loIa.zlawT. Yl. Cxpanxaaa H llpo¢eccop 1'. r. ~IIPCOBRBnRDTCR ~ByWR sacnymeHHHull ne~arorawil B ~enenO~rOTOBKlI (jl!l5nv.OTe'lHHXxanpoa npa 6I!OJlIIO'l'e'lHoltMao.aa roc. YlIICTlIITyT!l-HYJlbTYPH Vtll. H.H.HpynCKO~ B leIlIlHr~e.

llpo<t.lO>ilpCOBB ,D,ellCTBIlTenhHOCTIlIlDlIReTCIl,D,eaaHoliS'I'oltmHOJI!>. npIIH8,!!;J1elf[aTb!( 8TOilY nepenoaouyYlHCTlI'I'yTYnc~rOTOBKIl 6116J1110Te'lHHXK8,!!;poBRBnRBTCRcauo no ceo e 601lbmoit nOqeCTblO ,D,JIRJllOOoronpenonaaar ea» OH6'JloTeQHHX aayx B COBeTcKou COI03e.B 1967_68 rcnax YlHC'I'HTY'f'HaCQIlTliBIU B CBOIIX aHHIU&XOKO,lIO5.100 c'I'y~eHToB. 550 - He OCHOllHOU ¢a,KylU,T8'I'8,750 - Ha Be'lepHeu Kypce II 3.300 - Ba 38a'lHOU aypC8.llpenO,D,aB&TeJIbCKy,D OTB8TC'I'lleRHOOTb HeCJI. 13npo¢eccopoll npH'lIlClIeHBHX K MHC'I'8TYTY. 8TIIX HeUHorllX,D,aRHHX BnO.lHe ~OCTeTO'lHO ,D,.lRTOro 'ITOOH eCBeTIITb

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Voll5 No 2 June 1968

,D,Mana30H nonR SToro YlHcT~TyTa T~e Rau H B~~HoeueCTO 36HBuaeuoe MY B HynbTypHo-npoCBeTI\TeRbHO~CIlOTalle CTpaiI!i.

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1968 ro~ RB.I~eTCft BH,D,~IIUCR ro~OIl II .83HIIj,I.aoTKTyTaMY. KpyncHOIi - oTapebeli llao.ae nononroToBKe O.s.lIlOT8'lHHX II8.,llpoBI! cTpaile-nocBoJlbKYMHC"~TyT OTUeQa8T llRT~ecRT1IlI8T8e ero BeCbuanOJle3HoII npocBeTMTeRbHOIi neRTeJIbHOCT ••

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ocodol 8s60TY rocyupcTBs. CICTOW8, OCHOBY KOTOpoR dWII 88-

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103

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104

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Ann Lib Sci Doc,

SYSTEM OF LIBRARY EDUCATION IN USSR

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Ann Lib Sc i Doc

Madam T. I. SkripkinDand Professor G.G. Firsov aretwo distinguished teachers of library science at the libraryschool of N. K. Krupskaya Leningrad State Institute ofCulture. Professor Firsov is actually the Dean of thislibrary school. To be associated with this foremost Insti-tute of librar ianship is by itself a measure of the eminenceof any library science teacher in the SOViet Union. In1967-68 the Institute had about 5,100 students on its roll -550 in the main faculty, 750 in the evening section and3,300 in the correspondence section. Its library had on itsshelves more than 250,000 volumes. The teaching res-ponsibility was shared by 13 full time Professors. Thesefew figures are enough to suggest the vastness of thisInstitute and also its important place in the educationalsystem of the country.

In the present article our two distinguished contri-butors outline the contours of the elaborate system oflibrary education in the SOViet Union, like the organiza-tional structure, different levels of training, broad subjectareas in the curriculum, specialization, etc.

The year 1968 is of special significance and marksan important landmark for the N.K. Krupskaya Institute,the oldest library school in the country, as it completes itsfifty years of very useful existence.

THE SYSTEM OF LIBRARYEDUCATION IN THEU.S.S.R.

In pre-revolutionary Russia, excluding afew short ti me courses, there was no prepara-tory courses for library cadres. The greatOctober Socialist Revolution led to an enor «

InOUSchange in the library field and createdall the necessary conditions for its successfuldevelopInent. With an unforseen ternpo the lib-rary net-work in the country started expandingrequiring a whole arInY of professionallytrained librarians. The Central Committee forthe Party and the Soviet governInent very oftenoccupied therns elve s with the pr oblerns oflibrary training in the last 50 years and theytook a nurnber of irrrpoz-taritdecisions and gavegeneral directions for its organization andperfection. Especially V. 1. Lenin and N. K.Krupskaya gave rriuch attention to this problem.

T.1. Skripkina

G. G. Firsov

Curtur e . With this the beginning of higherlibrary education in USSRwas made.

Today when there are 370,00 differentlibraries in USSRcontaining more than 2.3millions of books and journals in their stacksand having more than 110 Inillions of readers.the training and increasing the qualificationsof librarians is the subject of special attentionfrom the government. The syatern which wasinitiated in the first years of Soviet power inour country developed and has at presenttaken the following shape.

1. The Present System

The librarians with higher qualificationsare trained in 20 institutes located in all theunion republics and librarians of rnrddlequalifications are trained in 110 institutes.About 3000 specialists and about 8000 withhigher education and secondary educationrespectively come out of these institutes

In December 1918, inspite of the com- annually in USSR. Along with the training ofplex political situation, and the difficult eco- specialists with a general training for workingnomic condition of the young Soviet Republic, in public libraries, training of librarians ina library faculty was opened in Petrograd technical libraries and that of specialists in(now Leningrad) in the Institute of Non children's libraries are conducted. TheScholastic Adult Education. This was later graduates of the library institutes workon reorganized into the Krupskaya Institute of successfully in different types of libraries,

This is the English version of the preuioe« article by Madam SkripkiM tJ1fI:l

Prof. Firsov. The translation-has been done by A.R. Chakravarty of Insdoc.

Soon after the es t abl.Iahment of theSoviet power throughout the country specials emtnar s on librarians hip and courses fortraining librarians with different periods oftraining were orgiUlized.

Vol 15 No 2 June 1968 107

SKRIPKINA 8<FIRSOV

i. e. in public, scientific, general, depart-mental and independent libraries, in factorylibraries, in scientific and cultural institutesand in higher institutes of learning. Thebasic and the most important link in the sys-tem of preparation of library cadres is highereducation which they receive in libraryfaculties of the higher institutes of learning.The biggest library faculties are attached withthe institutes of culture in Moscow, in Lenin-grad, in Eastern Siberia (Ulan- Udal and inUkrain (Kharkov). Recently institutes ofculture were created in Krasnodar, Chimkent(in Central Asia). With the new session,Institutes of Culture began to function inCheliabinsk. Khavarovsk and Kiev. Besideslibrary faculties. departments also exist insome of the universities or PadagogicalInstitutes (Minsk. Vilnius. Riga. Tallinn.Baku. 'I'b ilis i, Erevan. Tashkent. Alma-Ata).Here mainly the State cadres are trained.Library workers with secondary qualificationare trained in library polytechnics. and in thelibrary departments of the Cultural - Educa-tional schools. The biggest scientific libra-ries of the Soviet Union. the V. 1. Lenin StateLibrary of USSR in Moscow. M. E. Saltykov -Scherdrin State Public library in LeningradLibrary of the Academy of Sciences USSRand a number of others have their own specialsystem of courses for increasing the qualifica-tions of the workers and for training person-nel with higher education in non-library dis-ciplines for library work. Finally. for thepreparation of the scientific workers in thefield of library science and in bibliographyand for teachers of this discipline in thehigher institutes of learning. Ph. D. courseshave been organized in Moscow and Leningrad'institutes. People with incomplete secondaryeducation may enter the Library polytechnicsand Library department of Cultural - Educa-tional Schools. For admission to Institutes,candidates must have finished secondary edu-cation and should pass entrance examinationin Russian (composition and literature),history of USSR and a foreign language. Theperiod of training in the day course is 4 years,in the evening and in the correspondencecourses it is 5 years. Candidates with work-ing experience are preferred for admissionto the Institutes. In the evening and corres-pondence counaea, mainly library workersare accepted. In the library faculties as arule there are three groups: (1) General andScientific libraries; (2) Children and Schoollibraries; and (3) Technical libraries.

108

T'he library training of the students in thesegroups are given in the main areas of:(1) Library Science; (2) Bibliography(3) Children's literature and library work withchildren; (4) Technical Literature; (5) Sciend.-fic Information; and (6) Fundamentals ofScience, Technology and Agriculture. ForPh. D. courses, candidates, having highereducation and who have worked at least 3 yearsin a library are accepted. They are alsorequired to pass the entrance examination inthe history of the Communist party of theSoviet Union. a foreign language and in achosen speciality. Besides. before the exami-nation of the Ph. D•• candidates must submit awritten dissertation. The period of trainingat the Ph. D. level in the full time course(not working) is three years. in the corres-pondence course it is 4 years. During theperiod of training. the Ph. D. candidate mustpass three examinations (in the history ofphilosophy. foreign language and in hisspeciality) and must defend a thesis. ThePh. D. students successfully completing theindividual plan and defending the thesis isin~ested with a degree of the candidate ofpedagogical sciences in the speciality oflibrary science and bibliography by the Aca-demic Council of the Institute. Training in thesecondary courses in higher institutes oflearning and in the Ph. D. courses is withoutfees. More than 80% of the students of theInstitutes of culture get stipend and a consi-derable number of students corning from othercities get accommodation in the studentshostels. All the students during the coursetraining use textbooks and other necessaryliterature without any payment. The gradu-ates from all these courses are ensuredwork in different types of libraries.

2. N.K. Krupskaya Leningrad State Instituteof Culture

Amongst the Institutes of learning fortraining specialists with high qualifications,the oldest is the N.K. Krupskaya LeningradInstitute of Culture which is tQing to cele-brate its 50 years jubilee iI• .£)ecember 1968.For the last 50 YEars. the Institute preparedlibrary workers in thousands. Only in thepost-war years about 10,000 young speciaiistswere trained by this Institute. Its traineeswork in all the corners vi the imrnene eSoviet Union.

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Some of the students of the Institute havegrown to be prominent specialists and libraryscientists and many devoted themselves toteaching activities. Positive results in thiswork of training library cadre could beexplained only by pointing to its wonderfultraditions developed during a long period.The Institute always strives to combineeducation and training with the promotion ofpractical habits and to attract studentstowards scientific activities.

The Institute is located in two big build-ings which contain lecture halls, auditorium,laboratory and a library containing about200,000 volumes ot books and periodicals.Experienced teachers conduct the courses.They are highly qualified people having longyears of experience of working in libraries.Most of them possess scientific and academicdegrees.

2. 1 Training of Cadres for General andScientific Libraries

The training of librarians with higherqualifications for general libraries (the largestnetwork) were being carried out by the Insti-tute from its very inception and is one of themost important tasks assigned to it. Thestudy plan of the department of general libra-ries includes: (1) number of general educa-tion subjects: socio-political sciences,literature, psychology and pedagogy andforeign language; (2) a large number ofspecial disciplines: in library science, ingeneral bibliography, in a number of specialbibliographies, history of library work andhistory of books. As a result of the study ofspecial disciplines the students learn to makecatalogues correctly, to organize library funds,to give quality service to the readers, tomaster the habits of reference - bibliographi-cal work. They possess the methodology ofpreparing bibliographic guides (search,

selection, systemization, and annotation ofthe periodical literature), as well as themethods of oral propaganda of books. Besidesthe study of the theory of library work andcarrying out laboratory and seminar work inthe branch of special preparation there alsoexists the wirting of 3 sessional dissertationsand actual practice in library work whichthe students carry out in the libraries.They are divided into the following cate-

Vol 15 No 2 June 1968

gories of subjects: a course in referenceservice, library budgeting and cataloguing,and a course in general problems of organiza-tion and methodology of library work andbibliography. For students specialising in agiven field of library work (original work,work of technical books, teaching of specialsubjects etc), the study plan includes a sys-tem of optional courses and special seminars.The training of students end only on passingthe state examinations in the history ofCommunist Party of the Soviet Union litera-ture, library science & bibliography andforeign language.

2.2 Training of Workers for Children and_School Libraries

The training of librarians for childrenand school libraries has many things in com-mon with the syllabus of the department ofgeneral and scientific libraries. However,due to the speciality of work with children,there are a few deviations in the study plan,for example, there is a course on the biblio-graphy of children's literature. The child-ren's literature requires here deeper studyand practical work is to be carried out inpedagogy and psychology. At the same time,number of hours devoted to the course inbibliography of artistic literature is much lesshere. Instead of bibliography of scienti-fic and technical books, a course on biblio-graphy of literature of science of a popularcharacter is given. Secondary courses in abibliography of social, polit.ical and artisticliterature and organization of catalogues arealso given. Practical work is done in childrenand school libraries. In the state examina-tion the subject literature is replaced bychildren's literature.

2. 3 Training of Specialist for TechnicalLibraries

The training of cadres for technicallibraries first of all takes into considerationthe speciality of work and functions of theseinstitutes. The syllabus of this branch con-siderably differs from that of the general andscientific library branch. The general edu-cational training, besides the common dis-ciplines of social and political science in all

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\ he library faculties, includes a number of,il!:,'ects which inform the students of thede ve .-prnent of science and teclmology.instead of general historical discipline, ac r.u rs e on the history of national economy isi.n r c duc e d, The study of the foreign l angu-"b'"8 are also much more stressed. In thes p e c ial training part, much more attention18 g iv en to the study of bibliography ofRussian and foreign technical literature,d.ff<'1·(;nt systems of classification (V. I. Lenini.·h, ary, UDC, Rang anathan etc.), methodo-:ogy -;,f subject classification and referenced.nd information work. New subjects haveal '00 be en introduced such as scientific techni-c:"" information, patents, mechanization inlib r a r y and information work. The second-.'lJ'Y courses are chosen according to then. t u r e of the faculty dis cipline: for example'..""ginf'ering psychology, industrial statistics"," Students carry out practical work in themdn technical libraries. State examinations.i r e conducted on the following subjects:\ 1) History of CPSUi (Z) Libr ary Sc ien ce ;(3) Scientific - technical Info rrnatfon ; and(.1.) Foreign languages.

Scientific Activities

Scientific activities playa major rolein the working of the library faculty, in theperfection of the programme and in the pre-paration of textbooks and guides in specialdi e crpl.tne s , Lenin's inheritance and thecontribution of N. K. Kruskapaya towards the.development of library science and btbl io-g raphy are studied. Problems of reader'sinterest and guiding of adult, children anda.dol e s c ent readers are also studied. Theproblems of library network, economy ofhbrary work, present problem of bibliography,problems of comparative efficiency of infor-mation retrieval systems and many otherproblems are also investigated.

Team work is the characteristic featureof scientific activities. Therefore work onthe projects are carried out with the collabo-ration of teachers of other institutes and withthe workers of scientific and general librariesand of the Institute of Scientific and TechnicalInfo r m at ion , Every year the Institute orga-nizes theoretical conferences for the teacherswhere the fundamentals of their scientificactivities are discussed. Conferences of the

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students of scientific bodies are also organizedBesides textbooks and methodological guides,the Institute regularly publishes transactions,collection of students work etc, where thescientific activity of the professors, lec-turers and lecturing staff is reflected.

4. International Links

In USSR. international relations in thefield of library work as a whole as well aswith individual library o r g.ani s at ione is widen-ing every year. This is carried out in differ-ent forms, by book exchange, by the teacherswriting for the foreign press, by reading oflectures and reports, special excursions etc •Personal links with the members of thelibrary profession with the librarians andteachers in different countries have beenestablished. Thus, for example, it is diffi-cult to name a country whose representativehas not visited the Leningrad Institute ofCulture and conversely a country which hasnot been visited by the workers of the Insti-tute. The Leningrad State Institute of Culturelike similar other Higher Institute of learningof the Soviet Union takes part in training ofspecialists with high education from foreigncountries and also work for the increase of

qualification of foreign workers. Studentsfrom many countries study in the Institute;fr orri Bulgaria, Vf et.narn, Mongolia, Algeria,Syria, Sudan and Afghanistan. Exchange ofstudents delegation has a great cultural signi-ficance. In the recent years, the teachers ofthe Institute took active part in the activities ofInternational Library Organizations (FlD,International Conference on Cataloguing,International Library Seminars and Congress-es). Many teachers of the Institute write forthe foreign library journals. The pubLcationsof the Moscow and Leningrad Institute ofCulture, for example, the books and practicalguides in library science and bibliography gotmuch of appreciation in the l',Heign press. InJune 1968, the thi rd Congreas on problemsof hi.llher library education in the So ci al is t

count r ie s W'-d~ held in the In e .tut e . ThisCong r e e s n.;t"d the -ways oi i.t;;ther improve ..rnent of the t ram m g system of young spe c ia-.lists. Estahlishment of Inte r natf ona l linkswith higher institutee of training in iib r a r yscience in rrrarry fo r e ign countries, exchangeof experts and pa r tic ip a+ion of the t ea c.ve rs ofthese institutes in the C,,,'eign periodicals,

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SYSTEM OF LIBRARY EDUCATIONIN USSR

publishing of the works of foreign libraryworkers and members of the librarianship-teaching departments in Soviet publications,all these lead to the development of librarywork and consolidation of peace in the wholeworld.

5. Problems andDiscussions

Library education in the Soviet Unionhad considerable success in the last 50years. However self-complacency is not acharacteristic of the Soviet people. Theystrive to achieve newer and higher ideals.The perfection of the training of librarycadres means to the Soviet specialist not onlyincrease in the number of trainees but also inconstant elevation of the quality of training oflibrarians. In order to work successfully inlibraries the future librarians must be equip-ped with all the necessary Ineans for efficientand practical servicing of corrternpor ar y sci-ence and industry, to serve for general wel-fare and education of the people. On the basisof this fundamental principle, the higher edu-cation of librarians in all categories shouldalways consists of socio-political, general-education, and general-cultural preparationwhich is very necessary for librarians 1.e.propagators of books and educator of readers.The constant growth of Infoz-mafion flow pre-sents before the Institute of Culture thenecessity of including in the study plan newdisciplines (science of science. pedagogy ofadult, educational sociology, library psycho-

Vol 15 No 2 June 1968

logy etc). In this respect such subjects likeorganization of scientific information,Inechanization and automation of library workhave acquired special importance for futurespecialists. The pr oblern of the relationshipbetween higher and secondary library educa-tion also needs a practical decision. Theproblem of preparation of cadres for scieuti-fic libraries with different emphasis hasnot yet been resolved. The problem aboutthe categories of the librarian-informatorremains as it is in the level of controversy.The new task which the contemporary worldpresents before the librarians of all typesand the increasing demands of the libraryworkers inevitably lead to the necessity ofreview of the period of training.

6. Conclusion

In our article we explained the organiza-tion of the training of library specialists inthe Leningrad Institute of Culture. Trainingin other higher institutes of learning issimilar as all of them are guided by one uni-for rn study plan and uniform programme. The50 years jubilee of higher library educationin USSR doubtlessly confirrns the correct-ness and vitality of Soviet sys tern of trainingof librarians with high qualification. Enteringto second half of our century, the teachingstaff of the Institute of Culture are strivingtheir best for the perfection of the educationalsystem and to contribute to the grandiosedevelopment of scientific activities.

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