COUNTRY REPORT ON ANTIMICROBIAL RESISTANCE IN FISHERIES:

MALAYSIA

Wan Norhana Md Noordin & Gerald N. Misol Jr

Aquatic AMR Workshop 1: 10-11 April 2017, Mangalore, India

FMM/RAS/298: Strengthening capacities, policies and national action plans on

prudent and responsible use of antimicrobials in fisheries

TOP 5 BRACKISHWATER AQUACULTURE SPECIES IN MALAYSIA AND PRODUCTION SYSTEM

SPECIES

QUANTITY BY PRODUCTION SYSTEMS (MT)

TOTAL PONDS CAGES TANKS PENSCOCKLE

SYSTEM

BRACKISHWATER

White Shrimp, Penaeus

vannamei48,284.18 48,284.18

Asian Seabass, Lates

calcarifer29,132.37 14,124.42 14,997.18 10.58 0.20

Red Snapper, Lutjanus sp. 10,400.67 18.08 10,376.06 6.47

Grouper, Epinephelus sp. 7,956.07 66.77 7,796.33 36.40 56.57

Cockles, Anadara granosa 16,866.22 16,866.22

NUMBER OF FARMS 4,039 883 1,878 8 439 831

TOP 5 FRESHWATER AQUACULTURE SPECIES IN MALAYSIA AND PRODUCTION SYSTEM

SPECIES

QUANTITY BY PRODUCTION SYSTEMS (MT)

TOTAL PONDSMINING

POOLSCAGES

CEMENT

TANKS

CANVAS

TANKS

PEN

CULTURE

FRESHWATER

African Catfish, Clarias

gariepinus

50,683.1

2 47,536.81 592.87 607.15 1,808.41 126.08 11.81

Red Tilapia, Oreochromis

mossambicus

30,359.4

5 14,127.20 5,977.95 6,613.40 3,625.27 1.15 14.48

River Catfish, Pangasius

hyphothalmus

13,901.7

75,144.14 4,264.64 4,184.50 32.13 5.33 271.04

Nile Tilapia, O. niloticus 5,071.90 3,195.25 1,668.55 28.67 184.46

Channel Catfish, Mystus

nemurus2,174.30 797.13 1.33 1,375.85

NUMBER OF FARMS 18,589 15,649 220 1,392 1,097 91 140

NUMBER OF FARMS 597

Top 5 aquaculture species and main disease/pathogens affecting

them

NO. SPECIES DISEASES (PATHOGENS)

1 African Catfish, Clarias gariepinus Aeromonasis (Motile Aeromonas spp.: A. hydrophilia)

2 White Shrimp, Penaeus vannamei

AHPND (V. parahaemolyt icus,)

Others: V. fluvialis, V. alginolyticus, V. cholera,A.

hydrphilia, Enterobacter cloacae, Pseudomonas sp.,

Photobacterium damsela)

3Red Tilapia, Oreochromis

mossambicusSt rept ococcosis (Streptococcus agalact iae, S. iniae)

4 Seabass, Lates calcariferVibriosis (Vibrio vulnificus, V. parahaemolyt icus, V.

alginolyt icus)

5River Catfish, Pangasius

hypothalmus Aeromonasis (Motile Aeromonas spp.: A. hydrophilia)

Legislations

Poison Act 1952,

Fisheries Act 1985 [Act 317]

Food Act 1983 [Act 281]

Malaysian Quarantine And Inspection Services Act 2011 [Act 728]

Feed Act 2009, [Act 968] Section 53 (2) (b), (c), (e), (f), (g) and (h)

Inland Fisheries and Aquaculture Enactment 2003 of Sabah State

Law of Sarawak, Chapter 54, State Fisheries Ordinance 2003

Programs

o Fish disease surveillance program

o Aquaculture Residue Monitoring Program

o Sanitary and Phytosanitary for Aquaculture

o myGAP / FQC Certification program

Relevant policies or regulations or programmes or committees/task forces that covers the use of

veterinary medicines in aquaculture in Malaysia?

Has there been any survey on use of veterinary drugs in aquaculture done

in your country? Please present brief highlights of the results of such

survey and indicate whether such survey has been replicated or updated

Yes. Mohamed, S. et al . (2000). The use of chemicals in aquaculture in Malaysia and Singapore.

In: J.R. Arthur, C.R. Lavilla-Pitogo, & R.P. Subasinghe (Eds.) Use of Chemicals in Aquaculture in

Asia : Proceedings of the Meeting on the Use of Chemicals in Aquaculture in Asia 20-22 May

1996, Tigbauan, Iloilo, Philippines (pp. 127-140). Tigbauan, Iloilo, Philippines: Aquaculture

Department, Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center.

Highlights: There is a wide variety of antimicrobials used for treating fish and shrimp diseases. In

practice, however, legal restrictions prevent the use of many of them on a large-scale basis.

Almost all the antimicrobials in use are generic imports from China and Thailand. Commercial

preparations (non-generics) from Japan, Europe, and North America generally come with

adequate labelling containing information on composition and some precaution about their

application. Main antimicrobials used include sulfonamides, tetracyclines, nitrofurans,

chloramphenicol, oxolinic acid and virginiamycin.

AQUACULTURE RESIDUE MONITORING PROGRAM (ARMP) by DOF-Types

of samples and antimicrobials examined

Sample – Crustaceans

Group A A6 Chloramphenicol, Nitrofuran &

Nitroimidazole group

Group B B1 Antibacterial Substances

B2a Anthelmintics

B3a Organochlorine coumpunds including PCBs

B3c Chemical elements (lead, mercury, Cadmium, Arsenik)

B3d Mycotoxin

B3e Dyes (Malachite green, leucomalachite green, crystal violet)

Sample – Finfish

Group A A1 Stilbenes

A3 Steroids

A6 Chloramphenicol, Nitrofuran & Nitroimidazole group

Group B B1 Antibacterial Substances

B2a Anthelmintics

B3a Organochlorine compunds including PCBs

B3c Chemical elements (lead, mercury, Cadmium, Arsenik)

B3d Mycotoxin

B3e Dyes (Malachite green, leucomalachite green, crystal violet)

AMR SURVELLANCE IN MALAYSIA

AMR SURVEILLANCE IN HUMAN PATHOGENS (MINISRY OF HEALTH)

AMR SURVEILLANCE IN BACTERIAL ISOLATES FROM FOOD (FOOD

SAFETY AND QUALITY DIVISION, MINISTRY OF HEALTH)

AMR SURVEILLANCE IN BACTERIAL ISOLATES FROM ANIMAL (DEPARTMENT OF VETERINARY

SERVICES)

AMR SURVEILLANCE IN BACTERIAL ISOLATES FROM FISHERIES/AQUACULTURE

AMR is not included in the any of the present surveillance activity in

fisheries/aquaculture.

However studies on AMR in fisheries, aquatic ecosystem and

aquaculture have been carried out in isolation

ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANT BACTERIA FROM FISH (PUBLIC HEALTH PERSPECTIVE)

Bacteria Sources (Location) Major findings Reference

V. vulnificus Cockles (Selangor) Thirty-one (83.3%) were found to be resistant to one

or more of the antimicrobial agents tested,

Radu et al. (1998)

Salmonella sp. Shrimps, Oysters

(culture areas)

(Perlis, Kedah, Penang,

Perak, Selangor,

Terengganu, Johor)

- 66.6% resistant to 1-3 antibiotics (erythromycin,

tetracycline, chloramphenicol)

- 16.0% resistant to 4-5 antibiotics erythromycin,

tetracycline, chloramphenicol, furazolidone,

streptomycin)

- 17.4% sensitive to all antibiotics tested

Wan Norhana et al.

(2001)

Aeromonas sp. Fish (retail), Selangor All isolates resistant to 3 or > of the antibiotics

tested, all susceptible to ceptazidime

Radu et al. (2003)

ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANT BACTERIA FROM FISH (PUBLIC HEALTH PERSPECTIVE)

Bacteria Sources (Location) Major findings Reference

Aeromonas sp., E.

coli ,

E. tarda,

Pseudomonas

sp., Salmonella

sp. &Vibrio sp.

Sea bass

Fingerling (Kuala

Terengganu)

- 75.2% were sensitive; 19.4% were resistant and 5.4%

intermediately sensitive.

- > 90% of the isolates were sensitive to

chloramphenicol, kanamycin, oxolinic acid, florfenicol,

nitrofurantoin, flumequine, fosfomycin, tetracycline and

doxycycline.

Wei et al. (2010)

E. coli Shellfish (culture areas,

Sg. Jarum Mas, Perak)

100% E. coli isolates (n=69) were resistant to

erythromycin and penicillin.

- 23.2% were resistant to tetracycline, oxytetracycline

(20.3%), sulphonamides (20.3%), ampicillin (14.5%),

streptomycin (14.5%), kanamycin (11.6%), oxalinic

acid (11.6%), nalidixic acid (10.1%), chloramphenicol

(8.7%), neomycin (8.7%) and doxycyclinehydrochloride

(7.2%).

- All isolates were sensitive to furazolidone.

Wan Norhana et al.

(2010)

ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANT BACTERIA FROM FISH (PUBLIC HEALTH PERSPECTIVE

Bacteria Sources

(Location)

Major findings Reference

V. cholerae

V. parahaemolyticus

Retail freshwater

fish (Selangor)

- All isolates showed MR to all antibiotics tested.

- Some showed high resistance to bacitracin, vancomycin,

tetracycline, furazididone, cephalothin and erythromycin.

- Both species susceptible towards

imipenem.

Noorlis et al. (2011)

Salmonella and Vibrio Farmed shrimp - Salmonella Corvallis isolated from shrimp showed

individual and multiple antibiotic resistance patterns.

- 5 Vibrio species having individual and multiple antibiotic

resistance were also identified.

Banerjee et al.

(2012)

V. parahaemolyticus Cockles

(Tg. Karang)

- 100% resistant to carbenicillin, cephalothin clindamycin,

oflaxacin, rifampicin, streptomycin, sulfamethoxazole,

teicoplanin, tobramycin

- 85% resistance towards ceftriaxone, imipenem (79%),

netilmicin (74%), nitrofurantoine (63%), doxycycline (60%),

nalidixic acid (60%), chloramphenicol (24%).

- Most isolates were sensitive towards norfloxacin.

Lesley et al. (2013)

Bacteria Sources

(Location)

Major Findings Reference

Salmonella Catfish and Tilapia

(market and ponds in

Penang)

Salmonella isolates were resistant to chloramphenicol (C,

37.2%), clindamycin (Da,100%), rifampicin (Rd, 90.7%),

spectinomycin (Sh, 27.9%), and tetracycline

(Te, 67.4%).

- The multiple antibiotic resistance index of Salmonella

isolates ranged from 0.32-0.45 for catfish; 0.14-0.36 for

tilapia.

Budiati et al. (2013)

22 bacterial sp.

(coccobacillus or bacillus,

gram-negative bacteria)

Retail Sushi

(Kampar, Perak)

From the 22 bacterial isolates, 45% (10/22) were

found to be multi-antibiotic resistant

Cheong et al. (2014)

V. parahaemolyticus Cockles and Shrimp

at retail (Selangor)

- V. parahaemolyticus remained susceptible to

tetracycline (97%)

- reduced susceptibility was detected for ampicillin

Al-Othrubi et al. (2014)

Salmonella Catfish (ponds ) 2011-2013 Department of

Fisheries

ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANT BACTERIA FROM FISH (PUBLIC HEALTH PERSPECTIVE)

Bacteria Sources/

Location

Major findings Reference

A. hydrophilia Tilapia (retail)

(Kuala Lumpur)

All 21 isolates were resistant to ampicillin

and sensitive to gentamycin. Most isolates

were resistant to streptomycin (57%),

tetracycline (48%) and erythromycin (43%).

Radu et al. 1997

Edwardsiella tarda Freshwater-fish cultures

(Terengganu)

- The incidence of

sensitive case among the isolates from

wild

fish against the tested antibiotics was 40.7

%) compared to the isolates from cultured

fish (22.2 %).

Wei et al. (2011)

Aeromonas sp. Cultured fish (mainly

Tilapia)

(Selangor)

High resistance of Aeromonas sp. isolates

against most of the antibiotics tested except

Ciprofloxacin and Gentamicin

Khairul Afizi et al. (2013)

ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANT BACTERIA FROM FISH (ANIMAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVE)

Bacteria Sources/

(Location)

Major findings Reference

P. aeruginosa Fish, Prawn

(Sarawak)

- All isolates tested were resistance to at least

one antibiotic.

- Highest level of resistance was observed

against ampicillin and erythromycin while the

lowest was against entamicin, norfloxacin and

nalidixic acid.

Lihan et al. (2013)

A. hydrophilia Catfish

(Terengganu)

- All isolates showed multiple resistant patterns to at

least one antibiotic.

- 100% isolates resistant towards ampicillin

- 90.90% resistant towards colistin sulphate.

- 9.09% resistant towards novobiocin & florfenciol.

- 27.3% resistant towards nitrofurantion.

- 100% susceptible towards tetracycline.

Laith & Najiah (2013)

ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANT BACTERIA FROM FISH (ANIMAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVE)

o Yes. The Ministry of Health Malaysia is leading the preparation of the

National Action Plan on AMR.

o Other players include:

• Dept. of Veterinary Services, MOA

• Food Safety and Quality Division, MOH

• Dept. of Fisheries, MOA

Question 7. Is there a One Health Platform in your country? If so, please

provide details. Who is leading the process, what mechanism/structure in

place, who are the other players in this platform?.

Relevant stakeholders that should be involved in aquatic AMR project

o Dept . of Fisheries Malaysia

o Dept . of Fisheries Sabah

o Dept . of Agricult ure Sarawak

o Food Safet y and Qualit y Division, MOH

o Nat ional Pharmaceut ical Regulat ory Agency, MOH

o Dept . of Vet erinary Services

o Aquacult ure farmers

o Feed miller

o Academia

o Consumers

List the relevant information that are available to support this work

on aquatic AMR especially with respect to AMU and AMR

surveillance, e.g.

NO. INFORMATION AVAILABLE (YES/ NO)

1. Farmer regist ry Yes

2.

Laborat ories and level compet ence

Disease diagnosis

Ant ibiot ic suscept ibilit y t est

Ant ibiot ic residue t est

Yes

Yes

Yes

3.List of ant imicrobials locally manufact ured or

import edNo

4.Nat ional List of Aquat ic Pat hogens t hat is subject pf

cont rol programYes

5. Overview of expert ise of disease diagnosis Yes

6.

List of alt ernat ives t o ant ibiot ics current ly used

Vaccines

Immunost imulant s

Probiot ics

Yes

Yes

Yes

THANK YOU