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crude
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Petroleum/CrudeNatural occurring hydrocarbon found below the surface of the earth.
oil•
• “Crude Oil” means all kinds of hydrocarbons in liquidform in their natural state or obtained by Natural Gasby condensation or extraction. It is a hydrocarbonmixture having simple to most complex structuressuch as resins, asphaltenes etc.
• Crude oil is formed by bacterial transformation ofOrganic matter (carbohydrates/proteins/from plant &animal origin) by decay in presence and/or absenceof air into HC rich sediments by undergoingbiological/physical and chemical alterations
Chemical
Carbon Hydrogen Sulphur Nitrogen OxygenMetals
Composition
83.0 to 87.0%10.0 to 14.0 %0.05 to 6.0 %
0.1 to 2.0 %0.05 to 1.5 %0.00 to 0.14 %
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Crude Oil Characterization
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TRADING : Density, API Gravity
TRANSPORTATION: RVP, Pour Point, KV,Wax content
Salt content, BS&W
Sulfur, Nitrogen, TAN,Asphaltene, MCR
ASTM Distillation
Light hydrocarbons (GC)
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CONTAMINATIONPROCESSABILITY
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CRACKING POINT
LPG POTENTIAL
CLASSIFICATION
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: Characterization factor
World Crude Oil QualityProperties
of Crude Oil
1985 1990 1995 2001 2010
(Proj)
‘S’ in crude Oil
(wt%)
1.14 1.12 1.31 1.41 1.51
API Gravity of Crude oil 32.7 32.6 32.4 32.2 31.8
Metal in crude oilResidue (ppm wt)
275 286 297 309 320
Residue in crude (vol%) 19 19.4 19.8 20.2 21.3
‘S’ in crude oil residue(wt%)
3.07 3.26 3.61 3.91 4.0
Crude Oil Evaluation Scheme
ALL TESTS ARE CONDUCTED AS PER STANDARD TEST METHODS : ASTM/IP/IS
SR540-
600C+
Vac Gas Oil370-540/600C
Atm.Resid370C+
Gas oil240-370C
Kero140-240C
NaphthaC5-140C
TBP Distillation
Properties of Crude oil
27
31.4
Characteristics Basrah Light BombayHigh
Arab mix Kuwait North Gujarat
Density, gm/ml API gravity Pour point, oCKinematic Viscosity
@40 oC
@50 oC
Water content, %wt Salt content, ptb Sulphur, %wtTAN, mgKOH/gmCCR, %wt Wax, %wt Asphaltene, %wtASTMDistillation cracking
point, oCMetal content, ppmNickel/vanadium
0.874530.3-30
-- nil103.1-5.91.22.6
339
-
0.820041.021
3.4- nil-0.090.11.112.70.25
372
-
0.866431.6-24
10.08.9 nil L202.70.146.42.52.3
322
4/23
0.874130.3-27
11.18.5 nil2.02.80.145.46.02.5
335
4/33
0.893226.8
65.6
4.12000.081.932.55.90.05
367
61/L10
API Gravity
API Gravity
API•
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=(141.5/sp.gravity)-131.5
Light Crude OilMixed Based
Heavy crude
>3122-31
<22
API is a major factor for Crude pricing
BS&WBase sediments and Water determined by Karl Fischer titration using a Met Rohm 701 KF Automatic Titrator (ASTM D 4377) or by Distillation method, ASTM D4006
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• Oils with significant water contents, (>5%),represent the properties of the "dry" oil.
do not
Flash Point
flash points and fire points of lubricating oils can bedetermined by ASTM method D 92/IP 170
Many fresh crude oils have flash points below 10oCand/or viscosities above 9.5 cSt at 25oC
Pour Point The pour point of an oil is the lowest temperature
at which the oil will just flow, under standard testconditions. The pour point of the oils is thereforean indication, and not an exact measure, of thetemperature at which flow ceases.
ASTM method D 97 - Standard Test Method forforPour Point of Petroleum Oils (ASTM, 1996a)
pour point determinations.
Heavy & waxy oil transportation is a challenge
Viscosity
There are several ASTM Standard Methods for measuringthe viscosity of oils. Of these, only methods D 445
-ofof
Standard Test MethodOpaque
for Kinematic ViscosityCalculation
Transparent and Liquids (theDynamic Viscosity) and D 4486 - Standard Testfor Kinematic Viscosity of Volatile and Reactive
MethodLiquids, (ASTM,will yield absolute viscosity measurements
1996a). Both of these methods make
anduse of glass capillary
absolutekinematic viscometers will producemeasurements in units of centistokes (cSt) only for oilsthat exhibit Newtonian flow behavior (viscosityindependent of the rate of shear).
Products•Fuel Oil (High S, Low S)•
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LPGNaphtha •Fuel Oil (High or low Viscosity)
•LSHS
•HPS
Petrol (BS-II/BSIII)Kerosene
ATF
Diesel (BS-II/BS-III)
LOBS
Bitumen
RPC Wax
•Petrochemical feed•LABFS
• HPL Naphtha
stock
•Petrochemicals•pX, PTA
•LAB etc