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CRITICAL MANAGEMENT STUDIES Conference Paper Abstracts
"OH, OH, HE'S AN ALIEN"?! A CITATION CONTEXT ANALYSIS OF PIERRE BOURDIEU IN ORGANIZATION
STUDIES Sieweke, Jost; U. of Oldenburg; [email protected]
Pierre Bourdieu was one of the most influential sociologists of the last century. Although his work has exerted a great influence on almost all disciplines of the social sciences, recent studies argued that his influence within the field of organizational studies is rather marginal. This article analyses Bourdieu’s position within the field of organizational studies. Based on a citation content analysis of six leading organization journals, we analyse the frequency of references to Bourdieu, which of his concepts are applied as well as if differences in the application of Bourdieu regarding authors’ from different geographical locations if identifiable. Our findings reveal that Bourdieu is less frequently cited sociologists like Max Weber or Karl Weick. Moreover, in most of the cases, scholars make rather ceremonious citations to his work. The most frequently applied concepts of Bourdieu are capital, field and habitus; however, no study mutually applies these concepts. We are further able to reveal that Bourdieu receives most of his citations from authors located in North America; the number of substantive citations from these authors, though, is marginal which implicates severe differences regarding citations and applications of Bourdieu’s concepts within organizational studies.
Keywords:Pierre Bourdieu, Citation context analysis, academic field
A CRITICAL APPROACH OF THE FINANCIAL EDUCATION DISCOURSE: FOR AN EDUCATION BEYOND CAPITAL
Augustinis, Viviane Franco; EBAPE-FGV; [email protected]
Costa, Alessandra Mello; EBAPE-FGV; [email protected] Barros, Denise Franca; EBAPE-FGV; [email protected]
The scope of this study is to analyze – in an exploratory manner – the discourses on financial education of: a) the Brazilian Government; b) the MasterCard company; and c) the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). The methodology used was Discourse Analysis. The discursive objects identified in the documents collected were grouped into three categories. The first category, "Aligning discourses", brings together discursive objects that identify the existence of an ideal and exemplary global movement of financial education. The second category, "Principles of Financial Education", brings together discursive objects that identify principles and recommendations relating to financial education programs. Finally, the third category, "Financial Education Practices", brings together discursive objects that identify the current practices and the practices yet to be implemented of the financial education programs. From the analysis of data it was possible to ascertain that there is a discursive convergence that favors some ideas over others. The first convergence concerns the standardization of principles, subjects and practices of financial education. The second convergence is with respect to the discourse about the actual process of the ever-increasing complexity of financial markets. The third convergence refers to the existence of a discourse that favors an increasing transfer of responsibility for the management of financial resources on to the individuals themselves. These convergences make it possible to infer that the common discursive element between
governments, private companies and international organizations as regards the issue of financial education is perhaps the logic of the hegemonic free liberal market.
Keywords:Financial Education, Organizational Discourses, Discourse Analysis
ACTOR NETWORK THEORY, ANTI-HISTORY, AND CRITICAL ORGANIZATIONAL HISTORIOGRAPHY Durepos, Gabrielle; St. Francis Xavier U.; [email protected]
Mills, Albert J.; St. Mary's U.; [email protected]
The paper lays out an argument for the development of actor network theory (ANT) as a critical approach to organizational historiography, or ANTi-History. It proceeds through four sections: 1) a recounting of the call for critical organizational historiography to establish the contours of an ANTi-History; 2) an overview of ANT to identify its potential contributions to critical organizational historiography; 3) an exploration of the insights that can be developed into an ANTi-History, through engagement with historiography, notions of the past and critical approaches to organization; and 4) an account of the potential contribution of ANTi- History to critical management studies.
Keywords:actor network theory, historiography, ANTi-History
ANT AND CRITIQUE: THE SPOKESPERSON AND THE
QUESTIONER Bonner, Bill; U. of Regina; [email protected]
This paper examines Actor-Network Theory as a vehicle enabling critique through a focus on the spokesperson, someone or something that Latour defines as, “One that does not permit an assured answer to the question, ‘Who is speaking?’” In seeking understanding about actions that have taken place or are proposed we often encounter a spokesperson. In our encounter a subtle but amazing thing often happens, we find ourselves in a one-on-one engagement quickly outnumbered. The spokesperson invokes non-present others in support of her/his position leaving us unsure as to who or what we are engaging and their actual substance. This paper demonstrates this phenomenon through a case study involving the sale of the personal information of Canadian grades school students to a firm in California in exchange for email services and potential revenue. Starting from a vaguely worded consent form this paper traces the challenge of engaging a series of spokespersons, showing how it is possible to probe, challenge and ultimately critique attempts at creating reality, as well as the potential risk of creating unintended consequences through active engagement on the part of the researcher.
Keywords:actor-network theory, critique, spokesperson
BANKERS IN THE DOCK: BANKERS IN THE DOCK:
MORAL STORYTELLING IN ACTION Mueller, Frank; U. of St Andrews; [email protected]
Whittle, Andrea; Cardiff U.; [email protected]
This paper examines the role of moral storytelling in the sense-making surrounding the recent financial crisis. We explore the moral stories crafted during a public hearing in the UK that was designed to uncover ‘what (or who) went wrong’. We draw on insights from Discursive Social Psychology (DSP) to examine the ‘discursive devices’ that are used as micro-discursive tools in the construction of moral stories. Discursive devices, we suggest, were central in the construction of the moral status of the bankers, as they are cast in the role of ‘villain’ or ‘victim’. Our central contribution lies in understanding the linguistic building blocks that enable moral stories to be told. These stories are important, we argue, because they shape how past events are made sense of and how future policies and practices within the financial services industry are envisioned.
Keywords:Storytelling, Discourse, Sensemaking
COMPARATIVE RESEARCH EPISTEMOLOGY AND METHODOLOGY: PAST, PRESENT AND PROMISING
Panoho, Joy; Massey U.; [email protected]
Stablein, Ralph; Massey U.; [email protected]
In this paper we explore the critical issue of place in understanding the variety and style of research epistemologies and methods that scholars adopt in their research. We begin by noting the well understood dominance of a particular place, North America. However, we conclude that other places have resilient research traditions worthy of note. We briefly characterize the research traditions of these other places. We open a discussion of future possibilities and recent developments, reviewing a variety of relationships between the dominant and the epistemological possibilities of other places. We conclude with the case study of Kaupapa Mâori research, a form of indigenous epistemology and methodology that is gaining momentum in Aotearoa/New Zealand, and that has attracted significant international recognition.
Keywords:critical methods, indigenous research, comparative research methods
CRITICAL REALISM, POSTMODERNISM, AND CMS:
CONTINUING THE DEBATE Jaros, Stephen J; Southern U.; [email protected]
Critical Management Studies has been characterized by an intellectual rift between advocates of postmodernist (PM) and Critical Realist (CR) approaches to the study of work (cf. Reed, 2005; Contu & Willmott, 2005). This paper contributes to the ongoing debate by evaluating differences between them along four dimensions: ontology, epistemology, methodology, and emancipation. My ongoing argument is that while some substantive differences exist, they are not as large as the existing literature seems to indicate, meaning that a lot of common ground exists, creating the possibility of ending or at least largely ameliorating the schism, setting the stage for collaborative future research.
Keywords:critical management studies, postmodernism, critical realism
� � � � DAR'WREN'IAN EVOLUTION IN MANAGEMENT:
IMPLICATIONS OF THE ETHICS OF EPISTEMOLOGY FOR THE SCHOLAR
Weatherbee, Terrance G.; Acadia U.; [email protected]
Durepos, Gabrielle; St. Francis Xavier U.; [email protected]
This paper seeks to address the call for an historic turn by exploring the nature in which extant histories of management thought, such as that of Wren (1972), are emploted. We propose these histories operate as powerful narratives that have shaped our understanding of management thought, and we attempt to expose how their mode of emplotment is problematic. We suggest that the dominant mode of emplotment of extant histories calls for an investigation of both the ethics of management epistemology and the associated implications for the scholar/historian in her task of knowledge construction of the past.
Keywords:None
DARING TO CARE FOR ‘SOME’ OTHERS: A CASE OF ETHICAL SUBJECTIVITY & POLITICS IN HEALTH
PROVISION Pullen, Alison; U. of Technology, Sydney; [email protected]
Rhodes, Carl; Swansea U.; [email protected]
McMurray, Robert Michael; U. of York; [email protected]
This paper examines the relationship between ethics and politics in organizations with a specific focus on ethical subjectivity – that is, how people construct their ethical position in relation to their everyday practice. Drawing on a three year ethnographic study of health services provision in the north of England, we consider those ethics that were politically mobilised when five clinical partners tendered to buy out the medical practice in which they worked. We provide a detailed reading of a letter of complaint sent by the partners to their employer – a letter we consider to be a deliberate, political, ethically motivated and overt act of resistance. On the basis of our analysis we argue that people at work, when faced with multiple demands from multiple others, will always violate ethics in the way that they constitute their own subjectivity because ethical attention to one ‘other’ means non-attention to the other ‘others’. The practice of ethics is characterized by a tension where ethical commitments and realpolitik come crashing together. We conclude that ethical subjectivity in organizations is not a matter of firming up a singularly righteous self, but is a divided self willing to address the fragile and undecideable character of its own constitution in practice.
Keywords:Ethics, Subjectivity, Health
DESTROYING THE VILLAGE TO SAVE IT: LABOR RELATIONS, CSR, AND THE CYCLE OF AMERICAN
HEGEMONY. Marens, Richard; California State U. Sacramento; [email protected]
The puzzling failure of scholars of corporate social responsibility (CSR) to conceptualize and incorporate within their work the most important political economic trends of the last generation becomes explicable upon examining the changing historical role of CSR. Following Arrighi (1994), this construct can best be understood as an attempt to ameliorate the American economic hegemony of the twentieth century, an hegemony based on the large American corporation, whose extraordinary degree of autonomy raised the crucial question as to how this autonomy
could be “responsibly” employed. As American industrial hegemony grew in the first third of the century, early CSR discourse focused on labor-management cooperation in an effort to promote productivity and restore social peace. After American hegemony broadened after World War II, academics expanded the scope of CSR in order to place the modern corporation with a presumed pluralistic system refereed by a regulatory state. As American hegemony entered a final generation characterized by financial hypertrophy coupled to a squeeze on labor, CSR scholarship embraced an “enlightened” managerialism in order to counter the pressures of finance ideology. The failure of this last approach -- crippled by its avoidance of “controversial” issues that might undermine its implicit legitimization of managerial power -- is attributable to unrealistic expectations regarding the power and interests of corporate executives. Future efforts to formulate those responsibilities that ought to be assumed or imposed upon corporations will have to transcend the provincial assumptions of this American-dominated discourse, and build upon the perspectives and experiences of other societies.
Keywords:business ethics, world systems theory, business and society
DO YOU SEE WHAT I SEE? DEVELOPING A CRITICAL
VISUAL FRAMEWORK FOR ANNUAL REPORTS Greenwood, Michelle; Monash U.;
[email protected] Haylock, Brad; Monash U.; [email protected]
Despite the growing sophistication of the design of annual reports and their significance as marketing tools, the visual language of annual reports has received relatively little critical attention. This study addresses the question of how we read corporate annual reports through critical visual analysis. It does so by developing a comprehensive multi-faceted framework for critical visual analysis of annual reports inclusive of photographic and non-photographic images, myth and stereotype, the relationship between text and images, and typology and production values. Building on work in visual analysis in advertising, and drawing from cultural studies and semiology, the rhetoric purpose of these visual elements are explored and applied to a variety of annual reports. The paper concludes with implications for further development and research.
Keywords:visual, rhetoric, annual reports
� � � � DOES A JOINT ACADEMIC-PRACTITIONER REVIEW
PROCESS RECONCILE RIGOR AND RELEVANCE? Schulz, Ann-Christine; U. of Oldenburg; [email protected]
Goebel, Markus; U. of Applied Science Fresenius, Hamburg; goebel@hs-
fresenius.de Nicolai, Alexander T.; U. of Oldenburg; [email protected]
A substantial body of literature discusses the so-called rigor–relevance gap in management science and possible ways of overcoming it. A frequently advocated approach, in line with Gibbons et al.’s (1994) “Mode 2” idea of creating “hybrid fora”, is the introduction of joint academic–practitioner review processes in management journals. In an empirical case study of one of the oldest management journals in the world we show that the demands of academic and practitioner reviewers are hardly compatible, and to some extent inversely correlated. In contrast to other studies, here we show that the reason for the tension between academics and practitioners with regard to this issue does not lie in differences in the evaluation criteria of each
group. Rather, the different world views of academics and practitioners lead to different interpretations of these criteria and a striking incongruence between the two groups’ ideas of practical relevance
Keywords:Mode 2, rigor and relevance, bridging journals
DON QUIXOTE’S SPECTACLES – POPULAR
MANAGEMENT CONCEPTS AND THE EXERTION OF CONTROL
Wilhelm, Hendrik; U. of Cologne; [email protected]
Bort, Suleika; Mannheim U.; [email protected]
The aim of this paper is to find rationales for manager’s use of popular management concepts. We remain puzzled by the fact that despite ambiguous findings on the performance effectiveness of popular management concepts like Total Quality Management, Reengineering and Lean Pro-duction, the adoption of such concepts persistently remains en vogue. We argue that such con-cepts are instrumentalized to exert control over the social processes of an organization building on March’s “logic of appropriateness”. To substantiate our claim, we conducted a series of in-depth interviews with top managers from several companies in Germany. Our analysis reveals four categories regarding management concept instrumentalization: Learning from Others’ Ex-periences, Organizational Change, Manipulation of External Legitimacy and Ambiguity Reduc-tion. We find that each category describes a certain type of control strategy, by which managers are able to exert control over their social environment. In conclusion, this study provides an ex-tended understanding why managers adopt popular management concepts. Our main contribution is the application of control psychology and the “logic of appropriateness” in order to give an ex-planation for concept adoption. This explanation might represent a so far missing and important link between popular management concepts and their performance implications.
Keywords:Popular Management Concepts, Control, Logic of Appropriateness
ELTON MAYO AND THE PASSIONS OF PRODUCTION
Linstead, Stephen A.; U. of York; [email protected]
The work of George Elton John Mayo has been noted ashaving had a major, if under acknowledged, impact on human resource management, as well as management theory and organizational behavior. Mayo has been argued as having developed a moral philosophy that underpinned a coherent approach across field studies and practical applications, in which proper attention to the correction of individual problems would ultimately lead to the preservation of civilization. Despite the obvious influences on Mayo of some writers such as Freud, I argue that his moral philosophy was negligent of some key contributions to the field, and was in many respects based on his own prejudices as much as reasoned analysis. Reviewing some of his key works against the framework of organizational kitsch, their success can be explained not so much by the quality of their philosophy as the style of their writing, which exploited feelings in telling his key audiences what they wanted to know and offered them easy legitimation for controversial political positions.
Keywords:kitsch, interests, moral philosophy
EMOTIONAL STANDARDIZATION & RESISTANCE TO IT IN ORGANIZATIONS: THE CASE OF EMOTIONAL
INTELLIGENCE Lindebaum, Dirk; Manchester Business School; [email protected]
In this article, I associate the commodification of emotions at work with an increasingly imposed standardization as far as emotional displays are concerned. I refer to this process as a form of emotional convergence operating at the organizational level. I contrast this tendency with another buoyant construct in organizational behavior and psychology studies: Emotional Intelligence (EI). Individual emotional and intellectual evolution lies at the heart of the ability EI model, which I interpret as a form of emotional divergence that individuals harness in managing their daily lives. Hitherto, scholars have largely ignored the potential conflict between both research strands and levels of analysis, especially the possibility of high EI individuals as non-conforming actors in the organizational arena. The latter leads me to propose an interaction model between the individual and organizational level of analysis. Implications for theory and suggestions for future research are detailed.
Keywords:emotional intelligence, commodified emotions, resistance
� � � � EMOTIONS AND INSTITUTIONS: INSIGHTS FROM
BOURDIEU AND PSYCHOANALYSIS Voronov, Maxim; Brock U.; [email protected]
Vince, Russ; U. of Bath; [email protected]
We contribute to the literature on institutional work by arguing for the importance of including analyses of emotional and unconscious processes in the study of how individuals create, maintain and disrupt institutions. Drawing on the insights from Bourdieu and psychoanalytic theory, we develop a framework, whose main components include emotional capital, emotional habitus, and fantasy. We use this framework to theorize the emotional aspects of institutional work, specifically the factors that make individuals more likely to engage in maintaining the existing institutional order and those that support individuals’ attempts to create new institutions or disrupt current ones. We conclude by discussing implications of our framework for further studies of institutional work.
Keywords:institutions, emotions, Bourdieu
EXPERIENCE ECONOMY AND HYPERMODERNITY: A
CRITICAL MANAGEMENT PERSPECTIVE Rendtorff, Jacob Dahl; Roskilde U.; [email protected]
This paper provides a critical framework for a theory about authenticity and creativity in the experience economy with sociological and philosophical foundations in the perspective of critical management studies. Important questions are: How do we define creative experience economy? What are experiences and what do they signify for the individual? What kind of society made the experience economy possible? What is the ethics of experience management in creative society? Can management, creativity and experience be combined? The paper discusses the foundations of creative experience economy in five main sections: 1) A preliminary definition of the experience economy 2) the concept of experience 3) the sociological foundations of experience society:
concepts of experience and sociological reality 4) Ethics in the experience economy: Towards gift economy and personal self-realization 5) How to manage creatively the experience economy: towards management of authenticity. And finally the paper will propose some elements of criticism of this emerging kind of experience economy. Accordingly, it is an essential presupposition of the paper that critical management studies must confront the experience economy as an essential expression of the economic system in a globalized society that moves from postmodernity to hypermodernity defined as exponential turbo-escalation of all aspects of postmodern society.
Keywords:Experience economy, hypermodernity, existentialism
GENDER, WORK AND ORGANIZATION IN POPULAR CULTURE: PATRIARCHY, POLITICS AND PARODY
Pullen, Alison; U. of Technology, Sydney; [email protected]
Rhodes, Carl; Swansea U.; [email protected]
This paper explores the ways in which gender in organizations is represented, constructed, subverted, and re-imagined in popular culture. In doing so, the paper considers popular culture as being multiple and ambivalent in the way that it connects with gender, organizations and gendered organizations. Whilst popular culture is commonly regarded as a site for the perpetuation of patriarchal, sexist and heteronormative values it also contains within it the possibilities for resistance to and transgression of those values and their associated practices. Through production and consumption, popular culture offers a means through which hegemonic gender relations can be critiqued and troubled. In particular the role that parody, and its relationship with politics, plays in challenging patriarchy is discussed. The possibilities of a productive and affirmative appreciation of gender and work in popular culture are highlighted.
Keywords:gender, parody, work
GLOBALIZATION AND EMBODIMENT: GLOBAL WORKERS’ DOINGS, FEELINGS AND COPING
STRATEGIES Varlander, Sara; Stockholm U.; [email protected]
Essén, Anna; Stockholm U.; [email protected]
Global organizations have gained considerable attention among scholars. However, managerial issues have been in focus at the expense of the experience of the global worker. Indeed, the voice of the global worker has been absent in the arguments about how globalization implies the death of distance and irrelevance of geographical borders. The present paper addresses this gap, by exploring the bodily experiences of global workers. We highlight the presence of material, physical and emotional aspects of global work, and how these influence the workers’ experience and performance. Hence, we open up avenues for future studies of the embodied experiences of global work in organizational research, where the body has been neglected also at a more general level.
Keywords:Globalization, Embodiment, Global work
IDEALS, PROTOTYPES, AND SELVES: THINKING ABOUT LEADERSHIP THROUGH A PSYCHOANALYTIC LENS
Islam, Gazi; Insper Institute of Education and Research;
This paper attempts to contextualize recent changes in the leadership literature using psychoanalytic concepts. It is argued that while psychoanalysis and contemporary social-cognitive psychology are complementary, they have developed along historically different lines that have impeded mutual dialogue. The paper attempts to create such a dialogue by examining charismatic, leadership schema, and identity theories of leadership from within a psychoanalytic framework. It is argued that this framework furthers leadership thinking by making central notions of authority in the construction of personal identities, highlighting the processes by which individuals construct normative ideals, and explaining notions of charisma that are difficult to reconcile with contemporary social-cognitive theories of identity
Keywords:Leadership, Identity, Psychoanalysis
INTENSIVE REMEDIAL IDENTITY WORK: HOW RECENT
FRENCH MASTER GRADUATES RESPOND TO UNDEREMPLOYMENT.
Grima, Francois; Paris 12-RMS; [email protected] Glaymann, Dominique; U. Paris Est; [email protected]
This paper explores intensive remedial identity work by investigating responses to the stigmatizing experience of underemployment among Master Graduates in France. Based on a wider approach to resistance as an articulation of discursive practices and behavior and on discursive approaches to identity, we have analyzed 51 cases of French Master graduates having had to accept internships after graduation in order to reach professional insertion. This precarity which is paradoxical considering the youth and high level qualifications of the people concerned is a painful experience. It calls into question these young people’s identity on a personal, professional and value level. The three strategies developed vary according to their level of conflictuality with the stigmatizing identity proposed. In the first one, the young person identifies with the company’s discourse and perceives himself as taking up a challenge. In the second strategy he puts the constraint into perspective and develops alternative identities. With the last strategy, he accepts the risk of conflictuality articulating collective and individual as well as formal and informal signs. Our focus on this neglected group of underemployed Master graduates contributes to the understanding of forms of resistance among populations which are both young and qualified, within a specifically French context.
Keywords:underemployment, identity work, resistance
IS INDIGENOUS KNOWLEDGE PROPERTY?
Poonamallee, Latha; Michigan Technological U.; [email protected]
Orozco, David; Michigan Technological U.; [email protected]
Much has been written about traditional knowledge and intellectual property rights in fields like anthropology and law. However, it remains an under-examined topic in business and management literature. In this article, we review the emerging contentious discourse, definitional
issues and underlying assumptions of the western IPR and traditional knowledge management systems. We highlight the similarities and differences between the two approaches. We argue that adopting a view that law is a socially constructed phenomenon with ethical underpinnings will help us sort out the thorny issues in ‘expropriation’ of traditional knowledge. To do this, we draw on the role of ethical norms in historical evolution of intellectual property rights regime. Finally, grounded in Stakeholder Theory, we conclude with a discussion of implications for managers
Keywords:indigenous knolwedge, intellectual property rights, stakeholder theory
LIVING IN A CULTURE OF OVERWORK: WHY
FLEXIBILITY IS AN INSUFFICIENT SOLUTION FOR WORK-LIFE BALANCE
Bourne, Kristina A.; U. of Wisconsin – Eau Claire; [email protected] Forman, Pamela J.; U. of Wisconsin – Eau Claire; [email protected]
Flexible work arrangements are often offered as a solution to the struggle individuals feel between work and non-work responsibilities. In this paper, we argue that flexibility falls short as a solution as it assumes work and other aspects of life are equally weighted. Through ethnographic data, this study brings us into the lives of ten women business owners. As business owners they claim that their occupation affords them flexibility over their work schedules and cite this flexibility as an advantage to balancing work and other aspects of life. Our analysis shows, however, that this supposed flexibility favors work, causing much angst and tension in the women’s lives. The participants arrange their schedules to accommodate work, prepare to return to work, or to work leisurely during supposed free time. We invoke Weber’s ideal types of social action: instrumental, value, affective and traditional, to show how they have internalized cultural ideologies that place pre-eminence on working. They position their work patterns as a “good use of time” (instrumental rationality), a way to “feel good” in the long run (affective rationality), a way of accepting doing certain activities at non-work times (traditional), or even “fun” (value rationality). We end by discussing the implications of our findings for researchers who want to challenge the assumptions underpinning conventional work-life research.
Keywords:Work-life balance, flexibility, women business owners
LOST IN TRANSLATION: THE USE OF STORIES AND
STATISTICS IN PROCESSES OF KNOWLEDGE PRODUCTION
Ainsworth, Susan; U. of Melbourne; [email protected] Hardy, Cynthia; Melbourne U.; [email protected]
We compare the roles that stories and statistics play in the processes of knowledge production by examining a public inquiry on the barriers facing older workers in securing and maintaining employment. Both statistics and stories were presented in inquiry texts as part of claims to establish older unemployment as a problem warranting government attention and intervention. However, our findings show that stories and statistics produced knowledge about the older worker in different ways and with a range of power effects, which served to marginalize both stories and the older workers who told them in the knowledge production process. Specifically, individuals who identified as older workers were positioned in such a way in the inquiry that they were only able to use stories in claiming knowledge of the subject of the inquiry and were largely precluded from using statistics, while other categories of actors were able to use both stories and
statistics. Stories also lost out to statistics as they were translated in other texts during the course of the inquiry. When stories were retold by other actors, their meaning was changed and they largely disappeared from the final report, which was dominated by statistics that had been reproduced from earlier texts with their meaning intact.
Keywords:knowledge, discourse, translation
MAKING WORKERS OUT OF POETRY AND SILENCE: VOICES OF LABOR IN OPERÁRIO EM CONSTRUÇÃO
Islam, Gazi; Insper Institute of Education and Research;
We explore the relationship between poetry and work in Operário em Construção, a treatise on the psychological and political evolution of a construction worker. A parallel is drawn between the nature of poetry and the nature of work, a parallel which may offer insights both phenomena. It is argued that the poem progresses through a pre-poetic, a poetic, and a post-poetic stage, and these stages are explained as internally related. We conclude on the question of the possibility of poetic work, a question which the poem leaves unanswered.
Keywords:Labor, Alienation, Literature and Work
MANAGEMENT PRACTICES AS 'MORALS' : TOWARDS
AN INTEGRATIVE MODEL Bardon, Thibaut; U. Paris Dauphine, CREPA / U. of Geneva, HEC;
In this paper, we argue that there is much more to gain from Foucault’s ethical period than mere theoretical discussions about the ethical role of academics adopted by organization scholars to date. First, we suggest that the concept of ‘moral’ that Foucault introduced in the ethical period has not been mobilized in organization studies. Second, we suggest that understanding management practices as ‘morals’ provides an integrative view of how management practices can be brought into question following a Foucauldian perspective. This view leads us to develop an integrative model. Finally, we assess how this integrative model can be used as a toolbox for scholars to exploit the future research avenues we derive from the ethical period, for managers to conduct pre-diagnosis and post-diagnosis of management practice implementation, and for employees to conduct the introspection which can help them to take the ethical decision to resist or conform to the management practices they are confronted with.
Keywords:Foucault, ethics, moral
ORGANIZATIONAL CULTURE THROUGH A WIDER LENS:
IS THERE A POST POST-CULTURE? Linstead, Stephen A.; U. of York; [email protected]
Since the culture boom of the 1980s, we have seen declarations that we are "post-culture", and in parallel that we are "past postmodernism", a theoretical approach philosophically derived from cultural studies. This paper asks in the light of recent debates and new empirical research in
other disciplines, whether we are post post-culture and what that might mean. Post-culture is considered as psychosocial space, in terms of deterritorialization and reterritorialization ; as liquid and viral culture; andas aesthetic commodification. The paper considers the future of cultural studies in a post-cultural era, arguing that research on organizational culture needs to be informed by a wider range of theoretical influences if it is to continue to be relevant.
Keywords:culture, theory, ethnography
OUT OF CONTROL? THE IMPACT OF CEO POWER AND
REWARD ON ECONOMIC RELATIONSHIPS AND INEQUALITY
Clarke, Thomas; U. of Technology, Sydney; [email protected]
The arrogation of an increasing share of the wealth of corporations by CEOs impacts upon relationships with other employees, shareholders, and the wider community. Excessive and unrestrained CEO compensation displaces CEOs objectives from the development and success of the company to individual strategies of how to maximise their personal reward. There is much evidence to support the view that presently in large corporations in the United States executive compensation has been completely out of control for some time; the disparity created with the rewards of other company workers is both morally unconscionable and functionally damaging; executives are taking an increasing share of the earnings of corporations, and are becoming significant shareholders in their own right; executive compensation in the past has often not been due to achieving results but has amounted to rewards for failure; the elaborate structures designed to link executive reward to performance have often compounded the problems rather than alleviating them; and that excessive and irresponsible executive incentivisation made a major contribution to the causes of the global financial crisis. There is a real danger that the inflated compensation secured by U.S. executives will become the benchmark for executive reward in other regions of the world where up till now executive rewards have remained modest in comparison, inducing similar economic instability and social inequality.
Keywords:CEO Power, Reward, Inequality
POSTCOLONIAL THEORY, THE BIOECONOMY, AND THE
ECONOMIZATION OF BIOLOGICAL RESOURCES Styhre, Alexander; Chalmers U. of Technology;
Postcolonial theory has been introduced in organization theory and management studies and promises to make a contribution in terms of revealing colonialist histories and traditions and pointing at neocolonialist practices in contemporary organizations. In what has been called the bioeconomy, structured around a series of technoscientific practices and advancements were the human body is conceived of as the site where life per se is qualitatively improved, necolonialist reason is playing a key role. Drawing on literature on new drug development, the paper suggests that in the bioeconomic regime, new economic assets are identified and actively promoted. The so-called “drug naivety” of certain populations in developing countries, clinical trails could be managed more effectively in sites where there is an ample supply of relevant patient groups. Moving into a bioeconomic regime may consequently have implications that can be examined from a postcolonial frame of reference, capable of demonstrating the presence of post- or neocolonial trajectories.
Keywords:Postcolonial theory, bioeconomy, new drug development
RETHINKING AGENCY IN CORPORATIONS: DELEUZE &
GUATTARI’S REFRAMING OF “IDENTITY” Painter-Morland, Mollie; De Paul U.; [email protected]
The current debates around corporate agency and individual moral agency within corporations display a number of assumptions that call for critical interrogation. In the first place, many theorists seem to assume that corporations and the individuals that operate within them, have distinct identities that allow them to act as “agents”. In the case of corporations, their “identities” are often described in terms of “organizational cultures”. In terms of individuals, much attention is paid to the fiduciary duties that executives have, and the development of their personal integrity through various kinds of ethics training sessions and awareness raising programs. But can we describe these “agents” in terms of their moral identities? How do they come into existence? In this paper, I start with an excursion into now familiar ground of agency theory within business ethics and management theory. I then propose that these theories fail because they fail to critically interrogate the idea of “identity” that underpins agency constructs. Gilles Deleuze and Félix Guattari trace the origins of both corporations and individuals back to the basic flows of desire that make up the world (Deleuze & Guattari, 1983: 244). I argue that they give us reason to be less certain in our claims about corporate and individual identity. To understand how we come to know ourselves as “subjects” or “agents” of decisions and actions, we may need to conceive of identity in a new way. Deleuze and Guattari’s view of the subject moves us away from “identity” towards “multiplicity”. Within each one of us, there are multiple flows and desires, which connect spontaneously with the forces within other human beings and institutions. The desiring-production that is constantly operating creates multiple effects, of which “identity” is one. Identity is therefore not something we actively create or choose, but an effect of these multiplicities and the ongoing shifts in the processes of desiring-production that is part of its various cycles. Deleuze rejects the idea that the self is an integrated global whole – instead, he explains that what we call ‘self”, is in fact the result of thousands of little witnesses which contemplate within us (Deleuze, 1994:74-75). This understanding of “self” has important implications for the discussion of agency within corporations, especially when once conceives of corporations as complex adaptive systems.
Keywords:agency theory, complexity, deleuze
RETHINKING MARKET ORIENTATION: A CRITICAL PERSPECTIVE FROM AN EMERGING ECONOMY
Faria, Alex; EBAPE-FGV; [email protected]
As one of the outcomes of neoliberal globalization and to the process of worldwide diffusion of the marketization thesis the concept of market orientation has become one of the most important in the field of marketing. The first studies in market orientation were undertaken in the US, and had a focus on large business firms. Subsequently research included public organizations and non-profit organizations. In parallel to the geopolitical expansion of neoliberalism research took a focus on developing countries and then on emerging economies. The successful trajectory of market orientation helped raise the strategic status of the field of marketing but also insulated researchers from criticisms about the relevance of the discipline and from developments from other fields concerning the disputes between types of capitalism, the neoliberal feature of management knowledge, and the political position of emerging economies in the post-Cold War international context. Drawing upon an international critical perspective this paper posits that the market orientation literature reproduces assumptions that are chiefly problematic for emerging
economies – such as Brazil – and, accordingly, that critique in marketing should go beyond the Anglo-American contributions. In the end, the author presents guidelines for a critical perspective in marketing orientation from an emerging economy.
Keywords:critical marketing, emerging economies, international relations
REVISITING MUSEUM STRATEGY: MONA LISA’S NEW
SMILE Coblence, Emmanuel; U. Paris Ouest Nanterre;
Art museums have for some years experienced a major shift in management methods. Whereas museums are often described as secular institutions, reluctant to innovation and devoted initially to the preservation of cultural heritage, they recently entered a new era where management has become critical to support their future. Emergent managerial practices have prompted a significant amount of research, most of which characterizes a new age for the large museum, the competition paradigm: these accounts frame the contemporary museum trend as being one in which globalisation, economic value creation and pressures for income building. This article argues that these accounts of museums’ strategies are somehow restrictive and incomplete. It builds on a design perspective of management to give an alternative account of the historical and contemporary transformations. Museums’ genealogy shows that these organisations face a shift from traditional rule-based approach to more innovative design methods, which profoundly destabilizes curatorship and traditional organisations. The paper is based on empirical evidence within a large art museum, the Louvre, which implements considerable efforts to seek this form of design-driven innovation, especially by undertaking an R&D on art display. It argues that museums are currently engaging in a creative process aimed at forging new meanings and renewing the symbolic value of their main product: exhibition and collection display; exploring new valorisations appears at the forefront of museum strategy.
Keywords:design, strategy, museum
STRATEGIC CHANGE AS IDEOLOGICAL ILLUSION. ONLINE-OFFLINE INTEGRATION IN A NEWSPAPER
ORGANIZATION. Raviola, Elena; Jönköping U.; [email protected]
By drawing on elements of psychoanalysis, I argue that strategic change can be conceptualized as a translation process which takes the form of the development of an ideological illusion, as it is created in the dialectics of old and new. I build on an ethnographic study of a major European newspaper organization, which has undergone a strategic change process regarding the integration between online and offline newswork, between the old newspaper and the new media. Through an investigation of the language and the practices involved in such a project, I argue that integration as a strategic change project has meant the development of a practical illusion for journalists, allowing them to act as if the old was still fully Symbolically efficient, while knowing that newspapers are failing and Journalism is disintegrating.
Keywords:Ideological illusion, Strategic Change, Internet
STRATEGIC PLANNING AS COMMUNICATIVE PROCESS (WITHDRAWN)
Spee, A. Paul; Aston Business School; [email protected]
This paper examines the construction of a strategic plan as a communicative process. Drawing on Ricoeur’s concepts of decontextualization and recontextualization, we conceptualize strategic planning activities as being constituted through the iterative and recursive relationship of talk and text. Based on an in-depth case study, our findings show how multiple actors engage in a formal strategic planning process which is manifested in a written strategy document. This document is thus central in the iterative talk to text cycles. As individuals express their interpretations of the current strategic plan in talk, they are able to make amendments to the text, which then shape future textual versions of the plan. This cycle is repeated in a recursive process, in which the meanings attributed to talk and text increasingly converge within a final agreed plan. We develop our findings into a process model of the communication process that explains how texts become more authoritative over time and, in doing so, how they inscribe power relationships and social order within organizations. These findings contribute to the literature on strategic planning and on organization as a communication process.
Keywords:orgnizational communication, recontextualization, decontextualization
SUFFERING AT GUNPOINT: FROM CONSUMER OF
CATASTROPHES TO WITNESS IN ACTION Sørensen, Bent M.; Copenhagen Business School; [email protected]
This paper explores two images of suffering: the famous photo from 1943 of a little Jewish boy leaving the Warsaw Ghetto with his hands in the air and the equally famous painting Angelus Novus, which Paul Klee painted in 1920. Literature on the consumption of images depicting catastrophes suggests that the viewer’s response can be sorted into three categories: “vicarious traumas”, which implies over-arousal, b) “empty empathy” which implies inert passivity, and, finally, c) “witnessing”, a pro-social, possible ethical engagement with the suffering in question (Kaplan, 2008). In an attempt to evoke the third of these responses, the paper juxtaposes a detail from the photo with the painting. The aim is to occasion an iconoclastic transvaluation of the values of these already established icons within the world’s collective memory. Yet, this memory is rather “collectively instructed” (Sontag) in order to conceal its horrific “abject” (Kristeva). The juxtaposition creates a third image in a process that affords an experiment into how we may enter into a ‘becoming witnesses’ as viewers, more able, from time to time, to deal with the abjects of our time.
Keywords:Holocaust, organizational aesthetics, ethics
TECHNOLOGIES OF THE SELF AS MEANS OF TRANSLATION IN AN OBESITY INTERVENTION Levay, Charlotta; Lund U.; [email protected]
This paper explores the multiple ‘technologies of the self’ used in a health care intervention for parents of overweight and obese preschoolers. It identifies the main techniques deployed to induce self-reflection and self-change – recording and representation, goal setting, etc. – and investigates the implicated associations, disassociations, and translations. The analysis shows that the self-technologies are recurrent, mutually reinforcing, and interdependent, forming a ‘loop
of reflexivity’. Parents as well as the health professionals involved are potentially transformed in the loop. This conceptualization explicates both the strength and precariousness of self-technologies and attempted webs of associations. It addresses recent criticisms in organizational research of Foucauldian and actor-network theory studies for deterministic models and skewed renditions of agency.
Keywords:Technologies of the self, Translation, Obesity Intervention
THE HEART OF SOCIAL ENTERPRISE
Hull, Richard; Newcastle U., UK; [email protected]
In this paper I will first be examining some of the academic and research issues that are current and yet-to-emerge in relation to social enterprise; and secondly attempting to illustrate some of these issues through discussion of a particular case-study organisation, a rural community broadband co-operative with which I have been closely involved for nearly four years. I will in particular be focussing firstly upon questions of leadership in social enterprises, and secondly upon critical perspectives on the economic and political context within which social enterprises must perforce operate.
Keywords:CMS, Social Enterprise, Leadership
THE NARRATIVE CONSTRUCTION OF DIVERSITY IN A
CROSS-CULTURAL CONTEXT Belhoste, Nathalie; EM Lyon; [email protected]
I offer to investigate the construction of diversity in an intercultural context. The analysis of the narratives of 14 French managers and 14 of their close Indian collaborators in India aims to highlight the heterogeneity in how the actors construct and perceive diversity, with a focus on how does national culture arise in these naratives. I propose a description of three distinct types of self-construction of diversity: distinction, differentiation and distancing. I use a a five-step multimethod approach. This makes it possible to determine the groupings made by the actors themselves. The actors make groupings based on their perception of what is legitimate. This approach also allows us to observe the intensity and prevalence of these groupings in their rethorical schemes. The study suggests that a cross-cultural relationship should not only be analysed according to national cultures or identities, but also in terms of the different forms of diversity at play in the categorization of the actors. The implication of the article concerns the importance of not considering culture as central to intercultural discourses and suggests measuring the impact of these discourses on organizations.
Keywords:Diversity's construction, Cross-Cultural Management, India
THE ORIGINS, LAUNCH AND DIFFUSION OF THE
COMMUNITY INTEREST COMPANY Haugh, Helen; U. of Cambridge; [email protected]
Peredo, Ana- Maria; U. of Victoria, Centre for Co-operative and Community-
Based Economy; [email protected]
The foundations of liberalism are the creation and protection of private property rights, exchange mediated through the market mechanism, and individual entrepreneurship. Yet there are alternative forms of property rights; not all exchange occurs in markets; and community entrepreneurship continues to thrive. We adopt an institutional perspective to examine the creation of the community interest company (CIC) in the UK. This innovative organizational format was established in 2005 for organizations that pursue community benefit and in which property rights are held collectively and protected in perpetuity. The rationale for the creation of the CIC is that asset ownership can be a driver for development, and that by enabling communities to own assets, this can support local community development: the local economy can be stimulated, new enterprises created, new jobs generated and wealth anchored in communities, together creating a society in which there is a fairer, more equitable distribution of wealth. We propose that the CIC shows how social innovation can lead to institutional entrepreneurship. Based on our analysis of the origins, launch and diffusion of the CIC, we identify the process of manoeuvring to explain the active creation of the constellation of agents, incentives and structure for social innovation.
Keywords:Third Sector, Community Interest Company, Property Rights
� � � � THE POLYPHONY OF CORPORATE SOCIAL
RESPONSIBILITY. DECONSTRUCTING ACCOUNTABILITY AND TRANSPARENCY.
Christensen, Lars Thøger; U. of Southern Denmark; [email protected]
Thyssen, Ole; Copenhagen School; [email protected] Morsing, Mette; Copenhagen Business School; [email protected]
The pressure on organizations to demonstrate their responsibility toward society has intensified markedly over the last few years. Under these circumstances, and especially in the wake of the financial crisis, corporate social responsibility is increasingly equated with notions such as accountability and transparency. The assumption seems to be that corporate social responsibility is ensured as long as organizations and their leaders are accountable and transparent vis-à-vis their stakeholders (e.g., Rawlins, 2009). We challenge this assumption. Not only because polyphony and ambiguity is inevitable in human communication, but also because the quest for accountability and transparency is bound to fail. In this paper, we challenge naïve expectations with respect to accountable and transparent organizations in the hope of keeping the debate about business’ ethical role in society alive and vibrant.
Keywords:corporate social responsibility, transparency, accountability
THE RESEARCHER AS THE OTHER: A POST-COLONIAL
INTERPRETATION OF THE BRAZILIAN BORAT Alcadipani, Rafael; EAESP-FGV; [email protected]
Rosa, Alexandre Reis; EAESP-FGV; [email protected]
In this article we discuss issues related to the use of the ethnographic method in academic business research. Our specific goal is to analyse how differences of a colonial mould preserve social hierarchies, which manifest themselves in scientific research. This analysis is the result of ethnography carried out in a British organization and it shows how the Brazilian researcher is perceived by his European object of study. In order to understand this relationship, the article uses post-colonial theory for analysis based on criticism of Eurocentrism and its intention to
achieve “uni-versal” knowledge and thus produce a “truth” about The Other, who is an inferior non-European. In this case, it is expressed in the form of a Tropicalism that attributes various stereotypes to the inhabitants of the Latin American continent and is characterized by epistemic racism. The results of the analysis have led us to the conclusion that even when the non-European is the researcher, who sees the European as The Other, there is an inversion of roles which puts the non-European back in the position of The Other – which historically has been seen by traditional epistemology as the object of research (and speculation) by the European subject. As a result, the supposed separation between the subject and object of research as a methodological resource for the analysis of social phenomena is compromised, as it is not possible to apply this separation during the course of scientific research.
Keywords:postcolonialism, ethnography, qualitative research
THE RHETORIC OF INSTITUTIONAL CHANGE Brown, Andrew D.; U. of Bath; [email protected]
Ainsworth, Susan; U. of Melbourne; [email protected]
Grant, David Stephen; U. of Sydney; [email protected]
This paper analyzes how an individual text makes a case rhetorically for institutional change. It focuses in particular on how an Australian Senate Committee report on aged care argued that the young disabled should be accommodated and cared for separately from the elderly. Drawing on Aristotle’s three types of rhetorical justification, logos, pathos and ethos, the research contribution we make is threefold. First, we show that the multiple competing logics which often dominate a field can become incorporated into key texts. As a result the notionally rational argumentation repertoires which support each logic exist in tension, and are prone to contradict each other, making it difficult for a text to support convincingly one logic rather than another on the basis of logos appeals. In such instances, a text may favour one logic over another through the strategic use of moralizing and emotion-evoking discourse. Second, we analyze how the use of appeals to ethos and pathos function by connecting to the construction of valued identities and by drawing on dominant cultural myths. Third, we theorize these textual strategies as an act of institutional translation which aimed to reconfigure relations of power/knowledge.
Keywords:Rhetoric, Change, Power
THE USELESSNESS OF USEFUL EDUCATION AND THE
USEFULNESS OF USELESS EDUCATION Learmonth, Mark; U. of Nottingham; [email protected]
Lockett, Andy; U. of Nottingham; [email protected]
The ambition of this essay is to promote debate that encourages scholars to challenge received wisdoms in management education. The discourse surrounding the usefulness of management education is one such received wisdom, which has led to an unquestioned assumption about the importance of relevance, as defined by key stakeholders. We challenge this assumption through a reading of Adam Smith’s seminal work on the usefulness of universities in The Wealth of Nations. Our reading demonstrates how usefulness and uselessness can emerge from surprising places. In particular, it highlights how, paradoxically, the desire to make management education useful in the short-run may well turn out to promote uselessness in the long-run; while what appears useless in the short-run may well turn out to have its uses.
Keywords:critical management education, finance, deconstruction
� � � � TOWARDS A CRITICAL THEORY OF VALUE
CREATION IN CROSS-SECTOR PARTNERSHIPS Le Ber, Marlene J; U. of Western Ontario; [email protected]
This paper develops a critical theory of value creation in cross-sector partnerships by recasting value creation from the standpoint of the beneficiary. We first contrast several critical theory strands to articulate whether, when and how beneficiaries may (or may not) engage in value creation in cross-sector partnerships. We then introduce the construct of beneficiary voice to delineate three distinct roles that beneficiaries may play in value creation in cross-sector partnerships: voice-receiving, voice-making and voice-taking. For each role, we unpack the principles, relations and relational processes underpinning value creation. We then develop a set of generative tensions that help ‘fill out’ the interstices among different critical theory strands. The resulting creative hybrid of critical management theories complements mainstream management theorizing by contributing a more nuanced and more overtly socialized relational foundation of value creation to the resource based view.
Keywords:value creation, cross-sector partnerships, beneficiary voice
UNDO THE MATH! ORGANIZATIONAL IMPLICATIONS OF
CROSS-CULTURAL AND CROSS-DISCIPLINARY SEMIOTIC GAPS
Idelson, Marc; HEC Paris; [email protected]
In a critical management study, drawing on Aristotelian analysis of language (Aristotle, 2000; Benveniste, 1966) and historical analysis of what (Crosby, 1997) coins “modern society’s pentametric mentalité”, we attempt to prove (a) numbers, space and time are social constructs and (b) philological methods —revealing semiotic gaps (Cruse, 2004; Lyons, 1995) — shed light unmatched by past multicultural surveys (Hofstede, 1983; House, Hanges, Javidan, Dorfman, & Gupta, 2006). From this, we plan to demonstrate the merits of (a) exercising self-doubt, open-mindedness, and unlearning capability, whilst in cross-cultural and cross-disciplinary contexts, and (b) awareness of cross-cultural and cross-disciplinary cognitive gaps at the individual, team, group and organizational levels.
Keywords:knowledge management, semiotics, information and communication
UNEQUAL CAREERS: TAKING INEQUALITIES INTO
ACCOUNT IN CAREERS RESEARCH Jones, Deborah; Victoria U. of Wellington; [email protected]
Pringle, Judith; Auckland U. of Technology; [email protected]
We argue that inequalities permeate all careers. Our inquiry centres on how inequalities can be taken into account in careers research. While careers cannot be considered without invoking inequalities, inequalities are rarely discussed explicitly in the careers literature. In this paper we critically review this literature, and take a diversity and intersectionality approach to argue that careers take place within “inequality regimes” (Acker, 2006b). To illustrate how the concept of
inequality regimes may be used analytically, we use Acker’s heuristic ‘points of entry’ to explore the processes that perpetuate inequality in university careers.
Keywords:careers, diversity, research
WHO (TRULY) CARES ABOUT KNOWLEDGE
MANAGEMENT? THE CASE OF A MULTINATIONAL Vo, Linh-Chi; Ecole Centrale Paris; [email protected]
Corbette, Isabelle; Ecole Centrale Paris; [email protected]
Mounoud, Eleonore; Ecole Centrale Paris; [email protected]
In this article, we studied who truly care about knowledge management at Cement Inc, a multinational. We examined who have passion for that idea and compassion for the knowledge managers once it has been adopted and put in place. This objective was inspired by the theme of the conference and the concept of care. From the findings of our PhD work, we saw that KM was adopted by Cement Inc. only as a strategic and cosmetic response to the external environment, which led to painful experience of being KMers in the company. The theme “Dare to Care” made us realize that there is a lack of care at Cement Inc. and raised the need to re-examine our data based on the dimensions of care. The first thesis’ data were re-analyzed based on the narrative approach and Ricoeur’s concept of emplotment, the second thesis’ data on Dewey’s pragmatic framework and interpretive phenomenological approach. It was found that organizational actors show no passion for the idea of KM and compassion for the KMers. The KMers’ lives are very difficult. They manage to do the job and remain motivated by having compassion for themselves. Having compassion is not enough. It is their passion for some aspects of the job that are their moral support. Other than that, the KMers do not show passion for KM and compassion for their fellow employees. This article indicates the important role of care for managing and organizing. Without care, a popular management idea may be then “buried” in the organization.
Keywords:care, knowledge management, knowledge manager
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