2 Th lt

i

F2. t su rface fetu res of the neck a nd shou lder :lefr teral Yiew.

disp|ay the rest. whihpalpable bonyfeaturesnia| pats of the nek are

mane

gh pointof withers,5

crest of neck

s nous proesses o/ r3and T4

scapular caftilage,dorsal border

scapula:cranial border

sptnettansve rse processes of

cervical vertebrae

humerus:major tuberosit

(cranial and caudalpafts)

deltoid tuberosit

outline of m. cutaneuscolli

ulna, olecranonhumerus,lateral

epicondle

radius,lateraltUberosit

Fig.2.2 Bones of the neckand shoulder: left lateralVIEW.he pa|pab|e bonyfeatures shown in Fig.2.1 have ben oloured red' hedosaI border of the sapu|ar arti|age is represented by a red wire.

2.3 Superfiialsulatureof the nek.sperfiia| fasia and theneous omobrahiaI mus|e been removed, but the |argeneus mus|e of the nek hasn preserved.

n. cervicalis ll, r' ventralis v. maillaris (cut)

tendon ofm.longissimus capitis

a. carotis interna

a.v. occipitalis

a' carotis eterna

n. cessorrus X/,r. ventralis

lnn. retropharyngeimediales

lnn. cervicalesprofundi craniales

v. linguofacialism. omohoideus etm. sternohoideus

v. jugularis eterna injugular groove

n. ceNicalis lll,r. ventralis

m. sternocephalicus(m. sternomandibularis)

' m. cleidocephalicus

(m. cleidomastoideus)

m. omotransversarius

m. cutaneus colli

fibroadipose trssue ofrest

nn. cervicales lV, Vr. dorsalesm. trapezius, parscevicalis, partlcovered b superficialcervical fascian. accessorrusX/,r. dorsa/rs

m' serrtus ventralisceNtclsn. cervicalis lV,r. ventralis

m. subclaviusm. supraspinatusn. cervicalis V,r. ventralisn. cervicalis Vl,r. ventralis( n' su pral av i cu lar i s )m. brachiocephalicus

dose t,ssueoverling lnn. cervica]essuperficialessuperficialfasciaoverlingm. cleidobrachialis

m. pectoralisdesedes

v. cephalica

Fig.2.5 The superficial erviaI lymph nodes: Ieftcraniolateral view.he cutaneous musIe of the nek has been ref|ted and the adioosetissue surrounding the |ymph nod has been removed.

l l Jupl o|JlI ld|uJ

', ',uguIats eterna injugular grooven sternocephalicus

cut edge ofm cutaneus

omobrachialisn. cevicalis V'

r ventralisl omotransversarlUs

n cevicalis V|,r ventralis

(n supraclavicularis)

ad i pose ti ssue cov eri nglmph nodes

m. cutaneus collisternum, manubrium

m. cleidobrachialism. pectoralisdescendens

v cephalicaskin of neck, reflected

m pectoralislrnsVersUs

m. sternocephalicus

v jugularis externa inlugular groove

.t su p r acl av i cu lari s (CV I )

a. cevicalissuperticialis,r ascedens

lnn cervicalessupeiiciales

m subclavius

a, cervicalissuperficialis,r deltoideus

v cehalica in lateralnoatnr2l dr6a\ta

m cutaneus collim c!eidobrachialis

m pectaralisdescedens

m pectoraltslrsyersUs

n'cevicalisV'r ventralis

g2.6 contents of the jugular groove: left lateralU.edorsa| bordrof th groove, formed by the brahioepha|ius mus|e,sben removed, |eaving the ontents of the groove and its vntraIrder (sternoepha|ius mus|e) in position.

2.7 Strap muscles of the nek: left latera! view. brahioephalius and strnocepha|ius musIes have beenreted to dispIay the sternohyoideus, sternothyroideus andrctryoideus mus|es. The intermediate tendon is indistint in someYiduaIs.

m spleniustendon of

m longissimus capitism. cleidomastoideus

m. omotransversariusv. occipitalis

lnn. cervicalesprofundi craniales

v' maillaris

v. linguof acialism, omohoideus etm, sternohoideus

v jugularis eternann. cervicales lll,lV

rr ventrales

m. longus capitis

trasVerse proessof C4

m. sca/enus ventralts

m. il iocostalis cev icis

m. sternocephalicus

m omohoidusa carotis ommunis

m clidomastoideusm omotransversarius

v occipitalisv maillaris

v. linguofacialism.longus capitis

trasVerse processesof C'4

v. jugularis externa

m. omohoideus

m scalenus ventralis

m sternothroideus

m. sternohoideus

trachea

intermediate tendon

m' sternoth rohoideus

a carotis communis

m. sternocephalicus(deter)

m sternocephalicus(sinrster)

m. pectoralisdesendes

dl.pose Dssr.e f "=s

mane

m rhomboideuS Ce.l ll

m. vapezus' pacevicalis

n.-ceNicalis,r. dorsalis

m serratus Ventaliscervtcls

Inn, cevicalessuperficiales

m subclavius

m suprasptnatus

n. supraclav icul ari s (CV I )

humerus, majortuberosit

m cleidobrachialis

m. pectoralisdescendes

remnant of f ibroad iposecevical creslm rhomboideus cervllsm splentusm trapezius, parscevica|is

m serratus ventraliseNIcls

acessorlus X/,r dorsalis

m. iliocostaliserylc/s

dorsal etremit oflnn. cervicalesct tnorfiilpc

m, subclaviusn supraclavicularis(cvt)ventral etremit oflnn cervicalessuperticiales

m brachiocephalicus

a ceNicalissupeiicialis,r deftoideusv cephalica in laterapetora] gr

2

Figt.8Gerially!ryh nodesvisra: leftlaal Yiew.--l= eeo lymph-i:Oes ad the:::i| |ymph dut.tr oeen exposeo,, .enoval of ther*rghy9;6 musIe and]..UgUIarvein

lnn retropharyngeimediales

n. laryngeus cranialis (X)m. cricopharyngeusm thropharyngeus

m. throhoideus

Inn. cevicalesprofundi craniales

m' omohoideus etm. sternohoideus

insertion ofm sternothroideus

a. throidea cranialis

throid gland

m longus capitisln. cervicalis

profundus mediust. trachealis

m sternohoideust. vagosmpathicus

intermediate tendon

oesophgustrachea

m. sternoth rohoideus

m. sternocephalicus(deter)

m. omotransversariusm rhomboideus ervicrsm. splentusm. serratus ventraliscer'lcls

trnsyerse processof C4

a. carotis communis

m. longus colli

n. cervicalis V,r. ventralis

m. iliocostaliscerl/tcts

m. salenus ventraIis

lnn. cervicalesprofundi caudales

Fig.2.9 Cervil strutures atethorai inlet: left laterlvieYu' ("l)"he fore|imb has been removed.

m splenius

'n. omotransversarius

m longus capitis. gticalis, lv r. ventralis

t. vagosmpathicus

m sternothroideusm sternohoideus

trachea

t trachealisln cevicalis

profundus mediusm.longus colli

a. carotis communisoesopagus

r,f' sternoth roh oi d eU slnn' cevicales

profundi caudalesn. sternocephalicus

(deter)

". sternocepha|icus(sinistr)

- ell.l sup e rf i c i al i s

fibroadipose cevicalcrestm. rhomboideus ervicls

m. semispinalis

m.longissimus ceNicism serratusventralisceNrclsm. longissimus thoracis

m. serratus ventralisthoracis

m. scalenus ventralism ' salenus dors/ls

n thoracicus longuspleus brachialis

n. phrenicus, rootsfrom CVl,CVllv jugularis externa

a. thoracica eterna

m. rectus thoracis

lnn' cevicalesprofundi caudalesm pectoralisscedens

m pectoralisdescendens

m subclavius a'v' aillaris

t921 o otets of the arotid s heth : left Iatera lU.

t|.-1;[ris'e6Us

m- longus capitis

throid gland

trachea

m sternothroideus

m sternohoideus

oesophagus

n larngeusrecurrens (X)

t Vagosmpathicus

t. trachealis

ln ceNicalisprofundus medius

a carotis communis

Fig.2.11 Cervicallater!view' (2).

m longissimus ceNicisorigins of m seratus

ventralis eNicis

n' cevicalis Vl,r. dors/tsr. ventralis

oesophgus

a carotis communistrachea

t trachealis

Inn. cervicalesprofundi caudales

m. sternoth rohoideUs

v. cephalica

m. sternocephalicus(dexter)

a. cevicalissupeiicialis

m sternocephalicus(sinister)

ape of manubrium

The fasia| sheath has ben inised. l e|d erves' artery andthe assoiated |ymphati trunk have been sIightty sparated attheposition of the blak pin.

m. sptentus

m serratusventraliserv,c,s

nn cevicales lV, V,rr ventrales

m. iliocostaliscervtcts

m. scalenus ventralis

cut edges of carotidsheth

intermediate tendon ofm' sternoth rohyoideUs

lnn. ceNicalesprofundi caudales

structures at the thoracic inlet: left h ventraI serrate and petora| mus|es haveben ut bak to expose thesternum, ribs, and ervia| strutures atthis IeveI

m. longissimus thoragis

m. iliocostalis thoracis

m. iliocostalis cervicis

m. scalenus dors/lsn. thoracicus longusplexus brachialisn phrenicus, rootsfrom CVl,CVllrib 1m scalenus ventralisa. thoracica eternaa.v. aillaris

lnn, cevicaIesprofundi caudales

m. rectus thoracis

m. subclavius

costal caftilages 1,2

m. pectoralisdesendesm. pectoralistrasyersUs

m cutaneus colli

Fig.2-12Cervilstrucfues tthethoaiinlet: Ieft |tera|view, (3).^ ^^^|^^'I II DUdlYl U .: - =:nave oeen re.r^ . ] .th most aud a .: ..the ne

m.longus colli

t. vagosmpathicus

a. arotis communis

trachea

t. trachealisoesophagus

- sternothrohoideuscarotid sheath, cut

edges

v. jugularis eterna

v cephalica

m. cutaneus colli

m sternocephalicus(sinister)

ogin of m, pectoralisdesedes

m sublavius

m longissimus ceNicis

m. longissimus thoracis

m i liocostalis cev icis

m scalenus dorsa/lsrib 1

pleus brachialis

n larngeus recurrns

ganglion cerv icale medium

dUctus thoraciUs

t. vagosmpathicus

n. phrenicus (CV l,CV I I )

v. cava cranialis

lnn. cervicalesprofundi caudales

a.v aillaris

a ceNicalissuperticialis

a thoraicaeterna

Fiil.g.2.13 heoeP,efmusles of theek: left lateralview (1).-::: :- !s a]c

.= =: at-:- =: d!UlI.=_ , c he f irst rib

a. ] -. sond rib cut:-. - n nrniaI nat

-=.- d ssetion is-:.., nFig 131.

m semispinaliscapitis

m splenius m rhomboideus ceryils

m. obliquus capitiscaudalis

m obliquus capitiscranialis

a occipitalisa carotis internaa. carotis eterna

m splenius,insertion

m omotransversarius

m. longus capitis

throid glandn larngeus

recurrens ()t. trachealis

(displaced ventrall)trachea

aannlrt r

ln. cervicalisprofundus medius

a. carotis communis

m sternocephalicus(dexter)

t vagosmpathiCusm' sternoth rohoi deus

nn cervicales lll,lV,rr ventralesnn. ceNtcales,rr. dorsales

ligamentum nuchae(funicular part)

m semispinaliscapitism. longissimus capitis

m longissimus atlantism. spleniusm longissimus eruicism. iliocostalisCENDSm. longissimus thoracis

m.longus collirib 1 (removed)

n. veftebralis

a. scapularis dors/

a. cervicalis profunda

t costoceNicalisa. veftebralis

ganglionceNicothoracicum

Fr.2.14The deeper musles of the nek: left lateraluiew (2).l erviaI part of the intermediate soina| eretor musles(. |ongissimus) has been removed

.2.15 The cervia! nerves ad nuhI ligament:lateralview.

FovaI of the smispinaIis apitis mus| has exposd th nuhaIiament. he dorsaI branhes of the ervicaI nerves emerge f rom thedipst Iayr of spina| musc|es.

m semispinalis capitis:m' compleus m. biventer cervicis

m obliquus capitiscaudalis

m' rhomboideus tora's

do rsoscap u I ar I i g am e nt

m. splenius

m.longissimus ceNicis

m Iongissimus thoracis

m. longus capitism iliocostalisthoracism m. i nte rtr an sv e rs ar i idors/es cervicist. vagosmpathicusductus thoracicusn. vertebralisganglioncerv icothoracicum

ligamentum nuchae(funicular part)n. cervicalis lll,rr. dorsalis et ventralisligamentum nuchae(lamIlar paft)

C,C4 afticu Iar proessesm. semispinalis capitismm multifidim. spinalis erylca cevicalis profundam. i liocostal is thoraci sC6, transverse proess

pleus brachialis(CVll, Vlll rr ventrais

dutus thoracicUs

t vagosmpathi'as

mm inteftransversariiceNtcts

t smpathicus

semispinalis capitis

n cervicalis V, rr. dorsalisetventralis

Eg2.161rdrdIgaretlleft&rdviery.d otttpl|I.ills oerxsl.saeeosesthb r|lrParto|r igHltndthered thorif]es{lnotjslgfign15. fhgrs]cpuIarrgtrnf't (Fig.2.1 4)hs aiso beenroved.

ligamentum nuchae:funicular paft lamellar part

wing of atlas

m. obliquus capitisranialis

m. obliquus capitiscaudalis

position of snovialjoint betvveen ais

and C3

n. ceNicalis lll,rr. dorsalis et

ventralis

m. longus capitis

throid gland

oesopagus

trachea

mm. multifidi

s nov i al joi nts betweenC5,C6 and C6, C7

supraspinous liganent

m. interspinalis

i nters p i nou s I i g ame nts

m. spinalisthoracis

m. longissi mus thoracis

sploUsprocesses T,T4

sp/nousprocesses T1 , T2

m iliocostalis thoracis

a' cevicalis profunda

m. longus colli

ductus thoracicus

t. smpathicus

ganglionceruicothoracicum

m. spinalis (deter)

t. vagosmpathicus v jugularis eternadetra

F'g2171aflasala"isvertebra: leftlderalY'U.The phryrrdstrufures aredeajttwith in detail inFig.1'26 d Figs.1.32-1.34.

a. vertebralisr. dscendens

atlas, cranialafticular process

:c,i p ital bon e, con d l e

a- meningea caudalis'cipital bone, jugular

processwing of atlas

m. occipitohoideusm. digastricus

atlas, transverseforamen

a. vertebralis

n vaguXm. stlohoideusa. carotis interna

a. occipitalist. linguofacialis

a' carotis eternam longissimus atlantis

n. essorius /a. carotis communis

atl as, I ate r al v e rte b r aland alar foramina

nuchal ligament,funicular part

m. rectus capitisdorsalis major

dura mater

n. cervicalis ll, radicesventralis et dorsa/rs

ax,s, des

,s..crani al adicu lar proessI ate r a I v e fte b r al f o r ame nsp,nous proess

n. cervicalis Il

nuchal ligament,Iamellar part

ais, caudal articularprocessm. multifidus cervicis

C, cranial arflicularprocessa. veftebralis,r. dorsalis

m.longus colli m.longus capitis

F.21 8 The ervicI vertebraer halligaments: left |aterlview.

Removai of th deepest musles (mu|tif idis.inttransverse and obIiquus apitis) revea|s thervia| attahments of the ligament. Note that

thre is no attahnt . : S sa m to thedorsa| spinous poess of C6 Fulrher dtaiIs ofthis dissetion are shown in F os 2 19 and2,2 ,

\

m rectus capitisdorsalis minor

remnant of m obliquus^^^ii^ ^^' '^li^wdIJILlJ LouuII

ligamentum nuchae:funiu|ar part lamel|ar part attaching to C2',4 and 5

external occipitalprotuberance

ocipital condle

^+/^^

des ofxis

axlsguttural pouch

n crvica|ts Ilr ventralts

m longus capitis

sUrsplnoUs ligament

m spinalis(dexter)

sp/oUs proesses ofC7 '1-4

a, cevicalis profunda

m. i l iocostali s ervlc

head of rib 1 , removed

a. intercostalissuprema

m longus colli

a scapularis dors/ls

C3,trsverseprocess |',""'3l":::betvven

pleus brachialis(Cvll'Vlll;l'll)

nn. cevicales V,Vl'rr. ventrales

throid gland

a vertebralis

Eg.2.19 The last two cervial andlil thoraic vertebrae : left Iateralew.

h tansvrs anaI houses the vetbral artery'vein and nerve. lt begins atthe auda| transverseforamen of C6 There is no C7 transverse foramen

a. rcrtebralis, r dorsalisFsverse foramen, C5

a v n vertebralis'i, oss i n g i nte N e ft e b r a I

qe befween C5 andC6

n cevicalis VI,rr. dorsalis et

ventralis

snovial joint cavit '6'C7

ffirisyerse proess andforamen, C6

a.v.n veftebralisatinteNertebral spacebtween C6 and C7

m longus colliw,icalis Vl, r ventralis

oesoph9ustrachea

a. carotis ommunist trachealis

caudal articularprocess, C5

\s\m sternocephalicus

(deter)

cranial articularproess, C6 arch of C6 sous process, 17

t. vagosmpathicus

- s+-

mm multifidi

a cervicalis profunda

caudal articularproess, C7cranial articularproess, 17

n cevica|is VIll,r. dors/ls

n. cervicalis Vll,rr dorsalis etventralis

transverse proess, C7mm intertransversariiceNrctsm levator costarumostotrsverseligament, rib 1

space from whih heeof rib 1 was removedpIeus brachialis-1cvil, vilt

m. iliocostaliscer'rcls

m. sternoth rohoideus

n. vertebralis

a veftebralis

m longus colli

g2zlh|rilttheerlbxialrtiqlltion: lefttrralYifl.s sakserviewof6Aof ttdissetion9, in Fig.2.18.

m. rectus capitisdorsalis minor

occi pital protruberanc

^rl^^ ^.^^i^l.Ida' vIal lIalarticular process

occipital condleatlas, position of alarand Iateral venebral

foramina

atls:wtng

transverse foramen

a. veftebralis

atlantoaxial dorsalinterspinous ligament

n. cevicalis ll

a. carotis communis

twisted to the right sid, to revea| the spinousproesses ofT4 and T5. Synovia| bursae aresomtimes Ioated betwen the spinous process

suprasptnous trgament

nuchal ligament,funicular partposition of cranialnuhal bursan cevicaljs l,r. dorsalisa. vertebralisr' desedesm. rectus capitisdors/ major (dter)

m. obliquus capituscaudalis (small remnant)position of caudalnuchal bursanuchal ligament:funicular partIamellar part

ls:sp/ous processlatera| vetebral foramendenscranial articular processtrsyerse process

of ah thoraci vertebra and the funiu|ar oart ofthe nuhal Iigamnt. The supraspinous bursa Iisbetwen the two oarts of the nuha| |ioament.

Fig.2.21 The nuh! l igament tthe withers: left lateral view.The f unicuIr part of th Iioament has been

sites of inconstantsnovial bursae

cartilages of splousprocessesTS, T4, T5

supraspinous snovialbursa over spinous

proesses of T2,T

nuchal ligament:funicular parttamellar pan

llerspous ligaments-2 -spinousprocesses

m. interspinalis

m. spinalisthoracis