Critical Information Infrastructure Protection A Commonwealth Perspective Geneva, Switzerland 15-16 th September 2014 Dr Martin Koyabe Head of Research

Critical Information Infrastructure Protection A Commonwealth Perspective Geneva, Switzerland 15-16 th September 2014 Dr Martin Koyabe Head of Research & Consultancy Commonwealth Telecommunications Organization (CTO) E-mail: [email protected] ITU Workshop on ICT Security Standardization for Developing Countries

Acknowledgement

Commonwealth Telecommunications Organisation | www.cto.int Understanding CIIP Critical Resources 3 General definition Critical Infrastructure Critical Information Infrastructure Interdependencies

Commonwealth Telecommunications Organisation | www.cto.int Critical Resources 4 WaterEnergyForests Defined by some national governments to include:- Natural & environmental resources (water, energy, forests etc) National monuments & icons, recognized nationally & internationally

Commonwealth Telecommunications Organisation | www.cto.int Critical Infrastructure (1/3) 5 AirportsPower GridRoads Defined by some national governments to include:- Nations public works, e.g. bridges, roads, airports, dams etc Increasingly includes telecommunications, in particular major national and international switches and connections

Commonwealth Telecommunications Organisation | www.cto.int Critical Infrastructure (2/3) 6 the assets, systems, and networks, whether physical or virtual, so vital to the United States that their incapacitation or destruction would have a debilitating effect on security, national economic security, national public health or safety, or any combination thereof. Source: US Homeland Security the (CNI) comprises those assets, services and systems that support the economic, political and social life of the UK whose importance is such that loss could either, cause large-scale loss of life; have a serious impact on the national economy; have other grave social consequences for the community; or be of immediate concern to the national government. Source: UK Centre for the Protection of National Infrastructure (CPNI) an asset or system which is essential for the maintenance of vital societal functions. The damage to a critical infrastructure, its destruction or disruption by natural disasters, terrorism, criminal activity or malicious behaviour, may have a significant negative impact for the security of the EU and the well-being of its citizens. Source: European Union (EU)

Commonwealth Telecommunications Organisation | www.cto.int Critical Infrastructure (3/3) 7 those physical facilities, supply chains, information technologies and communication networks which, if destroyed, degraded or rendered unavailable for an extended period, would significantly impact on the social or economic wellbeing of the nation or affect Australias ability to conduct national defense and ensure national security. Source: The Australian, State & Territory Government processes, systems, facilities, technologies, networks, assets and services essential to the health, safety, security or economic well-being of Canadians and the effective functioning of government. Critical infrastructure can be stand-alone or interconnected and interdependent within and across provinces, territories and national borders. Disruptions of critical infrastructure could result in catastrophic loss of life, adverse economic effects, and Significant harm to public confidence. Source: Government of Canada those facilities, systems, or functions, whose incapacity or destruction would cause a debilitating impact on national security, governance, economy and social well-being of a nation Source: National Critical Information Infrastructure Protection Centre (NCIIPC)

Commonwealth Telecommunications Organisation | www.cto.int Critical Infrastructure Sub-Sectors 8 e.g. Germany has technical basic & social-economic services infrastructure

Commonwealth Telecommunications Organisation | www.cto.int What about the 53 commonwealth member countries? 9 Do they have a national critical infrastructure initiative or strategy?

Commonwealth Telecommunications Organisation | www.cto.int Critical Information Infrastructure (1/2) 10 CII definition:- Communications and/or information service whose availability, reliability and resilience are essential to the functioning of a modern economy, security, and other essential social values. Rueschlikon Conference on Information Policy Report, 2005

Commonwealth Telecommunications Organisation | www.cto.int Critical Information Infrastructure (2/2) 11 Critical Infrastructures Telecoms Energy Transportation Finance/Banking Government Services Large Enterprises End-users Critical Information Infrastructure Cross-cutting ICT interdependencies among all sectors Cyber security Practices and procedures that enable the secure use and operation of cyber tools and technologies Non-essential IT Systems Essential IT Systems

Commonwealth Telecommunications Organisation | www.cto.int Critical Information Infrastructure Protection (CIIP) 12 Widespread use of Internet has transformed stand-alone systems and predominantly closed networks into a virtually seamless fabric of interconnectivity. ICT or Information infrastructure enables large scale processes throughout the economy, facilitating complex interactions among systems across global networks. ICT or Information infrastructure enables large scale processes throughout the economy, facilitating complex interactions among systems across global networks; and many of the critical services that are essential to the well-being of the economy are increasingly becoming dependent on IT.

Commonwealth Telecommunications Organisation | www.cto.int Today Critical Information Infrastructure Protection (CIIP) Focuses on protection of IT systems and assets o Telecoms, computers/software, Internet, interconnections & networks services Ensures Confidentiality, Integrity and Availability o Required 27/4 (365 days) o Part of the daily modern economy and the existence of any country Critical Information Infrastructure Protection (CIIP)

Commonwealth Telecommunications Organisation | www.cto.int CII Attack Scenarios Telecoms Health Services Cloud Services Finance/Banking eGovernment Critical Information Infrastructure (CII) Cross-cutting ICT interdependencies among all sectors Natural disaster, power outage, or hardware failure Resource exhaustion (due to DDoS attack) Cyber attack (due to a software flaw)

Commonwealth Telecommunications Organisation | www.cto.int Expanding Infrastructures Fiber optic connectivity o TEAMS/SEACOM/EASSy/LION/ACE Mobile phones Mobile/Wireless Networks o Asia-Pacific accounts for 55% of ALL mobile phones in the world (2.2 billion) SIM card fraud Existence of failed states Cyber warfare platforms o Doesnt need troops or military hardware Social Networks Gold mine for social engineering o Hactivism creates fear, uncertainty & doubt Cloud Computing Increased dependency Attacks on cloud services have high impact Future CII Attack Vectors

Commonwealth Telecommunications Organisation | www.cto.int Increased awareness for CIIP & cyber security Countries aware that risks to CIIP need to be managed o Whether at National, Regional or International level Cyber security & CIIP becoming essential tools For supporting national security & social-economic well-being At national level Increased need to share responsibilities & co-ordination o Among stakeholders in prevention, preparation, response & recovery At regional & international level Increased need for co-operation & co-ordination with partners o In order to formulate and implement effective CIIP frameworks Desired global trends towards CIIP

Commonwealth Telecommunications Organisation | www.cto.int Challenges for developing countries #1: Cost and lack of (limited) financial investment Funds required to establish a CIIP strategic framework can be a hindrance Limited human & institutional resources Source: GDP listed by IMF (2013)

Commonwealth Telecommunications Organisation | www.cto.int #2: Technical complexity in deploying CIIP Need to understand dependencies & interdependencies o Especially vulnerabilities & how they cascade Challenges for developing countries Powerplants Regional Power Grid Regional Power Supply Private D2D links Private Datacenters Banks & Trading Public Administration Public Datacenters eGovernment Online services, cloud computing Telco sites, switch areas, interconnections Public eComms Regional network, cables, wires, trunks Public Transport Emergency care (Police, Firefighters, Ambulances) Emergency Calls (99.9%) 8 hr outages are disastrous (99%) 3 days outages are disastrous (90%) 30 days outages are disastrous

Commonwealth Telecommunications Organisation | www.cto.int Challenges for developing countries Interdependencies Understand requirements & complexity Understand the critical functions, infrastructure elements, and key resources necessary for Delivering essential services Maintaining the orderly operations if the economy Ensure public safety. #3: Identify & prioritize critical functions

Commonwealth Telecommunications Organisation | www.cto.int #4: Need for Cybersecurity education & culture re-think Create awareness on importance of Cybersecurity & CIIP o By sharing information on what works & successful best practices Creating a Cybersecurity culture can promote trust & confidence o It will stimulate secure usage, ensure protection of data and privacy Challenges for developing countries

Commonwealth Telecommunications Organisation | www.cto.int #5: Lack of relevant CII strategies, policies & legal framework Needs Cybercrime legislation & enforcement mechanisms Setup policies to encourage co-operation among stakeholders o Especially through Public-Private-Partnerships (PPP) #6: Lack of information sharing & knowledge transfer It is important at ALL levels National, Regional & International Necessary for developing trust relationships among stakeholders o Including CERT teams Challenges for developing countries

Commonwealth Approach to Cybergovernance

Commonwealth Telecommunications Organisation | www.cto.int Why a Commonwealth Model Contrasting views emerging across the world on governing the Cyberspace Harmonisation is critical to facilitate the growth and to realise the full potentials of Cyberspace Commonwealth family subscribes to common values and principles which are equally well applicable to Cyberspace CTO is the Commonwealth agency mandated in ICTs The project was launched at the 53 rd council meeting of the CTO in Abuja, Nigeria (9 th Oct 2013) Wide consultations with stakeholders Adopted at the Commonwealth ICT Ministers Forum on 3 rd and 4 th March 2014 in London 23

Commonwealth Telecommunications Organisation | www.cto.int Objectives The Cybergovernance Model aims to guide Commonwealth members in:- Developing policies, legislation and regulations Planning and implementing practical technical measures Fostering cross-border collaboration Building capacity 24

Commonwealth Telecommunications Organisation | www.cto.int Commonwealth Values in Cyberspace Based on Commonwealth Charter of March 2013 Democracy, human rights and rule of law The Charter expressed the commitment of member states to The development of free and democratic societies The promotion of peace and prosperity to improve the lives of all peoples Acknowledging the role of civil society in supporting Commonwealth activities Cyberspace today and tomorrow should respect and reflect the Commonwealth Values This has led to defining Commonwealth principles for use of Cyberspace 25

Commonwealth Telecommunications Organisation | www.cto.int Commonwealth Principle for use of Cyberspace Principle 1: We contribute to a safe and an effective global Cyberspace as a partnership between public and private sectors, civil society and users, a collective creation; with multi-stakeholder, transparent and collaborative governance promoting continuous development of Cyberspace; where investment in the Cyberspace is encouraged and rewarded; by providing sufficient neutrality of the network as a provider of information services; by offering stability in the provision of reliable and resilient information services; by having standardisation to achieve global interoperability; by enabling all to participate with equal opportunity of universal access; as an open, distributed, interconnected internet; providing an environment that is safe for its users, particularly the young and vulnerable; made available to users at an affordable price. 26

Commonwealth Telecommunications Organisation | www.cto.int Commonwealth Principle for use of Cyberspace Principle 2: Our actions in Cyberspace support broader economic and social development by enabling innovation and sustainable development, creating greater coherence and synergy, through collaboration and the widespread dissemination of knowledge; respecting cultural and linguistic diversity without the imposition of beliefs; promoting cross-border delivery of services and free flow of labour in a multi-lateral trading system; allowing free association and interaction between individuals across borders; supporting and enhancing digital literacy; providing everyone with information that promotes and protects their rights and is relevant to their interests, for example to support transparent and accountable government; enabling and promoting multi-stakeholder partnerships; facilitating pan-Commonwealth consultations and international linkages in a single globally connected space that also serves local interests. 27

Commonwealth Telecommunications Organisation | www.cto.int Commonwealth Principle for use of Cyberspace Principle 3: We act individually and collectively to tackle cybercrime nations, organisations and society work together to foster respect for the law; to develop relevant and proportionate laws to tackle Cybercrime effectively; to protect our critical national and shared infrastructures; meeting internationally-recognised standards and good practice to deliver security; with effective government structures working collaboratively within and between states; with governments, relevant international organisations and the private sector working closely to prevent and respond to incidents. 28

Commonwealth Telecommunications Organisation | www.cto.int Commonwealth Principle for use of Cyberspace Principle 4: We each exercise our rights and meet our responsibilities in Cyberspace we defend in Cyberspace the values of human rights, freedom of expression and privacy as stated in our Charter of the Commonwealth; individuals, organisations and nations are empowered through their access to knowledge; users benefit from the fruits of their labours; intellectual property is protected accordingly; users can benefit from the commercial value of their own information; accordingly, responsibility and liability for information lies with those who create it; responsible behaviour demands users all meet minimum Cyberhygiene requirements; we protect the vulnerable in society in their use of Cyberspace; we, individually and collectively, understand the consequences of our actions and our responsibility to cooperate to make the shared environment safe; our obligation is in direct proportion to culpability and capability. 29

Commonwealth Approach for Developing National Cybersecurity Strategies

Commonwealth Telecommunications Organisation | www.cto.int Development of a Nation Cybersecurity Strategy Need support from highest levels of government Adopt a multi-stakeholder partnership (private sector, public sector & civil society) Draw on the expertise of the International Community Appoint a lead organisation or institution Be realistic and sympathetic to the commercial consideration of the private sector Add mechanisms to monitor & validate implementation 31

Commonwealth Telecommunications Organisation | www.cto.int Main elements of a Cybersecurity Strategy Introduction and background Guiding principles Vision and strategic goals Specific objectives Stakeholders Strategy implementation 32

Commonwealth Telecommunications Organisation | www.cto.int Introduction & Background Focuses on the broad context Sets the importance of Cybersecurity to national development Assess current state of Cybersecurity and challenges 33 STRATEGY COMPONENTSASPECTS TO CONSIDEREXAMPLE TEXT FROM PUBLISHED STRATEGIES AND BEST PRACTICE 1.Introduction / background This section provides a succinct background of the countrys circumstances and the status of its Cybersecurity Explain the importance of Cybersecurity to economic and social development. Describe the use of Cyberspace and the nature of Cybersecurity challenges to justify the need for the Cybersecurity strategy Explain the relationship to existing national strategies and initiatives. Ugandas introduction covers: The definition of information security The justification for a strategy Country analysis of current state of information security framework. Strategy guiding principles Vision, mission, strategic objectives Note that this example covers the first three sections in this framework.

Commonwealth Telecommunications Organisation | www.cto.int Based on Commonwealth Cybergovernance principles Balance security goals & privacy/protection of civil liberties Risk-based (threats, vulnerabilities, and consequences) Outcome-focused (rather than the means to achieve it) Prioritised (graduated approach focusing on critical issues) Practicable (optimise for the largest possible group) Globally relevant (harmonised with international standards) 34 Guiding Principles (1/2)

Commonwealth Telecommunications Organisation | www.cto.int Guiding Principles (2/2) 35 STRATEGY COMPONENTSASPECTS TO CONSIDEREXAMPLE TEXT FROM PUBLISHED STRATEGIES AND BEST PRACTICE 2.Guiding principles This section identifies the guiding principles for addressing Cybersecurity within which the strategy is designed and delivered. Build from the principles of the Commonwealth Cybergovernance model. Include any relevant national principles. Describe the delivery principles that guide the design of the objectives goals, vision and objectives. In addition to the Commonwealth Cybergovernance principles and national principles the following delivery principles are recommended: Risk-based. Assess risk by identifying threats, vulnerabilities, and consequences, then manage the risk through mitigations, controls, costs, and similar measures. Outcome-focused. Focus on the desired end state rather than prescribing the means to achieve it, and measure progress towards that end state. Prioritised. Adopt a graduated approach and focus on what is critical, recognising that the impact of disruption or failure is not uniform among assets or sectors. Practicable. Optimise for adoption by the largest possible group of critical assets and realistic implementation across the broadest range of critical sectors. Globally relevant. Integrate international standards to the maximum extent possible, keeping the goal of harmonization in mind wherever possible.

Commonwealth Telecommunications Organisation | www.cto.int Promote economic development Provide national leadership Tackle cybercrime Strengthen the critical infrastructure Raise and maintain awareness Achieve shared responsibility Defend the value of Human Rights Develop national and international partnerships 36 Visions & Strategic Goals

Commonwealth Telecommunications Organisation | www.cto.int 37 STRATEGY COMPONENTSASPECTS TO CONSIDEREXAMPLE TEXT FROM PUBLISHED STRATEGIES AND BEST PRACTICE 3.Strategic goals and vision This section defines what success looks like in broad summary terms and reflects the countrys priorities. Make a clear statement of the countrys commitment to protecting the use of its Cyberspace Emphasise the breadth of the use of Cyberspace: covering social and economic activity Include text that can be quoted as part of the communication with wider stakeholders, e.g. a vision statement. Australias vision: The maintenance of a secure, resilient and trusted electronic operating environment that supports Australias national security and maximises the benefits of the digital economy Three pillars of the Australian strategy: All Australians are aware of cyber risks, secure their computers and take steps to protect their identities, privacy and finances online; Australian businesses operate secure and resilient information and communications technologies to protect the integrity of their own operations and the identity and privacy of their customers; The Australian Government ensures its information and communications technologies are secure and resilient. Four pillars of the UK strategy: Tackle cybercrime and be one of the most secure places in the world to do business in cyberspace; To be more resilient to cyber attacks and better able to protect our interests in cyberspace; To have helped shape an open, stable and vibrant cyberspace which the UK public can use safely and that supports open societies; To have the cross-cutting knowledge, skills and capability it needs to underpin all our Cybersecurity objectives. Visions & Strategic Goals

Commonwealth Telecommunications Organisation | www.cto.int Provide a national governance framework for securing Cyberspace Enhance the nations preparedness to respond to the challenges of Cyberspace Strengthening Cyberspace and national critical infrastructure Securing national ICT systems to attract international businesses Building a secure, resilient and reliable Cyberspace Building relevant national and international partnerships and putting effective political-strategic measures in place to promote Cyber safety Developing a culture of Cybersecurity awareness among citizens Promoting a culture of self protection among businesses and citizens Creating a secure Cyber environment for protection of businesses and individuals Building skills and capabilities needed to address Cybercrime Becoming a world leader in Cybercrime-preparedness and Cybercrime-defence 38 Specific Objectives

Commonwealth Telecommunications Organisation | www.cto.int 39 STRATEGY COMPONENTSASPECTS TO CONSIDEREXAMPLE TEXT FROM PUBLISHED STRATEGIES AND BEST PRACTICE 4.Risk management (Risk based approach objectives) How the risk management process works, and then setting objectives and priorities This section describes how risk management is performed and provides a top-level analysis. It states specific and tangible targets and assigns relative priorities. How risk management is currently performed, for example for national security. Sources of threat information and of major vulnerabilities. How granular to make the outcomes and objectives. How frequently to repeat the risk assessment process. Source: Microsofts guidance, listed in appendix 3: A clear structure for assessing and managing risk Understand national threats and major vulnerabilities Document and review risk acceptance and exceptions Set clear security priorities consistent with the principles Make national cyber risk assessment an on-going process Specific Objectives

Commonwealth Telecommunications Organisation | www.cto.int 40 Stakeholders CIP Coordinator (Executive Sponsor) Law Enforcement Sector Specific Agency Computer Emergency Response Team (CERT) Public Private Partnership International Organisations Infrastructure owners and operators IT vendors and solution providers SharedPrivateGovernment

Commonwealth Telecommunications Organisation | www.cto.int 41 STRATEGY COMPONENTSASPECTS TO CONSIDEREXAMPLE TEXT FROM PUBLISHED STRATEGIES AND BEST PRACTICE 4.Stakeholders This section identifies key participants in the development and delivery of the strategy. Roles and responsibilities should be clearly defined using RACI terminology (see appendix 5). Identify all relevant key stakeholders taking into consideration, country objectives and focus areas Identify key international stakeholders and partners that could contribute effectively Draw stakeholders from governmental and non- governmental organizations, civil societies, academia, public and private sectors of the economy. Should include but not limited to software and equipment vendors, owners and operators of CII, law enforcement institutions etc. In constructing the list of stakeholders, the following constituencies should be considered: ministers and other politicians; government departments concerned with ICT, telecommunications and information security; private sector organisations that provide ICT services; government departments whose responsibilities rely upon or who engage with Cyberspace, including: most economic activity, trade, tourism, law enforcement; providers of the critical national infrastructure whose vital communications are increasingly carried across the internet; companies across the economy that rely upon Cyberspace, often represented by trade associations; representatives of civil society, often in the form of groups that reflect broad public opinion and can advise on the best way to achieve outcomes involving the public; civil society organisations that represent particular parts of society or interest groups and can explain, for example, the needs of the young, of women, of rural communities and of the vulnerable; experts who understand how Cyberspace works, from a technical perspective, to ensure that government strategies are practical; Academia who can advise on R&D, international best practice, emerging issues; International bodies such as the Commonwealth Telecommunications Organisation Other countries, particularly regional countries. Specific Objectives

Commonwealth Telecommunications Organisation | www.cto.int Governance and management structure Legal and regulatory framework Capacity Development Awareness and outreach programmes Incident response Incentivize commercial competitors to cooperate Create national CERTs (include sector based CERTs) Stakeholder collaboration Research and Development Monitoring and evaluation 42 Strategy Implementation

Commonwealth Telecommunications Organisation | www.cto.int 43 Strategy Implementation

Commonwealth Telecommunications Organisation | www.cto.int What Next? Upcoming CIIP Workshops 44 Accra, Ghana Jan-Feb 2015 Nairobi, Kenya Nov 2014 Colombo, Sri Lanka/Dhaka, Bangladesh Aug-Sep 2014 Port Vila, Vanuatu Sep-Oct 2014 Successfully completed Scheduled to take place To be confirmed CTO CIIP Workshops

Commonwealth Telecommunications Organisation | www.cto.int Further Information Contact: Dr Martin Koyabe Email: [email protected] Tel: +44 (0) 208 600 3815 (Off) +44 (0) 791 871 2490 (Mob) 45 Q & A Session

Documents

Critical Information Infrastructure Protection A Commonwealth Perspective Geneva, Switzerland 15-16 th September 2014 Dr Martin Koyabe Head of Research