrt ir nlf'a! e.iicrtins,

lvaFhing srin r is, in t?d' in !sp..hl *ar rh.obi.ct ol h.rn.n.uricr whrt s. iou.d in rh. .x-rcm. cr* of r lorcign lanSlag. and tll. trabl?msofk rhnon n con6m.dhrebr

'h. autunotrlyoi

r6dins: nnd{$anding i5 nor3 Plt.hic t?n.posi_don, Th. lorizon oI undtiarndins.annoi b.lim'n d cither bj/ $hit thc wdt* h?d originauv innind, or by rhe horil.o of th. p.r&xr w:s orisimlly 3dd(s.d.

h solnds it 6Bi lik. . snsiblr frsm.neuticald1., s.nftlly r.cosni!.d .s $ch, tui no'hins+oDld b. pur into r r.r rh3t rh. sriler or th.k1&r ould not have intcnd.d. But .his k c.n b..ppli.,l only i. .iu.n. c.$r For r.xt

'lo not 15r

b 6. unds*ood 's

. livins.rpi.$ion oI lhc sub_jddriiy of th.n wneis- Thit th.., crnnot de6.efi.limiB ot. rfa n :nins. Ilo*dtr, ir n not onlyrh.lininng of thc n.xni.s o(3 t x o ihe rcdaltnouBhs oi *e lud,or th{ n qustionibt. Eve. iI

Esek b dd.rn'i.e ih. moniis ol3 tcxt oliiedvcl/ by s.i'rg iias l cont.nipor3ry do.u'n.nt andin rchtion to ns origi.ll (.,1.r, 1r wrs Schleiermlcll.r'r basic prdcdur., nrh lfrn?rion n a very

chdc-r .(3ii Thc idea of th. contmP.r:ry rd-&*se.an cLin onlr r resEidcJ crinelr?lidnvFor whr is onampo.an.ir/? Lnkn.* of !l '. d3vb.forc y6Erd4 !r wdl ar a{

'bc dry sfrcr r.60r_

rw .r. alw?ys amons thoq io shom on. sP&kr asr conthpoo+ \vh*. :rc {! to dE* rh. li.e rh*

.rclud6 i rt?d.r fro6 b.ins sddt$ed ] whi .rconeopo$ri.s 3nd r'6n is x txl5 .l,im ro ktrti inih. fae of thk nultif'nous

'rift( ot pr*:nd ,*

oE? T[. id.. o( ihc orisinal @'lcr i5 fullof untx_

FDnhenrrc, oir conc.proIrh.n.tor. of Inc6ryr:dnion .onlains r fund.men.,l obj.ciion ia rh.

h.h.n.!ricdl.siiimis.riotr oith. iJ.a oI ih. ori3i-n.lr.rdd. w.srw.hxtlit rmr. n d.6n.d bv th.*i ;h.idon-Bnrp.*on whocopies d pas*son is doing n ior his own .onr.dponrils Th$ dr

r.fe..nc. io ifi! orieinal rc.Jcr, lik. th.' io thefr.aning ol lhe tutho!' $ems b ofier onll t ve.v

-' d. hi{orico-h.d.n.u tic.l c.ir.tio! \'hnh c!n_

nor !.rlly tmn $c horibn oi . txls s.iniry'vh.t is 6r.d in sninslasdd.ch.di*llf.omih?coniins.n.y of ns oisin r.d i6 autho nJ nden!.lf Ia. for n.w rchiioBhips. Normariv. .o!-epr' $ch :s dr au!hor', m.:nins o.Ihe orisinll

r.d.as untl.clanding Epi.smr ir lad o.ly an

.npt/ rpr.e thit n 6Gd iroh time to $ne in

(B) hNcuAcE As DETEFn'uNAT!oN oF

THE HERMENTUTIC ACT

Thtr brinasu5 ro rh. s?cond:5Fd o( rh. t.lrrion-rh'p b.M?m hngd:8. ?nd und(*.nding Noront n ih. rp.cirl obj.ct of undedkndins,

'.m.lvlit

'.ry ladrion, ol.liiguir c n

n,ndinq i6dl n..1tundrn.nul co.n.dion *nbhig!.t. v. nrded frcm tli. Proposirion tfi.t

und.Et2nding i llredy in!.Iptriio' br@u$ n.cns rh. inm.n.ltiol horizon wnhin thich th.

e.ininc of a txt i5 rc.lh.d. Bdi in order ro b. abrc

!oc\pi.$ih?n.dinsota t.rt i.i6objenv..on-kni $r nu* rxndfc n inb our own llnsu,c.

T!n, ho$ev.r, involver (l{ins it b thr rhol. con_pk\ ol ros bk m.in n3!nwh'ch\rlins!isricrllvmu'.. s0.[]$ rkcrd/,trv6r;sn.d l}.losn:l 5Fu.tor. oa d,n n' r?htion h ihe lp&ial phc. o{ lh.ou.rion a5 r h'Fqtnricl phtnommon. ln con_

idcriig now 6!linsuhiic.3tur.ol3ll und.ct&a-ind, {c d xsain .xpr.$ins Gon a'oth4 anslelhd id 6s!n rhown in lhe dhlecti. ot quc*ron

H(. $c arc noving intordim.nsionlh* k 3.n_.nlb

'siortd by rhc doflmrnt vi.* An fi. hi5_

@n.rl <kic.r hr. ol rhem(l!.t For |n. hn'G

nM usndly chooses .he concPs hy m.rn. ol *hichh. d6ciib6 rh. hhrorici n*dr. oi hi. obi(s,

Nnhour.xpr.sly rcnerins.n tt.n orign and i'E

ti6.don, rle ttsinply lollowi.s hcrc hir in...r* inth. mrdii..d.!k6 no 1(oun. of !h. fad.firr$. d.srirdv. rph.$ oi hi..+o& hishly ddrim.rrl ro hn prop.r purp6., in-asEuch 6 irzsimilarcs rhf; nnio.isllr dift..cn. b shrt is tinihar z.d .hus, .l.spire rttobi.c-dviry, h,i.lr..,ly subordinr!.d th.3lien b.ins 01the ohj.d to i6 own @nclpnrJ lram. ot r.icrenc.,Tnos, ddpi.c ill hi. *i.niifc nerhod, h. b.h.v.jiu{ !jl:.v..yoft eh., ar a.hild olhir tim. wio ndoninat.d unquddonirgly by rhi onc.pts andpr.judies oa t'n @. .sc-r'

Inso{.r r il. htstoian do.' nor adni rhi5 n}iv.ia b hinsell, i. fril. b &h rh.lev.l .l

'.n.c.tion $ai lhc suhj.d d.mrnds. a( nn laiv.ra becohd rruly ,byso.l wh.n Lc 6bds !o b.com.aw:rc ot

'h. problems n rri*satul bd. r.ds thar

i. und.di,f,dirs hino.y on. nus. l.,vc onct osn...c.p6 .dd. rJ rli.L only iD th. @n..pR ol rh.cpoch on. i rying to und{sand.& Thn d.na'd,Nlich lounds lik. I lqic, impl.m.!!:iion ol hi!-rori.al onKiouuss is, .s will bc cldrr 6 cverythoughdul r.d.r, 1 naiv. illusior, Tlc naiv.r6 ofrhn drin dcs noi onsist in th. Ld thr n r.nrinrurtullilled b..aNc rhc inr.rpr.&r do6 not .n:inthc id.t ol l.rvins hidsclt2sid.. Thir would *itlmcr lhar i. *$ r l.Sirih.k idel to which on.hu{ appro\im.r. :s tar4po$ib!., Bur whrt th.l.sitinlt! d.mand oi the hGtonci 6nsciou.nc$,ro undcsrand 1 p.riod in !.m, of irs own conc.pb,Edly h..B is sonqhidg qliE diiiercnr, Th. c.llro l.ivc 6id. th.conapr ol th.prs.nt dcr nottulnr,.iv nnrporitio.i oth.p2*,Iris,.&h.r,an.$cniallr..l,!ivcd.mand.h*hai'ncaningontyin r.lado. .o oh. r o*n coDccp$, Hi..o crl co.-*ion$.$ tiL ro und.6Edd i$@n n{ur.ii inord.r !o und.stand, it s..Lr to.xciud. th.t whichrlon. m:kB und.s$nding posib!.. To lhint hk-toricllly m.:ns, i! f.ct, .o p.rlorn rll. rRNpci,tion rh.r th. @!ap6 oI th. p,s und.rgo wh.n N.iry io thi.l in th.d, To tninl hidon..lly al*rysiNolvc, .slblisnin8 . conncction b.N..D rhos.id.,s .nd on.! osn thanki.g, To r.y to.lihimr.

" ct.p- 3,t ia Tfl$ dn M4hbd; in ezniclrr rr! quon-ion 6on Fn.d.ich s.htl!d. llu.l

"cL oy oor m H, Rosl ,(/6;A 4L Dtathtn d-abddtqdr" 6 Gnod.' tea., p. Dr. I aaw * nnl$. rdhodoroPiol inr,idu.non b r,r., /aLk<r.Ir,tr jnprici y m)!d .$hr riri.i5n.lau.l

Truth.nd Mahot asr

one! own .onc.pR in i.re.prc. ion i not only in.po$ibl., bu. m3ni{6rly rtsrd. To ,ni.rprd n.atupr.cisly ro u$ onc! o{n pteconap.ioni so th.t

'h. ncaninsolrfic ter.c r.rllyh. mu d. tdsp.rl

tn on. o.t,/iir of$. h.'m.r!i.d po6, msaw rh, o rqut. r horjzoo of indpr.trlion requn.d a lxsion oi bo.izonj. Thn is now.onirm.dby rh. li.guGti. rsp.d ol ini.rp.et4or. Th. r.xt iso b. nd. ro spcrh droush inkrprcErion. Bu bodr,ndnobooksp.*sif irdo.rnorsp.al thr l.n-Sui3c thlr r.:rh.s rh. oth.r p.6on. Tius int.Fp:.r.rjdn nur 6nd th. rigLr l,ng!.8. it n r.allywrn6 ro mal. rh. rdi sp.,!. TlrE onnot, 6.r.-rorc, bc an' on. ini.lprdarion rlar n .or&ft in i.-..1t , pr.cndy bec"ue..v?ry inr.AEhrioo n M,c.rned Ntrh rh. rdr its.ll, TI1e hnro.i..l li{. ot r&rdnion d.p.nds on con$andy n?w similatiooind int lprcftrion. An iar.ryrdrtion iin w6 @Fi.a in n$lf'would !c l toolir! il..l ihail:iLdrokk. i.cornt of th. b,br. oI mdnio., Erry inr.lpre.don h8 to 5d.pr iir.lt !o rh. h.rf,.ndriel$oanon to which it bclon$.

B.i.s hound by r rirlarion des not n.!n tlM!th. .lrim ro coractnB! dlt.v.ry inrcrprdarionoun n1k. is dnsolv.d into rh. subj.diE or thc c-ssionil. V. mu* nor h.rc ab2rd.n th. insi8lls olth. rcm,!ti6, who purinld r|t piobl.n ol h..m.n.ona ton dl iB c.2sion.l .l.nmd Inr..prehrio. is nor som.rlins p.d.sogj., Ior us d-ihcr, bur rhc rt of u.d.6bnding irs.ll, *hich nr..lis.d not iu* for rhc on. tor rlDm on. is inr..pr..in& bui 3ko tor ti. int.pd.r hin&ll in rh.cxplicih.* ot linguiiic intfttrd.don- Th.nts rorh. linguistic n.$r. o{ all int.rpr.h;on d.tt in.?.lr?hrion includ.r ih. posibiliry ol. el2donrfiitrith oth.6. Th.rc c.n h. no spftch rh doci norbind rhc.p..l.r 2nd rh. pcson spol.n id Thir itku. ot .h. h.rn..curic pre$ a. *.11, Bui ihb E-larionrhip do6 nor d.eain. rh. in!.rpr.t1lircproe$ of und.ri2nding 2r it it *.r? 1 .on*ious.d.ptriion !o r p.daSoSi.rl si.urtion, bu! rd..thir poc63 ir sim y tll. on(ction ot rh. n.aningns.lt L.t ui rd.ll our *rcs a. .fic.l.6cnt oI.ppliaiion, whici lad ompl.r.lt disappq..d l6mh.rs.neuri6. V. $w .hai to nndd{and . r.x. .l-E ys m*B io,pp!y i to our$lvd..d o lrowth3r, cv.n ifitnu{.lwayr b. unddsod in dif...n. Dyrt it G *ill !b. slnc iexr prlsmri.g i$lf to

8jt ri^xlcEoic C^D uq

us in ih.* d'fi...hr v.yt Thr tlE cl.id b tud ofd.ry int..pr.hrion i! oot in ll. Lzi r.llnvn.d i3r.cn ,rom th. f.{ .h{ 2ll int.rtr..rtion is drn_ti.lly linsuistic Tnc linsuii .dplicnn.$ thit rhcprca$ ol und.rstdding gai $rouFh in&+r.t._don do6 noJ cr..r. !

'cond ld?:pn fon rbrr

,hich is und.6bod Md inerp'.t d- Th. int.rp,ebriv..on..p6:r. not, re ttch, thd,ric in u.d.rn.ndi.s, Ri$.', ir c rhcir D2tur. b Jis pp! ir bc-

hind wh{th.r bin8, ininr.rpd,ion, in'o.p..ch.P...doxiatl/,.n intqrd,rion ir risit wlEn n i:

c1p:61. oI disappcring in rlis w.I, And r3i i3 isrru. r rfi.

'm. rin. rl2i it muir b. .xPrc$.d .s

Kndhins th{ i. ini.nd.d b dis.pp.ri Th. po*i-bilii/ rl !.d.!{.ndin8 it dcp..d.nr on $. pcsibil-

ny of rn liid oIn.di2d's i'..!prt..ion.Tti i! .l$ tuc in rho*..$s *lB th.'. is im_

r.djt und.6ondi'g .dd no.xpficn intrpr.u_.ion i! und.n.lcn, For in ihc* aFs too int..pr.r.ion mun 6. po$ibl., B$ tnir m. s rh.rinE rcilion ii.ontain.d pot.rillly i' th. und..eaddins prc.s. k iimply m.k.s tfi. undd*lnd.ing qplicn. ThB int rprti:riotr i3 not r m.2.s

rcls! wl .l und.EGndiisn,chid.d,6!thh*

Fskd into th..ontd of wh{ ir ond.crood, ktu. r.oll th. d . dod noi only 6. rnrt rn. si3-nifanc o(th.!.{ qn b. r..lis.d.t, nnity, [ut$ri $. obj.d of which th? rt lp.lls b .lso .x_

rr*d. Tl. inr..p'dation !l,.6 rLc obj.ct, r n*r., oo thc Fl6 oI *ods,

Th.r. arc . I]w chzhcr..istic vari.tion. to th.u.iv.iidig o{ rhG n:tm.m ehich i.dn.dt con_6m ii vh.o & ft .ona6.d qnh 6. u'd.FlbndinA ud inrcrprdrtion ol lingrkti. t.xts, iflrc!pretior in ri. ft.dirn ol Iansu.8. nsdf ihows$br rnd.Bbrdins .l*./i n: an ssimihtion olsb.t i! .iid io th. poi rh2t it b.coma or.! o*n.Un8liri. i.r.rprerrtio. is .h. Iorn of rll i.t.p..r,rion, .vd wh.n ah{ is b b? int

'pr.Fd i5 not

linSlktic ir nhrc, i. n not 1 Ext, bur i! 1 n:to. or. nu,iql @mporition- V. mu{ nor I.t ourslv.s bcontuscd by ti6. tortu ot inGlprd,rion {hi.h arcror linstnii., but ir hd F.5uppar. lins!.sc. ft npdsibl. ro d.non$'{. .ohding by m6n. ore.E{ .g by pl.cinS No pictord .lodgrid. .,choih.r or ndrs No po.ru on. ait r ih. oth.',.ornat onc n int pr..?d by th. oths. In thdr c.s6d.6o$t rion Km to obviar. lins ni. inr.Fprddm.Briin l.ct n kiido(d.non$iition i,tmodifation ol linsundc ink'pr.t1iion. ln $ch

d.moNntion * hav. th. fttuctio' ol in!ryE ,'don, rhi.h us

'n. d.mo'nr.rion $ i Ynud short'

.!i. D.mon{r:rion i. int.Adrdon in Buch lL.sft snesir. rdit,ion shich!und.rn6 th.ftsult o(.n intcrp...adon' or tltc orft.t i.adingaloud ot 1 t xt lh, nu* inplt d(niof, on dtqu.tioff ol i.crfrddion, b@u{ on. c.n onr/E lj rlonJ wir on. h2. undc6tood. Und.6End,inE nd inaryrctltioh .. indi.$lobly boutd up

li L obviously conn.d.d witi fi. fa.t th.t inr.Fpr.titotr rnd und.6undi'8 .r. bound !p *ith...h orh.r rhar 6c c(repr ot incrpdrdot qn b..rpli.d noi only to sicniifc inErprcbtion, Sut b$d o{ dstic i.ptunudion, q ol nulield dn_nri. pdfo.nine. V. h.v. rlDwn thoE th,r $is

kind o( E oducdon n not. $ond rctrodudio.b.iind rli 6Bt, but m'L.s tfi. worl ol ri ipr.d,s nr.li lar rh? fiBt rioc, It hnnsr ro lifc th. istu olth. nusic, or drlm:tic kxi R..dins ilond G alihil.r prd.s, in ti.t i. ir d. rMkming

"nd con_

v.*ion ol 1 r.xi inro n.w imm.dirct,Frcn tnis n tollo$ th,rk..m.6ins mu( b.

h. of "ll

und.*r.ndins in plivt& r..di6e, Rd'l_i.s iundh.ntdly i.volvd iftrpr.urion. Thn ;not to e/ rh,t und.sn.dins 4 on. r..dt n t h|dof innd pod!.tion in Nhict ih. $ot! ol :n soul<l.cquiR :n ind.p.nd.nr .xii.ne-*hongh r._n:ininsin rll. ind63t spbs. of on.! own inn.rlii.-as in. ptodudion $.ris vnibL to rlt Rarh.r,*. :r. *itii8 rhc.onh.ry, D:ftly that . produc-tion d Et., Dl2.c in ih. dt.n.l wdd of ipd.nd nn. do6 nor in I.d lDv. 2!y ind?pdd.tt.xi$.ne ov.r ardn$ thc wo.k ib.ll..d can dcqun. :!.h o.ly rbrough a sEDn&r/ ,cnhdic dis_iin.rion- Th. ini.'prdatian tl'r nusic ot 1 pla,,und{eoc! wlEn it it p.rlo'6.d n

'd b*ic lt dia

fnnr iom thc ud.aiandins of. t* sh.. to!aid n: u.dd$andins,lwrls inchd6 int rpd.-don, Tt. *ork 01. lir.nry .'iti. 2lo .on*t inm.kin8 &xu ddrhh rnd incllisibh, i. n{.8utd'ing th. coii(r und?dtlndingo{. tm.8:inq mis-und.nundn6. Thu th?c i! no 6smn dil'Grcne bmi"" tnc int pr.6ion th.t . *orlund?rs*. in b.iDg rcprodued .td rhlt shich ln..ritic p.lorme, Howd ,.ond.ry r rnt rptc'.1riv*ni$ mr/ f..l th. jutifdtion oI hn int.prd.tion in wrds 62/ b., rci.dins it 15 iFdndc,h. .$not want lo d..y ild such an a(ount dn b.giv.n oI his rcptoductv. inrcarcBtion. H. nus

.ko d.rir. $d !G inkrpr.t ion b. conld rnd co.-yincing, r'd nwillnor oc.trrro hid ro.drnr ns co.,D.crion wnh rhc t.xine L"r bdor. him. But rhir rcrrn th. :r0. o.c rh5r p..$nb lh. s.ldcmic i'n.i-F.t.r wi.h hn osk. Tfiu. h.Nillb.rn.bt..o doyrh{rhnow.rtrd.6..ndirgof . sorl,.rpr6*dinhir r?poducriv. jne;pr.t tion, cm hs.ll h. un-d.Btood, i. inr.ipftt.A rnd iuri6.d.r.nd rfib in-rcrptor.rion *ill ok phc D , linslnic forh. Bur.v.nrhkfi noi.n.wcrc.ionolnsninS,Aarh.r,irals dis,rp.ar :srin 2i 2n inr.tPd{ion.nd pE,r?Gs iB ruth in rhc jmn.di.q oI und.shnd;ns.

-lr'n inrishr inF.hc uy in wnich idt lp ct don,nd und.Rdnd'ng r'. bound up wnh .a.h o uril d.aoy ih:r Gtc ofr:nnc,em ot inm.dDc]/rhatidiss iid connons.uG hav. pubi.d, rnd nilldo p!6uc, trrJcr rh. brDn.rof r.rcrhdicrofgc-nius. Inr.!rrdirion dos norsc.k to rcpt&. ittr in-tcrpr.rd worl. k dos noq lor.rlmpl., s.k bdraw r.n on io i$€lf by rhc peric pow.r o{ iro$n uncdnce Rarh.r, i! rcm3ins fu.drheni2lltrccidcntal. Thn n tuc nor only ot rh. int

'pRri.swo(d, b( rlso of r.produ.riv. inirrpr.tliion, Ti.i nt.Ar..ins woid .l*ays h.s lonEihin8 3.did..!r Irbout n inrottu is itn motivard by ih.lc'm.n.tr.

'i. qu.*ioi, no' iu* for rh. r.d/Bvs.alf!lpos6

ro whi.h, in fi. rs. .f 'h.

rn iahftnmrni, nFr.pr.r,tion had hi.n linn.d, bur 6cc2rr. una.r$.nding n dw:ys i g.nuin..vcnr.,'simihrty, inrcrpftbtjon th.t is a kproductior is rdd.nbl in afund.m.nti sorc, i. .or iu( *h.n idm.rhins i!pldycd,iDturd,rud.t d.r r.rd d.ud iordidac-ii. prrpGr, This. c1*l' whcrc rcr6d{..ion is ir...eeretion in I sprizl d.6oinraiiv. knsc, wbcr.t induJ.s d.inon*rah!. .rrssrri,ion :nd hish.Ii8hrin& rn in GcrJi&'dronly !. dcsr., rnd norin lind, Gon orh.r .ons oa !.podudiv. inrrp(ra.tion. Hoq.wr huch n is tl.lit<3ry E k or th.mlsiel ftnpo,irion it*lfdr.cqunc; it! himicpcscdc. throu8,' lh. F.Ior6.ne, d.ry t

'fo.-ntnc ltill hs tu om .orhasb. Ir ihis Gp(rrhc di(cd.q arcm rh. drnoNk tiv. pla.ins oI.cc.nB for dididic r..$$ i! nor io flr.ai Allp.rlormrnc i. int rpi.r,iion, All iorerpi(2.ion n

It i, o.ly b.sus. iri6 not iny p.rmin.nr 6.'nsoliBown d di$pp€,re h.hr nork tihich it16prodres thd tlris I1c dc not em(s. d..ru Bu.

\ al. p. r7a jn Tlth drA MdtaA.ll'r.)

ftnh.r.t M.hod gS1

if qc ttrk. a cohFBbl..xrmpl. tom rlc pt.ii.irs. .3 dr?wio8s afrftold hln.d D:d. [yr gr.arz.tis,*c 6rd

'h. sam. illumirariv. inkrprdlion

in rbcq, Th. s.n. rtr ( ii .rp.rid.d *l.n scinBrdiv.ls of old filos o.s.ing.slin ! film thr on.h., jBt *.n 6d rch.dh.d cl.a,ly: d..rdiisco! to b. oy.l'lry.d.

'liu n is rlDlly l.sirinic

for $ b !p.21 ot th. inr.rpctr.ion rn:i li6 b.hinda.ry r.podudio., rnd i nu* b. p6.ibl. b giv. .rundM.nbl.edunr of ii Th. rd.l int rprcr.tionis m:d. up ot. rhoued lnd. d.cnions *[ich.llrl.ih ro h. @r.ci Arslmlntriik iusrifqtion rndini..prci.rion do not n.cd ro b. .h. rRi*! pop..6nern. Morcdcr, an dplici. i .ar.oiion i.l Eu.s. would only lpp.oriD2r ln. mrh, tndliU rhod oI ih. roundcd foh rchi*d by .n ..dir-

.ic r.produclio.. Navcnhd.s! rll. inn.. r.htionorrll trid.N.ndinsroinrer.r.rion,rtulrh.b.!icposibilir/ af an inra..trtior io \ods, Enu inr

. untouch?d by rnir,v. d!$ und.46nd

'lropc.lt tfi. n1o'. ot rh.

Iondro.Dial pridt/ oa l-su:s. isFcd fi.c.In-d..d, lansursc oi.n sdn! ill-.ui..d b *pr6!wnr E lc.l, ln th. ft.. oa th. ov.n [.hin! pr.ror. ol works of d 6c i^k of .xpr.$ing jn mrdiwhrt thcy sir to us .€.m lik r indniE $d hopehs trnd.d:ki.s. ltn.Esli[.1.ritiqu.of l.rgu:8.thlr our dAir. rnJ ap,ciry b u.d.aund.tw:r.Eo b.yo.d an] *fu'ncntlhlr*.onm aButrhi3do* not aff€d rhc f!n,}m.nt1l priorit' ol hn.gus.. Thc !.$ibilid.s ol o!. kndldg. sem robc rir more indjvidual inan il. possihjliiiB o{.r.pr$ion ofd.d by l sursd Faed *ith d. scci:llr horivr.d cndcncy to*d! un'lormig wi(hrhich l gn:sc tor.d ud.Rtmdi's into p1frio,!.. sch.nlic fomr *hicb lcn us in, onr dd;. {orkno*l.ds. s.b ro El.alc n*lf toB the *[em.tnerions and pr.dc.nions. Howcvd, . diiicJsrp.rioriV which N. dtn ov.r lrsuc. b no.corccm.d *irh th. .otu nrionr oa lingli.i. .x-prslion, but wiih rhc onv.niions ol m..iins d'..hav. louhd th.n iord in hsursc. I]luj n s1y3.odinir asain*

'h. 6s. id com?djor hcN.d

unddabdingrnd lltrguag!, In frcrn@nfimr inii(onn.dion. For ,ll roch crnicnm vhich ris6 .bowrh. r.h.maiih of out*i?mrnrtinorddbu.d*,n:nd rsain fndr ns .lpEsion in rh. lom oI I ,suas.. H.ne lan8nas. .lwayr lo6t lb .ny obie-rian ro iB iunrdioon, l6 urir.rxLry lc.pr ple$irh th. unisB:liry ol rc/er, Hcm.ndriol on.

$t4 HalcloicCrD^MrR

dnus..$ ;s only ItniciPaiins in sme$in8 rh.t

mninusr th. gln.nl rthtion b**en lrn8!ag.

rnd rcxson.llll l und.Bhidi4 $:ndr in. D.ca_rry .lltion ol .qtrivllenc. to ir! lo$ibl. ini.r

nd*ion and iI!h(e3r. b.sn.lll no bounds$rro

lnd.6kndinJ, th.n thc linsuistic lorm wtich th.

inr.trr.htion ol this und{*anding iinds mu$.on_Ein wirhin ii an infinir. dimcnrion ihat ti,nrc.odsr1l bouds- L:ngrtrge n d. hn30r3. ol a3son

on. glr thn, rnd !h., onc n.sn.t.,. For thisn.k.s laneuae. o cld* io r.lon-Bhi.h n!1nsb rh. obj.tr th.r itnrft6-rnrton.niv rsk *hvrlErc should b. diftmr linsu.s.i d tll, sine all

F.r iofiN.th. sam.porimiiyb dsn rnd to

obj(d vnd a pcson liv.r i, , lane!.s., h. ;

illcd wir[ th. nse ol in. unsurp:5r.bl. 2pP.opn-

ftn $ o! rh. vords ihri h. uscs tor de obiss .owhich h. is te{ciiins. i.Je impo$ibh ihiiorh.rwordr in oth{ lans!.g.r couid

"De 'he objc6

qu.lly *etl Thcsuir?blc*ord alo.? r oM a.d nniq!!, i8 r {h. obje.. nt r.d rois rlwrts unique. T!. agoiy ol nanlldon .onsG$

uldmitdy in th.ld th* th..!isin, Mrds krn

tobc idr.FB6l. Gom th. ohi..6 rhet kt r r., soth{ in onlcr o ma!.3 !.rr intllisibk on. olt.n

his ro grv. rn,ntcrPr.Eri\c prnPhn< o, n rurhtrGr rrnd.k r, rh. mor.xnlnnd, u!rhntoriel.oosciousds r.l.s, th. norc ir srtms b b.lNireof rh. unE,nslatahility oI wh:r L *nft.n ii . Io..isn l.n8ugt. But th; Bakes th. i Fle onitvot

s.d rndobi.dr hermen.u'icrl stumblins block

How e. w. posibly undect.nd rntthinsvlifterin r forcic, linsulg. il we .F ths nnpftonld i't

It it nE6srry ro .a th. $..iouen.s ol lhn '.

nmdi In a.drl i:d rh. *.sitivit/ o! ou' hntori'

;n .oNcio!sn.$ tlL $ .h. oDpo3it , Th. work of

u&$EndiDg and i'tacrno' 3l*). I.n r

m.rnrnsJxl. Tfik 3hos rh. sup.nor unncGrlirywirh wh!.6 mson ri*srboFth.l'm H,ioE or:nvgvc. lI8{ig., Th. hm.n.uhal dp.ri.ne n

fic cor.div. by m.:ns oI whi.h th. thinling r.r_

ror dc1p6 th. prison oi l su3s., and ir is it*!t

hon rhis loini o( vnw it. Pbbl.m ol Lnsuas.

ii noi t6cncd s th. philosoph/ .f hngu?gcriis ii C.rtainl), th.wncq ol lrngla8* Prdcrs!s *i$ 1probl.m, B"r rlis probl.o n 5imprv I'ow

.e.ry lmgurs., dc.pit. its diff.r.n.. trom other

lan8trag*, n rbl. ro ny cadlthing it \reng. v.

knoq ih, cv.ry l.ngug. dods .his in irs os' wav.

Sut tr ih.n rsl hoa :mid rl'. vri.rf ot il '6c

Ior ol uneance, th*c is {ill thc sr.re uniry uI

tfiousit ,!d rp.e.h, 30 rhn .v.rythins that htrs

beil r..smfied in wrnins can b. und.ctoodThus s. i!. inti.slcd io d. oDposit. ol whd Phi'loephy olhng'rg.5Rk! ro inrsrigre

T1( inrmii. un,qolhnsurc. rnd lhoudt n th.prdEe rmm wh(h pi'luroPhy ol lr.gur6. :lr

;h*i lt n $is alon. tn.! n.s mid. i!. sci.n.. For

onlv h.cius. ii,is unity .xiss n ir {on}*lilc for

tt.:iDv.*icrtor to n!1. th. !6nddior ehicn

ess hni[sl to h. !h. obrer ol hs r.(rrch.

onlt hy brc:L'n3 wnh th. co^vdn; of rhmlosy rnd dtionrl'rd could tlcrdd and

Huinboldi" l.!t. ro * l"nsuag.mild. Bv ickno$l.dsinc 6. nnilv of tfiou*t d

hne2ec rh€v $.rc ,bl. to undc'i,L. thr u3k of

...p.r.s rt* *'.o i.'-' of'IE uni+ w. x.

se.insiros ihe sxn. insiSht, buts. !r.go'ngt.3it w.'c, ii IIE oppo!ir.dir..tidn. DsPncdEmrlti_iariousnss of q.y. ol spceh * s..L to hold on

to rh. indissolubl. loiiy 6t donslr.nd lxnsuas.

ar w. lncou.rer n in ih. hsm.ietrtiel phe.on+

no., nlm.ly :s rhc uniry of unde$nding rnd

n;tr +cqu6rcn rhi i .oncern! rs i5 rhnorth.rbrir:cm6s of rll rn'le6undins I' only aPp.m to

b. a seond2rt qnesdon. W. hryprtnnon tr lh. fllisrLon olrh. h-men.'a.Jl.:'D{i.nc. n(lf. Th* s lhy uur p

liGcultone. Th. inteeret r does not know ihlr hc

n 6insing himklf and his own co.clps 'nro

th.

inrciprekiion,Thelinsunu.lormulrtion k s. mu'h

o.n ot drc intcrpi.tr! mindd'dh! neverb..ons;*-""tn *,^.bid rX* i, isu'ddendal'|.ihr il ' ir sid. ol lhe h.m.lcuiic pro..s h.s ben

whollv icnorcd. Buirh{. i, rh.6lthd p.i rha'

i..:i;,iion h$ ben conrlsd bv insii.d rh.G

nd o! largu3ge lt ir obvious ib3r an innon.n-

Elilr rory oI siFr rh,r s.s {odr 3nd coneps

rs handy Mk hs mi$.d 'h.

po,n oi 'h.

h(_

m?..uncrl phmom.non tl E. n,(k @ehn hk'r

pl.; in rpc.ch ,nd, .bov. all, all introu6'

with s.dnion .adi.d on bY .lt huennor fail to sa lh.t th.rc ( a @.$1ni troa$ of

.onc.p!{oi6arion ai *ort. Tlrir doei ndt mdn

!loirm conrrkd H..i( hTaa-r3or, c.mn Phi_iorosiiqrv,ll 'dn]onHdnboldt(r767-r3Jt c{ft'tr

thar th. inrrprct4 i! usiry n.* or unutlal vonh,Bur th.us.oiGmilhr*odrdes,oipro...d toman a ct ol logic,l ,nlxuoprio n, rkoush *i i.h in i._dividnil is pL@d und{r !niv.ar! concrpr. rli rsrBe6bc., n.hg, ifiat unddntndins .llayt inc!Dd6

"n.l.m.nioJ ipplic.tion.nd thur prcdn..5

. conn.nt tunkr d.velopmcnt in rh. Ioh,ion olco.c.p6, W. ou$ onsid.r ftit now it w. slnt .oli6cEr. lhc linslntic naNc oi unde'ihnding lrohrI. p..supposidons ot philosoplit of !,n3$3.- Ti.incrp{r.i dca nor us. wonL rnd @!ep$ li!. anadis.n *ho r1t6 hn rook in his hmds od rlBpuG th.o rN:y. Rrh.r, *r nu* r.@gnis. $rt :llund.Bandinsn int rwov!. {irh con€pb d t-

iEt:rr .6.ory thr ,loB nor acc.pt dr. iniimar.

Inded, th. sirul on is cven mole difrculi lt nqu.*ion:U.wn.th.r!!ecot..piollansn.Sewhichmod.d scilnc..nd pnibophy of lusu.8. t.*..sth.ir ilaftingpoirt ir rdequ?t b lhe sirurion hhar re.ndy bc.n n"red by somc lin8uiss-,.drigt'tly-rnt rn. n.<ldn mncePt ol lbg!a3. pr?-sun.r . linFkic consioun.s rh.r is i$elf , his'6iel 16!lr d do6 not a'I)ly io th. h.sinninc ofri. hnbicrl prccdr,?rpc.irll, b what fi. Crels6ll.d l!.strise." Tt*. is i dcvelopn.nr tmm lhc.onpl.i.unco.sciousnc$oIt,ng,!?s?,th.r sc 6ndio cl,$icrl Grte, to th. inshm.ni.k! d.v"lu3-don oflin8!:g.ft3r v. 6nd in mod.rn time!, Thnpr.e$ of d.Lrlopingcons.iou$es,siic!.l.oin-rolv.s. ch..g! in rhe rnitud. ro lrguig.,n,k.sitposibl. for'ling':g. rr ru.h, i. fotm, nfr'okd frcm rll onrcnq m b.con

h lhn vicw w. can doubt wl,dh* rh. rchionb.sE.n tn. ioddo hnsuas..nd rh. th.ory olhnsnrs. is corcdy .hmcErk.d, but $.8 is nodoubt thri tll. ei.na r.d pnibroPht of ltrgur8.op.tric on ih? prcdie lh,r in.ir 6nly con@E n ih.fom of l&su.sr. h ih. id.2 of tord *ill aPpopri_2i. hc'.? ts langurs..6ydbolic fom, * C.$i.!

'r Lfimrn in l,it nl,l^u,l

'rruth dat! etbod 455

souG nav. ii? rJo6lhistrk.Kou ol nsrniqDcqurlity, shkh b rh:r l.ngulgc .mbnet a.ty-thi!B-6yr[,1{ t:v dc-rh't Crsnc 3ko ctlk

ln 3ndysinB rh. i.rm.n.ulictl ph.noo.non*. hrv. soobl.d upon th. univ{sal tunction ollans!is., In r.v.Jing its Iinsui5.inrn.uticzl ph?nomc.on n*[ is s..n .o brvr 2 trni_v.srt rig.i6crnc.. Und.ut.ldi.g ,nd inkpr.-ution a.c r.laied io rh. linSlistic rrdiiion in t:p!ci6c r.t B$ 4 ri. $m! tim. rhey krnrc.ndrlis..brionihip nor onty b..zu'.lll lhc (.Iionr

olhun3n a'ltore, including $. DonlinBlnric on.r,*.k ro b€ !nd.s.@d ib lhh w!, bu nrort ftrndr'm.nklly in*mucfi ae cv..ythi'g rh.i i6 i.relligibl.b's 6. rcc.sibl. to lnderdndins rd to in!..pr.otion. Thc $m. thins i, .s rrue oJ unds*..d-ing I o( Lnguxg.. N.ni* n to b. grasp.d simply3s z hc h.t.a! bc.mpiri.rlly inee$bled N.i_tlw is.v.rsin,pl,. an obi.ct, but mmprisE ftrydins $ar cx. .v.r b.- obj.cr"

It or. r..oenncs thn bid. conn.ciion b.B.cnhngrr8c rnd und.Kt.nding, o.. will .or b. tbleb v. !h? dd.lop6.ni t om unconsi.us.ds olhnsulg.

'ia cone.iousn.s ol l.ngr,8. ro rh. d.-

vrua.ion o, l1ncuag." ff 3n lnl6biguon! hkbri-.,1 pro..$. Tfiir schem. doct nor s..n to m. b b.dequd. .r"n for in. hntory oi th@'i6 oI lan'gl lge, . r

' ! .hr l l s . . , l * ,o ie Ior rh. l i lo l lan'

sligc. Th. lansutgc A3i liv6 in .P€ch, whi.htalcsin 3llundcniandine includins thli ot th. r.r-tu.Iint.Arcu, is p mu.h boundnp with thi.lingand ini?rpct1ti.. rh:r *! h.k m liftl. !.li il N.ig.orc ih..ctull contnr oi wl,t hr$ag6 h'nddown ro us 3nd sc.t ro onrid.r only lrglaBc

lct En* cdnd, Y..r !'d m*rat aa svbotba.szli!, teJ6. rhj.h (llndr .disin h. say5 publishrd

ptu arr' Jp',rr., 'rJ7,nrtu

o,iqeh.r l^u.lrHon,swrd pd, tr th! w4, L.iI:d, bu': onn.iol. lre a,,p .r3J.lAu.l

"fttstri@J Lohrou tup. nr.rdM'l's $. do.lop'