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CRISIS IN THE COLONIES
Chapter 5 7th Grade Social Studies
THE FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR (1)
BACKGROUND TO WAR⦿ Fighting over Ohio Valley zone—buffer
between French and British empires in N. America
⦿ French advantages Army was better trained Many early battles fought on French soil Had Indian support—Iroquois
OHIO VALLEY
WAR BEGINS⦿ Fighting since 1689—3 different times ⦿ 4th time leads to French and Indian War in
1754 Between England and the French/Indian allies
⦿ Opening shots of war fired near Ohio River Valley
⦿ Leader of British soldiers—George Washington
WASHINGTON—A NEW LEADER⦿ Only 22 at war’s start ⦿ Became a land surveyor @ 15 ⦿ Ordered west by VA governor to build a fort;
goes in April 1754, but French are there ⦿ Determined to carry out orders—surprise
attack; French scatter ⦿ Creates Fort Necessity as a way to protect
against French counteroffensive ⦿ Captured, but released back to VA
A YOUNG WASHINGTON
COLONIES UNITE⦿ Attempt to pass Albany Plan of Union while
Washington is out west ⦿ Purpose of APOU
Proposed by Benjamin Franklin Strengthen alliance w/ Iroquois Create one govt. for colonies Not approved; didn’t want to give power to a central power
EARLY FRENCH DOMINANCE⦿ General Edward Braddock leads British @
Fort Duquesne (Washington previously defeated)
⦿ French launch surprise attack against Braddock
⦿ Ambushed by snipers; Braddock fatally wounded, Washington almost killed
1,000 of 1,500 British troops killed
GENERAL EDWARD BRADDOCK
MOMENTUM SHIFTS⦿ Tides change in 1758, because of William Pitt ⦿ Pitt makes changes
Promotes younger generals (Washington) England wouldn’t rely on colonies for money, resources, or men
⦿ Pitt’s changes help—capture Fort Duquesne & rename Fort Pitt (now modern-day Pittsburgh, PA)
WILLIAM PITT
CONTINUED WINS AFTER 1758⦿ Fort Niagara captured in 1759 ⦿ Quebec in 1760
Considered final turning point in war Vital area for French—couldn’t supply forts up St. Lawrence River w/out this fort Ending battle of the war
CONQUEST OF FORT DUQUESNE
RECONSTRUCTION OF FORT NECESSITY
BATTLE FOR QUÉBEC
FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR
TREATY OF PARIS⦿ Brought end to
French & Indian conflicts
⦿ Marks end of French power in N. America
⦿ Terms of treaty were devastating for French—basically ceded all their territory in N. America
MAP SHOWING NEW TERRITORIES
TURMOIL OVER TAXATION (2)
RESULTS OF WAR⦿Colonies and England clash over 2 issues
⦿1st problem=Native Americans Indians who fought w/French continued to fight over lands
⦿Passed Proclamation of 1763
PROCLAMATION OF 1763⦿ Drew an imaginary line along Appalachian
Mountains ⦿ Colonists must stay east of line ⦿ Should protect Indians from colonists & vice
versa, and subdue uprisings ⦿ Angers colonists
Thought England was restricting them, and just trying to gain more control Many ignore Proclamation and move anyway
PROCLAMATION MAP
RESULTS OF WAR⦿ Problem #2—English finances
Debt Fund new empire Pay with taxes
⦿ 1st two acts of taxation=Sugar Act and Stamp Act—passed by Brit. Prime Minister George Grenville
GEORGE GRENVILLE
SUGAR ACT⦿ Passed in 1764 ⦿ Directly related to $$ problems after war for
Brits ⦿ Taxed: sugar, wine, coffee, molasses ⦿ First time colonists were taxed ⦿ Locke speaks up—starts “no taxation without
representation” idea (colonists agree)
STAMP ACT⦿ Passed in late 1765 ⦿ Taxed printed documents, and must pay for
stamp (newspapers, marriage licenses, property deeds, etc…)
⦿ Pay war debt ⦿ Colonists resisted—it’s personal!
PROTESTING THE STAMP ACT⦿ Brits are shocked—we just protected you! ⦿ Sons of Liberty form
Founded by Samuel Adams in 1765 Formed because of Stamp Act Resisted British authority; used violence Harassed stamp masters (collected tax $$); eventually all went into hiding
PROTESTING THE STAMP ACT⦿ Stamp Act Congress formed in fall 1765 ⦿ Colonies send reps. to make a formal
criticism of Stamp Act, Proc. of 1763, and Sugar Act
Only 9 show up ⦿ Stamp Act repealed in spring of 1766 ⦿ Formation of the Daughters of Liberty
Wives/relatives of Sons of Liberty Organized boycotts of English goods Hurts profits of British companies
SONS OF LIBERTY—TAR & FEATHER
SAMUEL ADAMS
TOWNSHEND ACTS⦿ Passed in May 1767 ⦿ Placed tax on imported goods (mainly
hardware items—paint, glass, paper) ⦿ Brits thought this would be more acceptable ⦿ Boycotted; some English companies lost up to
50% of their profits ⦿ Writs of assistance—allowed British officials
to inspect a ship’s cargo w/out a reason
TOWNSHEND ACTS⦿ Colonial govt. passes the Circular Letter to
officially condemn these acts (Sam Adams) All colonies would sign it and unite behind this issue
⦿ Parliament angered by letter—put most of British military in Boston
⦿ Increasing tension over next few years leads to the Boston Massacre
THE BOSTON MASSACRE⦿ March 5, 1770 ⦿ Sons of Liberty incite soldiers ⦿ Fired upon colonists, killing 5 of them ⦿ Controversy about how it started—no one
really knows ⦿ Soldiers go to trial—defended by future
president John Adams Adams successfully wins the case
⦿ Sons of Liberty use event as propaganda to divide colonists from England
BOSTON MASSACRE—PROPAGANDA
BOSTON MASSACRE
BOSTON MASSACRE
MASSACRE SITE—MY VISIT
MASSACRE SITE
MASSACRE SITE
JOHN ADAMS
FROM PROTEST TO REVOLUTION (3)
TEA ACT OF 1773⦿ Tea is very popular ⦿ British East India Company brings it to
colonies; gets into $$ troubles in 1770s ⦿ British Parliament decides to tax colonies to
help ⦿ Tea Act does 2 things
Places small tax on tea imported to colonies
Parliament creates a monopoly in the colonies w/tea sales
BOSTON TEA PARTY⦿ 1st ship of East India tea arrives in Nov. 1773 ⦿ Sons of Liberty warn Brits—trouble if you
unload ⦿ Sons of Liberty throw tea overboard in Boston
Harbor 90,000 lbs. of tea 150 men from group dressed as Indians
⦿ British are furious; pass the Intolerable Acts
BOSTON TEA PARTY
INTOLERABLE ACTS⦿ Punishment for Massachusetts for Boston Tea
Party ⦿ Four laws in this act
Boston Port Act: closes Boston Harbor by establishing naval blockade (hurts economy) Colonists could only have one town meeting per year Officials who committed crimes in Mass. could be tried in England or Canada Quartering Act—colonists would have to house British soldiers and give them basic needs
COLONIAL SUPPORT⦿ First Continental Congress
Met Sept. 1774 in Philadelphia(no Georgia) Outcomes: ○ Backed Mass.
○ Boycotted Brit goods ○ Stopped exporting to Brit until
Intolerable Acts were repealed
○ Urged colonies to form militias (citizen army)
THE REVOLUTION BEGINS⦿Colonists prepare resistance—minutemen become common
⦿Early 1775—British general Thomas Gage sends scouts to Boston
Reported that minutemen had a stash of weapons in Concord
Prepares surprise attack
MINUTEMEN
GENERAL THOMAS GAGE
BATTLE OF LEXINGTON AND CONCORD⦿ Had to go through
Lexington first ⦿ Significant event—
Paul Revere’s Ride (4/18/1775)
“the British are coming!” ⦿ Arrive in Concord
April 19
⦿ Faced small colonist army
⦿ 1st few hours were preparation, then “the shot heard ‘round the world”
1st shots of Revolution ⦿ Patriots make a
stand; moral victory, not strategic
Killed 275 Brits
PAUL REVERE’S RIDE…SCHOOL HOUSE ROCK STYLE
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y6ikO6LMxF4&feature=endscreen&NR=1
PAUL REVERE’S RIDE
OLD NORTH CHURCH—REVERE
INSIDE THE OLD NORTH CHURCH
SPECIAL BOXES
BATTLE OF LEXINGTON AND CONCORD—4 PICTURES BY AMOS DOOLITTLE
FIGHTING ON NORTH BRIDGE