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-------------- BHARGAVINIKITHA

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Equivocal Definitions of culture by HofstedeA collective programming of the

mind which distinguishes one group fromanother

Mental programming patternsof thinking and feeling and potential acting

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CULTURE INCLUDES:

Learning values (dominant beliefsand attitudes),

P artaking of rituals (collectiveactivities), Modeling against heroes (role

models), and Understanding symbols (myths,legends, dress, jargon , lingo)

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The study comprised 116,000 questionnaires,from which over 60,000 people respondedfrom over 50 countries. Hofstede worked withIBM. From this he identified four bipolardimensionsPower DistanceIndividualism/CollectivismUncertainty AvoidanceMasculinity/ Feminity

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Introduced a fifth elementConfucian Dynamism or

Long/Short Term Orientation , which was an attempt to fit theuncertainty avoidance dimensioninto the Asian culture

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efinition ProblemsMethodological Simplicity

Equivalencyfour dimensions: functional,

conceptual, instrument and measurementequivalence

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1. Power Distance2. Individualism vs.

Collectivism3. Masculinity vs.

Femininity4. Uncertainty

Avoidance5. Long TermOrientation

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...the extent towhich the lesspowerful membersof institutions andorganizationswithin a countryexpect and acceptthat power isdistributedunequally.

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Individualistsocieties: ties areloose and everyone

looks out forhimself or herselfCollectivistsocieties: peopleintegrated into

strong, cohesivegroups; protectionis exchanged forloyalty

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Centrality of workWays of managing& decision makingFem: equality,solidarity, quality ofwork lifeMas: equity,compete,performanceConflict resolution

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the extent towhich the membersof a culture feelthreatened byuncertain orunknownsituations.

NOT the same asrisk avoidancePresence of rules

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Short-termorientationSocial pressure tokeep up with the

Jonesessmall savingsexpect quick resultsconcern withpossessing Truth

Long-termorientationThrift: beingsparing withresourceslarge savingsperseverancetoward slow resultsconcern withrespecting thedemands of Virtue

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RelevancyCultural HomogeneityNational Divisions

Political InfluencesOne Company ApproachOut-datedToo Few DimensionsStatistical integrity

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Relevance

Rigour

Relative Accuracy

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Power Distance;Individualism/Collectivism;Masculinity/ FeminityUncertainty Avoidance;

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To conclude, more research is needed tocapture the shifting cultural maps which areinfluenced by, and influence, globalizationand technology, however this is difficult toachieve and may have temporal value. As aresult the work of Hofstede will continue tohave value now and into the future

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