Cuba Embargo Affirmative - JDI 2013 - For Merge

8/10/2019 Cuba Embargo Affirmative - JDI 2013 - For Merge

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TWR CUBA EMBARGO AFF WAVE 1


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Cuba Embargo Af. (Wave 1)

JEDI !1"The Escobarbarians


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Am'e& I'er'a*o'a+ ,-, THE US EMBARGO AGAINST CUBA: ITS IMPACT ONECONOMIC AND SOCIAL RIGHTS,http://www.amnest.!"#/en/$%&"a"/asset/AMR'(/))*/'))+/en/(-+0&1*201-*a'1a(&3102+a3()-00/am"'())*'))+en#.p3, ACC. 11')2, 4T//4EDI

The USA %mp!se3 the 5"st e6!n!m%6 san6t%!ns a#a%nst C7&a %n +) & 6!mp$ete$st!pp%n# s7#a" 6ane %mp!"ts "!m C7&a. Th%s was %n "esp!nse t! C7&a8snat%!na$%9at%!n ! !"e%#n p"!pe"t an3 &7s%nesses, the ma!"%t !wne3 & USnat%!na$s.+ S%n6e then, the US #!;e"nment has 6!ns!$%3ate3 an3 ea, ACC. 11')2,http://6!ntent.th%"3wa.!"#/p7&$%6at%!ns/2'/Th%"3=>a=Mem!=1=En3=the=Em&a"#!=!=C7&a.p3,4T//4EDI

The C7&an em&a"#! %n ee6t t!3a was esta&$%she3 p7"s7ant t! se;e"a$ $aws: the+* T"a3%n# w%th the Enem A6t, the + !"e%#n Ass%stan6e A6t, the +2 C7&anAssets C!nt"!$s Re#7$at%!ns, the ++' C7&an Dem!6"a6 A6t ?T!""%6e$$% A6t@, an3 the++ C7&an L%&e"t an3 Dem!6"at%6 S!$%3a"%t ?L%&e"ta3@ A6t ?He$ms1B7"t!n [email protected]!$$e6t%;e$, these stat7tes se";e t! "est"%6t t"a3e an3 t"a;e$ &etween the US an3C7&a an3 p$a6e n7me"!7s e6!n!m%6 san6t%!ns !n C7&a as we$$ as 6!7nt"%es that 3!&7s%ness w%th C7&a. The '))) T"a3e San6t%!ns Re!"m an3 E


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AFF.


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3AM4$E 1AC

OB3ERVATIO5 O5E6 T/E 3TATU3 7UO

Te 8e9era+ gover'me' a& 'o *'ere& *' +*8*'g e embargo4!e$ Br*':+e, '/0/1, C7&a em&a"#! %snt w!"%n# &7t %snt #!%n# awa,FP!$%t%6!, ACC. 11')2,http://www.p!$%t%6!.6!m/st!"/')'/'/67&a1em&a"#!1%snt1w!"%n#1&7t1%snt1#!%n#1awa10('0.htm$,

4T//4EDI

Bu 8or &o ma' ;eo;+e *' Wa&*'go'2 o a'ge e;o+* ? eve' oug e argume'& 8or a'g*'g * are r*8e. Desp%te amp$ep"!;!6at%!n, the U.S. 3!esn8t %mp!se s%m%$a" em&a"#!es !n !the" a7th!"%ta"%an states.

Te U.3. %*++ :ee; e embargo a& +o'g a& a Ca&ro *& *' ;o%erR!n 3m*, De6. , ,1, C7&a t"a3e h!$3s p"!m%se !" U.S. a#"%67$t7"a$ e


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3AM4$E 1AC

4$A56 T/E U5ITED 3TATE3 FEDERA$ GOVER5ME5T WI$$REMOVE IT3 ECO5OMIC EMBARGO AGAI53T CUBA


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3AM4$E 1AC

OB3ERVATIO5 TWO6 3O$VE5C#

Curre' 9emora be8ore e'gageme' re@u*reme'& 8a*+. We&ou+9 &ra; e embargo *' 8avor o8 eo'om* e'gageme'Te Tam;a Tr*bu'e, e&. '0, =1", Ha;%n# m!"e %nK7en6e !n C7&as t"ans%t%!n,Fhttp://t&!.6!m/$%st/news1!p%n%!n1e3%t!"%a$s/ha;%n#1m!"e1%nK7en6e1!n167&as1t"ans%t%!n1-('0', ACC. 11')2, 4T//4EDITe Un%te3 3tates *& %ro'g o ba&e *& ;o+* o' e 9*&a;;eara'e o8 eCa&ro& a'9 e eave'0&e' a;;eara'e o8 8ree a'9 8a*r e+e*o'&2!pp!s%t%!n pa"t%es an3 an %n3epen3ent p"ess be8ore o'&*9er*'g Cuba a 'a*o'%e a' 9ea+ %*.Te&e ;o+**e& are u'rea+*&* a'9 a o99& %* e*r o%' goa+ o8 a 8reer

Cuba. Eo'om* e'gageme' 2 *'rea&e9 u+ura+ ea'ge& a'9 more

+*bera+ rave+ re@u*reme'& ma *'9ee9 be *'o'&*&e' %* e ra9eembargo a'9 e 8a*+e9 ;o+* o8 v*or roug *&o+a*o'2 bu e m*gu& %or:.

Cuba %*++ &a e& o e ;+a'S%m!n T*&9a++2Ma"6h (, ,1", Death ! H7#! Ch;e9 &"%n#s 6han6e ! "esh sta"t!" US an3 Lat%n Ame"%6a, ACC. 11')2, 4T//4EDIwww.#7a"3%an.6!.7/w!"$3/')2/ma"/)(/h7#!16ha;e913ea317s1$at%n1ame"%6a/p"%nt ,

4T//4EDIFor e +a& %o 9ea9e&2 U3 9ome&* ;o+**& ave oo o8e' 9r*ve'

Wa&*'go'& $a*' Amer*a age'9a whethe" o'%ss7es ! t"a3e, %mm%#"at%!n,3"7#s, #7ns !" that pe"enn%a$ p!$%t%6a$ a$&at"!ss,Cuba, $!n# 3"%;en & thes7pp!se3$ 6"76%a$ C7&an ;!te %n $!"%3a, she sa%3. Obama ou+9 a'ge *&9'am*% he t"%e3 an3 !ne wa t! 3! %t w!7$3 &e t! 7np%6 the C7&an p"!&$em,wh%6h 6!nt%n7es t! 6!$!7" the wa Lat%n Ame"%6ans ;%ew >ash%n#t!n.Ha;%n# w!n nea"$ ha$ ! the C7&an Ame"%6an ;!te %n $!"%3a %n ')', a #a%n ! (pe"6enta#e p!%nts !;e" '))0, O&ama 6an m!;e 7%6$ !n C7&a. I8 e %ere o 9o&o2 e %ou+9 '9 a au*ou& bu %*++*'g ;ar'er *' Ra+ Ca&ro 2 %o 'ee9&

ra;;roeme' %* Wa&*'go' o a9va'e *& o%' re8orm age'9a 2Swe%# sa%3.

$*8*'g e embargo e'gage& Cuba a& a ru&0bu*+9*'g mea&urea 8o&er& oo;era*o'

Jo'&o'2 e a+2Sept. , ,1!, An3 4!hns!n, D%"e6t!", Nat%!na$ Se67"%t P"!#"am, $eSpe6t!", P!$%6 A3;%s!", Nat%!na$ Se67"%t P"!#"am, an3 "%st%na L%$a6, Nat%!na$ Se67"%t P"!#"am, En3the Em&a"#! ! C7&a,F Th%"3 >a, ACC. 11')2,http://6!ntent.th%"3wa.!"#/p7&$%6at%!ns/2'/Th%"3=>a=Mem!=1=En3=the=Em&a"#!=!=C7&a.p3,4T//4EDI
http://tbo.com/list/news-opinion-editorials/having-more-influence-on-cubas-transition-645282http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2013/mar/05/hugo-chavez-dead-us-latin-america/printhttp://content.thirdway.org/publications/326/Third_Way_Memo_-_End_the_Embargo_of_Cuba.pdfhttp://tbo.com/list/news-opinion-editorials/having-more-influence-on-cubas-transition-645282http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2013/mar/05/hugo-chavez-dead-us-latin-america/printhttp://content.thirdway.org/publications/326/Third_Way_Memo_-_End_the_Embargo_of_Cuba.pdf


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Pete" Ha%m, P"es%3ent ! the Inte"1Ame"%6an D%a$!#7e, has "%#ht$ a"#7e3 that a


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3AM4$E 1AC

Mo& o8 Cuba=& ;rob+em& &em 8rom e embargo ra9e %*++

*m;rove o'9**o'& eve' *8 e reg*me &*++ e*&&Fra':&2 S!7th Ame"%6an 6!""esp!n3ent !" Re7te"s, ')12 ?4e, C7&a sasen3%n# US em&a"#! w!7$3 he$p &!th 6!7nt"%es,F Septem&e" '), On$%ne:http://www."e7te"s.6!m/a"t%6$e/')'/)+/')/7s167&a17sa1em&a"#!1%3USBRE004(G')')+')@Bo e Un%te33tates a'9 Cuba %ou+9 be'e *8 Wa&*'go' %ou+9 +*8 *&+o'g&a'9*'g ra9e embargo aga*'& e *&+a'92 bu U.3. 4re&*9e' Bara:Obama a& ouge'e9 e &a'*o'& &*'e a:*'g oHe *' !!-, a t!pC7&an !6%a$ sa%3 !n Th7"s3a. Te embargo, 7$$ %n p$a6e s%n6e +', a& 9o'e1! b*++*o' *' 9amage o e Cuba eo'om, &7t a$s! has ;%!$ate3 the6!nst%t7t%!na$ "%#hts ! Ame"%6ans a'9 ma9e a mar:e o8 11 m*++*o' ;eo;+e of+*m*& o U.3. om;a'*e&2 !"e%#n M%n%ste" B"7n! R!3"%#7e9 t!$3 "ep!"te"s. Teb+o:a9e *&2 %*ou 9oub2 e ;r*'*;a+ au&e o8 e eo'om* ;rob+em&o8 our ou'r a'9 e e&&e'*a+ ob&a+e 8or (our) 9eve+o;me', he sa%3,7s%n# C7&as te"m !" the em&a"#!. Te b+o:a9e ;rovo:e& &ufer*'g2&orage&2 9*Hu+*e& a rea ea Cuba' 8am*+2 ea Cuba' *+9,R!3"%#7e9 sa%3. He sp!e at a p"ess 6!ne"en6e that C7&a sta#es ea6h ea" ahea3! what has &e6!me an ann7a$ ;!te %n the Un%te3 Nat%!ns !n a "es!$7t%!n6!n3emn%n# the em&a"#!. The ;!te %s e


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e re;ea+ o8 /e+m&0Buro' a'9 re+ae9 &auor ;rov*&*o'& a +*m* eEeu*ve Bra'=& auor* over Cuba' ;o+*.


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I5/ERE5C#

5o moveme' o' e embargo 'o%?Wo'= a;;e' *' Obama=&

&eo'9 ermW*++*am&2 Sen%!" Inte"nat%!na$ Aa%"s w"%te"2 ,1Ca"!$ 4., >%3e$ 6!n3emne3 U.S. p!$%6 !n C7&a 7n$%e$ t! 6han#e s!!nF?N!;//')'@http://a"t%6$es.$at%mes.6!m/')'/n!;//w!"$3/$a1#1wn17s167&a1em&a"#!1')'( ///4MRWa&*'go' a'9 /ava'a ave a:e' bab &e;& over e +a& 8our ear& oe'9 &ome o8 e more 9e&ru*ve e+eme'& o8 e*r re+a*o'&*;, $%e a U.S.p"!h%&%t%!n a#a%nst C7&an Ame"%6ans ;%s%t%n# the%" h!me$an3 m!"e than !n6e e;e"th"ee ea"s an3 C7&as 3eman3 that 6%t%9ens #et eash%n#t!n. The"e#%me sas %t wants t! en3 the &$!6a3e, &7t ever *me ere a& bee' a U.3.a9m*'*&ra*o' a %ou+9 move o%ar9 'orma+*L*'g re+a*o'&2 e 9o

&ome*'g a ma:e& * ;o+**a++ 9*Hu+ o move *' a 9*re*o'.An3G!me9, sen%!" e$$!w at the Inst%t7te !" C7&an an3 C7&an1Ame"%6an St73%es at theUn%;e"s%t ! M%am%, sa%3 the 6!mm7n%t %n S!7th $!"%3a has app$a73e3 O&amaseas%n# ! am%$ t"a;e$ an3 a6a3em%6 e


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$%m%ts !n em%#"e ;%s%ts an3 "em%ttan6es t! C7&an "e$at%;es ha;e &een w%3e$app$a73e3 !n &!th s%3es ! the $!"%3a St"a%t. Th!se 6han#es ha;e &7%$t a st"!n#e"sense ! 6!mm7n%t &etween the tw! nat%!ns an3 he$pe3 C7&ans !pen sma$$ p"%;ate"esta7"ants, sh!ps an3 se";%6es, sa%3 Ph%$%p Pete"s, ;%6e p"es%3ent ! the Lee m7st "e6!#n%9e the %nee6t%;eness ! !7" 67""ent p!$%6 an33ea$ w%th the C7&an "e#%me %n a wa that enhan6es U.S. %nte"ests.FA$th!7#h I a#"ee w%th L7#a", I 9o 'o be+*eve a %e %*++ &ee a' a*o' &oo'o'&*9er*'g o% 9&8u'*o'a+ Co'gre&& a& bee'th%s ea".
http://www.olemiss.edu/http://archive.thedmonline.com/article/time-end-embargo-cubahttp://www.olemiss.edu/http://archive.thedmonline.com/article/time-end-embargo-cuba


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Wa&*'go' &o%& 'o *'ere& *' +*8*'g embargoRT 5EW3. - N!;. ')1 C!n3emne3...a#a%n: Gen!6%3a$ US Em&a"#! !n C7&aS$amme3 & UN !" 'st ea" 1 RT News. C!n3emne3...a#a%n: Gen!6%3a$ USEm&a"#! !n C7&a S$amme3 & UN !" 'st ea" 1 RT News. A7t!n!m!7s N!np"!5tO"#an%9at%!n,. >e&. ) 47$ ')2. http://"t.6!m/news/67&a1em&a"#!17n1;!te12(/V.C7&a8s !"e%#n M%n%ste" B"7n! R!3"%#7e9 a33"esse3 the assem&$, ;!%6%n# C7&an3%sapp!%ntment that 9e&;*e Obama=& ;+e9ge o o;e' a 'e% a;er *'Cuba'0Amer*a' re+a*o'& o' a&&um*'g oHe 8our ear& ago2 'o &e;& a9bee' a:e' e +*8 e r*;;+*'g embargo. Te rea+* *& a e +a& 8ourear& ave bee' araer*Le9 b e ;er&*&e' *ge'*'g o8 eembargo2Cuba a& ofere9 o %or: *' a'9em %* e U3 *' area& &ua& e g aga*'& 9rug raH:*'g2 error*&m a'9 uma' raH:*'g./o%ever2 Wa&*'go' a& aHrme9 a *& ;o+* o%ar9& Cuba %*++ rema*'*'a 8or e *me be*'g. Bu e m*+e&o'e *& &ure o rem*'9 &u;;orer& a'9 9eraor& a+*:ea e era o8 e Ca&ro& *& 'ear*'g *& e'92 b*o+og*a++ *8 'o ;o+**a++. Rau+ *& a+rea9 a mo'o+9er a' F*9e+ %a& %e' a 'ear08aa+ *++'e&& 8ore9 *m o &e; 9o%' 0 em;orar*+2 e' ;erma'e'+0 *' !!N. I' A;r*+2 F*9e+ gave u; *& 'a+ ;o& a& ea9 o8 e Commu'*& 4ar. F*9e+ *& ou a e ageo8 0 a'9 e %a& a+%a& mu ea+*er a' Rau+ a& a ou'g ma' 0 a'9 'o% Rau+ *& !2 &a*9 A''$ou*&e Bar9a2 a +o'g*me Cuba e;er a'9 auor o8 W*ou F*9e+ a'9 Cuba Co'9e'*a+. 3egave Rau+ re9* 8or av*'g e ourage o ;u& a' age'9a o8 eo'om* a'ge &*'e a:*'g over e;re&*9e'2 bu &a*9 e m*&&e9 a grea a'e o br*'g *' 'e% +ea9er&*; a a :e Commu'*& 4ar&umm* *' A;r*+ %e' e &e+ee9 o+90guar9 revo+u*o'ar*e& Jo&e Ramo' Maa9o Ve'ura2 !2 a'9Ram*ro Va+9e&2 P-2 a& *& 5o&. a'9 ". Te*r a++e'ge *& a e mu& br*'g *' a ou'gerge'era*o'2 bu *'&ea9 Rau+ ;*:e9 &omeo'e eve' o+9er a' *m a& *& *e8 9e;u2 &e &a*9. I

u& &o%& o% u'o'9e' e are. Te m*&&e9 a' o;;oru'*. O' e &ree& o8 e a;*a+2/ava'a2 rea*o'& o e ;re&*9e'& rou'90'umber b*r9a %ere m*e9. Im 'o &o o'er'e9 abou

*& age beau&e e +oo:& +*:e e& *' goo9 ea+2 &a*9 Mare+o De+ga9o2 a P0ear0o+9 re*ree. Wa Iam %orr*e9 abou *& a * &eem& o be a:*'g a +o'g *me o br*'g *' e eo'om* a'ge& e *&a+:*'g abou2 a'9 ere *&' mu *me +e8. 3*'e a:*'g oHe2 Rau+ a& +ega+*Le9 &ome 8orm& o8&e+80em;+ome'2 ur'e9 over 8a++o% gover'me' +a'9 o &ma++0*me 8armer& a'9 ;rom*&e9 o r*m e&ae& b+oae9 ;aro++ b !!2!!! %or:er&. /e a+&o a& ;+e9ge9 o +ega+*Le e &a+e o8 ar& a'9 ome&2e'9 re&r**o'& o' Cuba'& rave+*'g abroa9 a'9 o;e' u; re9* o %ou+90be e're;re'eur& 0 ougo&e ;ro;o&a+& rema*' ;ar o8 a vague ve0ear ;+a' a'9 ma' are &*++ &:e;*a+. Rau+ *& go*'g our' !2 a'9 e oer& are eve' o+9er2 &a*9 Er'e&o2 a N0ear0o+9 /ava'a re&*9e'2 %o a&:e9 ae o'+ be *9e'*e9 b *& r& 'ame 8or 8ear e ou+9 ge *'o roub+e 8or &;ea:*'g ou abou eou'r& +ea9er&.

Ree' eem;*o'& are mo&+ &mbo+*. We 'ee9 bo+9era*o'

4ae Co+v*', 47$ , =11, %6e P"es%3ent !" G$!&a$ T"a3e Iss7es w%th the Nat%!na$!"e%#n T"a3e C!7n6%$, NE> DIRECTION OR U.S.1CUBA POLIC,Fhttp://www.%6!sa.6!/')/)*/new13%"e6t%!n/ , ACC. 1'(1')2, 4T//4EDI!" the 5"st t%me %n ea"s, the Un%te3 States %s m!;%n# t! en#a#e C7&a. In ea"$Ap"%$, the ObamaA3m%n%st"at%!n a''ou'e9 a * %ou+9 +*8 re&r**o'& o'rave+ a'9 rem*a'e& o' Cuba' Amer*a'&2 a& %e++ a& +*8 re&r**o'& oa++o% U.3. om;a'*e& o ;rov*9e era*' e+eommu'*a*o'& &erv*e& o
http://www.icosa.co/2011/07/new-direction/http://www.icosa.co/2011/07/new-direction/


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Cuba.P"es%3ent O&ama a$s! appea"s t! &e p7"s7%n# a 3%p$!mat%6 !pen%n# w%thC7&a.Co'gre&& a+&ot%ne"e3 a"!7n3 the e3#es ! U.S.1C7&a p!$%6. Ea"$%e" th%s ea",!pp!nents ! the em&a"#! *'&ere9 ;rov*&*o'& *'o a &;e'9*'g b*++ %*

ma9e * ea&*er 8or Amer*a' 8armer& a'9 bu&*'e&&e& o rave+ o Cuba omar:e a'9 &e++ agr*u+ura+ a'9 me9*a+ ;ro9u& o Cuba %* are;erm*e9 u'9er a' ee;*o' o U.3. &a'*o'&.Te&e are e'ourag*'g r& &e;& !" th!se wh! &e$%e;e that t"a3e, t"a;e$ an33%p$!ma6 a"e &ette" was t! a3;an6e Ame"%6a8s %nte"ests an3 s7pp!"t the C7&anpe!p$e than san6t%!ns an3 %s!$at%!n.#e *'**a+ &e;& ave bee' &ma++ a'9+arge+ &mbo+*. Bo+9er a'ge& are 'ee&&ar.


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I5/ERE5C#

Co'gre&& /a& 'o 4+a'& o a'e+ EmbargoGor9&2 Feb. 201. Eline. "Cuba Embargo Turns 50." The Huffington Post. TheHuffingtonPost.com, 07Web. 05 ul! 20#.>ash%n#t!n a$"ea3 ha3 s!me $%m%te3 san6t%!ns %n p$a6e, &7t enne3s 3e6%s%!n was the &e#%nn%n# ! a 6!mp"ehens%;e &an !n U.S. t"a3e w%th the

%s$an3 that has "ema%ne3 m!"e !" $ess %nta6t e;e" s%n6e. $*+e %a& ;+a''e9 o mar: Tue&9a&

a''*ver&ar2 bu Cuba'0Amer*a' member& o8 Co'gre&& *&&ue9 a o*'

&aeme' vo%*'g o :ee; e ea o' Cuba .QS7pp!"te"s ! the p!$%6

a6n!w$e3#e that man U.S. st"ate#%6 6!n6e"ns "!m the +)s ha;e &een 6!ns%#ne3 t!the 37st&%n ! h%st!", s76h as ha$t%n# the sp"ea3 ! S!;%et %nK7en6e an3 eep%n# %3e$Cast"! "!m ee ha;e ahem%sphe"%6 6!mm%tment t! "ee3!m an3 3em!6"a6 an3 "espe6t !" h7man "%#hts, sa%3

4!se Ca"3enas, a !"me" Nat%!na$ Se67"%t C!7n6%$ stae" !n C7&a 7n3e" P"es%3ent Ge!"#e>. B7sh. I st%$$ th%n that th!se a"e w!"th asp%"at%!ns.Q>%th 7st +) m%$es ?-(%$!mete"s@ ! sea &etween $!"%3a an3 C7&a, the Un%te3 States w!7$3 &e a nat7"a$ N!. t"a3e pa"tne" an3 s!7"6e ! t!7"%sm. B7t the em&a"#! 6h!es ! m!st 6!mme"6e, an3 theth"eat ! st% 5nes eeps m!st Ame"%6ans "!m s7n&ath%n# %n &a$m "es!"ts $%e Ca!C!6!.W Cuba *& 8ree o ra9e %* oer 'a*o'&2 bu e U.3. reae'&&a'*o'& aga*'& 8ore*g' om;a'*e& a 9o' ab*9e b *& re&r**o'&.A &ar: eam;+e arr*ve9 of e oa& o8 /ava'a +a& mo'6 A ma&&*veo*+ e;+ora*o' r*g bu*+ %* +e&& a' 1! ;ere' U.3. ;ar& o @ua+*8u'9er e embargo %a& broug a++ e %a 8rom 3*'ga;ore a grea

e;e'&e2 %*+e om;arab+e ;+a8orm& &a *9+e *' U.3. %aer& u& aro&&e Gu+8 o8 Me*o.W


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EMBARGO BAD GE5ERA$

Te embargo *& a 8a*+e9 re+* o8 e Co+9 War

CHELSEA A. IMMERMA5, Ge!"#et!wn Law, =1!, Reth%n%n# The C7&an T"a3eEm&a"#!: An Opp!"t7ne T%me T! Men3 a B"!en P!$%6,Fhttp://www.thep"es%3en6.!"#/st!"a#e/3!67ments/e$$!ws'))/X%mme"man.p3,ACC. 121')2, 4T//4EDIW*+e *' ree' ear& e U.3. a& &ee' a rev*va+ o8 eo'om* a'9 ;o+**a+8ree9om *' e re& o8 e We&er' /em*&;ere2 +*+e a& a'ge9 a& are&u+ o8 *& efor& o ;romoe 9emora *' Cuba.C"%t%6s s7##est that theU.3. ;o+* o%ar9 Cuba a& beome ;re9*ab+e2 reor*a+ a'9*'efeua+2 %* e ra9e embargo &erv*'g a& e e'er;*ee o8 e;o+* &*'e e e'9 o8 e Co+9 War.

/ar9+*'e embargo &u;;orer& are 9e+u&*o'a+ *' ree*'ge'gageme'A"t7"! $o;eL0$ev2 =11, $e6t7"e" an3 PhD Can3%3ate at the 4!se !"&e$ S6h!!$! Int8$ St73%es at the Un%;. ! Den;e", Appease C7&aQ >hat >!7$3 >%nst!nCh7"6h%$$ SaQ,F Ha;ana N!te,http://theha;anan!te.6!m/')/)/appease=67&a=what=w!7$3=w%nst!n=6h7"6h%$$=sa, ACC. 1-1')2, 4T//4EDIO'+ *' M*am* ou+9N%n!sa Pe"e9, awe$$1n!wn ar90+*'e ra9*o &o% o&2ree &u e'gageme' beau&e w%th!7t "a%s%n# 6!n6e"ns a&!7t he" menta$ hea$th. N! matte"

h!w "ep7#nant 6e"ta%n ! Cast"!8s p!$%6%es m%#ht &e t!wa"3s p!$%t%6a$ p"%s!ne"s !"C7&ans $%;%n# a&"!a3, a' om;ar*&o'w%th the p!we", a%ms an3 H7man R%#hts;%!$at%!ns ! H%t$e"8s Ge"man !", !" that matte", the apa"the%3 "e#%me %n S!7thA"%6a an3 %ts 6!$!n%a$ "7$e !;e" Nam%&%a, *& &*m;+ 'o'&e'&e. U'8oru'ae+2Mr&. 4ereL=& a'a+og*e& are 'o marg*'a+ amo'g e r*g %*'g e*+e& %o9e8e'9 e /e+m&0Buro' A2 e +eg*&+a*o' a gu*9e& urre' U.3.;o+* o%ar9& Cuba.O8 our&e2 *& *& 9e+u&*o'a+. The C7&an 6!mm7n%st p!$%t%6a$ sstem an3 6!mman3 e6!n!m m%#ht ha;ep"e;ente3 e6!n!m%6 3e;e$!pment ! the C7&an pe!p$e an3 "ep"esse3 %ts 6%;%$ an3 p!$%t%6a$ $%&e"t%es &7t the"e %s $%tt$e e;%3en6e a&!7t#en!6%3a$ !" e


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a'*'g Cuba0re+ae9. Te U.3. embargo a& 'o a'9 %*++ 'o %or:. 4u *';+ae *' 1-N& P"es%3ent 4!hn . enne3, e ;o+* *& &u: *' a *me %ar;a a& 'o*'g o 9o %* mo9er'09a rea+*. The m!st en37"%n# em&a"#! %n m!3e"n 3ah%st!" %s a "emnant ! a C!$3 >a" past when the S!;%et Un%!n was the enem an3 the w!"$3 was !n the &"%n ! n76$ea" wa". Te

*':*'g %a& a 'a'*a+ &a'*o'&2 %* *'+u9e9 a ba' o' rave+ bAmer*a' **Le'&2 %ou+9 o++a;&e e *&+a'9 eo'om a'9 8ore ;eo;+e orevo+ aga*'& F*9e+ Ca&ro. O;e" the ea"s,e&e &a'*o'& ave bee'ea&e9 or ouge'e9 9e;e'9*'g o' ;o+**a+ %*'9&. I' 1--, 3%s#"a6e3 New 4e"se Rep.R!&e"t Torr*e++* %a& be*'9 o'e e rue+e& a& %* ba''e92 amo'g ma'*'g&2 8oo9 a'9 me9**'e &a+e& o Cuba an3 p"e;ente3 C7&an1Ame"%6an am%$%es "!m sen3%n# 6asht! the%" "e$at%;es. These we"e t!7#h t%mes an3 see%n# man "%en3s an3 am%$%es s7e" &e6a7se the 6!7$3nt ;%s%t the%" e$3e"$m!the"s m!"e than !n6e e;e" th"ee ea"s, !" &e%n# p"e;ente3 "!m sen3%n# them nee3e3 s7pp$%es, was ;e" pa%n7$. Rest"%6t%!ns

ha;e ease3 7n3e" P"es%3ent Ba"a6 O&ama &7t ere *& &*++ a maor ba'. Ente" 4a X an3 Be!n6Y.I& !1" a'9 %e 'ee9 o 9ebae Cuba' ;o+* ear'e&+.Mem&e"s !Co'gre&& mu& &o; e o%ar9*e arou'9 e *&&ue a'9 &o; umor*'ge 9e+u&*o'& o8 ;a&&*o'ae 8o+:& &u: *' e 1-N!& 8or ;o+**a+ voe&an3a;!". Te ;ro0embargo 8o+:& are *g'or*'g e ;o+*& e;* 8a*+ure a'9 8a*+

o reog'*Le a U.3. ;o+* a& ;+ae9 *'o e a'9& o8 e Ca&robroer&2 %o ave &*'*&er+ u&e9 * o ma:e e a&e o e*r ;eo;+e a*8 Cuba *& &arv*'g a'9 e *&+a'9 eo'om a' gro%2 *& beau&e o8 *&U.3. ;o+*.


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T/E3E $AW3

Te *& a o++e*o' o8 8a*+e9 +a%& a +*m*&Ke*b*+* o8 e Eeu*ve a'9 &*Ke& Cuba' re8orm&Cuba 3u9 Grou;2 Feb. =1", Rest!"%n# E


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DEMOCRAC# CO5DITIO5I5G BADFAI$3***ALSO TO A2 QPQ CP

Eo'om* e'gageme' 9oub+e& 8or 9*;+oma a& a ;reur&or o;o+**a+ a'geDa;%3 A. 4ereL, Sp"%n#, ,1!, 4D a$e Law S6h!!$, 67""ent$ se";%n# as The Le#a$ A3;%s!" t! theState Depa"tment, Ame"%6as C7&a P!$%6: The >a !"wa"3: A P!$%6 Re6!mmen3at%!n !" the U.S.State Depa"tment,F Ha";a"3 Lat%n! Law Re;%ew, 2 Ha";. Lat%n! L. Re;. 0*, 4T//4EDIA'oer rea&o' eo'om* re8orm& are +*:e+ o ;ree9e ;o+**a+ re8orm& *&a e ;o;u+a*o' &eem& u'gr*er o &ee a' eo'om* re&;*e a8er9ea9e& o8 au&er*. T*& ma a+&o be a re&u+ o8 e*r be+*e8 a eCuba' reg*me %*++ r o ma*'a*' *& mo'o;o+*&* gr*; o' ;o+**& 8or a&+o'g a& ;o&&*b+e2 eve' *8 * +oo&e'& *& gr*; o' e eo'om.>hen Ra7$Cast"! &e#an h%s ;e"s%!n ! a $%sten%n# t!7" a"!7n3 the %s$an3 he a$s! %n%t%ate3 a

se"%es ! 3e&ates.D7"%n# !ne ! these t!wn ha$$ meet%n#s R%6a"3! A$a"6!n, the $ea3e" ! the Nat%!na$Assem&$ as ! Ap"%$ '))+, was &a""a#e3 w%th 7est%!ns that !67se3 !n thee6!n!m 1 spe6%56a$$ C7&as 37a$167""en6 sstem. n(+A$th!7#h s76h %nt%matep"%;ate1p7&$%6 pa"t%6%pat%!n has &een "a"e !n the t!ta$%ta"%an %s$an3, !n6e thew%n3!w ! !pp!"t7n%t was !pene3, a &7"st ! a6t%;%t K!we3 th"!7#h. Re+oa9*'ge 9*;+oma* a''o' b e'ourag*'g eo'om* re8orm2 raer a'8ou&*'g o' ;o+**a+ re8orm2 %ou+9 re;re&e' a more 9'am* a;;roa oU.3.0Cuba' re+a*o'&.

Eo'om* a'ge *& a ;reur&or o ;o+**a+ a'ge a'9 &ou+9be e e'er o8 our Cuba ;o+*Da;%3 A. 4ereL, Sp"%n#, ,1!, 4D a$e Law S6h!!$, 67""ent$ se";%n# as The Le#a$ A3;%s!" t! theState Depa"tment, Ame"%6as C7&a P!$%6: The >a !"wa"3: A P!$%6 Re6!mmen3at%!n !" the U.S.State Depa"tment,F Ha";a"3 Lat%n! Law Re;%ew, 2 Ha";. Lat%n! L. Re;. 0*, 4T//4EDITe Un%te33tates&ou+9 reog'*Le a eo'om* a'ge *& a ;reur&or o;o+**a+ a'ge. To a e'92 e Obama A9m*'*&ra*o' &ou+9 ra8 *&Cuba ;o+* o em;a&*Le a'9 e'ourage eo'om* +*bera+*La*o'2 raera' 8ou&*'g o' ;o+**a+ o'9**o'&.?-A@ E6!n!m%6 L%&e"a$%9at%!n P"e6e3es P!$%t%6a$ L%&e"a$%9at%!nAme"%6an p!$%6mae"s sh!7$3 a3!pt an!the" tpe ! C!pe"n%6an sh%t: *'&ea9 o8;+a*'g ;o+**a+ re8orm&?%.e., "ee e$e6t%!ns@ a e e'er o8 our Cuba ;o+*2

e U.3. &ou+9 ma:e eo'om* re8orm& e grav*a*o'a+ +ou& o8 our9*;+oma* efor&. T*& &*8 %ou+9 'o +o&e ra: o8 or 9*m*'*& e*m;ora'e o8 ;o+**a+ a'ge2 bu %ou+9 &*m;+ a:'o%+e9ge a &u;o+**a+ a'ge 'ee&&ar*+ orb*& eo'om* a'ge2 a'9 'o e oer%a arou'9.P7t 3%e"ent$2 a'g*'g our ;o*' o8 v*e% 9oe& 'o a'ge ourobe*ve& 0 * o'+ a'ge& e mea'& b %* %e ;ur&ue our obe*ve&.
http://www.lexisnexis.com.er.lib.k-state.edu/lnacui2api/frame.do?reloadEntirePage=true&rand=1370198345415&returnToKey=20_T17518991751&parent=docview&target=results_DocumentContent&tokenKey=rsh-20.165572.65577793302#n59http://www.lexisnexis.com.er.lib.k-state.edu/lnacui2api/frame.do?reloadEntirePage=true&rand=1370198345415&returnToKey=20_T17518991751&parent=docview&target=results_DocumentContent&tokenKey=rsh-20.165572.65577793302#n59


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DEMOCRAC# CO5DITIO5I5G BADFAI$3***ALSO TO A2 QPQ CP

Demora* o'9**o'*'g u'9erm*'e& ;o+**a+ re8ormCuba 3u9 Grou;2 Feb. =1", Rest!"%n# E


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&%n/GetTRD!6QL!6at%!nU'J3!6GetTRD!6.p3JADADA(0)(2 , ACC. 11')2,4T//4EDIIn the 5na$ ana$s%s, U.3. Cuba ;o+* *& 'o &u&a*'ab+e beau&e * a&8a*+e9 o mee 9e&*re9 'a*o'a+ e'9&6 Cuba' 9emora a'9 uma' r*g&.

P"%!" t! +0+, the U.S. 6!7$3 mae the a"#7ment that the em&a"#! 6!nta%ne36!mm7n%sm an3 #ene"a$$ ma"#%na$%9e3 the Cast"! #!;e"nment. It a%$e3 h!we;e",t! 3ep!se %3e$ Cast"! an3 3em!6"at%9e the C7&an #!;e"nment. A ;o& Co+9 WarCuba 'o +o'ger ;o&e& a rea o e U.3. 1 6!mm7n%sm %s 6!nta%ne3 an3 C7&a%s st%$$ 7n3e" em&a"#!. Desp%te a ()1ea" a%$7"e t! ae6t 6han#e %n Cast"!8s#!;e"nment, our ;o+* %* regar9& o Cuba rema*'& u'a'ge9. We ave8orego'e 9*;+oma* e'gageme' a'9 o&e' oer*ve eo'om* ;o%er a&our o'+ ;o+**a+ oo+.
http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?Location=U2&doc=GetTRDoc.pdf&AD=ADA518053http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?Location=U2&doc=GetTRDoc.pdf&AD=ADA518053


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DEMOCRAC# CO5DITIO5I5G WAR***ALSO TO A2 QPQ CP

Te &au& @uo r*&:& m*+*ar o'K* %* CubaB"an3!n Ama&, Un%;. Ca$%!"n%a, San D%e#!, 47$ '2, ,1, EALUATING THE CUBAN EMBARGO,FP"!spe6t: 4!7"na$ ! Inte"nat%!na$ Aa%"s at USCD, http://p"!spe6t!7"na$.!"#/')'/)*/'2/e;a$7at%n#1the167&an1em&a"#!/,ACC. 112, 4T//4EDI

Z 2.2: Te urre' ;o+* ma 9rag e Un%te33tates*'o a m*+*ar o'K* %*Cuba. M*+*ar o'K* ma be *'ev*ab+e *' e 8uure *8 e embargo=&e;+** goa+ ? rea*'g a' *'&urre*o' *' Cuba o overro% egover'me' ? *& a*eve92 a'9 e Un%te3 3tates ma 'o be rea9 o &e;*'.As Rat$% an3 !nta%ne 3eta%$, Amer*a'& are 'o ;re;are9 o omm* em*+*ar re&oure& [\]F ?!nta%ne (*@, e&;e*a++ a8er u';o;u+ar %ar& *' Ira@a'9 A8ga'*&a'. M76h $%e Ame"%6a8s 67""ent s%t7at%!n w%th %s!$ate3 "!#7e states

s76h as I"an an3 N!"th !"ea, Cuba=& *&o+a*o' ma a+&o +ea9 o %ar 8or oerrea&o'&2 +*:e e Amer*a' ou;a*o' o8 Gua'a'amo Ba. Te&eo'&e@ue'e& are *'ere'+ ou'er;ro9u*ve 8or e 9emora*La*o' o8Cuba a'9 e *m;roveme' o8 uma' r*g&.
http://prospectjournal.org/2012/07/23/evaluating-the-cuban-embargo/http://prospectjournal.org/2012/07/23/evaluating-the-cuban-embargo/http://prospectjournal.org/2012/07/23/evaluating-the-cuban-embargo/http://prospectjournal.org/2012/07/23/evaluating-the-cuban-embargo/http://prospectjournal.org/2012/07/23/evaluating-the-cuban-embargo/


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BIG ADVA5TAGE I5TER5A$

1! rea&o'& %e &ou+9 +*8 e embargoDe$%a $+o9, A7#. '-, =1!, Ten Reas!ns t! L%t the C7&a Em&a"#!,F P!$%t%6s Da%$,ACC. 1-1')2,http://www.p!$%t%6s3a%$.6!m/'))/)0/'-/ten1"eas!ns1t!1$%t1the167&a1em&a"#!/ ,

4T//4EDI. I& goo9 eo'om*& . Its $!n# &een "e6!#n%9e3 that o;e'*'g u; Cuba oAmer*a' *'ve&me' %ou+9 be a uge boo' o e our*&m *'9u&r *'bo ou'r*e&. A66!"3%n# t! the C7&an #!;e"nment, '(),))) C7&an1Ame"%6ans ;%s%te3 "!m the Un%te3 States %n '))+,7p "!m "!7#h$ *),))) the ea" &e!"e, s7##est%n# a pent17p 3eman3. $*8*'g e embargo %ou+9 a+&obe a' e'ormou& boo' e U.3. agr*u+ura+ &eor. One '))+ st73 est%mate3 that 3!%n# awaw%th a$$ 5nan6%n# an3 t"a;e$ "est"%6t%!ns !n U.S. a#"%67$t7"a$ ea" p!$%t%6s an3 %t p"!376e3 "es7$ts, thatm%#ht &e an a"#7ment !" 6!nt%n7%n# %t. B7t s6h!$a"s an3 ana$sts !e6!n!m%6 san6t%!ns ha;e "epeate3$ 7est%!ne3 the e6a6 !

e6!n!m%6 state6"at a#a%nst "!#7e states 7n$ess an3 7nt%$ the"es &een "e#%me 6han#e. An3 thats &e6a7se, as !ne s6h!$a" p7t %t,%nte"e"%n# w%th the ma"et ?whethe" 7s%n# san6t%!ns, a%3, !" !the" #!;e"nment p!$%6%es@ has "ea$ e6!n!m%6 6!sts, an3we "a"e$n!w en!7#h a&!7t h!w the ta"#et e6!n!m w!"s !" h!w t! man%p7$ate the p!$%t%6a$ %n6ent%;es ! the ta"#et #!;e"nment t!a6h%e;e !7" #!a$s.

. I& ou'er0;ro9u*ve. I&o+a*'g Cuba a& bee' more a' *'efe*ve.I& a+&o ;rov*9e9 e Ca&ro broer& %* a o've'*e' ;o+**a+&a;egoa 8or e ou'r& o'go*'g eo'om* ;rob+em&, "athe" than 3"aw%n# attent%!nt! the%" !wn m%smana#ement. M!"e!;e", %n &ann%n# the sh%pment ! %n!"mat%!n1te6hn!$!# p"!376ts, the Un%te3 Stateshas ee6t%;e$ ass%ste3 the C7&an #!;e"nment %n sh7tt%n# !7t %n!"mat%!n "!m the !7ts%3e w!"$3, et an!the" p!tent%a$ 6ata$st !"3em!6"at%9at%!n.
http://www.politicsdaily.com/2010/08/24/ten-reasons-to-lift-the-cuba-embargo/http://www.peoplesworld.org/senators-confident-on-votes-to-lift-cuba-travel-ban/http://www.peoplesworld.org/senators-confident-on-votes-to-lift-cuba-travel-ban/http://www.theglobalist.com/storyid.aspx?storyid=3714http://www.theglobalist.com/storyid.aspx?storyid=3714http://www.princeton.edu/~hmilner/forthcoming%20papers/MilnerMukherjee_Democratization%26EconGlobalization_ARPS.pdfhttp://www.princeton.edu/~hmilner/forthcoming%20papers/MilnerMukherjee_Democratization%26EconGlobalization_ARPS.pdfhttp://www.princeton.edu/~hmilner/forthcoming%20papers/MilnerMukherjee_Democratization%26EconGlobalization_ARPS.pdfhttp://www.brookings.edu/articles/2001/fall_democracy_dalpino.aspxhttp://www.brookings.edu/articles/2001/fall_democracy_dalpino.aspxhttp://www.brookings.edu/articles/2001/fall_democracy_dalpino.aspxhttp://www.aolnews.com/opinion/article/debate-travel-ban-hurts-cubans-and-americans/19457989http://www.huffingtonpost.com/rep-barbara-lee/mr-president-lift-the-tra_b_687580.htmlhttp://www.huffingtonpost.com/rep-barbara-lee/mr-president-lift-the-tra_b_687580.htmlhttp://www.beloit.edu/mindset/2014.phphttp://www.beloit.edu/mindset/2014.phphttp://www.fas.org/blog/ssp/2010/03/newstart.phphttp://www.fas.org/blog/ssp/2010/03/newstart.phphttp://www.fas.org/blog/ssp/2010/03/newstart.phphttp://www.danieldrezner.com/archives/002832.htmlhttp://www.danieldrezner.com/archives/002832.htmlhttp://www.danieldrezner.com/archives/002832.htmlhttp://blog.psaonline.org/2006/05/18/sad-cuban-engagement-for-a-sanctions-opponent/http://blog.psaonline.org/2006/05/18/sad-cuban-engagement-for-a-sanctions-opponent/http://blog.psaonline.org/2006/05/18/sad-cuban-engagement-for-a-sanctions-opponent/http://www.as-coa.org/article.php?id=2525http://www.politicsdaily.com/2010/08/24/ten-reasons-to-lift-the-cuba-embargo/http://www.peoplesworld.org/senators-confident-on-votes-to-lift-cuba-travel-ban/http://www.peoplesworld.org/senators-confident-on-votes-to-lift-cuba-travel-ban/http://www.theglobalist.com/storyid.aspx?storyid=3714http://www.theglobalist.com/storyid.aspx?storyid=3714http://www.princeton.edu/~hmilner/forthcoming%20papers/MilnerMukherjee_Democratization%26EconGlobalization_ARPS.pdfhttp://www.princeton.edu/~hmilner/forthcoming%20papers/MilnerMukherjee_Democratization%26EconGlobalization_ARPS.pdfhttp://www.brookings.edu/articles/2001/fall_democracy_dalpino.aspxhttp://www.aolnews.com/opinion/article/debate-travel-ban-hurts-cubans-and-americans/19457989http://www.huffingtonpost.com/rep-barbara-lee/mr-president-lift-the-tra_b_687580.htmlhttp://www.huffingtonpost.com/rep-barbara-lee/mr-president-lift-the-tra_b_687580.htmlhttp://www.beloit.edu/mindset/2014.phphttp://www.fas.org/blog/ssp/2010/03/newstart.phphttp://www.danieldrezner.com/archives/002832.htmlhttp://www.danieldrezner.com/archives/002832.htmlhttp://blog.psaonline.org/2006/05/18/sad-cuban-engagement-for-a-sanctions-opponent/http://blog.psaonline.org/2006/05/18/sad-cuban-engagement-for-a-sanctions-opponent/http://www.as-coa.org/article.php?id=2525


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*. I& *'uma'e . I st"ate#%6 a"#7ments 3!nt pe"s7a3e !7 that %ts t%me t! en3 the em&a"#!, then pe"hapsh7man%ta"%an a"#7ments w%$$. !" as an!ne wh!s t"a;e$e3 t! the %s$an3 n!ws, the"es a 3e6%3e3$ en6$a;e1$%e ee$ t! th!se a"eas! the e6!n!m whe"e 6ap%ta$%sm has &een a$$!we3 t! K!7"%sh %n a $%m%te3 sense ?e.#. t!7"%sm@ an3 the "est ! the %s$an3, wh%6h ee$s;e" m76h $%e the "emnant ! an ehen I went the"e %n the ++)s w%th m s%ste", I "emem&e"the th"!n#s ! men wh! w!7$3 6$7ste" !7ts%3e the t!7"%st ha7nts. The3 h!pe t! pe"s7a3e ;%s%t!"s $%e me t! p"eten3 t! &e the%"es6!"t s! the 6!7$3 snea %nt! the an6%e" h!te$s an3 n%#ht6$7&s, wh%6h the 6!7$3 n!t ente" !the"w%se. H!"se 11 es, h!"se11 was a

6!mm!n !e"%n# !n men7s &a6 then. That s%t7at%!n has appa"ent$ ease3 %n "e6ent ea"s as the #!;e"nment has !pene3 7p m!"ese6t!"s ! the e6!n!m t! !"3%na" C7&ans. B7t the se$e6t%;e nat7"e ! that 3e"e#7$at%!nhas !n$ e


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BIG ADVA5TAGE I5TER5A$

0. Tere& o*+ ere . An!the" "eas!n t! th%n that %t m%#ht &e t%me t! "e6!ns%3e" !7" C7&a p!$%6 %s th%s nat7"a$"es!7"6e. C7&a has &e#7n e


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3O$VE5C# $IFTI5G EMBARGO ECO5OMICREFORM3

$*8*'g e embargo &;ee9& u; Cuba' ra'&**o' o 8reemar:e&DAMIENCAVE, N!;. +, =1, Eas%n# ! Rest"a%nts %n C7&a Renews De&ate !n U.S. Em&a"#!,FNT,http://www.nt%mes.6!m/')'//')/w!"$3/ame"%6as/6han#es1%n167&a16"eate1s7pp!"t1!"1eas%n#1em&a"#!.htm$Qpa#ewante3a$$J="), ACC. (1'1')2, 4T//4EDIW* Cuba au*ou&+ *'ro9u*'g 8ree0mar:e a'ge& a ave +ega+*Le9u'9re9& o8 ou&a'9& o8 &ma++ ;r*vae bu&*'e&&e& over e ;a& %oear&2 'e% eo'om* bo'9& be%ee' Cuba a'9 e Un%te3 3tates ave8orme9, 6"eat%n# new 6ha$$en#es, new p!ss%&%$%t%es an3 a m!"e 6!mp$%6ate33e&ate !;e" the em&a"#!.

The $!n#stan3%n# $!#%6 has &een that &"!a3 san6t%!ns a"e ne6essa" t! s7!6ate thet!ta$%ta"%an #!;e"nment ! %3e$ an3 Ra_$ Cast"!. 5o%2 e&;e*a++ 8or ma'Cuba'& %o a9 ;rev*ou&+ &ae9 o' e &*9e+*'e& *' e ba+e over Cuba;o+*2 a 'e% argume' aga*'& e embargo *& ga*'*'g urre' ? ae e'a*ve move o%ar9 a;*a+*&m b e Cuba' gover'me' ou+9 be&;e9 u; %* more a&&*&a'e 8rom Amer*a'&.

Broa90ba&e9 eo'om* e'gageme' %*++ e'9 e reg*me=&o'ro+ a'9 re*'egrae Cuba *'o e g+oba+ &&emDa;%3 A. 4ereL, Sp"%n#, ,1!, 4D a$e Law S6h!!$, 67""ent$ se";%n# as The Le#a$ A3;%s!" t! theState Depa"tment, Ame"%6as C7&a P!$%6: The >a !"wa"3: A P!$%6 Re6!mmen3at%!n !" the U.S.State Depa"tment,F Ha";a"3 Lat%n! Law Re;%ew, 2 Ha";. Lat%n! L. Re;. 0*, 4T//4EDIO'e m*g rea&o'ab+ argue a e &ue&& o8 e&e ;*eemea+ re8orm&%ou+9 g*ve e reg*me more brea*'g &;ae o &urv*ve. T*& *& a va+*9o'er'2 bu *& a'a+*a++ u'&ou'9.The "e#%me has s7";%;e3 3esp%te a te""%&$etwent1ea" e6!n!m%6 3ep"ess%!n that &e#an ate" the 6!$$apse ! the S!;%et Un%!n.A+oug * &ou'9& ou'er0*'u**ve2 eo'om* &ue&& %*++ be earb*'ger o8 &ruura+ o++a;&e *' Cuba.!" 5t ea"s !ne sstem has "7$e3 s7p"eme &7t % an!the" sstem, h!we;e"nas6ent, &e#%ns t! sh!w that %t 6an meet the nee3s ! the pe!p$e m!"e ee6t%;e$,the p"e;a%$%n# sstem w%$$ &e#%n t! e"!3e "!m the #"!7n3 7p. T! an e


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3O$VE5C# $IFTI5G EMBARGO 4O$ITICA$REFORM3DEMOCRAC#

Te embargo *& a %o+e&a+e 8a*+ure a &*Ke& 9emora*re8orm. We &ou+9 9eo9*8 e embargo b re;ea+*'g /e+m&0Buro' a'9 re+ae9 &auor ;rov*&*o'& *' e Torr*e++* A a'9T3RA?I=& e be& o;*o' 8or re8orm&Cuba 3u9 Grou;2 Feb. =1", Rest!"%n# E


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$*8*'g &a'*o'& %ou+9 be a v*or 'o 8or F*9e+ Ca&ro2 bu 8or e ;o%er

o8 8ree ;eo;+e o &;rea9 +*ber. As G"%sw!$3 a"#7e3, < ommer*a+

e'gageme' *& e be& %a o e'ourage more o;e' &o*e*e& abroa9.> O

6!7"se, the"e a"e n! #7a"antees. B7t+*8*'g e embargo %ou+9 ave a greaer+*:e+*oo9 o8 &ue&& a' o'*'u*'g a ;o+* %* a& 8a*+e9. 3ome 9ae Cuba' ;eo;+e %*++ be 8ree. A++o%*'g more o'a %* Amer*a'& +*:e+%ou+9 ma:e a 9a ome &oo'er.


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Obama &ou+9 rever&e urre' ;o+* a'9 e'9 e embargo?8o&er& re8orm

47an Ca"$!s /*9a+go2De6. , ,, p"!e6t 6!!"3%nat!" !" Lat%n Ame"%6a at theCat! Inst%t7te8s Cente" !" G$!&a$ L%&e"t an3 P"!spe"%t, A Lat%n Ame"%6an A#en3a!" P"es%3ent O&ama,F http://www.6at!.!"#/p7&$%6at%!ns/6!mmenta"/$at%n1ame"%6an1a#en3a1p"es%3ent1!&amaQp"%nt, ACC. 1'1')2, 4T//4EDIEn3 the em&a"#! an3 t"a;e$ &an !n C7&a: Obama ;rom*&e9 9ur*'g eam;a*g' o a++o% u'+*m*e9 rave+ a'9 rem*a'e& 8rom Cuba' Amer*a'&o e *&+a'9. Toug &o;;*'g &or o8 r***L*'g e embargo, h%s $%m%te3p"!p!sa$ 3%3 n!t p$ease %3e$ Cast"!, wh! 6a$$e3 the %3ea ! m!"e U.S. ;%s%t!"sp"!pa#an3a !" 6!ns7me"%sm an3 the 7ns7sta%na&$e wa ! $%e &eh%n3 %t.F Desp%te!6%a$$ 6"%t%6%9%n# the em&a"#! as a s!7"6e ! C7&a8s %$$s, Cast"! seems t! &e we$$awa"e ! the 3an#e" !" the C7&an "e#%me ! %n6"eas%n# %nte"a6t%!n &etween!"e%#ne"s an3 nat%!na$s.Obama &ou+9&e m!"e %nn!;at%;e %n h%s p!$%6 app"!a6h t! C7&a. He sh!7$3;ro;o&e e'9*'g e rave+ ba' o Cuba a+ogeer2 a'9 +*8*'g e ra9eembargo. T*& %ou+9 9o more 8or ae+era*'g mea'*'g8u+ re8orm& *' e*&+a'9 a' o'*'u*'g %* a ;o+* a a& 8a*+e9 o 9e+*ver re&u+& 8ora+mo& ! ear&.
http://www.cato.org/publications/commentary/latin-american-agenda-president-obama?printhttp://www.cato.org/publications/commentary/latin-american-agenda-president-obama?printhttp://www.cato.org/publications/commentary/latin-american-agenda-president-obama?printhttp://www.cato.org/publications/commentary/latin-american-agenda-president-obama?print


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3O$VE5C# $IFTI5G A$O5E ECO5OMIC DEMOCRATIC REFORM3

Eve' *8 e ;+a' 9oe&'= &o+ve mo& o8 e a9va'age&2 e ao8 +*8*'g e embargo a+o'e a9va'e& eo'om* a'99emora* re8orm

Jo'&o'2 e a+2Sept. , ,1!, An3 4!hns!n, D%"e6t!", Nat%!na$ Se67"%t P"!#"am, $eSpe6t!", P!$%6 A3;%s!", Nat%!na$ Se67"%t P"!#"am, an3 "%st%na L%$a6, Nat%!na$ Se67"%t P"!#"am, En3the Em&a"#! ! C7&a,F Th%"3 >a, ACC. 11')2,http://6!ntent.th%"3wa.!"#/p7&$%6at%!ns/2'/Th%"3=>a=Mem!=1=En3=the=Em&a"#!=!=C7&a.p3,4T//4EDI!"me" Senat!" Me$ Ma"t%ne9 has a"#7e3 a#a%nst $%t%n# the em&a"#!, 6$a%m%n# thatthe US nee3s t! s7pp!"t p"!13em!6"a6 a6t%;%sts %n C7&a, n!t p"!;%3e the Cast"!"e#%me w%th a "es!7"6e w%n3a$$.F( $!"%3a Rep. T!m R!!ne has a"#7e3 that $%t%n#the em&a"#! w!7$3 se";e t! "ewa"3 C7&a8s $ea3e"sh%p !" %ts 3e6a3es1$!n# "e6!"3 !h7man "%#hts a&7ses an3 a$$!w the a&7se t! 6!nt%n7e 37e t! the a&sen6e !p"ess7"e "!m the US. The US has 7se3 the em&a"#! as an e!"t t! p"ess7"e the6!mm7n%st $ea3e"sh%p !" nea"$ 5t ea"s, et the stat7s 7! "ema%ns 7n6han#e3.I8 a ;o&&*b+e 9o%'&*9e o8 +*8*'g e embargo *& a e &*ua*o' %*++ 'oa'ge2 e' e U3 a& 'o*'g o +o&e b ma:*'g a' efor o 'orma+*Lere+a*o'& %* Cuba. B re8u&*'g o e'gage Cuba a'9 ma:e efor& o moveCuba 8or%ar92 e U3 *& *' a %ea: ;o&**o' o r***Le e Cuba'+ea9er&*;. $*8*'g e embargoan3 n!"ma$%9%n# "e$at%!ns %ou+9 ;u e U3 *'a &ro'ger ;o&**o' o br*'g abou a'ge roug eo'om*a9va'eme'& a ou+9 *' ur' re&u+ *' 9ome&* 9ema'9& %**' Cuba8or greaer &o*a+ a'9 ;o+**a+ 8ree9om&.
http://content.thirdway.org/publications/326/Third_Way_Memo_-_End_the_Embargo_of_Cuba.pdfhttp://content.thirdway.org/publications/326/Third_Way_Memo_-_End_the_Embargo_of_Cuba.pdf


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3O$VE5C# 0 CUBA REFORMI5G 5OW2 5EED3E5GAGEME5T

5e% re8orm& *' Cuba ;rove e embargo *& ou9ae9 a'9ou'er0;ro9u*ve/a'&o'2 e a+24an. , =1", Dan%e$ Hans!n %s an e6!n!m%6s "esea"6he" at the Ame"%6anEnte"p"%se Inst%t7te. Dane Batten %s a$%ate3 w%th the Un%;e"s%t ! N!"th Ca"!$%na, Depa"tment !P7&$%6 P!$%6. Ha""%s!n Ea$e %s a 5nan6%a$ ana$st, Its T%me !" The U.S. T! En3 Its Sense$ess Em&a"#!! C7&a,F !"&es, http://www.!"&es.6!m/s%tes/"ea$sp%n/')2/)//%ts1t%me1!"1the171s1t!1en31%ts1sense$ess1em&a"#!1!167&a/, ACC. 112, 4T//4EDIFor e r& *me *' more a' 8 ear&2 Cuba' **Le'& a' rave+ abroa9%*ou ;erm*&&*o' 8rom e*r gover'me'. Te move2 ;ar o8 a broa9erre8orm ;a:age be*'g ;a&e9 *' b Rau+ Ca&ro2 u'9er&ore& e*rra*o'a+* o8 Amer*a=& o'*'ua*o' o8 a ve09ea9e o+9 embargo.>h%$e the em&a"#! has &een th"!7#h se;e"a$ $e#a$ %te"at%!ns %n the %nte";en%n#

ea"s, e ge'era+ e'or o8 e U.3. ;o&**o' o%ar9 Cuba *& a ar9+*'e 'o0*'0m0ba:ar9 a;;roa o ommu'*&m a +a e Mo'roeDor*'e. TeoH*a+ ;o&**o' *& ou9ae92 ;or**a+2 a'9 ou'er;ro9u*ve.

Cuba u& re8orm*'g 'o%. $*8*'g e embargo mag'*e& a;rogre&& *m;rove& re+a*o'& %* a++*e&/a'&o'2 e a+24an. , =1", Dan%e$ Hans!n %s an e6!n!m%6s "esea"6he" at the Ame"%6anEnte"p"%se Inst%t7te. Dane Batten %s a$%ate3 w%th the Un%;e"s%t ! N!"th Ca"!$%na, Depa"tment !P7&$%6 P!$%6. Ha""%s!n Ea$e %s a 5nan6%a$ ana$st, Its T%me !" The U.S. T! En3 Its Sense$ess Em&a"#!! C7&a,F !"&es, http://www.!"&es.6!m/s%tes/"ea$sp%n/')2/)//%ts1t%me1!"1the171s1t!1en31%ts1sense$ess1em&a"#!1!167&a/, ACC. 112, 4T//4EDI

Te o& o8 e embargo o e Un%te3 3tates *& *g *' bo 9o++ar a'9mora+ erm&2 bu * *& *ger 8or e Cuba' ;eo;+e, wh! a"e 67t ! "!m thes7pp!se3 6hamp%!n ! $%&e"t %n the%" hem%sphe"e &e6a7se ! an ant%7ate3 C!$3>a" 3%sp7te. Te ;rogre&& be*'g ma9e *' Cuba ou+9 be ae+erae9 %*e e+; o8 Amer*a' ar*ab+e re+*e82 bu&*'e&& *''ova*o'2 a'9 our*&m.A ;er;eua+ embargo o' a 9eve+o;*'g 'a*o' a *& mov*'g o%ar9&re8orm ma:e& +*+e &e'&e2 e&;e*a++ %e' Amer*a=& a++*e& are o;e'+o&*+e o e embargo. I :ee;& a broa9er 9*&u&&*o' abou &mar re8orm*' Cuba 8rom ga*'*'g +*8e2 a'9 * ma:e& 'o eo'om* &e'&e. I *& *me 8ore embargo o go.

Rau+ Ca&ro=& re8orm& re;re&e'& a oa+ &*8 a%a 8rom 3ae0

ba&e9 o'ro+Te3 4*o'e24an +, =1, sen%!" e$$!w at the B"!!%n#s Inst%t7te, C7&a %sChan#%n#, S$!w$ &7t S7"e$,F ACC. 11')2,http://www.&"!!%n#s.e37/"esea"6h/"ep!"ts/')'/)/+167&a1p%66!ne , 4T//4EDIA +o&er +oo:, h!we;e", revea+&s!meth%n# m!"e p"!!7n3 a %o+e&a+e

me'a+ &*8 ,ou+*'e9 +ear+ b 4re&*9e' Rau+ Ca&ro over e +a& %oear&2 a e *me a& ome o move e Cuba' ;eo;+e 8rom %o+e&a+e9e;e'9e'e o' e &ae o a 'e% era o8 *'9*v*9ua+ re&;o'&*b*+* a'9
http://www.forbes.com/sites/realspin/2013/01/16/its-time-for-the-u-s-to-end-its-senseless-embargo-of-cuba/http://www.forbes.com/sites/realspin/2013/01/16/its-time-for-the-u-s-to-end-its-senseless-embargo-of-cuba/http://www.forbes.com/places/mi/monroe/http://www.forbes.com/sites/realspin/2013/01/16/its-time-for-the-u-s-to-end-its-senseless-embargo-of-cuba/http://www.forbes.com/sites/realspin/2013/01/16/its-time-for-the-u-s-to-end-its-senseless-embargo-of-cuba/http://www.brookings.edu/research/reports/2012/01/19-cuba-picconehttp://www.forbes.com/sites/realspin/2013/01/16/its-time-for-the-u-s-to-end-its-senseless-embargo-of-cuba/http://www.forbes.com/sites/realspin/2013/01/16/its-time-for-the-u-s-to-end-its-senseless-embargo-of-cuba/http://www.forbes.com/places/mi/monroe/http://www.forbes.com/sites/realspin/2013/01/16/its-time-for-the-u-s-to-end-its-senseless-embargo-of-cuba/http://www.forbes.com/sites/realspin/2013/01/16/its-time-for-the-u-s-to-end-its-senseless-embargo-of-cuba/http://www.brookings.edu/research/reports/2012/01/19-cuba-piccone


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**Le'&*;.Th%s %s #!%n# t! tae t%me. The e6!n!m%6 "e!"ms !" 7p3at%n#F ! C7&a8s S!;%et1st$e e6!n!m%6 sstem, app"!;e3 $ast sp"%n# at theC!mm7n%st Pa"t8s 5"st Nat%!na$ C!n#"ess %n - ea"s, a"e 7st &e#%nn%n# t! &e ena6te3. The %n6$73e an e


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Te Cuba embargo *& o9*e9 *' e /e+m&0Buro' A. T*&o'&ru& a' e'ormou& bureaura a *& e;e'&*ve2ou'er0;ro9u*ve2 a'9 *g'ore& over "!! eo'om* re8orm& *'Cuba/a'&o'2 e a+24an. , =1", Dan%e$ Hans!n %s an e6!n!m%6s "esea"6he" at the Ame"%6anEnte"p"%se Inst%t7te. Dane Batten %s a$%ate3 w%th the Un%;e"s%t ! N!"th Ca"!$%na, Depa"tment !P7&$%6 P!$%6. Ha""%s!n Ea$e %s a 5nan6%a$ ana$st, Its T%me !" The U.S. T! En3 Its Sense$ess Em&a"#!! C7&a,F !"&es, http://www.!"&es.6!m/s%tes/"ea$sp%n/')2/)//%ts1t%me1!"1the171s1t!1en31%ts1sense$ess1em&a"#!1!167&a/, ACC. 112, 4T//4EDI

The C7&an em&a"#! was %na7#7"ate3 & a enne3 a3m%n%st"at%!n e


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S!6%a$%sm as we$$ as the e6!n!m%6 3e;e$!pment ! the 6!7nt" an3 the%mp"!;ement ! the $%;%n# stan3a"3 ! !7" pe!p$e 6!m&%ne3 w%th the %n3%spens%&$e!"mat%!n ! eth%6a$ an3 p!$%t%6a$ ;a$7es,F P"es%3ent Ra_$ Cast"! sa%3 %n ann!7n6%n#the new 6han#es.

Te ver 8a a e a'ge& are be*'g ma9e b e gover'me'a:'o%+e9ge& a era*' rea+*. Man ! the 6han#es w%$$ a$$!w C7&ans t! $e#a$$se$$ h!mes an3 a7t!m!&%$es. These e6!n!m%6 a6t%;%t%es ha;e &een !n#!%n# !"3e6a3es !n the C7&an &$a6 ma"et whe"e pe!p$e p"e;%!7s$ &!7#ht an3 s!$3a7t!m!&%$es an3 h!7ses.

The C7&an &$a6 ma"et !" the me"6a3! ne#"! %s ;%ewe3 as %mp!"tant$ as the"at%!n 6a"3s %ss7e3 & the #!;e"nment. !$$!w%n# the 6!$$apse the C7&an e6!n!mate" the 6!$$apse ! the S!;%et Un%!n, & s!me est%mates t"ansa6t%!ns "!m the&$a6 ma"et !7tpa6e3 $e#a$ !" !"ma$ t"ansa6t%!ns. As a "es7$t, Cuba' oH*a+&bega' e'a*'g +*m*e9 re8orm& a*me9 a re&u&*a*'g e Cuba'eo'om.A"6h R%tte" ! Ca"$et!n Un%;e"s%t %n Ottawa s7##este3 ! the 6han#es, These a"e

;e" %mp!"tant steps\T! ha;e a h!7s%n# ma"et, !" e


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Rau+ *& a %*++*'g ;ar'er2 re8orm& are *' mo*o'3%e*g2 Ro:e8e++er2 ,1 0D*reor o8 $a*' Amer*a' 3u9*e&2 Cou'*+ o8Fore*g' Re+a*o'&

47$%a, Ne$s!n, Da;%3, The "!9en U.S.1C7&a Re$at%!nsh%pF, ?'/'0/'@http://www.6".!"#/67&a/"!9en17s167&a1"e$at%!nsh%p/p'*() ///4MR

The se6!n3 p!%nt %s whats happen%n# %n C7&a. I& 'o rea+*&* o e;e eU'*e9 3ae& o u'9era:e a &er*e& o8 u'*+aera+ move& o%ar9'orma+*La*o'X * 'ee9& a %*++*'g ;ar'er. I be+*eve %e ave o'e *' /ava'a&7t ha;e a%$e3 t! "ea3 the s%#na$s. Rau+ Ca&rohas n!w &een %n !6e s%n6e the

&e#%nn%n# ! '))0. Ra7$ o+9& e re*'& o' bo 8ore*g' ;o+* a'9 9ome&*;o+*2 a'92 9ome&*a++2 e ;o+**& o8 *m;+eme'*'g a 8a*r+ %*9e ra'geo8 eo'om* a'9 ;o+**a+ a'9 &o*a+ re8orm& are *& ;r*or*.In a 3ea$ thatwas 6!!"3%nate3 w%th the he$p ! the C7&an Cath!$%6 Ch7"6h an3 Spa%n, he "e$ease3a$$ ! the p!$%t%6a$ p"%s!ne"s %n C7&a. /e a+&o *& a:*'g a 'umber o8 &e;& a*m;+ a maor re%r**'g o8 e &o*a+ o'ra *' Cuba o &r*': e &*Le o8e &ae a'9 g*ve Cuba' *'9*v*9ua+& more 8ree9om00eo'om*a++2e&;e*a++2 bu a+&o *' erm& o8 &;ee00a' %eve &ee' *' e +a& 8ear&./e a& ;r*va*Le9 e re&*9e'*a+ rea+ e&ae a'9 ar mar:eY&Z2e;a'9e9 mu0'ee9e9 agrar*a' re8orm2 +*8e9 a;& o' &a+ar*e&2 a'9grea+ e;a'9e9 &;ae 8or &ma++ bu&*'e&&e&. /ea$s! *& mov*'g o 9ea+%* orru;*o' a'9 o ;re;are e grou'9%or: 8or a grea 9ea+ more

8ore*g' *'ve&me'. /e& mov*'g *' e 9*re*o' o8 e :*'9 o8 re8orm&a ever a9m*'*&ra*o' over e +a& 8 ear& a& a++e9 u;o' Cuba oma:e, a$&e%t 7n3e" the "7&"%6 ! a !ne1pa"t sstem. Tere& a broa9 ra'ge o8oo;era*o'00'e*gboroo9 &eur* *' e Gu+8 o8 Me*o2 a& Cuba a& u&&are9 9r*++*'g 8or o*+2 ou'er'aro*&2 a'9 'aura+ 9*&a&er&00be%ee'e %o ou'r*e& a *& &*++ 'o a;;e'*'g, an3 that #%;es me the %mp"ess%!nthat the Un%te3 States has &een 7nw%$$%n# t! tae es !" an answe" an3 "esp!n3p!s%t%;e$ t! steps taen & C7&a.

3@uo re8orm& are 'o e'oug o'+ e ;+a' ;romoe& a

&ue&&8u+ ra'&**o'2 *'rea&e9 eo'om* *e& are :e4*o'e =1" ?4!seph, B"!!%n#s Inst%t7te Sen%!" e$$!w an3 Dep7t D%"e6t!", !"e%#n P!$%6,Open%n# t! Ha;ana, /*/2, http://www.&"!!%n#s.e37/"esea"6h/pape"s/')2/)/!pen%n#1t!1ha;ana@

Un3e" Rau+ Ca&ro, the C7&an #!;e"nment a&o'*'ue9t! 7n3e"tae a n7m&e"! *m;ora' re8orm& o mo9er'*Le *& eo'om2 +e&&e' *& 9e;e'9e'e o'H7#! CaveL8s ene97e$a, a'9 a++o% **Le'& o ma:ethe%" !wn 9e*&*o'&abou e*r eo'om* 8uure&.The p"!6ess ! re8orm, h!we;e", *& gra9ua+,h%#h$ 6!nt"!$$e3 a'9 &or o'%e$3%n# #ame16han#%n# re&u+& a %ou+9 *g'*e
http://www.cfr.org/cuba/frozen-us-cuba-relationship/p27510%20///http://www.cfr.org/cuba/frozen-us-cuba-relationship/p27510%20///


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e eo'om. Fa*+ure o a; 'e% of&ore o*+ a'9 ga& e+9& a'9 agr*u+ura+9amage"!m H7""%6ane San3 9ea+ 8urer &eba:&. In3epen3ent 6%;%$ s!6%et"ema%ns 6!n5ne3, "ep"esse3 an3 ha"asse3, an3 st"%6t me3%a an3 %nte"net 6!nt"!$sse;e"e$ "est"%6t the K!w ! %n!"mat%!n. Te Ca&ro ge'era*o' *& &+o%+

a'9*'g ;o%er over o e 'e ge'era*o' o8pa"t an3 m%$%ta" +ea9er&wh!w%$$ 3ete"m%ne the pa6e an3 s6!pe ! the "e!"m p"!6ess. Te&e re'9& &ugge&that a' *'Ke*o';o*' *& a;;roa*'g a'9 a 'o% *& e *me o r a'e% ;ara9*gm 8or 9e0**'g e 8roLe' o'K*. Te embargo the m!st6!mp$e< an3 st"%6test em&a"#! a#a%nst an 6!7nt" %n the w!"$3 hasa'9ufe9 e U n%te3 3 tates a'9 a& ;reve'e9 * 8rom av*'g a'

;o&**ve *'Kue'e !n the %s$an38s 3e;e$!pments. It w%$$ se";e Ame"%6an %nte"ests&ette" t! $ea"n h!w t! w!" w%th the eme"#%n# C7&an $ea3e"s wh%$e s%m7$tane!7s$"amp%n# 7p 3%"e6t U.S. !7t"ea6h t! the C7&an pe!p$e. I "e6!mmen3 that !7"a3m%n%st"at%!n, $e3 & a spe6%a$ en;! app!%nte3 & !7 an3 "ep!"t%n# t! these6"eta" ! state an3 the nat%!na$ se67"%t a3;%s!", !pen a 3%s6"eet 3%a$!#7e w%th

Ha;ana !n a w%3e "an#e ! %ss7es, w%th!7t p"e6!n3%t%!ns. Te a*m o8 e 9*reb*+aera+ a+:& %ou+9 be o re&o+ve !7tstan3%n# %ss7es a"!7n3 m*gra*o'2rave+, 6!7nte"te""!"%sm an3 6!7nte"na"6!t%6s, the en;%"!nment, an3 ra9e a'9*'ve&me' that a"e *m;ora'op"!te6t%n# U.3. 'a*o'a+ *'ere&&.Ouome&! these ta$s ou+9 *'+u9e;rov*&*o'& a 'orma+*Le m*gra*o'Ko%&, st"en#then &!"3e" se67"%t, &"ea 3!wn the wa$$s ! 6!mm7n%6at%!n a*'9er U.3. ab*+* o u'9er&a'9 o% Cuba *& a'g*'g2 a'9 e+; U.3.bu&*'e&&e& reae 'e% ob&.In the 6!ntee sh!7$3 a$s! 6!ns%3e" auor*L*'g ;ame'& 8or e;or& o Cubath"!7#h 5nan6%n# %ss7e3 & U.S. &ans an3 #"ant%n# a #ene"a$ $%6ense t! a$$!w;esse$s that ha;e ente"e3 C7&an p!"ts t! ente" U.S. p!"ts w%th!7t ha;%n# t! wa%t s%ash%n#t!n. Toug * ma o'+ be &raeg*a++ *m;ora' oRau+an3 7st a matte" ! t%me, 5o oer 9e;arure 8rom *& broer=& +ega%ou+9 be a& mo'ume'a+ a& &u;;or*'g ra;;roeme' %* Wa&*'go'./e %ou+9 beg*' o move ou o8 F*9e+=& &a9o%2 a&&er*'g *m&e+8

9e'**ve+ a& *& o%' ma'. I %ou+9 be a ;o;u+ar ;o+* *' e m*+*ar2

%* mo& *v*+*a' +ea9er&2 a'9 e&;e*a++ %* e Cuba' ;eo;+e. /*& ma*'

obe*ve %ou+9 be o %*' a &*g'*a' re9u*o'2 or erm*'a*o'2 o8 eU.3. eo'om* embargo. (I a' be &u&;ee9) a u'+*:e F*9e+2 e %*++ be%*++*'g o 'ego*ae *' goo9 8a* a'9 %* 'o &u;er&e9*'g ;ree9e'e.>'+

5o% *& a u'*@ue %*'9o% o8 o;;oru'* o e'gage Cuba. Rau+*& a ;ragma*&C!mman3e" Ca"$!s Ig+e&*a&, U. S. Na;, =1, Un%te3 States Se67"%t P!$%6 Imp$%6at%!ns ! a P!st1%3e$ C7&a, US A"m >a" C!$$e#e, www.3t%6.m%$/6#%1&%n/GetTRD!6QADADA()-)0, ACC. 1-1')2,4T//4EDI!" the 5"st t%me %n nea"$ 5;e 3e6a3es, Ca&ro=& &e; 9o%' 8rom ;o%er a&o;e'e9 o;;oru'**e& ;rev*ou&+ u'ava*+ab+e. Toug e 9e&;o* ru+e a&bee'maste"7$$ a'9e9 of oh%s !7n#e" &"!the", Ra+ Ca&ro2 *'g& avea'ge9 a'9 'e% 9oor& %*++ o'*'ue o o;e' 8or U.3. ;o+**e& *'o e'ear0erm. !" !ne, Ra+ *& era*'+ 'o F*9e+.>he"e the e$3e" was a &"%$$%ant3ema#!#7e an3 sh"ew3 p!$%t%6%an, e ou'ger=& +ea9er&*; a+e'& ome 8romma'ager*a+ &:*++& a'9 +oa+ 8o++o%*'g&.On the !the" han3, !ne s%m%$a"%t thatthe &!the"s ha;e %n 6!mm!n %s the%" a3;an6e3 a#es. >%th &!th Cast"!s %n the%" 0)8s,the %ne;%ta&$e ne


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p!$%6 %mp$%6at%!ns an3 mae "e6!mmen3at%!ns. A$$ ! th%s %s %n the s%n6e"est h!pe !he$p%n# t! 5na$$ st!pp%n# Ame"%6an8s C7&a %nsan%t.F

Rau+ *& ;u*'g *& bra'9 o' Cuba' &o*a+*&m ba&e9 o' a

mar:e eo'omC!mman3e" Ca"$!s Ig+e&*a&, U. S. Na;, =1, Un%te3 States Se67"%t P!$%6 Imp$%6at%!ns ! a P!st1%3e$ C7&a, US A"m >a" C!$$e#e, www.3t%6.m%$/6#%1&%n/GetTRD!6QADADA()-)0, ACC. 1-1')2,4T//4EDIS%n6e then, e ou'ger broer a& au*ou&+ a'9 *'reme'a++ +a*9 e8ou'9a*o' 8or *& ver&*o' o8 e Cuba' revo+u*o'. As%3e "!m a ew "ep!"te3%nstan6es %n '))+ when the "es%37a$ %nK7en6e ! the !$3e" Cast"! $ast "ea"e3 %ts3%ssent%n# hea3, Ra+ a& &&ema*a++ move9 o bu*+9 *& &u;;or*'g'ome':+aura a'9 afe *& v*&*o' 8or e *&+a'9. I' e 8ormer2 eu'e;ee9 ;urge o8 ma' o8 *& broer=& %* *& o%' +oa+ 9ur*'g e N Commu'*& 4ar o8 Cuba o'gre&&asse"te3 thea&s!$7te nat7"e ! h%s p!$%t%6a$ 6!"!nat%!n.'- In the $atte", h%s ;%s%!n !" the

"e;!$7t%!n %n6$73es 7p3at%n# ! the ?s!6%a$%st@ m!3e$.F'( Ma' +ea9*'g Cubaa'a+&&2 aa9em*& a'9 ;o+* ma:er& o'ur a *& %*++ u+*mae+*'+u9e move& o%ar9& a C*'e&e?!" %etnamese@ mo9e+ o8 mar:e0ba&e9eo'om*e& o'ro++e9 %**' a' auor*ar*a' reg*me. ' Un3!7&te3$, Ra_$Cast"! app"e6%ates the &ene5ts ! a m!3e$ ! pat"%m!n%a$ a7th!"%ta"%an%sm, !"e6!n!m%6 !pp!"t7n%t e


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3O$VE5C# 0 CUBA WI$$ 3A# #E3 TO T/E 4$A5REFORM

Rau+ Ca&ro *& a gra9ua+ re8ormer a %*++ ae; ra9e *e&CHELSEA A. IMMERMA5, Ge!"#et!wn Law, =1!, Reth%n%n# The C7&an T"a3eEm&a"#!: An Opp!"t7ne T%me T! Men3 a B"!en P!$%6,Fhttp://www.thep"es%3en6.!"#/st!"a#e/3!67ments/e$$!ws'))/X%mme"man.p3,ACC. 121')2, 4T//4EDIDesp%te the U.S. #!;e"nment8s attempts t! p"!m!te 3em!6"a6 %n C7&a th"!7#h e6!n!m%6 san6t%!ns, %3e$ Cast"!, the !"me" $ea3e"

! an 7n3e"3e;e$!pe3 nat%!n ! m%$$%!n pe!p$e, s7";%;e3 e%#ht U.S. p"es%3ents an3 the%" attempts t! !7st h%m "!m !6e.W* e "e6ent "es%#nat%!n ! %3e$ Cast"! an3 the *'&a++a*o' o8h%s &"!the", *1ea"1!$3 Rau+Ca&ro2 a& ;re&*9e'2 ma' ob&erver&%n the U.S. an3 Cuba re+*& e o;;oru'*o 9eve+o; &ro'ger ra9e *e&.A$th!7#h he has n!t s%#na$e3 an ma!" sh%t %n C7&a8s e6!n!m%6 sstem, %n aspee6h #%;en %n 47$ ! '))*2 Rau+ Ca&ro a:'o%+e9ge9 a &ruura+ a'ge& %ere'ee&&ar o *'rea&e eH*e' a'9 e ;ro9u*o' o8 goo9& *' Cuba.Ca&ro reog'*Le& e *'ere' +*m*a*o'&!n a 6!7nt" that %mp!"ts m!"e than 0) pe"6ent ! %ts!!3, $ea;es ha$ ! %ts a"a&$e $an3 a$$!w, an3 3epen3s !n ene97e$a !" +) m%$$%!n &a""e$s ! !%$ pe" 3a ?The Cente" !" Dem!6"a6

%n the Ame"%6as@. D7"%n# the se;e"a$ ea"s he has a6te3 as p"es%3ent, Rau+ Ca&ro a& ;ur&ue9 re8ormmea&ure& o ma:e e gover'me' more eH*e' a'9 *'v*gorae eCuba' eo'om. He has !pene3 7n7se3 state $an3 t! p"%;ate a"me"s, a$$!we3 p"%;ate a"me"s t! &7 the%" !wn ee3an3 e"t%$%9e" "athe" than ha;e them ass%#ne3 & the state, pe"m%tte3 nat%!na$s t! &7 6!mp7te"s, 6e$$ ph!nes an3 !the" app$%an6esthat p"e;%!7s$ we"e p"!h%&%te3, "e!"me3 the state wa#e sstem & "em!;%n# sa$a" $%m%ts, an3 a$$!we3 C7&ans t! #a%n t%t$e t!state1!wne3 h!mes ?>e%sse"t, @. M!st e


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C7&an %"st %6e P"es%3ent 4!se Ram!n Ma6ha3! ent7"a ha3 a$"ea3 #%;en theen!te a33"ess, %n wh%6h he 3eman3e3 that the Un%te3 States "et7"n the na;a$&ase nea" the C7&an t!wn ! G7antanam!, whe"e th%s ea"s 6e$e&"at%!ns a"e ta%n#p$a6e Te U'*e9 3ae& ma*'a*'& a ve09ea9e&0o+9 ra9e embargo o'

Cuba2 a'9 a' *m;roveme'& *' re+a*o'& ave bee' &a++e9 b a 'umbero8 *&&ue&, %n6$73%n# the a%$%n# ! State Depa"tment 6!nt"a6t!" A$an G"!ss !n6ha"#es ! esp%!na#e %n C7&a. Ate" Ma6ha3! ent7"as spee6h, Ra7$ Cast"! t!! thesta#e, he sa%3, t! than the 6"!w3. B7t he sa%3 he ha3 ma3e se;e"a$ spee6hes th%swee an3 w!7$3 n!t &e ma%n# !"ma$ "ema"s. Then he 3%;e3 %nt! the st"a%ne3U.S.1C7&a "e$at%!ns, sa%n# e %ou+9 ;re8er e %o ou'r*e& %erea9ver&ar*e& o'+ o' e ba&eba++ e+9. The"e was n! !$%;e &"an6h, h!we;e", !"the 6!7nt"s %nte"na$ 6"%t%6s, wh! C7&as state1"7n me3%a $am&aste as pa%3me"6ena"%es w!"%n# %n the emp$! ! !"e%#n #!;e"nments.


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Cuba *& 9e&;erae a'9 Rau+ 'ee9& e U.3. o *'&*ue *&;+a'&4eer&2 /a& =!N 04re&*9e' o8 $e*'go' I'&*ue2 Ca*r o8 Cuba'Afa*r&Ph%$%p, Denn%s, U.S. En#a#ement w%th a P!st1Cast"! C7&aF ?*/)/'))@http://www.6".!"#/67&a/7s1en#a#ement1p!st16ast"!167&a/p(( ///4MR

M". Pete"s seems t! ha;e !"#!tten that e;e"th%n# P"es%3ent Rea#an 3%3 was a%me3at &"%n#%n# 3!wn the S!;%et Un%!n, n!t p"ese";%n# %t. I8 ere %ere a' ev*9e'ea'%ere athe our*&mM". Pete"s a3;!6ates ou+9 aua++ u'9erm*'e a

9*aor&*;2 I %ou+9 &u;;orh%s p!s*%!n. U'8oru'ae+2 ere *&'=.Free9om ome& 8rom e ourage o8 me' a'9 %ome' %o &a'9 u; ora''2 'o b *'rea&*'g e 'umber o8 our*&& 9r*':*'g mo*o& o' ebea. M". Pete"s states C7&a %s n!t &an"7pt.F I am 67"%!7s t! n!w what h%s3e5n%t%!n ! th%s w!"3 %s, #%;en that Cuba *& *' arrear& o ever 'a*o' a a&ever bee' &o 8oo+*& a& o ;rov*9e * 8u'9&.Spa%n, Me bu e :'o% e ave o ave a'o;e'*'g o e U'*e9 3ae& 8or *& o ave eve' e &+*mme& a'e o8&ue&&.The 7est%!n then !" 7s %s what m7st C7&a 3! t! wa""ant s76h an!pen%n#. I we as !" n!th%n# !n &eha$ ! the C7&an pe!p$ewhat M". Pete"s

s7##eststhat %s eh %s th%s 7n"eas!na&$eQ In the meant%me, $et8s 3! what weha;e 3!ne s766ess7$$ e$sewhe"ehe$p 6"eate %n3epen3ent 7n%!ns, !7"na$%stsass!6%at%!ns, a"me"s8 6!1!ps, h7man "%#hts #"!7ps, st73ent !"#an%9at%!ns, an3 s!!n. D!n8t we &e$%e;e %n s76h th%n#sQ D!n8t we &e$%e;e the C7&an pe!p$e 3ese";es76h th%n#sQ
http://www.cfr.org/cuba/us-engagement-post-castro-cuba/p11565%20///http://www.cfr.org/cuba/us-engagement-post-castro-cuba/p11565%20///


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Te FAR %*++ &u;;or e'gageme'A"t7"! $o;eL0$ev2 =11, $e6t7"e" an3 PhD Can3%3ate at the 4!se !"&e$ S6h!!$

! Int8$ St73%es at the Un%;. ! Den;e", Appease C7&aQ >hat >!7$3 >%nst!nCh7"6h%$$ SaQ,F Ha;ana N!te,http://theha;anan!te.6!m/')/)/appease=67&a=what=w!7$3=w%nst!n=6h7"6h%$$=sa, ACC. 1-1')2, 4T//4EDI

The "%se ! Ra7$ Cast"! t! p!we" &"!7#ht e


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Cuba *& %*++*'g o re8orm4!hn $ma', Ma ', =11, C7&a8s Be#"73#%n# Ma"6h T!wa"3 Cap%ta$%sm,FInte"nat%!na$ P!$%6 D%#est, ACC. 1'1')2,http://www.%nte"nat%!na$p!$%63%#est.!"#/')/)(/'/67&as1&e#"73#%n#1ma"6h1t!wa"316ap%ta$%sm/, 4T//4EDIM!"e!;e", e mere 8a a a'ge& are be*'g o'&*9ere9 o e ver8ou'9a*o' o8 e Cuba' eo'om ofer& e +eare& &*g'& e a eou'r *& %*++*'g o reo'&*9er *& *9e'* *' e 8ae o8 a a'g*'g %or+9.O the %s$an38s,)0*,22) "es%3ents, 0'2,))) w!"%n s!me s!"t ! p"%;ate se6t!"

!& wh%$e 0(b ! C7&ans a"e emp$!e3& the state. T*& *& 'o a &u&a*'ab+e

eo'om* mo9e+ a'9 Ra+ Ca&ro :'o%& *&.Pe"haps e mo& &*g'*a' 9eve+o;me' 8or Cuba %a&%n 47$ ')) %e'F*9e+ Ca&ro e9e9 ;o%er o *& broer Ra+ Ca&ro37e t! hea$th 6!n6e"ns.N!t that the w!"$3 w%she3 %3e$ %$$, w%th the e


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3O$VE5C# 0 $IFTI5G EMBARGO RE3O$VE3 A5TI0AMERICA5I3M

We &ou+9 e'9 &a'*o'&. Cuba' eo'om* gro% %ea'& emof a'*0Amer*a' ;aro'&C!mman3e" Ca"$!s Ig+e&*a&, U. S. Na;, =1, Un%te3 States Se67"%t P!$%6 Imp$%6at%!ns ! a P!st1%3e$ C7&a, US A"m >a" C!$$e#e, www.3t%6.m%$/6#%1&%n/GetTRD!6QADADA()-)0, ACC. 1-1')2,4T//4EDIAmer*a=& ;o+* 8or Cuba *'+u9e& e eo'om* o8&a'*o'& a& %e++ a& e *v* o8 &u;;or 8or e Cuba' ;eo;+e.*-In th%s app"!a6h, * *& u'8oru'ae a ommo' eo'om* be'e& are&ubugae9 o e +ea9 o8 ;u'**ve &a'*o'. T*& &*m;+ m*&&e& aAmer*a' 'a*o'a+ *'ere&& are be& &erve9 b a' eo'om*a++ &ro'g a'9v*bra' Cuba.T! ;a"%n# 3e#"ees, th%s %s the 6ase !" a$$ th"ee p"!p!se3 s6ena"%!s.

W*+e * *& a 8orego'e o'+u&*o' a ra9e %* a Free Cuba %ou+9 beo;*ma+ 8or bo ou'r*e&2 a +e&&0a'09emora* bu eo'om*a++ +*bera+GOC %ou+9 a+&o e'ge'9er muua++ be'e&.!" C7&a, the 3est%t7te e6!n!m 6an wa%t n! $!n#e". The C7&an M%n%ste" ! E6!n!man3 P$ann%n#, Ma"%n! M7"%$$!, 6an3%3$ a3m%tte3 as m76h %n ')), the #%#ant%6pate"na$%st%6 state 6an n! $!n#e" &e, &e6a7se the"e %s n! $!n#e" a wa t! ma%nta%n%t.F*( Th%s 6!ness%!n that the 6!7nt" %s %n "7%ns was 6!n5"me3 t! &e $%te"a$$ t"7e& a Un%;e"s%t ! M%am% st73 wh%6h 7n6!;e"e3 that %n Ha;ana a$!ne an est%mate3 2))&7%$3%n#s 6!$$apse e;e" ea", an3 that a&!7t )),))) "es%3ents the"e $%;e %n 7nsae st"76t7"es. H%#hwas, 7t%$%t%es

an3 sewa#e sstems, wate" ma%ns, an3 !the" 6"%t%6a$ %n"ast"76t7"e a"e %n a3;an6e3 sta#es ! 3%s"epa%".F*Th%s nat%!na$ 3%s"epa%" s%#na$s an %mmense $atent 3eman3 !" %n"ast"76t7"e "eha&%$%tat%!n. The ma#n%t73e ! the

nee3 !" p7&$%6 #!!3s 3e;e$!pments a$!ne %s sta##e"%n#.One est%mate assesse3 the "e7%"ementsat 7st !;e" ^0 &%$$%!n.** DI at these $e;e$s w!7$3 &e m!st we$6!me3 & U.S. 6ap%ta$

an3 % %n;este3, w!7$3 he$p p"%me the C7&an e6!n!m%6 en#%ne.W* eo'om* &e+80re+*a'e2 Cuba ou+9 'a++ %ea' *&e+8 a%a 8rom e&r*'g o8 a'*0Amer*a' ;aro'& a * a& *&or*a++ oure9.The 67""entant%1U.S. 3epen3en6 %s &ase3 !n H7#! Ch;e98s p!$%t%6a$ an3 %3e!$!#%6a$app"ent%6esh%p t! %3e$ Cast"!, an3 C7&a8s "e6%p"!6a$ ene"# pa"as%t%sm !ene97e$a. The !"me" appea$e3 t! %3e$ Cast"!8s h7&"%s an3 Ch;e98s s!6%a$%stam&%t%!ns. In the $atte", the GOC "e6e%;e3 "!m the S!7th Ame"%6an 6!7nt"app"!


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3O$VE5C# 0 $IFTI5G EMBARGO RE3O$VE3 A5TI0AMERICA5I3M

Co'gre&& a'9 e 4re&*9e' &ou+9 +*8 e embargo. I=& aCo+9 War re+* a 9e'*e& U.3. Cuba' eo'om* gro% a'9u'9erm*'e& &o8 ;o%erPh$$%s 4omera'L2p"!. ! the p"a6t%6e ! p7&$%6 p!$%6 at D7e Un%;e"s%t8sSan!"3 S6h!!$ ! P7&$%6 P!$%6 an3 a !"me" sta mem&e" ! the >!"$3 Ban, 4an. )c1", N!w8s the t%me t! $%t the U.S. em&a"#! !n C7&a,F The G$!&e an3 Ma%$, ACC. 1-1')2, http://www.the#$!&ean3ma%$.6!m/6!mmenta"/n!ws1the1t%me1t!1$%t1the17s1em&a"#!1!n167&a/a"t%6$e*+)-+-/, 4T//4EDIN!w that the e$e6t%!n %s !;e", e Un%te33tatesa& a rare o;;oru'* o 9o a%a%* o'e o8 *& mo& ;o*'+e&& a'9 *'efe*ve 8ore*g' ;o+**e& e

embargo o8 Cuba that %s as !&s!$ete as the 6!!$F +()s an3 +)s se3ans st%$$ "7nn%n# !n the st"eets ! Ha;ana.47st a ew wees a#!, U.S. P"es%3ent Ba"a6 O&ama sat 3!wn w%th $ea3e"s %n Manma", an %nte"nat%!na$ pa"%ah !" man ea"s w%th am%$%ta" "esp!ns%&$e !" th!7san3s ! 6%;%$%an 3eaths. The Un%te3 States n!w t"a3es a6t%;e$ w%th %etnam, wh%6h "ema%ns 7n3e" the6!nt"!$ ! the same C!mm7n%st Pa"t a#a%nst wh!m %t !n6e !7#ht an3 $!st a te""%&$e wa". The U.S. has a n!"ma$, a$&e%t 6!mp$ea", the s7"e$ 6an p7tthe C7&an ?!" was that S!;%etQ@ m%ss%$e 6"%s%s &eh%n3 them, espe6%a$$ s%n6e the U.S. n!w has 7%te a n!"ma$ "e$at%!nsh%p w%th R7ss%a.>hat a&!7t a se67"%t th"eatQ A"#7a&$, a$m!st e;e" 6!7nt" 6!7$3 &e w%tt%n#$ !" 7nw%tt%n#$ ha"&!"%n# ehat8s !ne m!"eQIs %t &e6a7se Ame"%6ans a"e stan3%n# !n p"%n6%p$e !;e" C7&a8s h7man1"%#hts "e6!"3 !" st"%3ent "het!"%6Q It8s ha"3 t! a"#7e th%s whenthe >h%te H!7se has ente"ta%ne3 $ea3e"s ! 6!7nt"%es w%th e;en w!"se "e6!"3s an3 p!s%t%!ns. M!"e!;e", man ! th!se 6!7nt"%es 3!n!t ha;e e376at%!n, hea$th16a"e !" !!3 sstems that "ea6h the p!!". C7&a 3!es, a$th!7#h %n6"eas%n#$ %t %s a 6ha$$en#e.O 6!7"se, Ame"%6a sh!7$3 6a"e a&!7t h7man "%#hts an3, a$!n# w%th that, e;e"!ne sh!7$3 ha;e a66ess t! a3e7ate !!3, e376at%!nan3 hea$th 6a"e. B7t sa3$, n!ne ! these "eas!ns e


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3O$VE5C# $IFTI5G E\4A5DED TRADE

$*8*'g e embargo ma&&*ve+ e;a'9& 0%a ra9e

>%$$%am A. Me&&*'a, 4"., ,", C!!"3%nat!" ! E6!n!m%6 Ana$s%s, Depa"tment ! !!3an3 Res!7"6e E6!n!m%6s, $!"%3a C!!pe"at%;e Ee&. ( 47$ ')2, http://www.a7&7"n.e37/th!mph/67&ah%st!".p3,L%$$%e//4EDI

Th%s s7";e "e;%ews the h%st!" ! t"a3e an3 %n;estment &etween C7&a an3 the US.As%3e "!m the em&a"#! ea"s, US t"a3e an3 %n;estment ha;e &een 6"%t%6a$ !" C7&a.C7&a w!7$3 ha;e &e6!me a US state !$$!w%n# the Span%sh Ame"%6an >a" &7t USs7#a" &eet a"me"s 3%3 n!t want the 6!mpet%t%!n "!m C7&an s7#a". 3ro'geo'om* *e& %*++ re0emerge %* a +*8e9 embargo2 ;rov*9*'g a&ub&a'*a+ boo& o e reg*o'a+ eo'om *'+u9*'g e U3 3ouea& a'9e Car*bbea'.Cuba a& &ub&a'*a+ ;oe'*a+ o e;or o e U3.C7&a %s the $a"#est %s$an3%n the Ca"%&&ean, a&!7t as $a"#e %n $an3 a"ea as A$a&ama. Tw!1th%"3s ! the $an3 %nC7&a 6an &e 67$t%;ate3. C7&a8s p!p7$at%!n ! m%$$%!n %s a&!7t tw%6e that !A$a&ama !" a&!7t e7a$ t! Ge!"#%a !" the 6!m&%nat%!n ! M%ss%ss%pp%, L!7%s%ana, an3A"ansas. C7&a %s p!tent%a$$ a ma!" 6!mp!nent ! the "e#%!na$ e6!n!m. C7&a8sma!" a#"%67$t7"e e


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?++0@ wh! p"!e6ts ann7a$ a#"%67$t7"a$ e


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4+a' boo&& ra9e o Cuba

Co;e+a'9 =11 ?Cassan3"a, D%;%s%!n ! E6!n!m%6s an3 B7s%ness A3m%n%st"at%!n, O#$eth!"peUn%;e"s%t, The H%st!" an3 P!tent%a$ ! T"a3e &etween C7&a an3 the US, 4!7"na$ ! E6!n!m%6s an3B7s%ness, '), http://www.a7&7"n.e37/th!mph/67&ah%st!".p3@Re+ae9 rave+ a'9 'a'*a+ re&r**o'& %ou+9 *'rea&e ra9e.$!"%3a hasa3;an6e3 %n t"a3e ne#!t%at%!ns an3 !pe"at%!ns &7t the p"!376t t"a3e m%< ma a;!"!the" states. 4o&**ve efe& o' ma'u8aur*'g are ;o&&*b+e 8or maor U3e;or&%n6$73%n# t"ansp!"t e7%pment an3 6hem%6a$s. The"e w%$$ &e $%m%te3 %mp!"t6!mpet%t%!n %n man7a6t7"%n# 7nt%$ %n;estment %n C7&a %mp"!;es %n"ast"76t7"e,ma6h%ne", an3 e7%pment t! tae a3;anta#e ! 6heape" $a&!". The Cast"! "e#%mehas emphas%9e3 s!6%a$ se";%6es %n6$73%n# e376at%!n, the +(b $%te"a6 "ates7##est%n# p!tent%a$ !" 2 7%6 #"!wth. An 6!mpet%t%!n w!7$3 &e %n $a&!"%ntens%;e p"!376ts. The US has a$"ea3 a37ste3 t! s76h %mp!"ts "!m Me


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$*8*'g e Embargo %*++ *'rea&e ra9e b u'9re9& o8 b*++*o'&a'9 reae e'& o8 ou&a'9& o8 ob&Dr. $' e a+2 ,!] "esea"6he"s at CEA

T%m, ESTIMATION O ALTERNATIE ECONOMIC SCENARIOS O THE UTUREEMERGENCE O CUBA INTO THE GLOBAL ECONOM IN A POST U.S. TRADEEMBARGO ERA ECONOMIC IMPACTS ON THE U.S. ECONOMF ?'))-@ /// 4MR

Th%s se6t%!n p"!;%3es the "es7$ts ! the REMI m!3e$%n# est%mat%n# the 3nam%6st%m7$at!" %mpa6t ! "ee t"a3e w%th C7&a !n the U.S. e6!n!m &ase3 !n the *b,)b an3 'b gro% rae& 8orea&s t"a3e s6ena"%! !;e" ') ea"s 3%s67sse3a&!;e. As seen %n %#7"e ), 8ree ra9e %ou+9 reae a' a99**o'a+ 1!.1 o".] b*++*o' gro% *' GD4 *' e U.3. eo'om!;e" ') ea"s. Th%s meansthat e average a''ua+ oa+ GD4 +o&&e& o e U.3. eo'om o8 o'*'u*'ge embargo %ou+9 be be%ee' .- o 1.P b*++*o' *' a99**o' 9*reo&. T*& o& re&u+& 8rom e +o&& o8 8ree ra9e. Emp$!ment Impa6t: Freera9e %* Cuba %ou+9 ave o'&*9erab+e *m;a o' e U.3. ob mar:eover *me. 3*'e U.3. e;or& 8rom Cuba %ou+9 be &*g'*a'+ *ger a'U.3. *m;or&2 overa++ *m;a o8 8ree ra9e %ou+9 be ;o&**ve.%#7"e 6apt7"es the p!tent%a$ $!n#1te"m %mpa6t ! "ee t"a3e !n U.S. emp$!ment !" a t!ta$! ') ea"s at a s7sta%ne3 est%mate3 *b, )b an3 'b #"!wth "ate. Te&eth"ee8ree ra9e gro% &e'ar*o& %*++ re&u+ *' rea*'g be%ee' "12N- o]2N1 U3 ob&!;e" the !"e6aste3 ') ea"s. Th%s means, !n a;e"a#e, (.0 t!-'.2 th!7san3 !&s ann7a$$ w!7$3 &e a33e3 t! the U.S. e6!n!m as a "es7$t !%nt"!376%n# "ee t"a3e w%th C7&a.


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$*8*'g e Embargo *& &ou'9 eo'om* eor6 Mu+*;+eWarra'&Dr. $' e a++2 re&earer& a CEFA ,!]

T%m, ESTIMATION O ALTERNATIE ECONOMIC SCENARIOS O THE UTUREEMERGENCE O CUBA INTO THE GLOBAL ECONOM IN A POST U.S. TRADEEMBARGO ERA ECONOMIC IMPACTS ON THE U.S. ECONOMF ?'))-@ /// 4MR

The ma%n a6t!" &eh%n3 C7&a8s $!w t"a3e pe"!"man6e %s ma%n$ %3e!$!#%6a$ "athe" than e6!n!m%6. H%st!"%6a$$, C7&a hasp"e3!m%nant$ emphas%9e3 t"a3e w%th the s!6%a$%st &$!6 s%n6e Cast"! 6ame t! p!we". E;en ate" the 6!$$apse ! 6!mm7n%sm %n the!"me" S!;%et Un%!n, C7&a 6!nt%n7es t! ha;e R7ss%a as the &%##est t"a3e pa"tne". Base3 !n the ;e" $!n# 3%stan6e &etween C7&aan3 the R7ss%an e3e"at%!n, the t"a3e p!tent%a$ &etween these tw! 6!7nt"%es %s a" &e$!w the%" 67""ent t"a3e $e;e$ ?as est%mate3 &the Inte"nat%!na$ T"a3e Cente", 7s%n# T"a3eS%m est%mat%!n s!twa"e@. Ate" the a$$ ! the R7ss%an C!mm7n%st "e#%me, the %mp!"ts

"!m the S!;%et &$!6 t! C7&a 3e6$%ne3 "!m 0 &%$$%!n t! .* &%$$%!n "!m +0+ t! ++2 ?R!&%ns J T"7%$$!, [email protected]*'go grav* eor2 o'e %ou+9 e;e a2 a8er remov*'g ra9e barr*er&%* Cuba2 U.3. ou+9 ea&*+ eee9 e ;ea: +eve+ o8 e;or& 8rom e8ormer Ru&&*a' eo'om."ee T"a3e Bene5ts: The!"et%6a$ "amew!" Th%s st73 "e$%es !n tw! the!"%es: R%6a"3%an 6!mpa"at%;ea3;anta#e the!" an3 #"a;%t the!". A$th!7#h the"e ha;e &een a$m!st tw! 6ent7"%es s%n6e Da;%3 R%6a"3! !"m7$%9e3 h%s am!7s the!" ! 6!mpa"at%;ea3;anta#e, the"e a"e 6!nt%n7es 3%s67ss%!n ! the same t!p%6 ?B76hanan J an# 4. !!n, '))2 N!"3gs, '))) R7n, '))'@. In %ts m!st s%mp$e !"m,R%6a"3%an the!" ass7mes tw! 6!7nt"%es p"!376e tw! #!!3s 7s%n# $a&!" as the !n$ a6t!" ! p"!376t%!n. G!!3s a"e ass7me3 h!m!#ene!7s a6"!ss 5"msan3 6!7nt"%es. The"e %s n! t"ansp!"tat%!n 6!st !" m!;%n# #!!3s &etween 6!7nt"%es. In th%s m!3e$, $a&!" %s h!m!#ene!7s w%th%n a 6!7nt" &7thete"!#ene!7s a6"!ss 6!7nt"%es. La&!" 6an m!;e &etween 5"ms w%th%n a 6!7nt" &7t 6ann!t m!;e &etween 6!7nt"%es. The"e %s a$was 7$$ emp$!mentan3 pe"e6t 6!mpet%t%!n %n the ma"et. Un3e" the ass7mpt%!ns a&!;e, the ma%n %ss7e %n the R%6a"3%an m!3e$ %s what happens when tw! 6!7nt"%es m!;e"!m the 6$!se3 e6!n!m ?n! t"a3e@ t! !pen !ne ?"ee t"a3e@. In !the" w!"3s, h!w t"a3e ee6ts the p"%6es, p"!376t%!n, emp$!ment, wa#es, %n6!mes,6!ns7mpt%!n, an3 we$a"e %n &!th 6!7nt"%es. In the 6ase ! t"a3e $%&e"at%!n, the %n%t%a$ 3%e"en6es %n "e$at%;e p"%6es ! the p"!376t &etween 6!7nt"%es w%$$st%m7$ate t"a3e &etween the 6!7nt"%es. P"!5t1ma


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*' e U.3. a99*'g a;;ro*mae+ 11 m*++*o' a99**o'a+ u&omer& u& -!m*+e& 8rom F+or*9a=& &ore&.The #ene"a$ "ea$%9at%!n %s that, ?as has happene3 %n a6"!ss Easte"n E7"!pe, R7ss%aan3 Ch%na ate" the &ette" pa"t ! a 6ent7" ! s!6%a$%st%6 "7$e@ $%&e"a$%9at%!n ! ma"ets 6"eate3 a s7"#e ! man &%$$%!ns ! new3!$$a"s ?new 6ap%ta$@, p"%;ate se6t!" m7$t%1 nat%!na$ ?an3 espe6%a$$ U.S. ent"ep"ene7"%a$@ 6!"p!"at%!ns an3 !the" %nte"ests t! th!se

e6!n!m%es.Ta2 *' ur'2 %*++ u&er *' a 4oe'*0+*:e r*&e *' e Cuba' eo'om

8rom ;e' u; 9ema'97st as %t has 3!ne e$sewhe"e %n the w!"$3. As the C7&an w!"e"s an3 6!ns7me"s #"!w %nwea$th "!m the s7"#e %n e6!n!m%6 %n7s%!n "!m the U.S. ?an3 e$sewhe"e@ the %n t7"n 3eman3 m!"e p"!376ts "!m #$!&a$

?pa"t%67$a"$ the U.S.@ ma"ets. Bo 'a*o'& gro% *' %ea+ a'9 be'e 8rom *&+*bera+*La*o' *' ra9e.Th%s p7sh1p7$$ e6!n!m%6 #"!wth !"e6ast %s a s%mp$e "epeat ! e6!n!m%6 eest Ge"mans a"e n!w &!th mem&e"s ! !ne ! the m!st p"!376t%;e e6!n!m%es %n the w!"$3. S!a$s! %t %s the p!tent%a$ !" C7&a.


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3O$VE5C# U.3.0CUBA5 RE$ATIO53 $OW 5OW

U30Cuba' Re+a*o'& are 8roLe' *' e 37/a'&o' a'9 $ee2 D%"e6t!"s !" the C!7nse$ ! !"e%#n Re$at%!ns2 =1"2Stephan%e an3 B"%anna, U.S.1C7&a Re$at%!nsF ?/2/')2@,http://www.6".!"#/67&a/7s167&a1"e$at%!ns/p2 ///4MRCuba a& bee' a o99& %* e U'*e9 3ae& &*'e F*9e+ Ca&ro a&&ume9;o%er *' 1--. 3ue&&*ve U.3. a9m*'*&ra*o'& ave em;+oe9 ougmea&ure& aga*'& e ou'r2 *'+u9*'g ;ro+o'ge9 eo'om* &a'*o'&a'9 9e&*g'a*o' o8 Cuba a& a 3ae 3;o'&or o8 Terror*&m2&7t n!ne ha;es7&stant%a$$ weaene3 Cast"!s "7$e. In e&"7a" '))0, $!n#t%me p"es%3ent %3e$Cast"! !"ma$$ "es%#ne3 "!m !6e, s%


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OT/ER 3O$VE5C# ADVOCATE3

Trave+2 rem*a'e&2 a++o% /B o e;*re

Dan%e$ T. Gr*&%o+92Ma '*, ,2ass!6%ate 3%"e6t!" ! the Cat! Inst%t7te8s Cente" !" T"a3e P!$%6St73%es, N!: The Em&a"#! Ha"ms C7&ans an3 G%;es Cast"! an E


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F*'a++2 e /e+m&0Buro' +a% &ou+9 be a++o%e9 o e;*re%n '))2. $*:eever oer a&;e o8 e embargo2 * a& 8a*+e9 o a*eve *& &ae9obe*ve& a'9 a&2 *' 8a2 u'9erm*'e9 U.3. *'Kue'e *' Cuba. In an Ap"%$ - spee6h!n the %mp!"tan6e ! t"a3e1p"!m!t%!n a7th!"%t, P"es%3ent B7sh n!te3 that t"a3e was a&!7t m!"e than "a%s%n# %n6!mes. T"a3e6"eates the ha&%ts ! "ee3!m,F the p"es%3ent sa%3, an3 th!se ha&%ts &e#%n t! 6"eate the e


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TERRORI3M ADV.

$*8*'g e embargo a++o%& e U.3. o 8ou& re&oure& o'

ra'&'a*o'a+ rea& +*:e error*&m a'9 ;ro+*8era*o'Jo'&o'2 e a+2Sept. , ,1!, An3 4!hns!n, D%"e6t!", Nat%!na$ Se67"%t P"!#"am, $eSpe6t!", P!$%6 A3;%s!", Nat%!na$ Se67"%t P"!#"am, an3 "%st%na L%$a6, Nat%!na$ Se67"%t P"!#"am, En3the Em&a"#! ! C7&a,F Th%"3 >a, ACC. 11')2,http://6!ntent.th%"3wa.!"#/p7&$%6at%!ns/2'/Th%"3=>a=Mem!=1=En3=the=Em&a"#!=!=C7&a.p3,4T//4EDICuba o'e &oo9 a& a ba&*o' o8 ommu'*&man3 a s7""!#ate ! the S!;%etUn%!n 7st +) m%$es "!m US sh!"esa +ear rea o 'a*o'a+ &eur*. To9a2e 3ov*e U'*o' *& go'e a'9 Cuba, th!7#h st%$$ "7$e3 & 6!mm7n%sts2 ;o&e& 'omaor &eur* rea o e U3. #e, 3esp%te these 7n3amenta$ 6han#es, eU3 embargo o8 Cuba o'*'ue&. O"%#%na$$ 3es%#ne3 t! %s!$ate C7&a an3 !"6e ash%t t! a "ee an3 !pen 3em!6"at%6 #!;e"nment, the em&a"#! has a%$e3 !n &!th

"!nts. Nea"$ () ea"s ate" P"es%3ent E%senh!we" se;e"e3 !6%a$ 3%p$!mat%6 t%esw%th C7&a, %t %s t%me t! "eassess US p!$%6 t!wa"3 C7&a an3 $%t the em&a"#!.Br*'g*'g Cuba ou o8 *&o+a*o' a'9 ba: *'o e *'er'a*o'a+ 8o+9 *& a&mar move o' ma' 8ro'& &7t, m!st %mp!"tant$, * %ou+9 a++o% e U3 oo'e'rae o' rea+ &eur* rea&. Te maor &eur* a++e'ge& o8 e1& e'ur?ra'&'a*o'a+ error*&&2 ber %ar8are2 a'9 'u+ear;ro+*8era*o'?re@u*re a U3 &eur* ;o+* &*8 a%a 8rom a'*@uae9Co+9 War *':*'g &o a ;o+*ma:er& a' ;ro;er+ a++oae re&oure& oo'8ro' e&e a++e'ge&. $*8*'g e embargo a'9 e'gag*'g Cuba %ou+9be a &*g'*a' &e; *' &*8*'g &eur* ;o+* o mee 1& e'urrea&.

Terror*&m r*&:& e*'*o'!nah A+ea'9er2 ,", Inte"1Un%;e"s%t !" Te""!"%sm St73%es D%"e6t!", The>ash%n#t!n T%mes, Te""!"%sm mths an3 "ea$%t%es, 0/'0,http://www.wash%n#t!nt%mes.6!m/news/'))2/a7#/'*/'))2)0'*1)0-'(10+++"/Qpa#ea$$Last wees &"7ta$ s7%6%3e &!m&%n#s %n Ba#h3a3 an3 4e"7sa$em ha;e !n6e a#a%n%$$7st"ate3 3"amat%6a$$ that e *'er'a*o'a+ ommu'* 8a*+e92th7s a" at$east, o u'9er&a'9 e mag'*u9e a'9 *m;+*a*o'& o8 e error*&rea& o e ver &urv*va+ o8 *v*+*La*o' *&e+8. E;en the Un%te3 States an3 Is"ae$ ha;e !"3e6a3es ten3e3 t! "e#a"3 te""!"%sm as a me"e ta6t%6a$ n7%san6e !" %""%tant "athe" than a 6"%t%6a$ st"ate#%6 6ha$$en#e t! the%" nat%!na$se67"%t 6!n6e"ns. It %s n!t s7"p"%s%n#, the"e!"e, that !n Septem&e" , ')), Ame"%6ans we"e st7nne3 & the 7np"e6e3ente3t"a#e3 ! + a$ dae3a te""!"%sts st"%%n# a 3e;astat%n# &$!w at the 6ente" ! the nat%!ns 6!mme"6%a$ an3 m%$%ta" p!we"s. L%ew%se,

Is"ae$ an3 %ts 6%t%9ens, 3esp%te the 6!$$apse ! the Os$! A#"eements ! ++2 an3 n7me"!7s a6ts ! te""!"%sm t"%##e"e3 & the se6!n3%nt%a3a that &e#an a$m!st th"ee ea"s a#!, a"e st%$$ sh!6e3 & ea6h s7%6%3e atta6 at a t%me ! %ntens%;e 3%p$!mat%6 e!"ts t!"e;%;e the m!"%&7n3 pea6e p"!6ess th"!7#h the n!w "e;!e3 6ease15"e a""an#ements [h73na]. >h a"e the Un%te3 States an3Is"ae$, as we$$ as s6!"es ! !the" 6!7nt"%es ae6te3 & the 7n%;e"sa$ n%#htma"e ! m!3e"n te""!"%sm s7"p"%se3 & new te""!"%sts7"p"%sesQ The"e a"e man "eas!ns, %n6$73%n# m%s7n3e"stan3%n# ! the man%!$3 spe6%56 a6t!"s that 6!nt"%&7te t! te""!"%smse


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&%!$!#%6a$, 6hem%6a$, "a3%!$!#%6a$, n76$ea" an3 6&e"] w%th %ts se"%!7s %mp$%6at%!ns6!n6e"n%n# nat%!na$, "e#%!na$ an3 #$!&a$ se67"%t 6!n6e"ns.

4RO$IF $EAD3 TO E\TI5CTIO5%6t!" Ugof2 ,2 Dep7t D%"e6t!" ! the St"ate#, !"6es, an3 Res!7"6es D%;%s%!n! the Inst%t7te !" Deense Ana$s%s, SURIAL, a$$, '))', p. 0*1+)In s7m, w%3esp"ea3 ;ro+*8era*o' *& +*:e+ o +ea9 o a' oa&*o'a+ &oo0ou %* 'u+ear %ea;o'&2 a'9 a &u &oo0ou& %*++ ave a&ub&a'*a+ ;robab*+* o8 e&a+a*'g o e ma*mum 9e&ru*o'p!ss%&$e w%th the weap!ns at han3. U'+e&& 'u+ear ;ro+*8era*o' *& &o;;e92%e are ea9e9 o%ar9 a %or+9 a w%$$ m%""!" the Ame"%6an >%$3 >est !the $ate 0))s. >%th m!st, % n!t a$$, nat%!ns wea"%n# n76$ea" s%


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TERRORI3M ADV. TRADE3 OFF I5TER5A$3

Co'*'u*'g e embargo ra9e& of %* a'*0error*&mre&oure&D*:er&o' =1!, L%e7tenant C!$!ne$ Se"#%! M. D%6e"s!n, ')), Un%te3 StatesSe67"%t St"ate# T!wa"3s C7&a, St"ate# Resea"6h P"!e6t, www.3t%6.m%$/6#%1&%n/GetTRD!6QL!6at%!nU'J3!6GetTRD!6.p3JADADA(0)(2 , ACC. 11')2,

4T//4EDI3evera+ embargo re'eme'& over e ear& +*:e e $*bera9 A ave8urer *ge'e9 re&r**o'& o' Cuba. Te&e re&r**o'& ave ;+ae9 aeav bur9e' o' e De;arme' o8 /ome+a'9 3eur*?DHS@, a'9 eCu&om& a'9 Bor9er 4roe*o'?CBP@ pa"t%67$a"$ %n M%am%. A '))* GAO "ep!"th%#h$%#hts e&e bur9e'&an3 h!w the *m;e9e oer more *m;ora' $a%E'8oreme' a*v**e& *' 9e8e'&e o8 e ome+a'9.2'GAO 5n3%n#s s7##est ere=& a rea+ 'ee9 o ba+a'e U.3. ;ara'o*a 8or


63/268



TERRORI3M ADV. 3O$VE5C#

E'9*'g e embargo 8ree& u; e OFAC o re&;o'9 o rea&b error*&& a'9 rogue &ae&

Jo'&o'2 e a+2Sept. , ,1!, An3 4!hns!n, D%"e6t!", Nat%!na$ Se67"%t P"!#"am, $eSpe6t!", P!$%6 A3;%s!", Nat%!na$ Se67"%t P"!#"am, an3 "%st%na L%$a6, Nat%!na$ Se67"%t P"!#"am, En3the Em&a"#! ! C7&a,F Th%"3 >a, ACC. 11')2,http://6!ntent.th%"3wa.!"#/p7&$%6at%!ns/2'/Th%"3=>a=Mem!=1=En3=the=Em&a"#!=!=C7&a.p3,4T//4EDIee;*'g e embargo *' ;+ae re@u*re& a e U3 gover'me' 9evoe*me a'9 re&oure& o g*'g a Co+9 War0era rea.Senat!" Ch"%s D!33a"#7e3 %n a '))( !pe3 that the US spen3s e


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e arro o8 our ;ro&;er* roug ra9e a'9 +e=& &ave e &a'*o'&&*: 8or rue e'em*e&.


65/268



TERRORI3M ADV. /IG/ RI3 (5UC$EAR)

5u+ear Terror*&m *& +*:e+ a'9 ere=& a *g r*&:W*+&o' 1!$alerie Plame Wilson, Wilson %or&e' for the C() for 7 !ears an' s*eciali+e' in nuclear counter

*roliferation, -uclear terrorism is most urgent threat, C--, /10, 75#,

http://www.6nn.6!m/'))/OPINION/)-/)0/p$ame.w%$s!n.n76$ea".3an#e"/%n3e%$s!n, wh! w"!te an !p1e3 p%e6e %n wh%6h he a667se3 the >h%teH!7se ! 3%st!"t%n# the %nte$$%#en6e that was 7se3 t! 3"aw 7s %nt! the I"a wa". B7t I3%3 n!t $!se m &e$%e that e 9a'ger o8 'u+ear error*&m *& e mo& urge'rea %e 8ae. N!" 3%3 I $!se m pass%!n !" w!"%n#, a$&e%t %n a new wa, t!a33"ess that th"eat. I am w!"%n# !n th%s %ss7e n!w as pa"t ! the %nte"nat%!na$G$!&a$ Xe"! m!;ement, %n wh%6h p!$%t%6a$, m%$%ta" an3 a%th $ea3e"s, e!"$3.

3erear0Ge'era+ Ba' &a*9 e ;o&&*b*+* a error*& grou;& ou+9oba*' %ea;o'& o8 ma&& 9e&ru*o' &ou+9 'o be 9*&m*&&e9 a& a *o'.
http://www.cnn.com/2010/OPINION/04/08/plame.wilson.nuclear.danger/index.htmlhttp://www.unmultimedia.org/radio/english/2013/04/the-possibility-that-terrorist-groups-could-obtain-weapons-of-mass-destruction-should-not-be-dismissed-as-a-fiction-ban/http://www.cnn.com/2010/OPINION/04/08/plame.wilson.nuclear.danger/index.htmlhttp://www.unmultimedia.org/radio/english/2013/04/the-possibility-that-terrorist-groups-could-obtain-weapons-of-mass-destruction-should-not-be-dismissed-as-a-fiction-ban/


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An3 e au*o'e9 a *& *& a orr* rea e *'er'a*o'a+ ommu'*&ou+9 a:e &er*ou&+.< A& +o'g a& e&e %ea;o'& e*&2 &o2 oo2 9oe& e r*&: o8 e*r u&e &a66%3ent !" 3es%#n. Let me &e 6$ea": e mo& re+*ab+e %a o ;reve' bo e

;ro+*8era*o' a'9 u&e o8 e&e %ea;o'& *& roug e*r oa+ a'9 ver*e9e+*m*'a*o'. Tere are 'o r*g a'9& a a' a'9+e e&e %ro'g%ea;o'&.Se6"eta"1Gene"a$ Ban we$6!me3 st"!n#e" %nte"nat%!na$ meas7"es t! p"e;entte""!"%st #"!7ps an3 n!n1state a6t!"s "!m #a%n%n# a66ess t! the m!st $etha$weap!ns an3 mate"%a$s.He stressed that bolstering rule of law in this field is essential.


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TERRORI3M ADV. IM4ACT E\T.

A$$0OUT 5UC$EAR WARPat"%6 . 3;e*e, ,N24D Can3%3ate C!$$e#e ! >%$$%am an3 Ma" [Pat"%6 . Spe%6e, 4".,NEGLIGENCE AND NUCLEAR NONPROLIERATION: ELIMINATING THE CURRENT LIABILIT BARRIER TO BILATERAL U.S.1RUSSIANNONPROLIERATION ASSISTANCE PROGRAMS,F >%$$%am J Ma" Law Re;%ew, e&"7a" ')), -* >m an3 Ma" L. Re;. -'*

A66!"3%n#$,ere *& a &*g'*a' a'9 ever0;re&e' r*&: a error*&& ou+9a@u*re a 'u+ear 9ev*e!" 5ss%$e mate"%a$ "!m R7ss%a as a "es7$t ! the6!nK7en6e ! R7ss%an e6!n!m%6 3e6$%ne an3 the en3 ! st"%n#ent S!;%et1e"a n76$ea"se67"%t meas7"es. 2+ Terror*& grou;& ou+9 a@u*re a 'u+ear %ea;o' b a'umber o8 meo9&, %n6$73%n# stea$[%n#] !ne %nta6t "!m the st!6p%$e ! a6!7nt" p!ssess%n# s76h weap!ns, !" ... [&e%n#] s!$3 !" #%;en !ne & s76h a 6!7nt",!" [&7%n# !" stea$%n#] !ne "!m an!the" s7&nat%!na$ #"!7p that ha3 !&ta%ne3 %t %n!ne ! these was. -) E7a$$ th"eaten%n#, h!we;e", %s the "%s that te""!"%sts w%$$

stea$ !" p7"6hase 5ss%$e mate"%a$ an3 6!nst"76t a n76$ea" 3e;%6e !n the%" !wn. e"$%tt$e mate"%a$ %s ne6essa" t! 6!nst"76t a h%#h$ 3est"76t%;e n76$ea" weap!n. -

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