Crude OilMUST know how oil formedSHOULD describe FRACTIONAL DISTILLATION

28th September

CRUDE OILWhat is the environmental impact of

crude oil?

Oil experts rush to stem huge spill in Nigeria

CRUDE OILWhat is the economic importance of

crude oil?Within a decade, the US will be heavily dependent on African oil. Little wonder the Pentagon is preparing a strategy for the region.I too believe the United States may come into direct conflict with China over Africa's oil and other resources. Whilst China is offering Africa goods and development projects on a vast scale, the US is only offering paper in return for oil.

Shell reports profit of £3m every hour

The oil giant said it made $10.9 billion (£6.55 billion) profit between July and September. It attributed the figure, which is 71 per cent higher than last year, to record crude oil prices. In July, the price of a barrel of oil reached an unprecedented $147.

Following Shell's announcement, the chancellor, Alistair Darling, called on oil companies to pass on savings to consumers by cutting the cost of petrol at the pump."I want to see that reduction passed on to the pumps as quickly as possible, because people are entitled to see the benefit of that falling price reflected in what they actually pay when they fill up the car," Mr Darling told GMTV.

CRUDE OILWhat is the social importance of crude oil?How does it affect our live?

Jet fuel – have you ever used a train or a plane?

Have you ever used medicine?

How many things are made from plastic?

Why does the price of petrol go up and down?

Uses of

crude oil

A MIXTURE OF COMPOUNDS – some

are longer than others (many are

alkane hydrocarbons)

How is crude oil formed?http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/

gcsebitesize/science/ocr_gateway/carbon_chem/4_crude_oil1.shtml

Formation of oil and gas

1) Layers of dead sea _____ settle on the seabed.

2) Layers of __________ rock build up on top.

3) The heat and ________ from these rocks, along with the absence of ______, mean that oil and gas are formed over ______ of years.

Words – sedimentary, millions, oxygen, creatures, pressure

The hydrocarbon vapours rise quickly up the column until they reach the tray where the temperature is slightly below their boiling point. Here they condense and become a liquid again on the tray.

This is how the different fractions are separated

60 – 100 oC

360 oC

LPG

Petrol

Naptha

Paraffin

Diesel

Fuel oil / lubricating oil

Bitumen (residue)

Camping gas

Cars

Plastics and medicines

Aeroplanes

Cars and lorries

Central heating, ships, lubricants

Tar for roads

Environmental problems with oil extraction

Oil well fire Sea bird covered in oil

Oil slick caused by spillage

Smoke from the Buncefield oil depot fire, Dec 2005

Political problems with oil extractionUS soldiers in the Gulf war, which many say was based

as much on the politics of oil prices as it was on human rights

The link between politics and oil prices

Demonstrate your learning• Choose one of the following tasks

outlining your concerns about the oil industry…

1. Write a letter to your MP.2. Write a short newspaper article.3. Write and perform a short report for

TV or radio news.

Can you now…• Say how crude oil is formed?• Say how we get it out the ground?• Say why crude oil is useful?• Describe how crude oil is separated?

KeywordsUnscramble these keywords:

dice lour hardy broncofacial torninstall idiot

CrackingMUST know the reason oil is crackedSHOULD describe how cracking works

Unscramble these keywords:

dice lour hardy broncofacial torninstall idiot

Chemical bonds and intermolecular forces

CC H

H

H

H

H

H

Black lines show strong covalent bonds between atoms

The longer the chain, the stronger the intermolecular forces

CCC H

H

HH

H

H

H

H

CCC H

H

HH

H

H

H

H

C

H

H

H

CCCCC

H

HH

HH

HH

H

H

H

C H

H

H

C

H

H

H

CCCCC

H

HH

HH

HH

H

H

H

C H

H

H

THINK! One use of crude oil!?

REMEMBER! How did I separate ethanol and water?

DESCRIBE! How was crude oil formed?

60 – 100 oC

360 oC

LPG

Petrol

Naptha

Paraffin

Diesel

Fuel oil / lubricating oil

Bitumen (residue)

Camping gas

Cars

Plastics and medicines

Aeroplanes

Cars and lorries

Central heating, ships, lubricants

Tar for roads

CrackingCopy this diagram as a mirror image (left to right)

List the safety precautions when cracking

Mineral wool soaked in paraffin

Porcelain fragments (the catalyst) Inverted test tube

to collect gas

What type of compound is the gas produced?

Cracking dodecaneC

H

H

H

CCCCC

H

HH

HH

HH

H

H

H

C

H

H

CCCC

H

HH

HH

HH

H

C H

H

H

C

H

H

H

CCCCC

H

HH

HH

HH

H

H

H

C

H

H

CCC

H

HH

HH

H

HCC

H

H

H

H

C

H

H

H

CCCCC

H

HH

HH

HH

H

H

H

C

H

H

CC

H

HH

H

H

CCC H

H

HH

H

H

CrackingMUST know the reason oil is crackedCLUE: which fraction of crude oil is most in

demand?

SHOULD describe how cracking worksCLUE: how are the large molecules broken up

into little ones?

What is in Oil?MUST be able to draw out alkanes and

alkenesSHOULD describe the difference

between alkanes and alkenes

RECALL – why is crude oil useful? What is a hydrocarbon?

Alkane HydrocarbonsCH4 C2H6C3H8C4H10

All these formulae represent alkane hydrocarbons – if the number of carbons in the molecule = n, what is the general formula of an alkane?

Define the term HYDROCARBON

CLUE C2H5OH is NOT a hydrocarbon

CH4

C2H6

C3H8

GREEN = CARBON - must have FOUR bonds

ORANGE = HYDROGEN – must have only ONE bond

Alkane HydrocarbonsCnH2n+2 ONLY CONSIST OF HYDROGEN AND

CARBON.What is the formula of the alkane with 12 carbons?

Mol. Formula Name Displayed formula

CH4 Methane

Ethane C2H6

Pentane

Propane

Butane

C3H8

C4H10

C5H12

Alkane HydrocarbonsThese hydrocarbons are SATURATED.

CH4 Methane

Ethane C2H6

Pentane

Propane

Butane

C3H8

C4H10

C5H12

Alkene HydrocarbonsNot all hydrocarbons are alkanes!

Some have the formula CnH2n and we call this group of hydrocarbons ALKENES.

Mol. Formula Name Displayed formula

Ethene C2H4

Pentene

Propene

Butene

C3H6

C4H8

C5H10

To test for alkanes/alkenes use orange bromine water.

ALKENES DECOLOURSIE bromine water.

ALKANES DO NOT!

Alkene HydrocarbonsThese hydrocarbons have carbon-carbon DOUBLE

bonds. They could take more hydrogen atoms. They are said to be UNSATURATED.

Ethene C2H4

Pentene

Propene

Butene

C3H6

C4H8

C5H10

Try these!1. Draw out the structure of methane CH4

2. Write down the name and draw out the structure of C2H6

3. Draw out the structure of C2H4 Name it!4. What do ALKENES have that ALKANES don’t

have!!5. If the general formula for an alkane is CnH2n+2,

what is the general formula for an alkene?

A MIXTURE OF COMPOUNDS – some

are longer than others (many are

alkane hydrocarbons)

DistillationExplain in your own words how the

ethanol and water mixture was separated.

Keywords:Boil condense boiling point

DIFFERENCE temperature

VERY STRONG BOND (COVALENT)

MUCH WEAKER

INTERMOLE-CULAR BOND

How might we separate the two butane molecules?

DistillationThe ………………… of hydrocarbons (mostly alkanes) in ………. oil are separated because they have different ……………………. points.

A tower with a temperature …………………….. allows hydrocarbons with ……………… numbers of carbon atoms to be separated as a particular fraction.

This process is called ………………………….. DISTILLATION.

GRADIENT BOILING CRUDE

MIXTURE SIMILAR

Q4. Alkenes are more reactive than alkanes because they have DOUBLE BONDS.

Q5. C4H8 BUTENEQ6. Ethene has a double bond – so no

more room for hydrogenQ7. You can tell whether petrol contains

double bonds by adding bromine water and seeing if it decolourises!

WELL DONE!

Keyword PracticeHydrocarbon ….

Fractional Distillation ….

Intermolecular forces ….

Molecular formula ….

Displayed formula ….

Alkanes all have the formula …..

Starter for 5 …..Without looking at notes:1. Draw out the structure of the alkane C3H8

2. How many carbons would the hydrocarbon used for jet fuel have?

3. How is an alkene different to an alkane?4. What are the products made when a

hydrocarbon burns in oxygen?5. Describe the process of distillation.

Low boiling point

High boiling point

• do not ignite very easily

• Not very volatile

• does not flow easily (viscous)

LARGE MOLECULES

• ignite more easily

• more volatile

• flow easily (not viscous)

SMALL MOLECULES

C1 – C5

GASES

C5 – C12

LIQUIDS

> C12

SOLIDS

Combustion of Fuels

Complete the symbol equation for the combustion of propane:

C3H8 + O2

Problem of carbon dioxide?CO2 + H2O

Incomplete Combustion

This is when not enough oxygen is available for complete combustion(e.g. poorly ventilated gas burner)

C3H8 + O2 C3H8 + O2

What are the problems?

CO + H2OC + H2O

Sulphur Impurities

Hydrocarbons often contain sulphur. When these hydrocarbons burn

……………….. is often made.This can cause acid rain.Problems of acid rain?

Comparing C4H10 and C12H26

Put each statement into the correct column:

1. The most flammable (easy to ignite)

2. Has the highest boiling point

3. Most volatile

4. Likely to be a gas

5. Called dodecane

6. Will burn with a more smoky flame

7. More viscous

C4H10 C12H26

Social and Environmental ProblemsCan attack and weather buildingsCould cause polar ice caps to meltMay effect weather patternsCan damage trees and aquatic lifeIncreases Earth’s temperature (global warming)May lead to changes in weather patternsLowers the Earth’s temperature (global dimming)Reduces amount of sunlight reaching Earth

return

What can be done?• To tackle global warming?

• To still provide for our energy needs?

How can we fuel our cars?How can we generate electricity?

BBC Bitesize sums up this section very neatly!

Alternative fuels• Know some alternative fuels

• Be able to explain the advantages and disadvantages of different fuels. Find out about:

HYDROGEN ETHANOL

Practical Work• Follow the instructions. You are

simply going to burn ethanol and petrol and compare them.

• Complete the tables on the worksheet. You have just 15 minutes to do this.