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CSCI 104Classes

Mark Redekopp

David Kempe

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CLASSES

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C Structs

• Needed a way to group values that are related, but have different data types

• NOTE: struct has changed in C++!

– C• Only data members

• Some declaration nuances

– C++• Like a class (data + member functions)

• Default access is public

struct Person{

char name[20];

int age;

};

int main()

{

// Anyone can modify

// b/c members are public

Person p1;

p1.age = -34;

// probably not correct

return 0;

}

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Classes & OO Ideas• In object-oriented programming languages (C++) classes are used as the

primary way to organize code

• Encapsulation

– Place data and operations on data into one code unit

– Keep state hidden/separate from other programmers via private members

• Abstraction

– Depend only on an interface!

• Ex. a microwave…Do you know how it works?But can you use it?

– Hide implementation details to create low degree of coupling between different components

• Polymorphism & Inheritance

– More on this later…

struct Machine{

Piece* pieces;

Engine* engine;

};

int main()

{

Machine m;

init_subsystemA(&m);

change_subsystemB(&m);

replace_subsystemC(&m);

m.start();

// Seg. Fault!! Why?

}

Protect yourself from users & protect your users from themselves

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Coupling

• Coupling refers to how much components depend on each other's implementation details (i.e. how much work it is to remove one component and drop in a new implementation of it)– Placing a new battery in your car vs. a new engine

– Adding a USB device vs. a new video card to your laptop

• OO Design seeks to reduce coupling as much as possible by– Creating well-defined interfaces to change (write) or access (read) the

state of an object

– Enforcing those interfaces are adhered to

• Private vs. public

– Allow alternate implementations that may be more appropriate for different cases

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C++ Classes

• A composition mechanism– Create really large and powerful software systems from tiny

components

– Split things up into manageable pieces

• Somewhat of a bottom up approach (define little pieces that can be used to compose larger pieces)

– Delegation of responsibility

• An abstraction and encapsulation mechanism– Make functionality publicly available, but hide data & implementation

details

• A mechanism for polymorphism– More on this later

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C++ Classes: Overview

• What are the main parts of a class?

– Member variables

• What data must be stored?

– Constructor(s)

• How do you build an instance?

– Member functions

• How does the user need to interact with the stored data?

– Destructor

• How do you clean up an after an instance?

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C++ Classes: Overview

• Member data can be public or private (for now)– Defaults is private (only class functions can access)

– Must explicitly declare something public

• Most common C++ operators will not work by default (e.g. ==, +, <<, >>, etc.)– You can't cout an object ( cout << myobject; won't work )

– The only one you get for free is '=' and even that may not work the way you want (more on this soon)

• Classes may be used just like any other data type (e.g. int)– Get pointers/references to them

– Pass them to functions (by copy, reference or pointer)

– Dynamically allocate them

– Return them from functions

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this Pointer• How do member functions know which

object’s data to be operating on?

• d1 is implicitly passed via a special pointer call the ‘this’ pointer

#include<iostream>

#include “deck.h”

int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {

Deck d1, d2;

d1.shuffle();

d1.shuffle();

...

}

#include<iostream>

#include “deck.h”

void Deck::shuffle()

{

cut(); // calls cut()

// for this object

for(i=0; i < 52; i++){

int r = rand() % (52-i);

int temp = cards[r];

cards[r] = cards[i];

cards[i] = temp;

}

}

de

ck

.cp

pp

oke

r.cp

p

d1 i

s i

mp

licit

ly

passed

to

sh

uff

le()

41 27 8 39 25 4 11 17cards[52]

1top_index d1

0x2a0

int main() { Deck d1;

d1.shuffle();

}

void Deck::shuffle(Deck *this)

{

this->cut(); // calls cut()

// for this object

for(i=0; i < 52; i++){

int r = rand() % (52-i);

int temp = this->cards[r];

this->cards[r] = this->cards[i];

this->cards[i] = temp;

}

}

de

ck

.cp

p

Compiler-generated codeActual code you write

0x2a0

d237 21 4 9 16 43 20 39cards[52]

0top_index

0x7e0

this

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Exercises

• cpp/cs104/classes/this_scope

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Another Use of 'this'

• This can be used to resolve scoping issues with similar named variables

class Student {

public:

Student(string name, int id, double gpa);

~Student(); // Destructor

private:

string name;

int id;

double gpa;

};

Student::Student(string name, int id, double gpa)

{ // which is the member and which is the arg?

name = name; id = id; gpa = gpa;

}

Student::Student(string name, int id, double gpa)

{ // Now it's clear

this->name = name;

this->id = id;

this->gpa = gpa;

}

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C++ Classes: Constructors• Called when a class is instantiated

– C++ won't automatically initialize member variables

– No return value

• Default Constructor

– Can have one or none in a class

– Basic no-argument constructor

– Has the name ClassName()

– If class has no constructors, C++ will make a default

• But it is just an empty constructor (e.g. Item::Item() { } )

• Overloaded Constructors

– Can have zero or more

– These constructors take in arguments

– Appropriate version is called based on how many and what type of arguments are passed when a particular object is created

– If you define a constructor with arguments you should also define a default constructor

class Item

{ int val;

public:

Item(); // default const.

Item(int v); // overloaded

};

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Identify that Constructor

• Prototype what constructors are being called here

#include <string>

#include <vector>

using namespace std;

int main()

{

string s1;

string s2("abc");

vector<int> dat(30);

return 0;

}

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Identify that Constructor

• Prototype what constructors are being called here

• s1

– string::string() // default constructor

• s2

– string::string(const char* )

• dat

– vector<int>::vector<int>( int );

#include <string>

#include <vector>

using namespace std;

int main()

{

string s1;

string s2("abc");

vector<int> dat(30);

return 0;

}

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Exercises

• cpp/cs104/classes/constructor_init

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Consider this Struct/Class• Examine this struct/class definition… #include <string>

#include <vector>

using namespace std;

struct Student

{

string name;

int id;

vector<double> scores;

// say I want 10 test scores per student

};

int main()

{

Student s1;

}

string name

int id

scores

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Composite Objects• Fun Fact: Memory for an object comes alive before the code

for the constructor starts at the first curly brace '{'#include <string>

#include <vector>

using namespace std;

struct Student

{

string name;

int id;

vector<double> scores;

// say I want 10 test scores per student

Student() /* mem allocated here */

{

// Can I do this to init. members?

name("Tommy Trojan");

id = 12313;

scores(10);

}

};

int main()

{

Student s1;

}

string name

int id

scores

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Composite Objects• You cannot call constructors on data members once the

constructor has started (i.e. passed the open curly '{' )– So what can we do??? Use initialization lists!

#include <string>

#include <vector>

using namespace std;

struct Student

{

string name;

int id;

vector<double> scores;

// say I want 10 test scores per student

Student() /* mem allocated here */

{

// Can I do this to init. members?

name("Tommy Trojan");

id = 12313;

scores(10);

}

};

int main()

{

Student s1;

}

string name

int id

scores

This would be

"constructing"

name twice. It's

too late to do it in

the {…}

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Constructor Initialization Lists

• Though you do not see it, realize that the default constructors are implicitly called for each data member before entering the {…}

• You can then assign values but this is a 2-stepprocess

Student::Student()

{

name = "Tommy Trojan";

id = 12313

scores.resize(10);

}

Student::Student() :

name(), id(), scores()

// calls to default constructors

{

name = "Tommy Trojan";

id = 12313

scores.resize(10);

}

If you write this…The compiler will still generate this.

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Constructor Initialization Lists

• Rather than writing many assignment statements we can use a special initialization list technique for C++ constructors– Constructor(param_list) : member1(param/val), …, memberN(param/val)

{ … }

• We are really calling the respective constructors for each data member

Student:: Student() /* mem allocated here */

{

name("Tommy Trojan");

id = 12313;

scores(10);

}

Student::Student() :

name("Tommy"), id(12313), scores(10)

{ }

You can't call member

constructors in the {…}

You would have to call the member

constructors in the initialization list context

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Constructor Initialization Lists

• You can still assign values in the constructor but realize that the default constructors will have been called already

• So generally if you know what value you want to assign a data member it's good practice to do it in the initialization list

Student::Student()

{

name = "Tommy Trojan";

id = 12313

scores.resize(10);

}

Student::Student() :

name(), id(), scores()

// calls to default constructors

{

name = "Tommy Trojan";

id = 12313

scores.resize(10);

}

You can still assign data

members in the {…}

But any member not in the initialization list will

have its default constructor invoked before the

{…}

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Exercises

• cpp/cs104/classes/constructor_init2

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Member Functions

• Have access to all member variables of class

• Use “const” keyword if it won't change member data

• Normal member access uses dot (.) operator

• Pointer member access uses arrow (->) operator

class Item

{ int val;

public:

void foo();

void bar() const;

};

void Item::foo() // not Foo()

{ val = 5; }

void Item::bar() const

{ }

int main()

{

Item x;

x.foo();

Item *y = &x;

(*y).bar();

y->bar(); // equivalent

return 0;

}

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Exercises

• cpp/cs104/classes/const_members

• cpp/cs104/classes/const_members2

• cpp/cs104/classes/const_return

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C++ Classes: Destructors

• Called when a class goes out of scope or is freed from the heap (by “delete”)

• Why use it?

– Not necessary in simple cases

– Clean up resources that won't go away automatically (e.g. stuff you used “new” to create in your class member functions or constructors

• Destructor

– Has the name ~ClassName()

– Can have one or none

– No return value

– Destructor (without you writing any code) will automatically call destructor of any data member objects…but NOT what data members point to!

• You only need to define a destructor if you need to do more than that (i.e. if you need to release resources, close files, deallocate what pointers are point to, etc.)

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C++ Classes: Other Notes• Classes are generally split across two

files– ClassName.h – Contains interface

description

– ClassName.cpp – Contains implementation details

• Make sure you remember to prevent multiple inclusion errors with your header file by using #ifndef, #define, and #endif#ifndef CLASSNAME_H

#define CLASSNAME_H

class ClassName { … };

#endif

#ifndef ITEM_H

#define ITEM_H

class Item

{ int val;

public:

void foo();

void bar() const;

};

#endif

#include "item.h"

void Item::foo()

{ val = 5; }

void Item::bar() const

{ }

item.h

item.cpp

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CONDITIONAL COMPILATION

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Multiple Inclusion

• Often separate files may #include's of the same header file

• This may cause compiling errors when a duplicate declaration is encountered– See example

• Would like a way to include only once and if another attempt to include is encountered, ignore it

string.h

class string{

... };

#include "string.h"

class Widget{

public:

string s;

};

widget.h

#include "string.h"

#include "widget.h"

int main()

{ }

main.cpp

class string { // inc. from string.h

};

class string{ // inc. from widget.h

};

class Widget{

... }

int main()

{ }

main.cpp after preprocessing

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Conditional Compiler Directives

• Compiler directives start with '#'– #define XXX

• Sets a flag named XXX in the compiler

– #ifdef, #ifndef XXX … #endif• Continue compiling code below

until #endif, if XXX is (is not) defined

• Encapsulate header declarations inside a– #ifndef XX

#define XX…#endif

String.h

#ifndef STRING_H

#define STRING_H

class string{

... };

#endif

#include "string.h"

class Widget{

public:

string s;

};

Character.h

#include "string.h"

#include "string.h"

main.cpp

class string{ // inc. from string.h

};

class Widget{ // inc. from widget.h

...

main.cpp after preprocessing

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Conditional Compilation• Often used to compile

additional DEBUG code– Place code that is only needed for

debugging and that you would not want to execute in a release version

• Place code in a #ifdefXX...#endif bracket

• Compiler will only compile if a #define XX is found

• Can specify #define in:– source code

– At compiler command line with (-Dxx) flag• g++ -o stuff –DDEGUG stuff.cpp

stuff.cpp

int main()

{

int x, sum=0, data[10];

...

for(int i=0; i < 10; i++){

sum += data[i];

#ifdef DEBUG

cout << "Current sum is ";

cout << sum << endl;

#endif

}

cout << "Total sum is ";

cout << sum << endl;

$ g++ -o stuff –DDEBUG stuff.cpp

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PRE SUMMER 2016

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Example Code• Login to your VM, start a terminal

• Best approach – Clone Lecture Code Repo

– $ git clone git@github.com:usc-csci104-fall2015/r_lecture_code.git lecture_code

– $ cd lecture_code/coninit

– $ make coninit

• Alternate Approach – Download just this example

– Create an 'lecture_code' directory

– $ wget http://ee.usc.edu/~redekopp/ee355/code/coninit.cpp

– $ make coninit