Sinophone Studies: A Critical Reader

7/23/2019 Sinophone Studies: A Critical Reader

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nopon ss sas sl a nscon o a vay o acacscoss an ls a av no bn lnk w ac o oplac no pocv laonsps an copasons n pas. Woplyng any acy n sqnc, s s sy o colonal langagcls n pvos o cn colons l by Anglopon an Fancoponss a xan lgacs o Bs an Fnc pals n Asa, Cabban, an Aca. O copv ps o abo sasocal po sc as os o Un as, Gany, an, la,

Japan, as wll as os ps a a ac g n al p-os sc as os o pan an Pogal, av cv c lss atnon nposcolonal ss, no o non os a w no cognz as sc

a all, spcally a o Cna. Only n las n yas o so av Acansoans o Cna l way o ocn, analyz, an oz s-oy an na o Qng Cna (16441911) as an Inn Asan p o po-c wa as bn call a Nw Qng soy. T clos sacon Qng lay conqs an polcal colonzaon o vas aas byonCna popMongola, Xnjang, an bas gna a nw con-cpon o Cnas ol n wol soy o las wo n yas oa o vc o a o p.

Ts bla ncaon o Cna as p copls on o qy asons o s pvos scognon, wc las on o qson vyca o non o p po o s n n soogapy

Inocon

Wha Is Sinophone Sudies?

Shu-mei Shih


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2 I N r O d U C I O N

o Cna. T obvos answ s a ols o on ps avlagly bn Eopan an ocanc, was Qng xpanson was non-Eopan an occ lagly on connnal lan ass. Eopanno ly as gogapcal sgnaon b as connong vals o sp-oy, aonaly, an nlgnn, wc Eop spposly boan spa og s colonal npss, no apply o Cna, ncQng pals was convnnly l o. Gan plosop o soyG. W. F. Hgl ngnosly lnk sa w Eopannss: T Eo-pan sa s ly Eopan only n so a as as lnks w sa.1 H

wn on o pasz a Eops a pncpl s ans anason o Eopan onanc an spoy, was Asa s l

by s lanlock sas, o wc sa s wo sgncanc.2 Ta pncpl bacng o lns o x, ang, an

sconbngs o llln Eopan v o on colonsan s o bass o Eopan colonals. Lackng s pncpl,an o lackng ol o l o sp byon sl, Asac

by non col no on colons an b ps.3 On ay answHgls povocaon n a las wo ways: by paszng long asoy o Cna, as any scolas av on, o pov a Cna was nolanlock as ps,4 an by cognzng a n o o colonal-s o Cna, o wa ay b call connnal colonals, an scallngng nvabl coplng o on pal onanc w ocanc o o xpanson.

Hsoans o Cna av xplan bla cognon w an nlyn aonal, as al o gonc Cns soogapy, wcconsc a ospcv, nnp naav o Cna as vc, vnog os o a naav was bas on vns a -nnncny. In s naav o vcoo, ss o Cnas waknss won o av bn gnang ogo Qng dynasy, an -o gn-cny Qng xpansons was wo sgncanc, o

boow Hgls pas. I was a convnn way o co Qng palso oblvon so a a con naav o vcoo col b ospc-vly consc an sol. Ts vc naav was ccal n lg-zng sng o Cns naonals o rpblcan volonog psn ay, vn og Cna s gng as on o ospowl cons n conpoay wol. ol Qng pals b

bog p o con vc naav, owv, Han naonalss canalso convnnly qaly as Manc an ass a rpblcan vol-on was an vn agans Manc gaaon o Han Cns naon.Han naonalss, n o wos, can coos o cla la-Qng vcooan ny -Qng pals, sng scos o pan-Cns


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I N r O d U C I O N 3

naonals o Han naonals. All wl, ac o at s apsn-ay Cna as n all colonal spols o Qng p,

w xcpon o O Mongola.T connnal colonals o Qng xpan oy o Cna

pop by o an wool, an s sp-nlag oal ngywas lagly n by rpblc o Cna (19111949) an Poplsrpblc o Cna (sabls n 1949). Connnal colonals n s aQng lgacy a conns p o psn, an nscos con-os o a ajo aa o nopon ss as sy o colonz poplsan clsnow naonal noy popls o, n ofcal lngo,noy naonalswn naon-sa o Cna. By v o sconnnal na, colonz os no abl o atan npnnco Cna av bn sysacally ncopoa no naon-sa.

Wl Fancopon ss as as s objc x-colons a a npnno colons a an pnn b a gogapcally loca os oFanc pop, colonal lgacs o Qng Cna conn o b playo laglywihin naon-sa o Cna o connnal na oCnas colonals. nopon ss as as on o s objcs cl,soy, an socy o noy popls wo av acq o a oc oacq sana nc langag o Manan, on a xpns o nav langags. T Cns govnn abols blngal ca-on n Xnjang n 2009, o nsanc. Ts s colonal conx o no-pon ss.

T scon aa w wc nopon ss s ngag n alog s sy o spsal o pal langag cls aon wol n so-call aspoa ss. Fo os, sol b a cla a no-pon ss s al o ls o aspoc paag. T diaspora,

wn appl o os w pow, s lagly a ps a covs p sysac an wspa volnc agans nav popls a accopan stln o pal sbjcs, sc as Fnc n Qbc, Bs

n Un as an Asala, an pans an Pogs n Acas. Ts o o stln alls claly n cagoy o stlcolonzaon, no aspoa. tl colonals s, n s sns, ak s-ocal ns o so-call aspoa o pal sbjcs. T volnco stl colonals was o on ogotn an ows, bcas stln a appn a long ago, wc spposly ns abg-os as o wo as poy o cla naon, naon bng stlscaon o bgn w. Ts s s psycosocal ynac o o-nan, colonal stl o ows, a can b scb as a wlll ansaxcs on pas. Aonally, voln conon o stl colonal-s as no n n os o s placs, now n cobnaon w nnal


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colonals agans no only ngnos popls b also nc nosn conpoay naon-sas. Ts s scon psycosocal ynac o onan a can b scb as a savowal o psn. T wopsycosocal pocs o ansa an savowal a wo ss o sacon, ally jsyng ac o o anan sas qo o stlcolonal (Hspanc, Anglo-axon, Han, o ows) spacy n vaosstl colons.

In Cna, connos, lag-scal, sa-sponso gaon an s-ln o onan Han Cns o os o b, Xnjang(lally anng nw onon), an Inn Mongola, as wll as o sowsn gons nab by vaos ngnos popls, can b

vw as a copaabl cas, agan og a pocss o connnal colonal-s a aks o o stl-c-nnal colonals. T lan-bas,

sa-sponso stln aks aspoa an pobabl cagoy ,no only bcas colons a congos n gogapy w o-pol, b also bcas s Han aspoa s no occng n conx oss as w Jws aspoa. Ts Han stls a lagly ovao ga o s on gons o conoc asons, no nlk osstl colonzs ogo soy n n pas o wol. In anypas o s lag on gons, Hans a gaally bcongno alay av bco ajoy ov nav popls. Ts as-sv Han gaon an stln as spawn a pocss o Hancaon,as wll as Han-cnc vlopn, an as poonly al clal,lngsc, polcal, conoc, an lgos lanscaps o s aas, no onon ncas volaly n nc laons, as wnss by psngsan os n b an Xnjang n 2008 an 2009.

Po o Qng, gaon o Hans n lag nbs a anlybn og sa os o awan an oas Asa, wc a alsopoc saons o stl colonals, alb n lay colonal con-ons o Eopan psnc. Wn Mng loyalss av n awan

n svnn cny, awan was a dc colony. Fo occpa-on by dc o psn, as bn a sysac an wspaoppsson o Asonsan ngnos popls n awan by wa can

b call a serial colonals w dc, Japans, an Han colonzsn n ook p job o colonal conol an oppsson va wa IalanMaxs Anono Gasc as call bo was o anv (lay con-qs an onaon og volnc) an was o poson (ologcalan clal nclcaon an conol).5 Ingnos cons n awanconn o b sckn w alcools, o-gaon, conoc a-sp, an clal a vn as ngnos conscosnss an lclalawanss a on s.


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T Han stls n pas o oas Asa, locally call Ha o Hoa, po o aval o Eopan colonzs col also b consstl colons. oas Asa, o Nanyang n Cns agnay, assocally bn plac w Han Cns wn o acq a lvl-oo, an os sably, a on. Plp Kns syChinese Among Oh-ers sows xnsv an connos gaon o Cns popls o son coasal aas o Cna o gon, a Zng Hs sccsslxpons n aly n cny an ogly snc aon Colbs ac Aca, nscong ow Cns gaon con-ss an poan aco o global a a conncng Asa o Acas an Eop. Qng po Kangxs 1684 c xplans wy

was poan o l a ban, ntnly pos an abolsog cns, an poo a a an assoca gaon

no only o sak o popla lvloo an conoc pospy oFjan an Gangong povncs, b also o nanc sa vn ocan pos.6 W o wo pal cos sancons, Cnsgans l o oas Asa o bco po anags, csos col-lcos, cy bls, ax as, an ang ln, bcong, a aval o Eopan colonals, ssnal coajos o Wsncolonals.7 Ty w so sccssl a nancal pow sosxc a o Eopan colonzs o nav ls.8

Bo copon an sppsson by Eopan colonals, ow-v, so Cns gans acally s p sl-govnng, oalgs w a la ocs n Malaya an Ws Bono.9 Lan Fangrpblc, sabls by Hakkas o Canon n oays Wsn Kalan-an, was sppos o av bn n xsnc o o an a n yas,nl dc soy . c collcv c o gaon by -cans, labos, as wll as olaws, s akn o stl colonals nl aval o Eopans, an ayb vn og Eopan colonalpo, bcas was ng Eopan po a gaon o

Cna ac s pak. T pacc was so wspa an saonwas so wll known a l o non o an ponn la Qngo an a oyn o on Cns og, Lang Qcao, o clan 1906: In n o o kngos o Nanyang, ajoy o poplaon a scn o Yllow Epo. W o sanpon o gogapy o soy, y a naal colons o o popl.10

A all, Nanyang conss o babaan slans nab by baba-ans,11 an wov go sol b abl o ak naal colons. Toccason was Langs agogapy o g Cns colonzs n oas

Asa n an ssay nl Bogaps o Eg Ga Mn n Cns Colo-nals, w clba lvs o g Cns slans an onacs


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acoss oas Asa. T xpnc o Cns gaon o oasAsa, n s, s cly n o a o Wsn wol, vnog w also conac labos an cools nvolv.12 Kn con-cls a w can cons s soy o gaon as Cnas own oo ovsas xpanson.13 Consng lan ny o any C-ns gans n Eopan colonals, w g also conss a kn o ln stl colonals a xs pow ov localpoplaons n pav conol by Eopans.

Cns aspoa as a nvsal cagoy s o poblac nany ways.14 Fs, aspoa s a ps a vs atnon o

volnc o stl colonals an s sanazs ansa an savowalas ncssay conon o stl colonzs gony. T saons nawan an oas Asa a n o xn a awan, lk n-

gapo, conns o b a Han-onan socy, was Ha a nownos n os oas Asan cons w xcpon o sopos o Malayan soy po o npnnc o Malaysa. con, a o Cns aspoa also s Hans n awan an oas

Asa o Cns olan vn a cns av pass, an p-ss clal pnnc on, no polcal loyaly o, Cna. B Hanpopls n awan an oas Asa a no Zhongguoren (Cns naon-als), a sally sansla as Cns. T Cns Malaysanscall slvs Ma Ha an Hokkn nng o Cnsnss songoa, no vson o Cna, Zonga.15 Unlss w qa bngCns w bng Han (og Cna as a las 55 o ofcally c-ognz nc gops) an cons agan w bng a Cns naonal(og a any n kns o Cns popls n n paso wol w all n naonals), w n o s Zhong-guoren/he Chinese w c ga caon an spccy an b awao vay o ways o bng Ha an nopon, awans, Malaysan,o ows.

T l w wc nopon ss wll av pocv a-log s nc ss o noy ss. Wv Hans av gaov cns (as cools, nn o conac labos, cans,sns, gans, o lnaonal capalss) an bco an nczan acalz Ha noy, annanc an colzaon o

vaos nc langags an clsponanly oc, Fkns,an Canons n al pos, an o pvasvly Manan oayconss bass o a pacla aspc o nopon ss as syo nc-langag cls os Cna an acoss wol. Placs scas Un as, Ban, Gany, Asala, an Canaa av sn n-opon cls o b vban o vansng, w al gans


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avng localz o an o oogly ov gnaons an w nwgans connosly plnsng cos o nopon clal po-cons.16 T cang o polcal ons o Ha popl a n-pnnc o oas Asan naon-sas also ns a noyn s cons n so a as polcal an clal pow s no co-nsa w conoc pow, an y a pncosly sbjco sa-sponso nocns. B nopon cl was an s noonly poc by Ha popl b also by popl o vaos ncs,an s s n no by ncy (og ncy an langag so-s cospon) b by langag. W s o Cna, on can anc-pa s o an ofcal vson o nopon, sla o Fncofcal vson o Fancopon, w ofcally sancon sanaMananoncally an appopaly call Hany, langag o

Hansacqs absol val n an o sl.17 T coplxs an cal-lngs acng nc-langag cls an cons n s o locaon, non, pocon, an ssnaon a nvably anol,sc a on ns always o paclaz a gvn clal pacc anxplo s anngs n laon o a gvn plac a a gvn socal on.

T pass on sonancs w nc ss as a las woplcaons. I ogons non-aspoc, local na o noponcl n a gvn naon-sa as an ngal pa o a naon-sas l-clals an llngals. Fo nsanc, nopon Acan cls Acan cl, an nc langags spokn n Un as sol

b cons as noy Acan langags. I nsans a, vn ns songs nosalga o ycal o acal Cna, nopon cls plac-bas an blongs o plac w s poc. Nosalga oCna n nopon Acan cl s nosalga poc o xp-nc o lvng n Un as, nc s a o o Acan nosalga.nopon cl s a ansnaonal pnonon as on can n vy-

w n wol, b n s spcc xpsson an pacc, s n

o plac o plac. nopon cl s o ansnaonal n cons-on an oaon b local n pacc an aclaon.

nopon Mllngals

In pas w yas, scolas av s Sinophone o lagly no-av pposs o lally an Cns-spakng o wtn n Cns.a-lng Wong s o sgna Cns Acan la wtn nCns as oppos o Engls;18 Qng soans Pala Kyl Cossly, Ev-lyn . rawsk, an Jonaan Lpan scb Cns-spakng Msls


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n Cna as nopon Msls (also known as H) as oppos oUygs Msls wo spak kc langags;19 an Paca cafnan Laa Macon sngs bwn ban ws wo w n ban scp an nopon ban ws.20 Evn og an p-pos o s scolas s o s noav, nlyng nns o clay conas by ac o nang: Wong xposs Anglopon

bas o Asan Acans scolas an sows a Asan Acan las llngal; Cossly, rawsk, an Lpan pasz a Msls nCna av vgn langags, sos, an xpncs; cafn anMacon sggs pcan o ban ws wo w n lan-gag o colonz an wos ny s bon p w lngsc -ncs.21 In y al s o , I ws o pasz, w spccnc o nopon Malaysan an Inonsan la, ncssy

o nang nopon la as no la as oppos oCns la as ajo la. I atp, by Sinophone,o gv a na o os bos o xs a av bn gvn oosan consng noncla la n Cns (huayu wenxue, wtnos Cna) as oppos o Cns la (Zhongguowenxue, wtnns Cna). T sanc abgy o wo s ass o o so Cns n bo cass, wc s oo oognzng o ak any ccal

wok possbl.22 My ol a was wa a bn known as Maalalally, Malaysan la wtn by Ha o wtn nHay o Hawnwc blongs o Malaysan naonal la, b sagnalz n Malaysa an vyw ls. nopon Malaysan la- s a no la no n sns a s a no la wtn n ajo langag ( la dlz an Gata), b a no la wtnn a noy langag wn a gvn naon sa, bng o lngsc anclal ogny wn ps onolngal, Malay-onan,naonal la o Malaysa.

T connc o s n, noav ss o Sinophone

as allow o cons nopon as poc o scpan bnla socal pocsss nvolvng n colonal oaons (con-nnal, nnal, stl), ovns o Ha popl, an ssna-on o nc langags by wll o by oc, pocng no an noycls on agns o Cna an Cnsnss wn gopolcal

bonay o Cna as wll as wo, n vaos locaons acoss wol.T nopon spacs a scat aon wol an nopon cl- s poc n n locaons, b n ac s nopon s aplac-bas, local cl, n alog w o cls o a locaon.Ts l-local nopon ns also o b xan o any -n scplnay pspcvssc as la, l, anopology, an


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soys nopon ss s nnly a lscplnay an n-scplnay nqy. Ts cn vol as cosn o ocs o on l-a bcas la as bn a pvlg gn n nopon clsacoss wol, b sy o nopon cna, sc, poanc,nwspap pblsng, an so o ns o b poo as wll.

On an nc n s concpon o nopon o s pv-os ss as Cns-spakng ss n asson a, js as nclangags a l-ong, nopon s no onoponc b polyponc.nc langags blong o so-call no-ban langag aly (Han-zang yx), wc s on o lags n wol. T ban pa o aly s o bo-Ban langags a ncl alos o n- langags n oal spokn acoss Cna, b, o Asa, an pas ooas Asa. T no pa o langag aly s o nc

langags, w so-call alcs a acally n langags oopolcs, as Vco Ma as sown.23 nc langag cons -o o all cons a spak Manan, Canons, Fkns,Hakka, oc, an so o, an nc nopon ss s a sy nvolv-ng any langags an nopon la s sl a llngal la.I s no asy o nopon o b onolngal o onologcal, an nvably gss lpl ongs spokn n consan nacon ancolzaon w ngnos an o local langags n a gvn plac. no-pon Malaysan ws, o nsanc, on ncopoa Engls, Malay, anal no wok, no o non on cossng bwn n nclangags sc as Manan, Hokkn, an Canons. In s sns, no-pon la sol b ansla n Manan as Huayu yuxi wenxue, l-as o nc langag aly, o no lplcy o langags

wn aly, no Huayu wenxue o Huawen wenxue, la wtn nsana Manan.

T pocon o a sana langag s nvabl consqnco pocss o naon oaon, as was an conns o b n Cna

w sana langag was call naonal langag (guoyu) -ng rpblcan po an n coon langag (puonghua)snc. Eqally, Malay bca naonal langag o Malaysa only a snpnnc, an s connosly poo n plac o Engls, Manan,an al. Ts s o say a acal lngsc caogapy o wol,og ll w naons a ass lngsc oogny n o o sana naonal langag, s c ss. T ponan langago nnn-cny Han gans o Un as was, o nsanc,Canons, an y no call slvs Zhongguoren b ang psons(ongyn). Ty bca Cns o Cnan only by acalz assgna-on a aval n a osl Un as. T ponan langags


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o Cns Malaysans a oc, Hokkn, an Canons, w all local ncons an ybzaons, an y call slvs Ha, no C-ns, an call sana Manan Hay ( langag o Ha),no Hany ( langag o Han). T ponan nc langag oawan s Mnnan, wl a o Cns Koans s anongs an C-ns Ialans Wnzoa, an so o. Bwn an aong oy o so

vas, nc langags a so vs a spaks a on -ally ncopnsbl o ac o, no o non nvabl colza-on an localzaon o s langags a as occ an conns oocc n vaos locals os Cna. Langags a, a all, lvng n-s. T nopon, n so, s polyponc an llngal.

Wn spokn nc langags a n n wtn o, sana scp s os on s, an s sana scp s sa by all

nopon cons. Ts saon s sla o Aabc, spokn as anyally nllgbl o nnllgbl langags b wtn n on sana,classcal scp. Howv, Canons, awans, Hokkn, an o nclangags o a w ang o n caacs o sana scp,

w nw caacs a ac ay o gs vas o nc lan-gags, no o non a sana nc scp was nv no psss o localzaon an ybzaon. In nopon awanla, o nsanc, nwly nvn caacs gs Mnnan, Hakka,an abognal sons; n nopon Malaysan la, Malay, Engls,an al wos an xpssons pss py o nc scps by sc ws as L Yong-png; an n nopon Fnc la,Fnc synax an xpsson nlcably n way no sanascp. In cas o nopon noy la n Cna, wos o va-os noy langags sc as ban, Mongolan, Ta, o Aabc appaqnly ansla o ansla, ognzng sanascp o a sgncan xn. nc langags n localz ss n sonan n scp o pos poan callngs o cv conscon

o Han nolngsc oogny on on an, an abay val-aon o wa s sana langag o naonal langag, on o.T nopon s o no only o any sons (polyponc) b alsoo lpl oogaps (polyscpc).

Monolngals o naonal langag sas w naonals paaoxs a Bnc Anson as atb o lat: ssppos o b on, b oacvly cas a gnalogy o anqyo jsy sl an s s aavsc; s sppos o b nvsal, b sconc ansaons a pacla; as polcal pow b s poo anncon as a plosopy.24 Monolngals o naonal langag s, nso, nsc, aavsc, an plosopcally wak, oclosng psn


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an ponals o lngsc vsy an cnss. In conas, ln-gsc cons a opn an cangng cons w b-sps ca, langags a o vn sappa, an ynacs aonglangags an sags consanly anso ac langag. Fnc p-losop Enn Balba aks an poan pon wn nos a langag cony s a conyin he presen, wc pocs l-ng a as always xs, b wc lays own no sny o sc-cssv gnaons. T lngsc cony, o, as a sangplascy, an s always possbl o appopa sval langags an on onsl no a n kn o ba o scos an o anso-aons o langag.25 nopon ss aks as s ps plascyo nc langags o no pn sns, vn o xn a l o nopon ss g ac s s a l. Hnc s

poan o cognz a nopon cls can b vban o vansng,an n s a pnonon o clba o lan. nopon cl-s an cons xs, po, an y sv o b s.

Hsocal Pocsss

o s p, nopon ss aks as s objcs o syhe Siniic-languagecommuniies and culures ouside China as well as ehnic minoriy communiiesand culures wihin China where Mandarin is adoped or imposed. Ts lngs-c cons, as can b glan o pvos scsson, a laglyo og nla socal pocsss o connnal colo-nals, stl colonals, an ()gaon, w s pocsss so-s nscng o ovlappng w ac o. o laboa :

Coninenal Colonialism: Unlk pans, Pogs, Bs, Fnc, anBs colonalss a sabls colons anly ovsas va an ocancajcoy, Cnas colons o nnal colons a pocs o connnal

colonals.T os o Mongola, b, an Xnjang (wc was pvosly

call Zngaa n no an a Basn n so) w nco-poa an annx by Qng Ep n gn cny oga ss o colonal was lang o an xnsv an wll-n colonal an-saon. Fo s xpss ns n nnc laonsps wn p, cn Qng soogapy as bn bb nc n n C-ns s. nopon ss sas sl wn s nc n as sy o nc langag, spcally sana Hany, cls by ncnos n Cna. Mongols, Mancs, bans, an any o ncpopls spak lpl langags. Ty a nopon o xn a


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y spak an w n Manan, a wllngly acq o oclly poslangag. O noy cons sc as os n owsn

bo aas also o llngal cons a ss o aap o ps-ss o Han Cns asslaon n n ways an o n gs.

T closs paalll o s noy nopon cons wnCna g b on n pos-ov sas sc as Goga, Ukan, anKazaksan a a rssopon og a pocss o connnal colo-nals ng Czas an ov pos. Ty sa n coon, onsanc, o cn lgacy o a pacla socals vson o lcl-als an s vnal s. In cas o Inn Mongola, b, an

Xnjang, owv, y a no y poscolonal, nc clal anpolcal pojcs n o b cn on ancolonal o colonal os,sla o os o ngnos popls n Un as. In s sns,

nopon abognal la o awan g o bs paalllxapl w nopon ban la o nopon Uyg la.

An analyss o pacla na o connosly xsng connnalcolonal conons s o vy c n o wnv w analyznopon clal aals o s so-call on gons, ba-ng n n a s aas a sgna ons o Han-cncpspcv cooably nsconc n a cns-ol cnal plan-s(zongyan zongxn zy). Ts book ncls sval caps on no-y la o Cna, wc sow ow nc noy ws panllyngoa bwn langags an cls o w n onan langago Han. T paag o no la, as s p by dlz anGata, woks wll w s boy o woks, n a s no la s

wtn n ajoy langag, s polcal n na, an on aks ona collcv val.26

Setler Colonialism: T cagoy o stl colonals appls o consw stls conn o b ols o ajo os o nsonal, pol-cal, conoc, an clal pow. T lag nx o Han Cns oay o

Xnjang an b a s lng balanc o ogapcs o Han avoay b cons a nw o o stl colonals a opas salssly

w connnal colonals. Igans o Cna av on slan oawan bgnnng n svnn cny an poc o colonz abognal Asonsan popls, vn og awan a pvosly bnsbjc o dc colonals, an la o Japans colonals, ollow

by a nw g o Cna a Wol Wa II. T Han awans n a-wan spak Manan, Hakka, an Hoklo, wl ngnos popls spaka vay o Asonsan langags as wll as langag o colonz,Manan. I s a saon o a lay colonals, b pow o Hanawans ov abogns ans ncons. Fo, awan s


14/17


ncasngly agnalz nnaonally an sbjc o sng pow oCna, wc so ay cons a nw o o colonal laonsp. Fanco-pon Qbc, a stl colony la sbjc o Bs pals, s n acan sns sla o awans sal an lay colonal cononbostl colonal an sbjc o boln o ano pow. nc awans a ajo s o nopon la, sval caps on awan laa ncl n s vol, nclng on on abognal ws ngoaon

w Han awans gony.Han Cns gans spakng n nc langags stl n

Bs colonal Malaya, an, as non al, wl ns co-noc an clal pow bo an a Bs aval. In noponMalaysan la, os noably n anos logy by awan-bas

w Cang K-sng, w s a powl cq o Han gans

stl colonal paccs on lan an popl o Malaya. A Malaysasnpnnc, ngapo was vnally sabls as a spaa naon-sa, w Ha ol ajo polcal an conoc pow, b no-pon cl s no onan cl. I s paps a socal ony acopa o nopon Malaysan la, wc can boas o an nbo-kn an vban gnalogy o wng o colonal po o ps-n, nopon ngapoan wng appas o av los so o s sns ogncy. T ac a poscolonal ngapo aop Engls as naonallangag, vn og ac czn s allow xpsson n s o o ong, appas o av l o nopon ngapoan lasno bng os s langag o xpsson. nopon la nngapo o s always b xan n conjncon w Anglo-pon la n conx o ofcal polcy o llngals on on an an globalzng plss o cy-sa on o.

(Im)migraion: Egaon, gaon, an gaon o Cna avocc ov cns, an a ol an nw nopon cons

w y stl all acoss wol. Plp Kns Chinese Among Ohers

ocns s soy q oogly. Ts socal pocss acs noonly os cons w s a sgncan stln o ganso Cna sc as Malaysa (abo 26 pcn o poplaon), b also

w gans claly cons a noy, sc as Un asan lsw. In s cvng cons, Cns gans a sallyno ols o ajo nsonalz os o pow, wn ls s snc-on o stl colonals. In cass o Malaysa an Plppns,owv, Cns Malaysans an Cns Flpnos wl consabl co-noc pow, og no polcal pow. Ts conons o lav pow

wll n o b calba n al wn on ss nopon Malaysanan nopon Flpno cls. Ts boy o nopon la n a gvn


15/17


naon-sa conss noy la wtn n noy langags,nc s no dlzan no la, sc as no la

wtn n ajoys langag by nopon abognal ws o awan.

Ovvw o Ts Book

Ts socal pocsss can ovlap an nsc, an snc-ons a sl b no absol. Ovall, lnaon o conos onopon ss s a socal an plac-bas on, sowng a nopon s no a nyng cagoy b a ognos oaon cal-

ba by an plac spccs o ac pacc an aclaon.Ts socal naons also lagly g slcon o

objcs an opcs o sac o nopon ss n s vol. Poo a o conc lnaon o nopon ss as a l, scolas axplo, o n locaons an nllcal vwpons, anngsan plcaons o bng on agns o Cna an Cnsnss. Tawoks ncl wanng Cns, aspoa, sc oal onaon, clal Cna, an so on, an w ncl xcps oso o s wly a ssays n scon nl dscpan Pspc-vs o gs os o scb s agnaly a no so naly no any xsng aa o sy. In opnng scon nlIsss an Conovss, w ncl xcps o ano s o wlya ssays a av bn paclaly povocav n callngng xsngpaags an ong nooox ways o aclang o ssng C-nsnss acoss Asala, Hong Kong, Malaysa, awan, an Unas. wo nw caps wtn o s vol jon aononons n s scon. og, caps n s wo scons sow connos npaons o wa ans o b on agns o Cnaan Cnsnss o Malaysa an Malaysannss, an so o, an y

xply nna b sa ss o na a l a s now g-ng as nopon ss.

In , longs scon o s vol, nl s an Acla-ons, so caps on ajo nopon ws an lay xs a con-s n gosocal conxs. W cos la as clalgn o ocs bcas, socally, wng o la as bn qnssnal navo o any nopon cons a a yng o anan ancsal langags o a oc o o so ocolonal posons. nopon la s spac w w can n os concna xploaon o wa ans o b nopon, n all slaos, connos, an paaoxcal ways. Ts so caps a


16/17


an o copln o concpal ons n s wo pas o book by ong sbsanv nocons o an ccal cons on soo ajo nopon ws an woks o n pas o

wol. og, pas op o o an aqa vw o poss-bl oans o nopon ss. T lagly ansc onaon o sbook ancpas alogs w socal scnc wok n noponss, sc as socologcal, socal, an o appoacs o gaon,cznsp, an colonals.

Nos

Poons o Inocon a awn o T Concp o nopon, PMLA 126.3

(May 2011) an Toy, Asa, an nopon, Poscolonial Sudies 12, no. 4 (2010):

465484.

1. Lecures on he Philosophy o World Hisory, ans. . H. B. Nsb (Cabg: Ca-

bg Unvsy Pss, 1980), 196.

2. Ib.

3. Te Philosophy o Righ, ans. . M. Knox (Oxo: Oxo Unvsy Pss, 1967),

247249.

4. , o nsanc, Mariime Asia, by Kal Anon pnga an roc Pak

anMariime China in ransiion, 17501850, by Wang Gngw an Ng Cn-Kong,

wo vols pbls n ss nl o Cna an Ma Asa pbls byHaassowz n Wsban, Gany.

5. Anono Gasc,Prison Noebooks (Nw Yok: Colba Unvsy Pss, 1992).

6. Plp Kn, Chinese Among Ohers: Emigraion in Modern imes (Lana an Nw

Yok: roan an Ltll, 2008), 21.

7. Ib., 12.

8. Kn nos, o nsanc, a by la gn cny, Cns wal n

dc Eas Ins ovsaow a o dc an Inonsans an vnally l o

dc cackown (154).

9. Kn, Chinese Among Ohers, 56.10. Qo n Kn, Chinese Among Ohers, 246.

11. Fo a 1724 ocn wtn by Lan dngyan o Qng co, Ib., 88.

12. Many conac labos an cools w acally bog ov o oas Asa by

Cns cans an anags. Fo a soy o Cns gaon o Un as,

s ronal akak, Srangers om a Dieren Shore: A Hisory o Asian Americans, pa an

vs on (Boson, Nw Yok, Lonon: Ltl, Bown, an Copany, 1998), an Is

Cang, Te Chinese in America: A Narraive Hisory (Nw Yok: Pngn Books, 2003).

13. Kn, Chinese Among Ohers, 12.

14. an Ang n s vol o a o al cq o aspoa paag.15. Many anks o Cong Fa Hng wo as gvn a pcs gloss on s s as

y a s n Malaysa.


17/17


16. On vansng o nopon, s n s vol.

17. T Hanban, a sa oganzaon a polgas an poos Hany-sy all

acoss wol, as aggssvly ov, w s nwly acq nancal pow, o sabls

Concs Inss n ajo nvss n Un as an Eop. Hanbans ll na

n Engls s Ofc o Cns Langag Concl Innaonal.

18. T Yllow an Black: T Acan Acan Psnc n nopon CnsAcan La, Chung Wai Lierary Monhly 34, no. 4 (pb 2005), 1554. Also

s Wong n s vol.

19. wok o Pala Kyl Cossly, Evlyn . rawsk, an Jonaan Lpan, sp-

cally Lpans ssay nEmpire a he Margins:Culure, Ehniciy, and Fronier in Early Modern

China (Bkly: Unvsy o Calona Pss, 2005), 86.

20. Paca cafn, T Langag dv: Iny an Lay Cocs n Mon

b,Journal o Inernaional Aairs 57, no. 2 (png 2004): 94; Laa Macon, Lon o

nowy Monans T ban Po Y da sng an Hs Cns Poy: rconsc-

ng ban Clal Iny n Cns n ibe, Sel, and he ibean Diaspora, . CsaanKlg (Lonon: Bll, 2002), 165194.

21. cafn, T Langag dv, 89.

22. , Agans daspoa, n s vol.

23. Vco Ma, Wa s a Cns dalc/opol? rcons on o Ky no-

Engls Lngsc s, Sino-Plaonic Papers 29 (pb 1991): 131.

24. Bnc Anson, Imagined Communiies: Reecions on he Origin and Spread o

Naionalism (Lonon: Vso, 1991), 5.

25. Enn Balba, T Naon Fo, n Race, Naion, Class: Ambiguous Ideniies, s.

Enn Balba an Ianl Wallsn (Lonon an Nw Yok: Vso, 1991), 9899.26.Kafa: owards a Minor Lieraure, ans. dana Polan (Mnnapols: Unvsy o Mn-

nsoa Pss, 1986).

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