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7/29/2019 Could Not Answer [English]

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Lbmombt Motbcivo Xucgoebtoads Da6 25

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Lbmmbt MotcivoKbrinimb Ebk. 95/B X.M.6 59 5;8953 9?5lttp6//www.lbmombtmotbcivo.ea`

i-`bog6 cogjoHlbmombtmotbcivo.ea`Nbtol-OU[BDCYG/[YSMI_

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EAD[ID[UElbptir Xbji

Da. Issidei an elbptir Da.2 Xrinbei.................................................................................................53 Odtrakuetoad ta tli norst ikotoad.......................................................:

5 Ky-ug-qugc (Gojlt an tli librts) ..............................................2?; Acsirvbtoads ad tli naur caams ebggik Jaspigs..........................;5b. [li Jaspig an @bttliw..................................................................9:c. [li Jaspig an @brm........................................................................9?e. [li Jaspig an Gumi ........................................................................>2k. [li Jaspig an Fald .........................................................................>5

9 Eadtrbkoetoads bdk koseripbdeois b`adj tli naur Jaspigs.......>>> Bd acsirvbtoad an tli Ipostgis ......................................................?5: Bd bdswir ta tli caam Jlbk-ug-`uglbzt ..............................?:829 B koseaursi ad pawir ...................................................................5>92> s bgbolos-sbg` wbs lu`bd. Li os dat ta ci warsloppik........5:22: s bgbolos-sbg` os b praplit. Li os dat ta ci warsloppik.......5:92


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XSINBEI@by lb`k]2P ci ta Bgglu tbg! @by sbgutbtoads bdk cidikoetoads

ci udta aur Xraplit @ulb``bk bgbolos-sbg`, tli lojlist anXraplits, udta los puri g, bdk udta bgg an tlasi wla lbk tli ladaur anciodj Ea`pbdoads (Bs-lc) ta lo`!

Iviry tlausbdk yibrs sodei Bkb` bgbolos-sbg`, tli norst lu`bd bdktli norst Xraplit, Bgglu tbg sidt ta `bdmodk b diw rigojoad tlraujl bdiw Xraplit wotl b Ulbrb. [lraujl tli` Li slawik lu`bd ciodjs tli

wby an govodj od pibei bdk ea`nart od tlos wargk bdk bttbododj idkgissnigoeoty od tli Liribntir. [lasi Xraplits cy wla` b diw rigojoad wbsrivibgik bri ebggik Sbsg. [li supiroar adis an Sbsgs bri ebggikYgugbz`. [liy bri kb`, Dl (Dabl), Ocrl`. @s (@asis), s(Fisus), bdk @ulb``bk bgboloùs-sbgtu wbs-sbg`

Bdk daw tli wargk lbs tlrii rigojoads wotl libvidgy caams6 @sbw(Fukbos`), Elrostobdoty, bdk Osgb`. [burbl wbs rivibgik ta @s bgbolos-sbg` bdk Odfog (tli Cocgi) ta s bgbolos-sbg`. Fiws sby tlbt tliy lbviciid naggawodj tli rigojoad rivibgik ta @s bgbolos-sbg`, bdkElrostobds egbo` ta ci naggawodj tlbt an s bgbolos-sbg`.

Rurd bg-mir` wbs rivibgik ta tli gbst Xraplit, aur Xraplit,@ulb``bk bgbolos-sbg`. Rurd bg-mir` lbs odvbgokbtik bgg tlirugis an atlir kovodi caams= od atlir warks, ot lbs bcrajbtik saì antli` bdk rieaggietik atlirs wotlod otsign. [akby, bgg piapgi lbvi ta aciyRurd bg-mir`. Da eaudtry od tli wargk takby lbs bdy arojodbg eapoisan tli [burbl ar tli Cocgi. [lisi caams wiri gbtir kinogik cy lu`bdodtirpagbtoad.

Bgg Xraplits, nra` kb` bgbolos-sbg` ta tli gbst Xraplit

@ulb``bk bgbolos-sbg`, tbujlt tli sbì d, bdk stbtik tli sbìprodeopgis nar tlior u``b ta cigoivi. Fiws cigoivi od @s bgbolos-sbg` bdk kidy s bdk @ulb``bk bgboloùs-sbg`. Elrostobdscigoivi od s bgbolos-sbg`, taa, cut tliy ka dat cigoivi od @ulb``bkbgbolos-sbg`. @usgo`s, ad tli atlir lbdk, cigoivi od bgg Xraplits.[liy mdaw tlbt Xraplits lbvi saì supiroar qubgotois kostodjuoslodjtli` nra` atlir piapgi.

[li trui rigojoad an s bgbolos-sbg` wbs saad odsokoausgy elbdjikcy los bkvirsbrois. B Fiw dbìk Xbugus (an [brsus), wla sbok tlbt li

cigoivik od s bgbolos-sbg` bdk pritidkik ta try ta spribk swrigojoad, bddologbtik tli Odfog, wloel lbk ciid rivibgik cy Bgglu tbg.

5

]2P Xrbosi bdk jrbtotuki.


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Gbtir tli tliary an trodoty wbs odsirtik odta tli sw rigojoad. Bdudribsadbcgi bdk oggajoebg kaetrodi, dbìgy nbtlir-sad-lagy sporot, wbstlus istbcgoslik. [liri ciodj da eapois an tli jiduodi Odfog gint daw,saì piapgi seroccgik caams od tli dbì an Jaspig. [li eaudeog anegirjy tlbt ìt od Doeib od B.K. 539 bdduggik nonty an tli ixostodj nonty-naur sa-ebggik Jaspigs. Naur Jaspigs ri`bodik6 @bttliw, @brm, Gumi,

bdk Fald. Xbugs gois bdk tli tliary an trodoty prapaudkik cy Xgbta wirijovid pgbei od tlisi Jaspigs. Bd bpastgi dbìk Cbrdbcbs wrati b truibeeaudt an wlbt li lbk librk bdk siid nra` s bgbolos-sbg`, cut tliJaspig an Cbrdbcbs wbs bddologbtik.

Eadstbdtodi tli Jribt, wla wbs narìrgy b pbjbd, eadvirtik taElrostobdoty od B.K. 525. Li arkirik tlbt bgg tli Jaspigs ci ea`pogikodta adi Jaspig, cut tli Eaudeog sbdetoadik naur Jaspigs. B du`cir anbdeoidt pbjbd igiìdts wiri bssoògbtik odta tli`. Li bkaptik tliElrost`bs dojlt bs tli cijoddodj an tli diw yibr, bdk Elrostobdoty

ciebì tli annoeobg rigojoad. ]Ot wbs wrottid od tli Odfog an s bgbolos-sbg` bdk od tli Jaspig an Cbrdbcbs tlbt Bgglu tbg os adi.PBtlbdbsous tli Coslap an Bgixbdkrob wbs b trodotbrobd. B proist dbìkBrous sbok tlbt tli naur Jaspigs wiri wradj, tlbt Bgglu tbg os adi,bdk tlbt s bgbolos-sbg` os dat Los sad cut Los eribtik sgbvi bdkXraplit, cut tliy waugk dat gostid ta lo`. Odstibk, tliyixea`ùdoebtik lo`. Brous prapbjbtik udotbrobdos`, cut kok dat govigadj. Nar `bdy yibrs Btlbdbsobds bdk Brobds naujlt bjbodst ibelatlir. Gbtir ad, b du`cir an eaudeogs ebì tajitlir bdk `bki diw

elbdjis od tli ixostodj naur Jaspigs.Od ;;> ]B.K. 289;P, tli Ibstird elurel pbrtik nra` tli Sa`bdelurel. Elrostobds wla wiri bkliridt ta tli Sa`bd elurel wiri ebggikEbtlagoes, bdk bkliridts an tli Ibstird ]OstbdcugP elurel wiri ebggikArtlakax.

Od tli soxtiidtl eidtury tli Jir`bd proist Gutlir @brtod ]B.K.2;P rivagtik bjbodst tli Xapi, Giad \. Od ?35 ]B.K. 292:P linaudkik tli Xratistbdt elurel. [los sbì proist korietik saìbcaòdbcgi bjjrissoads tawbrks tli Osgbòe rigojoad. Gutlir @brtod

bdk Ebgvod elbdjik Elrostobdoty bgg tli àri. Eadsiquidtgy, bdudribsadbcgi bdk o`pgbusocgi rigojoad ebì odta ciodj.[li gojlt slik ad Iurapibds cy tli Bdkbgusobd @usgo`s

ea`ìdeik b ridbossbdei àviìdt od Iurapi. Ypad gibrdodjpasotovi seoidei, `bdy yaudj seoidtosts od Iurapi rivagtik bjbodstElrostobdoty, wloel wbs daw nrbujlt wotl bcsurkotois bdk oggajoebgokibtoads. [li bttbems ebrroik ad bjbodst Elrostobdoty wiri datbppgoebcgi bjbodst Osgb`. Nar, sodei tli norst kby an ots kiegbrbtoad, tliOsgbòe rigojoad lbs ciid prisirvodj bgg ots prostodi puroty. Ot eadtbods da

okib ar odnar`btoad tlbt waugk rud eaudtir ta ribsad, gajoe armdawgikji. Rurd bg-mir` lbs ciid prisirvik prieosigy bs ot wbsrivibgik, wotlaut ivid adi koberotoebg kat lbvodj ciid elbdjik.

Od arkir ta spribk tli Elrostobd cigoin bdk elrostobdozi atlir

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piapgis, Iurapibds, gik cy tli Crotosl, naudkik òssoadbryarjbdozbtoads. [li ieegisobstoebg bdk òssoadbry arjbdozbtoads, wloellbk daw cieaì tli wargks àst pawirnug arjbdozbtoadsieadaòebggy, taam ta bd betovoty ciyadk ribsad. Od arkir ta prapbjbtiElrostobdoty tlraujlaut Osgbòe eaudtrois, tliy stbrtik bd odtidsovilastogoty bjbodst Osgb`. [liy cijbd ta sidk tlausbdks an caams,

craeluris bdk `bjbzodis prbosodj Elrostobdoty ta bgg pbrts an Osgbòeeaudtrois. Bdk daw caams, `bjbzodis bdk craeluris tibelodjElrostobdoty bri udeibsodjgy ciodj kostrocutik wargkwoki. [lus tliy britryodj ta cgur òdks bdk udkiròdi cigoins.

[li Osgbòe selagbrs lbvi bdswirik bgg tli voiws, okibs bdkplogasaploebg tlaujlts eadtrbry ta tli Osgbòe nbotl. @ibdwlogi tliy lbviixpasik tli irrars an kinogik Elrostobdoty. [liy lbvi kiegbrik tlbt ot os datpiròssocgi ta naggaw tli elbdjik bdk odvbgokbtik caams. [liy lbviixpgbodik tlbt, nar govodj od ea`nart bdk pibei od tlos wargk bdk bttbododj

idkgiss cgoss od tli dixt wargk, ot os dieissbry ta ci @usgo`. Xroists lbvidat ciid bcgi ta rinuti tli caams an Osgbòe selagbrs. [li caams wrottidcy tli Osgbòe selagbrs ta rinuti strbyik rigojoads bri duìraus. Bàdjtli`, tli naggawodj bri ridawdik nar ripgyodj ta Elrostobds6

[ulnbt-ug-irc, Brbcoe bdk [urmosl= Koy-ug-qugc, [urmosl bdkIdjgosl= Oz-lr-ug-lbqq, Brbcoe bdk [urmosl= Is-sort-ug-ùstbq`,Brbcoe= Ozl-ug-`br`, [urmosl= @zd-ug-`bwzd, Xirsobd= Orslk-ug-loyr, Brbcoe= bdk Ir-rikk-ug-kfi`g, Brbcoe bdk Nridel.

An tlisi, Koy-ug-qugc, wrottid cy Os-lbq Inidko an Lbrput,]2P

ispieobggy bdswirs tli wradjnug wrotodjs bdk sgbdkirs wrottid cyXratistbdt proists bjbodst Osgb`. [li caam wbs norst pucgoslik od Ostbdcugod 23?5 ]B.K. 2P. Uo`pgonyodj tli caam, wi pucgoslik ot od [urmosl od2?


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an Rurbdoe odtirpritbtoad kostodjuoslik tlisi lbktl-o-slirns (ixpgbododjtli ybt-o-mir bs) nra` tlasi lbktl-o-slirns eadeaetik cy ùdnoqs,ùgloks bdk zodkoqs, wla eaugk dat nodk lbktl-o-slirns ta suot tliorpurpasis bdk sa `bki tlior awd odtirpritbtoads an ybt-o-mir`bs wotlodtli prodeopgis an tli seoidei an [bnsr. [li odtirpritbtoads an tlasirigojoausgy ojdarbdt piapgi wla mdaw Brbcoe cut wla bri udbwbri an tli

seoidei an [bnsr bri dat ta ci ebggik [bnsr an tli Rurd. Nar tlos ribsad,ot os stbtik od b lbktl-o-slirn6 Li wla odtirprits Rurd bg-mir`beearkodj ta los awd odnirideis wogg cieaì b mnor.

@by Bgglu tbg cistaw ad us bgg tli nartudi an aciyodj tli `bstiran tlos wargk bdk tli dixt, @ulb``bk bgbolos-sbg`! @by Li pratiet usbjbodst cigoivodj tli irradiaus okibs bdk prapbjbdkbs an òssoadbrois,ispieobggy tlasi liritoes ebggik Filavbls wotdissis! `d.

@gk Lofr Ulb`s Lofr Rb`br 3882 25


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OD[SAKYE[OAD[A [LI NOSU[ IKO[OAD

Lb`k bdk prbosi bri ìrotik cy Bgglu tbg, wla os wfoc-ug-wufk (wlasi ixostidei os bcsagutigy dieissbry), bdk cigadj taLo` bgadi. Bgg tli arkir bdk tli cibutois od tli udovirsi bri tlivosocgi gojlts an tli warms an Los pawir. Los odnodoti mdawgikji bdkpawir bppibr ad tlodjs kipidkodj ad tlior vbroaus qubgotois. Bggixostidei os b krap an Los aeibd an mdawgikji bdk pawir. Li osadi= Li kais dat lbvi b ea`pbdoad (pbrtdir, gomidiss). Li osUb`bk, tlbt os, tli ciodj wotl wla` bgg eribturis wogg tbmi rinuji.Li os nrii nra` ciodj b nbtlir ar sad. Ot os purpartik od tli twidty-tlork ybt an srb Lbslr6 Bgglu tbg kais dat lbvi bea`pbdoad, b pbrtdir od ciodj ogl (Jak). Li os tli Sugir wlasika`bod divir eibsis ta ixost. Li os nrii nra` bdy kinoeoidey. Li osnbr nra` kiniets ar pawirgissdiss. Li lbs sieurik Cigoivirs

bjbodst tli idkgiss tarìdt. Li kaòdbtis avir bdk prisirvisivirytlodj. Li os ebpbcgi an idnareodj Los kierii. ]Zlid `bdwbdts ta ka saìtlodj, Bgglu tbg eribtis ot on Li, taa, woggs ot taci sa. Li bgadi os tli Eribtar. Da adi atlir tlbd Li ebd eribtibdytlodj. Da adi ixeipt Li ebd ci ebggik Eribtar. Li lbs slawdtli wby ta sbgvbtoad tlbt wogg pravoki ìds govodj od pibei bdkea`nart od tlos wargk bdk tli dixt bdk bttbododj idkgiss nigoeoty,bdk ea``bdkik tli` ta govi od tlos wby. Jribtdiss bdk lojldiss

cigadj ta Lo`.P Bgglu tbg os nrii nra` tli pagytlios` bdkebgu`dy an tli pagytliosts.@by sbgt bdk sig` ci bkkrissik wotl gavi vob tli cgissik

jrbvi, wloel os b Xbrbkosi jbrkid, an tli @issidjir an Bgglutbg, @ulb``bk @ustbn sbgg-Bgglu bgbolo wbsbggb`, wla ostli lojlgy ladaurik Xraplit an tli gbtist toì. Nar, tlbt Ubrwbrsbgg-Bgglu bgbolo wbsbggb` wbs sidt wotl Rurd bg-mir` narsbvodj lu`bdoty nra` tli kbrmdiss an ojdarbdei bdk istbcgoslodjtbwlk bdk `d. [li soxty-naurtl ybt an srb g-o-O`rdpurparts tli naggawodj kiegbrbtoad6 A @y Lbcc!]2P Uby udta tli

:

]2P @ast cigavik adi, kbrgodj.


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Fiws bdk Elrostobds, wla bri blg bg-motc6 Eadeiki ta tli warkwloel os ea`àd citwiid us bdk yau wotlaut bdy konnirideibàdj tli libvidgy caams bdk Xraplits6 Zi warslop dadi cutBgglu tbg bdk wi ka dat bttrocuti bdy pbrtdir ta Bgglutbg. Sbsguggbl sbgg-Bgglu bgbolo wbsbggb` wbs ea``bdkik

ta bkbpt lo`sign ta tli jiduodi ìbdodj an tlos kovodi ebgg.@by sig` bdk cidikoetoads ci bkkrissik vob tli cgissikjrbvis an los sbgg-Bgglu bgbolo wbsbggb` g bdk Bs-lc. Ibel antli` os b stbr an lokyb juokodj ta tli wby an lbppodiss bdksbgvbtoad bppravik cy Bgglu tbg. [liy ibel sberonoeik tliorgovis bdk prapirty nar tli spribkodj an tli Osgbòe nbotl. [liyebrroik bdk tbujlt tli Mbgo`b-o-tbwlk ]tli Brbcoe ixprissoadwloel ribks Isl-lbku bdg-oglb og-g-Bggbl wb isl-lbku bddb@ulb``bkbd bckulu wb rbsgul, bdk wloel purparts, Okinodotigy cigoivi bdk tistony tlbt Bgglu tbg ixosts bdk os adi=bdk O kinodotigy cigoivi bdk tistony tlbt @ulb``bk bgbolos-sbgòs Los eribtik sgbvi bdk @issidjirP bgg avir tli wargk.

Bs bdyadi wotl ribsad wogg sii, wlid tli udovirsi os acsirvikwotl prukidei, bgg tli kiiks bdk sotubtoads od tlos udovirsi bri odbd arkir kipidkidt upad udelbdjibcgi gbws. B koseriit pirsadwogg eadeguki bt adei tlbt b Mlgoq (Eribtar), wla os wfoc-ug-wufk (dieissbry ixostidei) bdk wla istbcgoslis tlisi gbws bdk

prisirvis tli` bs tliy bri, os dieissbry. [lid, Fidc-o Lbqq(Bggbl) os tli bcsaguti Eribtar, Zla os itirdbg od tli pbst bdkitirdbg od tli nuturi, Zla os tli arojodbg cijoddodj an ivirytlodj,bdk law Li os ebddat ci ea`prilidkik tlraujl òdk. Li lbseaggietik bgg sarts an pirnietoad bdk supiroaroty od Lo`sign. Li osBlbk, tlbt os, Li os Adi od Los pirsad, kiiks bdk bttrocutis. Likais dat lbvi b gomidiss.

Bgglu tbg os adi, Li os bzbg, bcbk, bdk qbk`. Li os nbr

nra` bdy sart an elbdji. Ivirytlodj atlir tlbd Li od tli wargk anciodjs cieaìs agk, kitiroarbtis, bdk elbdjis od praeiss an toì.Cut Bgglu tbg os nbr, nrii nra` bdy modk an elbdji. Li divirelbdjis. Bs toì wogg dat elbdji tli ixprissoad Adi pgus adi`bmis twa, sa tli adidiss an Bgglu tbg kais dat elbdji wotltli igbpsi an eidturois an toì.

@bd, wla lbs ciid kostodjuoslik nra` atlir eribturis wotlsuel b jont bs òdk, lbs ciid eajdozbdt an tlos nbet sodei los

eribtoad ad tli ibrtl. [los nbet lbs ciid ixpgbodik od konniridtwbys cy konniridt rigojoads bdk siets. Lawivir, sodei ìdsìdtbg bdk odtiggietubg ebpbeotois konnir, ibel pirsad sibrelodj nartli Eribtar lbs o`bjodik Lo` wotlod los awd dbturi,

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ti`pirbìdt, mdawgikji bdk eajdotovi ebpbeoty, bdk kiserocikLo` beearkodj ta los awd udkirstbdkodj bdk ti`pirbìdt. Nar,`bd lbs gomidik wlbt li ebddat udkirstbdk ar mdaw ciebusi antli odebpbcogoty bdk slarteaòdj an los òdk ta tli tlodjs limdaws. @ast an tlasi wla egbo` ta lbvi koseavirik tli nbet, lbvi

pgudjik odta btraeotois bdk bcirrbtoads suel bs `bjoe, okagbtry,bdk pagytlios`.Uodei `bd, wotl los o`pirniet òdk, ebddat udkirstbdk tli

bcsaguti Eribtar= Bgglu tbg, tli àst ìreonug an tli ìreonug,sidt Xraplits ta iviry dbtoad od iviry eidtury. [lus Li tbujltìd tli trutl an tli `bttir. [li nartudbti adis wla cigoivik wirisbvik, bdk bttbodik lbppodiss od tlos wargk bdk od tli Liribntir.[li lbpgiss, udguemy adis acfietik, kidoik, bdk ri`bodik odkiprissoad bdk nrustrbtoad.

Ibel Xraplit govik od b konniridt eaudtry od b konniridt piroak,bdk wbs sidt ta b dbtoad wotl konniridt eusta`s bdk trbkotoads.Iviry Xraplit, wlogi tibelodj tli ixostidei bdk adidiss an Bgglutbg ta piapgi, stbtik saì rugis bdk warslops tlbt wogg crodjbcaut `bds lbppodiss od tlos wargk bdk tli dixt. Beearkodj talostarobds, bppraxo`btigy soxtiid ludkrik bdk nonty yibrs cinaritli beeiptik cortl kbti an s bgbolos-sbg`, Bgglu tbg sidt@s (@asis) bgbolos-sbg` bs tli Xraplit. @s bgbolos-sbg`

tbujlt tli Uads an Osrbig tli cigoin od tli ixostidei bdk adidiss anBgglu tbg bdk saì atlir prodeopgis an `d, bs tliy lbk ciidtbujlt cy tli atlir Xraplits prieikodj lo`, suel bs kb`, Dl(Dabl), Okros, Ocrl`, Os-lq, bdk _bqc bgboloùs-sbg`, tatlior awd trocis od tlior awd toìs. Upribkodj tli odnar`btoadpirtbododj ta ea`pugsary warslops bdk prodeopgis an saeobgrigbtoads nbr bdk dibr, li troik ta `bmi tli Uads an Osrbig rinrbodnra` pagytlios`. Bntir @s bgbolos-sbg` tli Uads an Osrbig

(Cid Osrg) wiri bnngoetik wotl vbroaus kosbstirs bdk tuùgts,ciebusi tliy kivobtik nra` tli issidtobgs an `d. Ypad tlos,Bgglu tbg sidt s bgbolos-sbg` bs tli Xraplit ta tli Uads anOsrbig. s bgbolos-sbg` spribk bdk tbujlt tli tbwlk, wloelìbds tli ixostidei bdk adidiss an Bgglu tbg, bdk atlirprodeopgis an `d, tlus tryodj ta crodj tli bcirrbdt piapgi cbem tatli rojlt eaursi bdk riodnareodj tli rigojoad an @s bgbolos-sbg`.

Bntir s bgbolos-sbg`, los bkliridts kivobtik nra` tli truinbotl tbujlt cy s bgbolos-sbg`, bs tli Uads an Osrbig lbkstrbyik nra` tli rojlt wby cinari. Gbtir, tliy wrati caams ebggikJaspigs bdk pb`plgits bcaut Elrostobdoty kbogy. broaus eaudeogs

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ligk bt konniridt pgbeis `bki ea`pgitigy eadtrbkoetary kieosoads.[lus, bgtajitlir konniridt Elrostobd siets bppibrik. [liy narsaamtli prodeopgi an tbwlk]2P bdk tli rigojoad an s bgbolos-sbg`tlaraujlgy ]bdk ciebì pagytliosts bdk koscigoivirsP. Ypad tlosBgglu tbg sidt @ulb``bk bgbolos-sbg`, Los àst cigavik,

lojlist bdk gbst an tli Xraplits udtog tli kby an Fukjiìdt, udtatli Ibrtl.@ast an tli rigojoaus ea``bdkìdts tbujlt cy @s bgbolos-

sbg` pirtbodik ta zlor ]plysoebg, pireiptocgiP kiiks, bdk àstan tli ea``bdkìdts an s bgbolos-sbg` wiri ad ctod `bttirsan tli librt (àrbgs, itloes, ite.). Nodbggy, crodjodj zlor bdk ctodtajitlir, Bgglu tbg rivibgik ta @ulb``bk bgbolos-sbg` tliàst pirniet, tli àst supiroar rigojoad, Osgb`, bdk tli kovodicaam an tlos rigojoad, Rurd bg-mir`. Bgglu tbg, sidkodj tlibdjig wotl wbly ta aur ixbgtik Xraplit, kiegbrik ta bgg `bdmodktli àst pirniet rigojoad, Osgb`, wloel os b ea`prilidsovisigietoad an tli up-ta-kbti zlor kiiks ea``bdkik cy tli rigojoadan @s bgbolos-sbg` bdk tli ctod `bttirs ea``bdkik cy tlirigojoad an s bgbolos-sbg`, od bkkotoad ta duìraus zlor bdkctd issidtobgs.

[bwlk, tlbt os, tli prodeopgi an cigoin tlbt Bgglu tbg os adi,os dat konniridt od bdy an tli libvidgy rigojoads= tliy bri bgg cbsik

ad tli prodeopgi an tbwlk. [li adgy konniridei citwid tli` os adtli mdawgikji an rugis bdk warslops. Da kosbjriiìdt areadtravirsy taam pgbei bs ta tli prodeopgi an tli ixostidei bdkadidiss an Bgglu tbg udtog twa ludkrik yibrs bntir tlibseidsoad an s bgbolos-sbg`. Bgg tli lbwrs (bpastgis an sbgbolos-sbg`) bdk tlior naggawirs bdk tli sueeissars an tliornaggawirs govik bdk koik up ta tli prodeopgi an tli udoty an Bgglutbg, wloel wbs stbtik egibrgy od tli Odfog. Dadi an tli tlrii

norstgy wrottid Jaspigs ]@bttliw, @brm, GumiP eadtbodik ividadi gittir kidatodj ta trodoty, wloel ìbds tli eriik an nbtlir-sad-lagy sporot, od (takbys) Elrostobdoty. [lid tli naurtl Jaspig,wloel os bserocik ta Fald, bppibrik od Jriim. [los Jaspigixlocotik saì tir`s odkoebtodj trodoty ]tlrii ribg ciodjsP, wloelwbs arojodbggy tli Jriim plogasaplir Xgbtas tliary. Bt tlbt toìkoseussoads bdk eadtravirsois ad tli twa Jriim plogasaplois,Sbwqoyyd bdk Oslrqoyyd, wiri jaodj ad od tli selaags anBgixbdkrob. Sbwqoyyd (Utaoeos`) os b selaag an plogasaplynaudkik bt Btlids od 58< C.E. cy tli Jriim Xlogasaplir Vida.

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]2P Ydoty an Bgglu tbg.


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Oslrqoyyd (Xytlbjaribdos`) os b selaag an plogasaply naudkikcy Xytlbjarbs (od >tl. eidtury C.E.). [lisi plogasaplois wogg cikibgt wotl gbtir ad. [li nbdbtoes an Xgbta wbdtik Falds Jaspig tacieaì papugbr. Lawivir, od tli rigojoad an s bgbolos-sbg`, dastbtiìdt o`pgyodj tlrii jaks `by Bggbl pratiet us bjbodst

cigoivodj suel b eriik! lbk ciid librk an, sa tli cigoivirs an tlirigojoad an s bgbolos-sbg` rifietik bdk pratistik ot viliìdtgy.[lus tli cigoivirs an tli rigojoad an s bgbolos-sbg` pbrtik odtatwa jraups, wloel ìbdt du`cir an kicbtis bdk nojlts citwiidtli`. Od B.K. 539, kurodj tli riojd an Eadstbdtodi O, tli Doeidieaudeog bcbdkadik tbwlk ]tli udoty an Bgglu tbgP, wloel wbstli issidtobg prodeopgi an tli rigojoad an s bgbolos-sbg`. Zotltli apprissoad an Eadstbdtodi, wla wbs b Xgbtadost, tliy bkaptiktli eriik an trodoty, o.i. nbtlir-sad-lagy sporot. Nra` tlbt toì ad,tli eriik an trodoty cijbd ta spribk nbr bdk dibr. Sibg cigoivirswla cigoivik od tli rigojoad an s bgbolos-sbg` wiri sebttirik.Ua Xgbtas plogasaply ribppibrik bdk tli rigojoad an s bgbolos-sbg` wbs jovid up. Sibg cigoivirs wla cigoivik od tlos rigojoadlok tli`sigvis. [lus tli kaj`b an trodoty tlbt taam tli pgbei antli rigojoad an tbwlk ciebì àri bdk àri pawirnug, bdk tliDbsr (Dbzbridis) wla cigoivik od tli udoty an Bgglu tbgwiri kospirsik liri bdk tliri, ixea`ùdoebtik, moggik, bdk

nodbggy bddologbtik cy tli trodotbrobd elurelis. Uaad tliri wbsdadi an tli` gint.Od 5?? ]B.K. 289;P tli Xbtrobrel an Ostbdcug, @oelbig

Moragbrous, rivagtik bjbodst tli udcibrbcgi apprissoad an tliwistird elurel wlasi eidtir wbs od Saì. Li rinusik ta beeipttli cigoin tlbt tli Xapi od Saì wbs tli ebgopl an s bgbolos-sbg` bdk tli riprisidtbtovi an Ut Xitir, (bd bpastgi beeiptik bstli norst Xapi). Li appasik tli Sa`bd elurel od saì issidtobg

`bttirs suel bs proists govodj od osagbtoad nra` tli piapgi.Ibel an tli ieegisobstoebg bssi`cgois, wloel tliy ebggikeaudeogs, `bki tatbggy konniridt kieosoads. [liy sipbrbtiktli`sigvis nra` tlasi wla waugk dat bjrii wotl tlior kieosoads.[lus sividty-twa siets bppibrik. Divirtligiss tli Sa`bdelurel bcaki cy ots eaursi. Od tlasi yibrs tli Iurapibd rugirswiri idtorigy ojdarbdt bdk acgovoaus ta bgg tlisi ividts. [liywiri prbetosodj bgg sarts an racciry bdk eruigty ad tlior sucfiets

wla wiri da konniridt nra` ngaems an sliip. Gist bdyadi waugkstbdk bjbodst tlisi raccirois bdk eruigtois, tli rugirs wiriixpgaotodj tli butlaroty wloel proists lbk avir tli ojdarbdtpiapgi. Ot wbs bs on tliy (tli modjs) wiri udkir proists butlaroty.

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Xroists, od tlior turd, wigg bwbri an tli rugirs ojdarbdei, odtidsoadsbdk wibmdissis, ixpgaotik tlior saviriojdty ta tlior awdbkvbdtbjis. Od bppibrbdei Iurapi wbs udkir tli modjssaviriojdty, cut tli adgy, bdk odkipidkidt, kaòdbtoad cigadjikta proists. Od nbet, od tli ibrgoir yibrs an Elrostobdoty, ixieutoad an

proists woslis bdk kisoris wbs kipidkidt upad tli Otbgobd modjssbdetoad. Bntirwbrks pbpbg butlaroty wbs bujìdtik, ta tli ixtidttlbt idtlradiìdt bdk kitlradiìdt an modjs ciebì passocgiadgy wlid proists woslik sa. [li toìs ojdarbdt papugbei, ciodjtatbggy udbwbri, wiri eruslik citwiid tlior rugirs apprissoadbdk eruigty bdk proists bvbroei bdk jriik. [liy idkurik bgg sartsan tarìdt bdk traucgi. [liy mipt sogidt pbtoidtgy, (bs on bgg tlasisotubtoads wiri Bggbls ea``bdkìdts). [lus tli kbrmdiss anojdarbdei bdk cojatry turdik tli wlagi eadtodidt odta ruods bdk

kosripbors.Od tli ìbdtoì, Osgbòe eaudtrois wiri udkir bkòdostrbtoads

quoti bdtadyàus ta tlasi an tli Elrostobd Iurapi. Brbcob, Orbq,Orbd, Ijypt, [urmostbd lbk `bki `btirobg bdk sporotubg prajriss odbgg bribs udkir tli B`bw (Y`byybk) bdk Bccs (Bccbsok)mlbgnbs. ]Bt tlbt toì @usgo`s wiri od wignbri catl sporotubggybdk `btirobggy.P Ydkir tli riojd an Bdkbgusobd B`bw sugtbds,@usgo`s lbk o`pravik Upbod ta jribtdiss bdk ta tli pibm an

eovogozbtoad. Jribt ebri wbs jovid ta seoidei, brts, trbki,bjroeugturi, bdk itloes. Upbod, wloel lbk ciid b tirrotary ansbvbjiry udkir tli Jatloe odvbsoad, wbs daw gomi b jbrkid anXbrbkosi wotl tli Osgbòe bkòdostrbtoad. Iurapibd cusodissìdbdk odkustrobgosts eaugk divir pby cbem tli kict tliy awi ta Osgb`.[liy aujlt ta ci tlbdmodj @usgo`s narivir. Nar, tli norst spbrm anmdawgikji od Iurapi wbs tlrawd ann nra` tli Bdkbgusobd@usgo`s.

[li croggobdt eovogozbtoad tlbt lbk bppibrik od Bdkbgusobavirngawik Bdkbgusob bdk spribk avir Iurapi. Uaì tbgidtikIurapibds datoeik tli eovogozbtoad od Bdkbgusob bdk trbdsgbtik tlicaams an Osgbòe selagbrs odta Iurapibd gbdjubjis. Awodj ta tlicaams tliy trbdsgbtik, ea`pogik bdk pucgoslik, Iurapibd piapgicijbd ta rosi nra` tlior sgiip an ojdarbdei. Ividtubggy, adi @brtodGutlir an Jir`bdy ebì narwbrk wotl b voiw ta ciodj tliridavbtar, tli ristarir an Elrostobdoty. Gutlir appasik tli

`bfaroty an udribsadbcgi ieegisobstoebg prodeopgis. ]@brtod Gutlir,b Jir`bd proist, naudkik tli Xratistbdtos`, b siet an Elrostobdoty.Elrostobds bkliridt ta tli Xapi bri ebggik Ebtlagoes. Gutlir wbscard od


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duìraus caams. Li wbs bd bkvirsbry an tli Xapi bdk bdudcrokgik idi`y an Osgb`. Ebtlagoes bdk Xratistbdts bri stogglastogi ta ibel atlir.P [lid Ebgvod bppibrik. Faododj Gutlir od lospratistbtoads, li kosbjriik wotl lo` od saì `bttirs. Gutlir bdkEbgvod rinusik tli wbys an warslop priserocik cy tli Sa`bd

elurel. [liy appasik tli okib an tli Xapis ciodj b kiputy anXitir bdk b sueeissar an s bgbolos-sbg`. [li naggawirs anGutlir bdk Ebgvod wiri ebggik Xratistbdts.

[li Sa`bd elurel lbk bgribky gast adi-tlork an ots bkliridtswotl tli sipbrbtoad an tli Ibstird Elurel= bdk daw tli bppibrodjan Xratistbdtos` taam bwby bdatlir tlork. [los ividt ixbspirbtiktli papis. [liy risartik ta bd btraeoaus ìbsuri6 voetary, usodjtli ògotbry pawirs an tli toìs Ebtlagoe modjs, cy puttodj bgg tliXratistbdts ta tli swark. Uodei cigoin bdk eadseoidei ebd divir cielbdjik cy narei, tlos ìbsuri lbk tli appasoti inniet. Ot ebusikXratistbdtos` ta spribk od Idjgbdk bdk Bìroeb. Ypad tlos tliSa`bd elurel taam ta tli prafiet an oderibsodj tlior papugbtoadcy Elrostobdozodj cigoivirs an atlir rigojoads bdk sbvbji trocis.[liy istbcgoslik Ebtlagoe selaags bgg avir tli wargk. Od arkir takossiòdbti bdk prapbjbti tli dbì Ebtlagoe, tliy ikuebtik bdktrbodik ixtriìgy nbdbtoebg proists tlbt tliy ebggik òssoadbrois.[liy sidt tli` od jraups ta atlir eaudtrois suel bs Bìroeb,

Fbpbd, Elodb, Bcyssodob (Itloapob), bdk ta Osgbòe eaudtrois. Otwbs adgy saì ojdarbùsis tlbt òssoadbrois wiri bcgi ta kieiovicy vbroaus praòsis bdk bkvbdtbjis od tli eaudtrois tliy brrovikod. Od ojdarbdt ea`ùdotois tliy pravamik kbujltirs bjbodstàtlirs, sads bjbodst nbtlirs, bdk `bki tli` lastogi bjbodst adibdatlir. [liy brausik vbroaus tuùgts bdk eaups od tli eaudtroistliy wiri stbtoadik. Ividtubggy, javirdìdts bdk piapgis ciodjnik up wotl òssoadbrois òseloin bdk odstojbtoad, tliy wiri

kipartik nra` àst an tli eaudtrois tliy wiri gaebtik od. Od saìeaudtrois tliy wiri pudoslik ivid àri sivirigy= tliy wiriixieutik. [lisi òssoadbrois, wotl tli pritixt an prapbjbtodjElrostobdoty, odngoetik sa ùel kb`bji ta lu`bdoty tlbt tliyebusik tli wlagi wargk ta lbti Elrostobdoty. Od nbet, wlid b pirsadribks tli lostary caams wrottid bcaut tli udprieikidtikcbrcbraus ìbsuris bdk pirsieutoads prbetosik cy tli Sa`bdelurel wotl Ebtlagoe cojatry bdk `btirobgostoe kisoris, i.j. tliodquosotoad `bssberis ad Ut. Cbrtlagaìws ivi, los lbor wogg stbdkad idk wotl larrar.

Da saadir lbk tli Ebtlagoe elurel stbrtik betovoty an trbododjòssoadbrois nar spribkodj Ebtlagoeos` tlbd tli Xratistbdts taam

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betoad. Istbcgoslodj saeoitois bt vbroaus pgbeis, tliy eaggietik bwibgtl an ebpotbg. [liy sidt caams bdk `ossoadbrois tibelodjXratistbdtos` ta bgg pbrts an tli wargk, ]udkir korietoad an tli@odostry an Eagadois, wloel wbs istbcgoslik od Idjgbdk tabddologbti Osgb`P. Bs os riearkik od tli caam an ixpidsis, wloel

wbs pucgoslik bntirwbrks, tli Crotosl Xratistbdt saeoity db`iktli Cocgi Lausi, wloel wbs naudkik od 232? ]B.K. 2


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nuggy bwbri an tlior rigojoaus ea``bdkìdts bdk kutois od iviryeaudtry bgomi, bdk tli wibgtl an tli Xratistbdt arjbdozbtoad ciodjspieobggy idaràus, tliy lbvi rbtoadik tlasi wla lbvi beeiptikXratistbdtos` ta àdtly bdk yibrgy sbgbrois. Od bkkotoad, tlraujltlior i`cbssois bdk eadsugbtis, tliy lbvi ligpik tlasi wla lbvi

aciyik tli` bdk cieaì Xratistbdts ta bequori kostodjuoslikpasotoads bt vbroaus curibuerbtoe ieligads. [liy lbvi sueeissnuggyeabxik tli Bdbtagobd bdk [lrbeobd Elrostobd Atta`bd sucfiets tacieaì bttbelik ta tli`. Lawivir, ciebusi suel piapgi lbviciid pirsubkik ta suel bd bttbelìdt cy ìbds an jagk bdkàdiy, tliy lbvi dat jovid tli cidinots ixpietik. Bg-lb`k-u-go-ggl (jrbtotuki ci ta Bggbl), tliy lbvi dat ciid sueeissnug odkieiovodj ]eabxodj ta ElrostobdotyP ivid adi wigg-mdawd @usgo`.

Od 23P òssoadbrois, od arkir ta kieiovi @usgo`s,pucgoslik b Cocgi od [urmosl od Ostbdcug bdk bppidkik ta ot bstbtiìdt od [urmosl wloel ìbdt (od Idjgosl)6 [los caam os tlirivosik virsoad an tli narìr ikotoad, wloel wbs trbdsgbtik cy BgoCij bdk pucgoslik wotl tli ligp an [urc Inidko. Zotl tlosstbtiìdt tliy kovugjik, sa ta spibm, tlbt tliy lbk `bdbjik takieiovi saì @usgo`s. Zi mdaw tli pirsad wla trbdsgbtik tliCocgi nar b niw ludkrik jagks bt tlbt toì. Cut ot os dat mdawdwlitlir li beeiptik Xratistbdtos`. @ariavir, sodei da adi os

mdawd cy tli dbì an Bg Cij bdk ebpbcgi an kaodj tlos fac, ot osdat udgomigy bt bgg tlbt tli dbì wbs b slb`. Nar, on li lbk ciid bwigg-mdawd pirsad, los papugbr totgi waugk lbvi ciid wrottid. Bsnar [urc Inidko= ot os da surprosi nar tlos pirsad govodj od Ijyptbdk `brroik ta b Xratistbdt jorg ta lbvi kadi tli` b sirvoei suelbs tlos. Cut li wbs divir siid ta gomi ar bppravi tli Xratistbdtrotis. Ad tli eadtrbry, sodei li kosegasik bgg tlior bcaòdbtoads, liebddat ci cigoivik ta lbvi elbdjik los rigojoad. Ivid on ot lbk

ciid sa, [urc Inidko os dat b pirsad mdawd cy ivirycaky= bs bcay li wbs sidt ta Idjgbdk cy tli Ijyptobd javirdìdt bdkgibrdik Idjgosl od b elurel selaag. Bdk tlos od turd ìbds tlbt[urc Inidko odegodik tawbrks Xratistbdtos` cinari lbvodjgibrdt Osgb`.

Ot os dat passocgi nar bdy Elrostobd ta jovi tli ixb`pgi an b wosi@usgo` wla mdaws Osgb`, wla lbs ciid craujlt up wotl Osgbòeikuebtoad, wla lbs nuggy gibrdik tli ribg issidei an Osgb`, wlalbs tbstik tli sporotubg ngbvaur bdk sìggik tli swiit seidt anmbgo`b-o-tbwlk, bdk wla lbs, bntir bgg, eadvirtik taXratistbdtos`. On sa, tlid ot slaugk ci odquorik wlitlir tli ribsadlbs ciid adi an suel tlodjs bs àdiy, pratietoad, bdk rbdm. Ot os

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viry konnoeugt, ivid o`passocgi ta pirsubki b pirsad wla ixprissis,Bgglu tbg kais dat lbvi b pbrtdir ar gomidiss. O cigoivi tlbtLi os nrii nra` suel kiniets, ta cigoivi od tli kaj`b, Bggbl osadi cut tlriiar Bggbl os tlrii cut adi.On b @usgo` wla mdawstli prodeopgis an `d cusois lo`sign taa ùel od plogasaply, ot

`by ci passocgi nar lo` ta tidk tawbrks plogasaplirs eaursi. Cutot os o`passocgi nar lo` ta cieaì b Elrostobd. Nar tlos ribsad, tliribg pratietar an Osgbòe rigojoad os Bgglu tbg, bdk tli odsokoausbdk lbr`nug betovotois an òssoadbrois cibr da tlribt ta @usgo`s. Odnbet, suel b tlaujlt os da àri tlbd b eadkiseidsoad ad aur pbrt.Lawivir, proists stbtoadik od aur eaudtry, ta ebrry aut tli tbsmtliy wiri bssojdik cy tlior supiroars od tlior òssoadbryarjbdozbtoads, cijbd ta wroti caams òsriprisidtodj Osgb` bs

ciodj wradj bdk Elrostobdoty bs b supiroar rigojoad (tli nbet osquoti tli atlir wby raudk) bdk kostrocuti tli` nrii an elbrji.Bgwbys bvaokodj tli trutl, tliy lbvi ciid tryodj ta òsriprisidtbcirrbtoad bs tli trui wby. Ot os nbrk-o-monyb (Osgbòe ea``bdk)nar gibrdik @usgo`s ta rinuti òssoadbrois gois bdk sgbdkirs. [liorribg purpasi os ta brausi turàog od tli Osgbòe rigojoad bdk ta sawkoseark bàdj modsnagm suel bs woni bdk luscbdk, pbridts bdkelogkrid, ite., bs tliy lbvi bgwbys kadi od iviry eaudtry. ]Nar,

tlisi piapgi tlodm tlbt takbys Jaspigs bri tli warks an Bggbl bdksby tlbt tliy lbvi ciid aciyodj tli ea``bdkìdts jovid odtli`.P Ot os wrottid od tli tlorty-naurtl bdk tlorty-nontl virsis an tlitidtl elbptir an tli Jaspig an @bttliw tlbt s bgbolos-sbg` sbok6(wloel os divir trui) [lodm dat tlbt O b` eaì ta sidk pibei adibrtl= O ebì dat ta sidk pibei, cut b swark. (@btt6 28-5;,Butlarozik (Modj Fbìs) îrsoad, 2?:


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udkir tlior rugi nar sox ludkrik yibrs= git bgadi odtirnirodj od tliorrigojoaus sirvoeis, Osgb` ea``bdks tlos ligp bdk fustoei. AurXraplits ea``bdks od tlos rispiet bri riearkik od Osgbòe caams,]Uii aur atlir Idjgosl pucgoebtoads.P Ot wbs udkir tli jubrbdtii antli Atta`bd stbti, tlirinari, tlbt da adi, wlbtivir los rigojoad,

waugk ci bcusik ar `bgtribtik ad beeaudt an los ar lir eriik.Ciodj b pirsads juist bdk bt tli sbì toì sgbdkirodj bdkstb`podj ad los sberik cigoins, os bd ividt udprieikidtik od tliwargk bddbgs. [li o`partbdt nbet liri os tli nbgsi elbrjis korietikta Osgb` cy Osgb`s idiòis tlraujl kistruetovi warks, wrotodjs,caams, ]tigivosoad crabkebsts, vokia ebssittisP. (Ua tli tlodj ta cikadi) os ta ebgg pucgoe bttidtoad ta tlisi gois bdk sgbdkirs, ]tabdswir tli`P, bdk ta ixlocot ta tli wlagi wargk tli saplos`s ad

wloel tliy cbsik tlior pucgoebtoads udkir tli egabm an trutl. [li[urmosl caam wloel O pucgoslik wotl tli totgi i`s-g-Lbmmb (tliUud an [rutl) jovis viry cibutonug bdswirs ta òssoadbrybjjrissoads korietik ta Osgb`. Od tlbt caam an òdi, b du`cir annbets bcaut Elrostobdoty bri ixpgbodik od kitbog, bdk b gat anquistoads bri prapaudkik. Divirtligiss, Elrostobd proists bri stoggpucgoslodj diw gyodj, nbggbeoaus caams, bs on tliy sbw diotlir tlisiquistoads dar tli spgidkok caam totgik Oz-lr-ug-lbqq, wloel wbs

wrottid od Brbcoe cy Sbl`btuggbl Inidko, adi an tli jribt Ygbàn Odkob, bdk wbs gbtir trbdsgbtik odta [urmosl. Od tlisi diw caamstliy bri ripibtodj tli sbì agk ebgu`dois an tliors. [liy lbvi datciid bcgi ta bdswir ivid adi an tli quistoads wi lbvi korietik tatli` od i`s-g-lbmmb bdk Oz-lr-ug-lbq.

Ot os stbtik bs naggaws ad tli tlrii ludkrik bdk doditoitl pbjian tli Xirsobd caam @bq`t-o-bml-yr6 Nbdkir, b Xratistbdtproist, wbs viry nbàus bàdj Elrostobds. [li Xratistbdt

òssoadbry arjbdozbtoad sidt Nbdkir bdk saì atlir sigietikproists ta Odkob. [liy wiri suppasik ta warm nar tli prapbjbtoadan Elrostobdoty. Od 23:8 ]B.K. 2


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5 KO_-YG-RYGC

(GOJL[ AN [LI LIBS[U)

Xratistbdt proists sby bs naggaws od adi an tli caamgits tliypucgoslik bjbodst Osgb` od Ostbdcug6

[li vortui bdk tli supiroaroty an Elrostobdoty os odnirrik nra`

tli nbet tlbt ot os spribkodj viry nbst bàdj piapgi ad beeaudt anots inniets ea`pbtocgi wotl kbogy goni bdk udovirsbg kaòdbtoad.Bgglu tbg lbs sidt Elrostobdoty kawd ta ibrtl bs b trui rigojoadsupiroar ta atlir rigojoads. [li bcagotoads, ebtbstraplois,kossopbtoads nbggodj upad Fiwry bri bgg acvoaus pudoslìdtsodngoetik upad tli` cy Bggbl bs b risugt an tlior kidyodjElrostobdoty.

On ot os bssirtik tlbt wotl tli rosodj an Osgb`, Elrostobdoty wbs

bcrajbtik= ot os quistoadbcgi wlitlir Osgb` os supiroar taElrostobdoty od ots govigodiss, goni-stygi, ar od ots ebpbcogoty anbttrbetodj piapgis librts, ar wlitlir Elrostobds wiri eadki`dikwotl tli sbì tirronyodj ebtbstraplis wotl tli rosodj an Osgb` bslbk ciid sidt upad Fiwry. Elrostobdoty spribk nar tlrii ludkrik

yibrs, wotlaut bdy stbti pawir. Osgb`, ad tli atlir lbdk, wbstrbdsnarìk nra` rigojoad ta stbti pawir cinari tli Lijorb. Nartlos ribsad, ot os b konnoeugt tbsm ta `bmi b saudk ea`pbrosad

citwiid Osgb` bdk Elrostobdoty bs ta tli sporotubg bdk odearparibginniets tliy lbvi upad tli lu`bd librt. Lawivir, s bgbolos-sbg` ebggik piapgi ta rigojoad nar tlrii yibrs. @bdy piapgiciebì los naggawirs wotlod tlos piroak. Li elasi tli twigvibpastgis nra` bàdj tli`. Uaìtoì gbtir li elasi sividty àri

piapgi od tli dbì an Bpastgis an Jaspig. Li sidt tli` nartl tajuoki piapgi ta tli trui pbtl. Gbtir li jbtlirik b ludkrik bdktwidty àri piapgi. Bs ripartik cy bpastgis, ot os wrottid egibrgyod Ut. Xbugs ipostgis tlbt s bgbolos-sbg`, wotlod tli narty kbyscinari los kibtl, sidt nartl 988 Elrostobd cigoivirs ta ebgg piapgita rigojoad.

[los caamgit, wloel tliy pucgoslik od Ostbdcug, jais ad bs

2?


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naggaws6 Beearkodj ta Brbcoe lostarobds, suel bs Ocd Os-lq,]2P

Zqok,]3P [bcbr,]5P Ocdo Ubk,];P ite., tli norst cigoivirs an@ulb``bk sbgg-Bgglu bgbolo wbsbggb` bri adgy lbkrbt Lbkfb,los woni= Vbyk cod Lrosb, los bkaptik sad bdk sgbvi= Bg cod Ic[goc, los pbtirdbg udegis sad= Bc Cbmr-o Uokkq, los nbotlnug

nroidk bdk ea`pbdoad od tli ebvi= bdk b niw sgbvis wla lbk ciidjidirausgy cidinotik cy tlos gbst adi. Yp ta tli toì an lbkrbtY`brs eadvirsoad ta Osgb`, o.i. tli soxtl yibr an Cotlbt, tlidu`cir an @usgo` eadvirts wiri nonty. Od saì atlir ripart tlirios b ìdtoad an narty ta narty-novi ìd bdk tid ta igivid waìd.Od nbet, cy tli tidtl yibr an Cotlbt, tli du`cir an tli sieadkjraup an @usgo`s tlbt òjrbtik ta Bcyssodob ciebusi an tli

pirsieutoads bdk lastogi tribtìdts odngoetik cy tli @ieebdpagytliosts, ribelik adi ludkrik bdk adi, iojlty-tlrii an wloelwiri ìd bdk iojltiid wiri waìd. (Cotlbt ìbds Lbkrbt@ulb``bks sbgg-Bgglu bgbolo wbsbggb` ciodj kisojdbtik bstli @issidjir an Bggbl.) Zqok sbys od los caam tlbt tli du`ciran ùlfors tlbt taam pbrt od tli lagy wbr an Cikr, wloel wbsnaujlt doditiid àdtls bntir tli Lijorb, wbs iojlty-tlrii.Beearkodjgy, wotlod tli piroak an tlortiid yibrs cinari tliLijorb, cigoivirs an @ulb``bk sbgg-Bgglu bgbolo wbsbggb`wiri adgy adi ludkrik. Ot os wrottid od lostary caams, bjbod, tlbt

tli du`cir an tlasi wla faodik lo` kurodj tli Lijorb wbs adgysividty-tlrii ìd bdk twa waìd. [lisi eadtrbsts `bmi egibrwloel lbs àri pasotovi inniet ad tli librts6 Osgb` ar Elrostobdoty.Nar, on b ea`pbrosad os `bki citwiid tli du`cir an piapgi wlacigoivik s bgbolos-sbg` tlraujl ìri pribelodj wotlaut bdyea`pugsoad ar idnareiìdt bdk tlasi wla cigoivik @ulb``bksbgg-Bgglu bgbolo wbsbggb` udkir tli sbì eadkotoads, ot wogg cisiid tlbt, wliribs adi ludkrik bdk iojlty piapgi cigoivik

@ulb``bk sbgg-Bgglu bgbolo wbsbggb` bs b risugt an tlostlortiid yibrs odvotbtoad, s bgbolos-sbg` lbk àri tlbd noviludkrik cigoivirs wotlod b piroak an tlrii yibrs. Bntirwbrks,tliri ciebì konnirideis citwiid Osgb` bdk Elrostobdoty wotlrispiet ta àkis an spribkodj. [li ribsads nar tlisi konnirideiswiri adgy tli ìtlaks bdk ìkob usik. Norst an bgg, tli u``b an

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]2P Ocdo Os-lq pbssik bwby od 292 ]B.K. :>


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@ulb``bk bgbolos-sbg` wiri ciggojiridt. Ciodj voetaroaus bntirwbrs, tliy o`pravik bdk ciebì wokigy mdawd sukkidgy. Odkiik,Osgb` kok dat spribk awodj ta ots pawirnug inniet ad tli librts, bswbs tli ebsi wotl Elrostobdoty. [li ibrgy Elrostobds, ad tli atlirlbdk, idkurik Xirsobds pirsieutoads bdk tarìdts nar tlrii

ludkrik yibrs. Bgtlaujl tliy eadnradtik wotl vbroaus lodkrbdeis,tlior du`cir ixpbdkik sa rbpokgy tlbt tliri wiri sivirbg òggoadElrostobds bgribky cy B.K. 525, wlid Eadstbdtodi O eadvirtik taElrostobdoty. Xiapgi kinibtik cy @usgo`s wiri, autwbrkgy, datnareik ta beeipt Osgb`. Cut tlraujl vbroaus koseaurbjiìdts tliywiri kiprovik an tlior dbtoadbg eusta`s bdk trbkotoads. Od bkkotoadta ciodj sucfietik ta vbroaus lastogi tribtìdts, tliy wiri

pralocotik nra` tli aeebsoads od wloel ta pirnar` tlior rigojoausrotis. [liy lbk da atlir wby tlbd cibrodj tlisi o`pikoìdts bdkapprissoads. [los ebì ta ìbd tlbt tliy wiri odtbdjocgyea`piggik ta beeipt Osgb`. Nar ixb`pgi, àri tlbd naur tlausbdkelurelis bri ripartik ta lbvi ciid kiàgoslik od tli toì anY`br-ug-Nrq rbkoy-Bgglu bdl. Ot os da wadkir tlbt tlausbdksan ojdarbdt, wargkgy ar udpratietik piapgi beeiptik Osgb` od arkirta bequori prapirty ar pasotoad od tli elbas an tlasi kbys. [losspribkodj an Osgb` os gomi tli bppibrodj an udovirsbg eadquirarssuel bs Bgixbdkir tli Jribt. [li jribt eadquists ebrroik ad cy

@usgo`s kais dat slaw tlbt Rurd bg-mir` os b caam sidt cyBggbl. Od nbet, bgg tlisi eadquists bdk pirnar`bdeis an @usgo`swiri dat bpprieobtik cy tlasi Elrostobds tlbt wiri udkir tliorkaòdbtoad. Ad tli atlir lbdk, Elrostobds ebgg lbk b stradjirinniet ad Xirsobds. Nar, tliri ebddat ivid ci b s`bggist pbjbdsaeoity od Iurapi takby. Lawivir, tliri bri viry `bdy Elrostobdsod @usgo` eaudtrois.

Lbvodj rinusik Elrostobdoty, Fiwry wbs kaaìk ta tli wrbtl

an Bgglu tbg. [liy wiri ixpbtrobtik nra` tlior laìgbdks bdkciebì bd ivog dbtoad ixpiggik nra` wlirivir tliy widt. KokElrostobds udkirja bt òdoù` tli sbì, git bgadi àri,ebtbstraplis bs tlasi an Fiwry, nar lbvodj rinusik Osgb`1 [akbytliri bri saì 298 òggoad @usgo`s ad tli ibrtl, wliribs tlidu`cir an Elrostobds os avir 588 òggoad. B trui rigojoad sidt cyBggbl wogg idfaod fustoei bdk ribsad. Ot wogg cistaw tli nartudi anbpprabelodj Bgglu tbg cy ìbds an pirniet cigoin bdk warslop.

[los rigojoad wogg igivbti ots cigoivirs ta lojlist jrbkis bdk juokitli` ta `btirobg bdk sporotubg pibei. [lisi bri kauctgiss nbets. OnElrostobdoty lbk ciid odvbgokbtik wotl tli rosodj an Osgb`, Osgbòeeaudtrois waugk dieissbrogy ci supiroar ta atlir eaudtrois od

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rispiet an wibgtl bdk wignbri. Daw tlid, Osgb`s pgbei an cortl osBrbcob, wloel wbs udkir @usgo`s kaòdbtoad od tli toì an@ulb``bk sbgg-Bgglu bgbolo wbsbggb`. Gbtir, od tli toì an tliibrgy ebgopls, @usgo`s suckuik bdk kaòdbtik `bdy wibgtlydbtoads an tli wargk. Divirtligiss, tli nartudi tlbt wbs actbodik

od b slart toì wbs gast bjbod iqubggy saad. Ivid takby, tli Brbcsbri od òsiry. @ast @usgo` eaudtrois bri kisagbti, bdk tlior gbdkos kiprovik an bjroeugturi. @usgo`s govodj tliri bri nbr nra` wibgtl,eovogosbtoad bdk o`praviìdt. [liy diik Iurapis ligp odmdawgikji bdk brts. Od nbet, wlid tliy diik bd idjodiir tliycrodj adi nra` Iurapi. [li yautls dbvojbtoadbg bdk ògotbryikuebtoad bdk trbododj os idtrustik ta Elrostobd odstruetars.Zibpads usik cy @usgo` sagkoirs od wbrs, sliits an pbpir tlbtselagbrs bdk sieritbrois wroti ad, bdk àst an tli egatlodjs ward

bdk tli tlodjs usik cy tli`, nra` tli yaudjist ta tli agkist, bri`bki od Iurapi. Ebd bdyadi kidy tli nbet tlbt tliy bri craujltnra` tliri1 Ivid tli br`s usik cy @usgo` sagkoirs bri craujltnra` Iurapi. Ad tli atlir lbdk, Iurapi lbs o`pravik bdk `bki

prajriss wotl rispiet ta papugbtoad, ikuebtoad, stbti bdk wibgtl.[liy lbvi cuogt o``beugbti laspotbgs, arkirgy selaags bdkarplbdbjis. Daw tliy bri tryodj ta praùgjbti Elrostobdoty cyistbcgoslodj laspotbgs od atlir eaudtrois bdk sidkodj tibelirs bdk

caams. Bs nar @usgo`s= wly ka tliy dat spidk bdy innart ta ebggpbjbds bdk Elrostobds ta Osgb`, pucgosl òggoads an trbdsgbtoads anRurd bg-mir`, ar sidk nartl selagbrs bdk ìssidjirs1 On Osgb`srosodj lbk bcrajbtik bdk odvbgokbtik Elrostobdoty, waugk tli stbtian bnnbors ci bs ot os daw1...

BDUZIS6 Zlid tli tliarois put nartl od tli caamgitspucgoslik cy Elrostobd òssoadbrois bri su``brozik= tlilypatlisos tlbt Elrostobdoty os b trui, vbgokbtik rigojoad supiroar ta

tli Osgbòe rigojoad lbs ciid cbsik ad tli naggawodj niw praans6tli rbpok spribkodj an Elrostobdoty= tli nbet tlbt tli jrbviebtbstraplis tlbt nigg upad Fiwry kok dat nbgg upad Elrostobds=Osgb`s spribkodj cy tli swark, o.i. cy nojltodj, v.s. Elrostobdotysspribkodj cy pribelodj, modkdiss, bdk niigodj an ìrey nar piapgi=Elrostobds autdu`cirodj @usgo`s= Elrostobd stbtis ciodjpawirnug= Elrostobds ciodj blibk an @usgo`s od odkustry, wibgtlbdk o`praviìdt= tlior tryodj ta ka jaak bdk pbyodj spieobgbttidtoad ta tlos= tli nbet tlbt tliri bri da pbjbds od Iurapi wlogitliri bri Elrostobds bdk Fiws bgg avir Osgbòe eaudtrois.

Od rispadsi ta tlior norst praan, [li rbpok spribkodj anElrostobdoty, ot wogg ci idaujl ta quati nra` Ubgi, b proist, b

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Elrostobd lostarobd, bdk b trbdsgbtar an Rurd bg-mir`. ]JiarjiUbgi koik od 22;? (B.K. 2:5>). Li wbs b Crotosl aroidtbgost. Litrbdsgbtik Rurd bg-mir` odta Idjgosl od 2:5;. Od tliodtrakuetoad ta los trbdsgbtoad li jbvi kitbogik odnar`btoad bcautOsgb`. Ot wbs tli norst trbdsgbtoad an Rurd bg-mir` od b Iurapibd

gbdjubji.P Od tlos trbdsgbtoad, wloel wbs prodtik od 23>> ]B.K.2


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dbì an tli Dijus eadti`parbry wotl Sbsguggbl sbgg-Bgglubgbolo wbsbggb` wbs Bs-l`b. Li wbs b Elrostobd bdk tlidciebì b @usgo`.P Bgsa Bc Lodk, [i``, bdk Db` ciebì@usgo`s tajitlir wotl tlior rigbtovis, bdk naur atlir rispietbcgipirsads sidt prisidts cibrodj tli ìbdodj tlbt tliy cigoivik

Sbsguggbl sbgg-Bgglu bgbolo wb sbggb` bdk tlid ciebì@usgo`s. Cinari tli Lagy Zbr an Cikr, od @ikodb bdk od otsdiojlcaurlaak tliri wiri bgribky sivirbg tlausbdk piapgi wlalbk cieaì @usgo`s cy gostidodj ta tli ìreonug, ea`pbssoadbtipribelis an aur `bstir, Sbsguggbl sbgg-Bgglu bgbolo wb sbggb`,wla os tli àst cigavik adi an Bgglu tbg, bdk librodj Rurdbg-mir`, wloel lbs ciid bkòttik cy bgg tli Brbcoe rlitaroeobdsbdk wloel lbs bgwbys noggik piapgi wotl niigodjs an sucòssoad bdkbkòrbtoad. [li du`cir an piapgi wla cigoivik s bgbolos-sbg`kurodj tli piroak an los odvotbtoad wbs, beearkodj ta Cocgoebgisto`btoad, adgy adi ludkrik bdk twa. [li du`cir an piapgilbvodj tli ladaur an faododj tli rigojoad an s bgbolos-sbgùpad siiodj tli ixtrbarkodbry ividts tlbt taam pgbei bntir tliixieutoad an lbkrbt s bgbolos-sbg`, wloel os tli cigoin ligk cyElrostobds, ribelik adgy novi ludkrik. ][li bcsaguti trutl os tlbts bgbolos-sbg` wbs diotlir ixieutik dar erueonoik. Bgglu tbgigivbtik lo` bgovi ta tli libvids.P

Ot os wrottid od Ross-o Idcoy]2P tlbt tli du`cir an @usgo`sagkoirs wla eadquirik @immb-o-ùmbrrb`b od tli iojltl yibr antli Lofrb wbs twigvi tlausbdk, tlbt àri tlbd tlorty tlausbdk@usgo`s nra` @ikodb faodik tli Lagy Zbr an [bcum od tli dodtlyibr an tli Lofrb, bdk tlbt (tli Xraplits) nbriwigg lbff wbspirnarìk wotl àri tlbd b ludkrik tlausbdk @usgo`s od tlitidtl yibr an tli Lofrb.

Ot os riearkik od bgg caams tlbt tli du`cir an tli Bs-lc-o-

mor` rbkoy-Bgglu bdlu` bf`bd wla lbk lbk tli ladaur ancigoivodj Sbsguggbl sbgg-Bgglu bgbolo wb sbggb` cinari losladaurodj tli liribntir wotl los cgissik prisidei ribelikludkrik bdk twidty-naur tlausbdk (23;,888). Bntir Sbsguggblssbgg-Bgglu bgbolo wb sbggb` ladaurodj tli dixt wargk wotl loscgissik prisidei, tli ividt an @usiygiìt-ug-mizzc taam pgbei.Bc Cbmr bs-Uokkq rbkoy-Bgglu bdl, wla wbs tli norst Mlbgnb,sidt àri tlbd 23,888 Osgbòe sagkoirs bjbodst @usiygiìt-ug-

mizzc. Od tlos Lagy Zbr àri tlbd dodi ludkrik lnokl bg-

3;

]2P Blìk Eivkit Xbslb, tli ikotar an Ross-o Idcoy, pbssik bwby od2523 ]B.K. 2


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Rurd ribelik tli rbdm an `brtyrka`. Law `bdy @usgo`s, ìdbdk waìd, slaugk tliri lbvi ciid udkir tli ea``bdk an bebgopl wla sidt twigvi tlausbdk sagkoirs ta @ikodb, wloel os bkostbdei an sivirbg stbjis an trbvig1 Zloel spribk wokir bdk nbstir,Elrostobdoty, ar Osgb`1 Awdirs an woska` slaugk krbw tlior awd

eadegusoads![lrii ar naur yibrs bntir tli pbssodj an Sbsguggbl sbgg-Bgglubgbolo wb sbggb`, Y`br-ug-Nrq rbkoy-Bgglu bdl, tli sieadkMlbgnb, sidt nartl bd br`y an narty tlausbdk @usgo`s bdkeadquirik tli wlagi an Orbd up ta Odkob= Bsob @odar up ta Madyb=bdk Uyrob, Xbgistodi bdk Ijypt. @ast an tli piapgi govodj od tlisipgbeis sbw tli fustoei bdk cibutonug àrbgoty od tli Osgbòe rigojoadbdk tlus wiri ladaurik wotl cieaòdj @usgo`s. îry niwri`bodik od tlior narìr wradj rigojoads suel bs Elrostobdoty,Fukbos` bdk `bjo. [lus, bs udbdoàusgy stbtik cy lostarobds, tlidu`cir an @usgo`s govodj od Osgbòe eaudtrois ribelik twidty artlorty òggoad od suel b viry slart toì bs tid yibrs. Ad tli atlirlbdk, bs os bssirtik cy Elrostobd òssoadbrois, Eadstbdtodi Obeeiptik Elrostobdoty tlrii ludkrik yibrs bntir s bgbolos-sbg`.Zotl los ligp bdk riodnareiìdt, tli du`cir an Elrostobdsribelik adgy sox òggoad. [li ea`pbrosad citwiid tli du`cir an@usgo`s ribelodj tlorty òggoad od tid yibrs bdk tli du`cir an

Elrostobds ribelodj sox òggoad od tlrii ludkrik yibrs igueokbtiswloel rigojoad spribk àri rbpokgy.[lior bssirtoad tlbt Osgb` spribk adgy cy tli swark, cy

nojltodjos iqubggy udnaudkik. Nar, wlid Y`br-ug-Nrq rbkoy-Bgglu bdl eadquirik b pgbei, li waugk jovi ots odlbcotbdts tlinriika` ta beeipt Osgb` ar ta ri`bod Elrostobds bdk pby tli tbxebggik fozyb. Ua tliy waugk elaasi tli wby tliy gomik. [li lojlistrbti an fozyb tliy pbok wbs da àri tlbd b niw paudks wlid

ea`pbrik wotl takbys àdiy= lbvodj ta jovi suel b s`bgg bàudtan tbx eaugk dat ea`pig tlasi wla wiri roel ta ridijbki nra`tlior rigojoad. [li prapirty, tli elbstoty bdk tli rigojoaus nriikaàn tlasi wla pbok tli fozyb wiri gomi tlasi an @usgo`s, bdk bggwiri tribtik iqubggy bdk wotl fustoei. Jovodj b niw paudks an fozybyibrgy wbs od riturd nar tli pratietoad an tlior prapirty, elbstotybdk rojlts= os ot passocgi ta nodk b niw piapgi tlbt wogg ridijbkinra` tlior nbtlirs bdk jrbdknbtlirs rigojoad od arkir dat ta pbytlos bàudt1

]Ot os sbok bs naggaws od tli ([urmosl) caam Lirmisi Gz` Agbd`d (`d [lbt os Dieissbry nar Iviryadi)6 [li lostarypranissar Ulocg Du`bd, tli eloin an Odkobs Dbkwbt-ug-ugb`

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bssi`cgy bdk tli butlar an tli wigg-mdawd caam, Bg-Odtoqk, koikod 2553 (B.K. 2?2;). Los caam Bg-Nrq, od Yrku, wbs trbdsgbtikodta Xirsobd cy Jidirbg Isikuggbl Mlbds àtlir, (wla wbs bt tlisbì toì) tli sostir an tli Bnjlbd rugir Dkor Ulbl, bdk (tlitrbdsgbtoad) wbs prodtik od Gblar eoty od 2593 (B.K. 2?55) wotl

Dkor Ulbls ea``bdk. Ot os wrottid od ots ludkrik bdk iojltoitlpbji6 Bc Ycbykb cod Firrbl, tli ea``bdkir-od-eloin an tliOsgbòe br`y tlbt rautik tli jribt bròis an tli Cyzbdtodi JriimMbosir Lirbegous,]2P wlid li eadquirik b eoty, waugk lbvisaìadi slaut aut tli Mlbgnb Y`brs ea``bdks ta tliCyzbdtodi piapgi. Zlid li eadquirik tli Luùs eoty od Uyrob, lisbok, A tlau Cyzbdtodi piapgi! Cy Bggbls ligp, aciyodj tliea``bdk an aur Mlbgnb Y`br, wi lbvi tbmid tlos eoty, taa. _aubri bgg nrii od yaur trbki, warm, bdk warslop. Da adi slbgg tauelyaur prapirty, govis, ar elbstoty. Osgb`s fustoei slbgg ci prbetosikiqubggy ad yau, bgg yaur rojlts slbgg ci acsirvik. Zi slbgg pratietyau, bs wi pratiet @usgo`s, bjbodst tli idi`y eaòdj nra`wotlaut. Od riturd nar tlos sirvoei an aurs, wi bsm yau ta pby fozybadei b yibr, bs wi rieiovi zbmt bdk uslr nra` @usgo`s. Bgglutbg ea``bdks us ta sirvi yau bdk ta tbmi fozyb nra` yau. ][lirbti an fozyb os narty jrb`s an sogvir nra` tli paar, iojlty jrb`snra` tlasi an àkirbti ìbds, bdk ludkrik bdk soxty jrb`s nra`

tli roel, ar tli bàudt an prapirty ar jrbod iqubg od vbgui.Zaìd, elogkrid, odvbgoks, tli kistotuti, agk piapgi, ìd anrigojoaus sirvoei bri dat gobcgi ta fozyb.P [li Cyzbdtodi Jriims anLuùs kigovirik tlior fozyb woggodjgy ta Lbcc cod @usgo`, tlisupirodtidkidt an Cbyt-ug-`g. Zlid tli odtiggojidei ebì tlbttli Cyzbdtodi Jriim I`pirar Lirbegous wbs rieruotodj sagkoirstlraujlaut los eaudtry bdk `bmodj pripbrbtoads nar b lujierusbkodj eb`pbojd bjbodst Bdtoael, ot wbs kieokik tlbt tli br`y

od Luùs ùst faod tli nareis od _irùm. Bc Ycbykb rbkoy-Bgglu bdl lbk los annoeobgs bddaudei los naggawodj stbtiìdts6A tlau Elrostobds! O praòsik ta sirvi yau, ta pratiet yau. Bdk odriturd nar tlos O eaggietik fozyb nra` yau. Cut daw O lbvi ciidea``bdkik cy tli Mlbgnb ta ja bdk ligp `y critlrid tlbt wogg cipirnaròdj Lagy Zbr bjbodst Lirbegous. O wogg dat ci bcgi ta bcokicy `y praòsi ta yau. [lirinari, tbmi yaur fozyb cbem nra` tliCbyt-ug-`g, bgg an yau! _aur dbìs bdk law ùel yau ibel lbvijovid bri rijostirik od aur caam. [li sbì tlodj lbppidik odàst eotois an Uyrob. Ypad siiodj tlos fustoei, tlos ìrey od

3>

]2P Lirbegous koik od 38 ]B.K. >;2P.


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@usgo`s, Elrostobds wiri kigojltik nar lbvodj ciid sbvik nra` tlieruigty bdk apprissoad an tli Cyzbdtodi i`pirars tlbt tliy lbkciid sunnirodj nar yibrs. [liy wipt wotl fay. @ast an tli` ciebì@usgo`s woggodjgy. [liy vagudtiirik ta spy upad Cyzbdtodi bròisnar @usgo` bròis. [lus Bc Ycbykb wbs odnarìk kbogy wotl bgg

tli daviìdts an Lirbegous bròis. Od tli jrbdk _irùmeb`pbojd, tlisi Cyzbdtodi spois wiri an ùel ligp. [liistbcgoslìdt bdk spribkodj an Osgbòe stbtis wbs divir cbsik adbjjrissoad ar moggodj. [li jribtist bdk tli àst issidtobg pawir`bodtbododj bdk idgovidodj tlisi stbtis wbs tli pawir an `d,

fustoei, rietotuki bdk sign-sberonoei.PSussobds lbvi ciid tbmodj adi jagk yibrgy nar iviry odkovokubg

@usgo`, nra` tli s`bggist elogkrid ta tli agkist piapgi bgomi, odMbzbd, Yzcimostbd, Eroìb, Kbjlostbd bdk [urmostbd, wloel tliylbvi ciid odvbkodj nar b ludkrik yibrs. Zotl bgg tlos bdk, odbkkotoad, vbroaus modks an tarìdts bdk apprissoads suel bsea`pugsary ògotbry sirvoei, pralocotoad nra` spibmodj [urmosl odselaags bdk eairsoad ta gibrd Sussobd, law `bdy @usgo`s odSussob lbvi cieaì Elrostobds tlraujlaut bgg tlisi yibrs1 Od nbet,bs b risugt an tli pibei bjriiìdt `bki bntir tli Eroìbd Zbr,tli Elrostobds tlbt lbk ri`bodik od tli Atta`bd gbdk wiribggawik ta òjrbti ta Sussob bdk tli @usgo`s ciodj od Sussob

eaugk ja ta tli Atta`bd tirrotary. [lus, àri tlbd twa òggoad@usgo`s òjrbtik nra` Sussob ta tli Atta`bd eaudtry. Ad tliatlir lbdk, tlaujl tli Sussobds annirik ta pby 38 raucgis bs tlitrbviggodj ixpidsi nar ibel Elrostobd ta òjrbti ta tlior soki, tliElrostobds tlbt wiri usik ta govodj od ea`nart bdk ibsi udkir tliAtta`bd javirdìdt eaugk dat ci tbmid od cy Sussobs praòsi=tliy kok dat cbrtir bwby Osgb`s cistawìdts an rojlts bdknriika` nar jaodj tliri.

[li stbtiìdt, Lbkrbt Y`br rbkoy-Bgglu bdl lbk naurtlausbdk elurelis kiàgoslik,os bd bppbridt sgbdkir bjbodst bggtli lostaroebg nbets. Beearkodj ta Elrostobd lostarobds, wlid Y`brrbkoy-Bgglu bdl eadquirik Firusbgi`, tli Elrostobds sujjistiktlbt li eaugk elaasi bdy an tlior elurelis bs b ti`pgi nartli`sigvis (@usgo`s). Y`br rinusik tlos annir viliìdtgy. Lipirnarìk los norst prbyir an db`z autsoki, odstibk an od b elurel.Li lbk tli soti ebggik Lbymbg-o-ùqbkkbs ]tli soti an Cbyt-o-ùqbkkbsP, wloel lbk ciid b ruccosl libp nar b gadj toì,egibdik, bdk lbk b cibutonug àsqui cuogt tliri.

[li eaursi an betoad tlbt @usgo`s bri acgojbtik ta naggaw odtlior kibgodjs wotl Elrostobds bdk Fiws os priserocik od tli

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naggawodj gittir wloel Sbsguggbl sbgg-Bgglu bgbolo wb sbggb`lo`sign wrati od b `bddir ta bkkriss ta bgg @usgo`s od jidirbg6

[los Gittir lbs ciid wrottid ta odnar` an tli praòsi tlbt@ulb``bk sbgg-Bgglu bgbolo wb sbggb`, tli sad an Bckuggbl,lbs jovid ta bgg Elrostobds. Fbdc-o Lbqq lbs jovid tli jaak diws

tlbt Li lbs sidt lo` bs Los ea`pbssoad= li lbs wbrdik piapgi antli wrbtl an Bgglu tbg, bdk Li lbs jovid lo` tli tbsm ansbnimiipodj tli kipasot idtrustik ta `bdmodk. [los @ulb``bksbgg-Bgglu bgbolo wb sbggb` lbs lbk tlos gittir riearkik od arkirta kaeuìdt tli praòsi li lbs jovid ta bgg dad-@usgo`s. Onbdyadi bets eadtrbry ta tlos praòsi, wlitlir li ci b sugtbd arigsi, li wogg lbvi riciggik bjbodst Fbdc-o-Lbqq bdk `bki nud anLos rigojoad, bdk wogg tlirinari kisirvi Los eadki`dbtoad. On bElrostobd proist ar taurost os nbstodj wotl tli odtidtoad an warslopod b àudtbod, od b vbggiy, od b kisirt, od b virkuri, od b gaw pgbeiar od tli sbdk. O, ad cilbgn an `ysign, `y nroidks bdkbequbodtbdeis bdk bgg `y dbtoad, lbvi rivamik bgg sarts anacgojbtoad nra` tli`. [liy bri udkir `y pratietoad. O lbvinarjovid tli` bgg sarts an tbxis tliy lbvi lbk ta pby bs briquoriìdt an tli bjriiìdts wi `bki wotl atlir Elrostobds.[liy `by dat pby fozyb ar mlbrbkf, ar tliy `by jovi bs ùel bstliy wosl. Ka dat narei ar appriss tli`. Ka dat kipasi tlior

rigojoaus gibkirs. Ka dat ivoet tli` nra` tlior ti`pgis. Ka datprividt tli` nra` trbviggodj. Ka dat kiàgosl bdy pbrt an tlioràdbstirois ar elurelis. Ka dat eadnosebti tlodjs nra` tliorelurelis ar usi tli` od @usgo`s àsquis. Zlaivir kais dataciy tlos wogg lbvi riciggik bjbodst tli ea``bdk an Bggbl bdkLos @issidjir bdk wogg tlirinari ci sodnug. Ka dat tbmi sueltbxis bs fozyb bdk jlbr`bt nra` tlasi piapgi wla ka dat katrbki cut bri bgwbys cusy avir warsloppodj, da bttir wliri tliy

bri. O wogg prisirvi tlior kicts ad sib ar gbdk, od tli ibst ar od tliwist. [liy bri udkir y pratietoad. O lbvi jovid tli` o`ùdoty.Ka dat tbmi mlbrbkf ar uslr ]totliP nar tli eraps an tlasi wlagovi od audtbods bdk bri cusy wotl warslops. Ka dat bggat b slbrinar tli Cbyt-ug-`g ]tli Utbti [ribsuryP aut an tlior eraps. Nar,tlior bjroeugturi os odtidkik ìrigy nar sucsostidei, dat nar`bmodj pranot. Zlid yau diik ìd nar Folk (Lagy Zbr), ka datrisart ta tli`. On ot os dieissbry ta tbmi fozyb ]odeaì tbxP (nra`

tli`), ka dat tbmi àri tlbd twigvi korlb`s yibrgy, lawivirroel tliy `by ci bdk lawivir ùel prapirty tliy `by lbvi.[liy bri dat ta ci tbxik wotl traucgis ar curkids. On tliri slaugkci bd brjuìdt wotl tli`, tliy slbgg ci tribtik adgy wotl poty,

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modkdiss, bdk ea`pbssoad. Bgwbys pratiet tli` udkir yaur wodjsan ìrey bdk ea`pbssoad. Zlirivir tliy bri, ka dat `bgtribtElrostobd waìd `brroik ta @usgo` ìd. Ka dat prividt tli`nra` jaodj ta tlior elurel bdk kaodj tli warslops priserocik cytlior rigojoad. Zlaivir kosaciys ar bets eadtrbry ta tlos

ea``bdkìdt an Bgglu tbg wogg lbvi rivagtik bjbodst tliea``bdks an Fbdc-o-Lbqq bdk Los Xraplit sbgg-Bgglu bgbolowb sbggb`. [liy slbgg ci ligpik ta ripbor tlior elurelis. [losbjriiìdt slbgg ci vbgok bdk slbgg ri`bod udelbdjik togg tli idk antli wargk bdk da adi slbgg ci bggawik ta bet eadtrbry ta ot.

[los bjriiìdt wbs wrottid kawd cy Bg rbkoy-Bgglu bdl odtli @bsfk-o-sbkbt od @ikodb ad tli tlork kby an tli àdtl an@ulbrrb` od tli sieadk yibr an tli Lofrb. [li sojdbturisbppidkik bri6

@ulb``bk cod Bckuggbl Sbsguggbl sbgg-Bgglu bgbolo wbsbggb`.

Bc Cbmr cod Ic-MulnbY`br cod LbttcYtl`d cod BnndBg cod Ic [gocBc Lurbyrb

Bckuggbl cod @iskBccs cod Bck-bg-ùttbgocNbkg cod BccsVucbyr cod Bww`[bglb cod YcbykuggblUbk cod @uzUbk cod Yckb

[lcot cod RbysVbyk cod [lcotLros cod [lcotBckuggbl cod Y`brB``br cod _sorrbkoy-Bgglu bdlu` bf`bd.]Bs os siid, aur ixbgtik Xraplit sbgg-Bgglu bgbolo wb sbggb`

ea``bdks tlbt piapgi an atlir rigojoads slaugk ci tribtik wotlutàst ìrey bdk modkdiss bdk Elrostobds elurelis slaugk dat cilbrìk ar kiàgoslik.P

Daw wi bri wrotodj tli o`ùdoty jrbdtik cy Y`br rbkoy-

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Bgglu bdl ta tli piapgi an Firusbgi`.[los gittir os tli gittir an o`ùdoty jovid cy Bckuggbl Y`br

rbkoy-Bgglu bdl, tli I`r an @usgo`s, ta tli odlbcotbdts anFirusbgi` bdk lbs ciid wrottid sa bs ta ea`prilidk tliorixostidei, tlior govis, elurelis, elogkrid, tli odvbgok adis bs wigg bs

tli libgtly adis, bdk bgg atlir piapgis= bs naggaws6@usgo`s slbgg dat odtruki odta tlior elurelis, curd ar kistraytlior elurelis, kiàgosl bdy pbrt an tlior elurelis, bppraprobtiivid b todoist poiei an tlior prapirty, ar usi bdy sart anidnareiìdt ta `bmi tli` elbdji tlior rigojoad ar àkis anwarslop ar eadvirt ta Osgb`. Da @usgo` slbgg jovi tli` tlis`bggist lbr`. On tliy wbdt ta gibvi tlior laìtawd cy tlior awdbeeark, tlior govis, prapirty bdk elbstoty slbgg ci pratietik togg tliy

lbvi ribelik tlior kistodbtoad. On tliy wbdt ta stby liri tliy slbggci od tatbg sieuroty. Adgy tliy slbgg pby tli fozyb ]odeaì tbxPwloel os odeu`cidt upad tli odlbcotbdts an Firusbgi`. On saì antli piapgi an Firusbgi` bdk Cyzbdtodis wbdt ta gibvi liritajitlir wotl tlior nbògois bdk partbcgi prapirty bdk ivbeubtitlior elurelis bdk atlir pgbeis an warslop, tlior govis, elurelis,trbvig ixpidsis bdk passissoads slbgg ci pratietik togg tliy ribeltlior kistodbtoad. [li bgoids slbgg dat ci tbxik bt bgg togg lbrvist, da`bttir wlitlir tliy stby liri ar ja bwby.

[li ea``bdks an Bgglu bzùsl-sld bdk Sbsguggbl sbgg-Bgglu bgbolo wb sbggb` bdk tli praòsis jovid cy bgg OsgbòeMlbgnbs bdk bgg @usgo`s bri bs os wrottid od tlos gittir.

Uojdbturis6@usgo`s Mlbgnb Y`br cod LbttcZotdissis6Mlgok cod Zigk

Bck br-Sbl`d cod BwnB`r ocd og-s@uwoyb cod Ic Uunyd6Y`br rbkoy-Bgglu bdl bttidkik tli soiji an Firusbgi` wotl

los cgissik prisidei. Elrostobds beeiptik ta pby tli fozyb bdk widtudkir tli pratietoad an @usgo`s. ][liy lbdkik tli miys anFirusbgi` ta Y`br rbkoy-Bgglu bdl lo`sign.P [lus tliy wiri

nrii nra` tli libvy tbxbtoads, pirsieutoads, tarìdts, apprissoadsbdk eruigtois an tlior awd stbti, Cyzbdtou`. Uaad tliy sbw tlifustoei bdk irey od @usgo`s, wla` tliy wiri gaamodj ad bs tlioridiòis. [liy ribgozik tlbt Osgb` wbs b rigojoad ea``bdkodj

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jaakdiss bdk cibuty bdk juokodj piapgi ta lbppodiss pirtbododjta tlos wargk bdk tli dixt. Zotlaut tli gibst ea`pugsoad artlribtidodj, tliy beeiptik Osgb` od gbrji jraups wloel wiriàstgy tli sozi an b qubrtir an b tawd. _au ebd daw isto`bti tliùgtotuki an piapgi wla ciebì @usgo`s od bgg atlir pgbeis.

Od tid yibrs toì Osgb` spribk nbr bdk woki bdk tli du`cir an@usgo`s ribelik òggoads= tlos wbs divir kadi cy narei ar wotl tlitlribt an swark. Ad tli eadtrbry, ot os cbsik ad suel nbets bs Osgb`sodliridt elbrbetirostoes an fustoei bdk rispiet nar lu`bd rojlts, tlirivigbtoad an Rurd bg-mir` bs tli jribtist òrbegi an Bgglutbg, wotl ots supiroaroty ta tli atlir libvidgy caams.

Ot os wrottid od tli soxty-sividtl pbji an tli tlork vaguì an[bcbrs]2P lostary, Kurodj tli ebgoplbti an Y`br rbkoy-Bgglubdl @usbdd cod Lrosb rbkoy-Bgglu bdl, adi an tli Bs-lc-o-mor`, wbs sidt adta Orbd bs tli ea``bdkir-od-eloin an bdOsgbòe br`y. Zlid li ebì ta tli pgbei ebggik Cuwbyk wlirili wbs ta nojlt bjbodst tli Orbdobd br`y, tli @usgo` br`y wbss`bgg od du`cir bdk wibm od wibpadry. Nar, `bdy @usgo`sagkoirs lbk ciid `brtyrik od tli privoaus wbrs. [li Orbdobdbr`y wbs duìraus bdk lbk igiplbdts wotl tli`. @usbddrbkoy-Bgglu bdl widt ta tli Elrostobds govodj od tlidiojlcarlaak bdk bsmik nar ligp. [liy beeiptik ta ligp

woggodjgy. Od nbet, adi an tli`, b yaudjstir dbìk L`s, sbok,Ulaw ì tli ea``bdkir an tli Orbdobd br`y. Zlid tliyslawik lo` @olrd tli Orbdobd ea``bdkir, li bttbemik lo` bdkslat bd brraw bt lo`. [li brraw widt odta @olrds bckaìd bdk

futtik aut an los cbem bdk li nigg kibk. [li Orbdobd br`ysebttirik. Bs os siid od tlos ixb`pgi, ciebusi Elrostobds govodj odtlbt piroak wiri divir tribtik wotl lastogoty ar eaireoad cy@usgo`s, tliy divir lbtik @usgo`s. Git bgadi lbti, tliy wiri

pgibsik wotl @usgo`s. [liy ligpik @usgo`s wotlaut b àdtlgysbgbry ar bdy sart an bggattik pbyìdt, bdk ivid sberonoeik tliorgovis od kaodj sa. @ari antid tlbd dat Elrostobds faodik @usgo`sod tlior wbrs bjbodst atlir Elrostobds, tlior ea-rigojoadosts. [lostypi an ividt taam pgbei od `bdy wbrs citwiid tli Atta`bdI`pori bdk tli Cyzbdtou` I`pori. [lasi wla stuky lostarymdaw tlos nbet wigg.

Bdatlir egbo` put narwbrk cy Xratistbdts od arkir ta pravitlbt Elrostobdoty os supiroar ta Osgb` os bs naggaws6 ZlidElrostbdoty brasi, Fiwry taam tli noigk bjbodst ot bdk pirsieutik

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]2P @ulb``bk [bcbr pbssik bwby od Cbjlkbk od 528 ]B.K. ?35P.


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tlasi wla beeiptik tli rigojoad an s bgbolos-sbg`. Nar tlosribsad, tirrocgi ebgbòtois nigg upad Fiwry. [liy wiri kisposik,bcbsik, bdk kiprovik an tli jrbtonoebtoad an `bmodj up b dbtoad.Elrostobds wla bttbemik @usgo`s bntir tli brosodj an Osgb` kok datudkirja suel jribt kosbstirs.

[los bssirtoad an tliors os tlaraujlgy eadtrbry ta nbets. Ot wbsdat adgy bntir tli rosodj an Elrostobdoty tlbt kosbstirs nigg upadFiwry. Bs ot os wrottid od Blk-o-Btm (tli Agk [istbìdt), bdk odlostary caams, vbroaus ebgbòtois nigg upad Fiwry kbogy cinari tlipraplitlaak an s bgbolos-sbg`, taa. Nra` tli toì an _sunbgbolos-sbg` up ta tli toì an @s bgbolos-sbg`, tliyri`bodik ebptovis an tli Ijyptobd pbjbd jypsois, wla odngoetik bggsarts an odsugts ad tli` togg @s bgbolos-sbg` riseuik tli` nra`tli apprissoads an jypsois. Od tli toìs an Kwuk bdk Uugio`dbgboloùs-sbg` tliy udkirwidt vbroaus modks an duosbdei bdkelbas, wloel adei bjbod sebttirik tli` bdk ebusik tli` `bdy bdbnngoetoad. Nar ixb`pgi, Dbcumakadasar OO, bd Bssyrobd rugir,ebpturik Rukus-o-slirn (Firusbgi`). Li pirpitrbtik b jribtjidaeoki tliri. Li `bssberik tlausbdks an Fiws. Li ebptovbtiktli survovodj Fiws bdk saì an tli Xraplits bppaodtik ta tli Uadsan Osrbig bdk taam tli` ta Cbcygad. Od nbet, kurodj tlasi tuùgtsbgg tli eapois an tli [burbl wiri tard ta poieis bdk dat ivid adi

eapy wbs gint. Iviryadi mdaws bcaut tli sarts an kostrissis tlbtFiwry sunnirik od tli lbdks an Bssyrobds bdk tli ùgtotuki an Fiwssgbujltirik kurodj @beebcii rivagts. ](Fukbs) @beebcius os tlidbì an tli Fiwosl ògotbry gibkir wla rivagtik bjbodst tlipbjbdozodj pagoey an Bdtoaelus O^ Ipoplbdis, tli Uigiueok modj.Li kinibtik Bdtoaelus br`y bdk ebpturik Firusbgi`, cut gbtirgast ot bjbod. Li actbodik, lawivir, rigojoaus nriika` nar Fiwry.Du`cirs an Fiws wiri put ta tli swark kurodj tlisi wbrs.P

Ividtubggy, sividty yibrs cinari Elrost, tli wigg-mdawd Sa`bdjidirbg Xa`piy ebpturik Xbgistodi bdk taam ot udkir los eadtrag.Bgg tlisi kosbstirs tlbt nigg upad Fiwry wiri ciebusi tliy kidoikXraplits bdk ùrkirik àst an tli`. Ot os wrottid egibrgy odlostary caams tlbt tlisi kosbstirs prieikik tli praplitlaak an sbgbolos-sbg`.

Zlid tli Sa`bd I`pirar [otus idtirik Firusbgi` sividtyyibrs bntir tli bseidt an s bgbolos-sbg` ta libvid, li curdik

Firusbgi` bdk `bssberik bgg tli Fiws= tlasi wla wbdt ta mdaw otsribsads slaugk lbvi rieaursi ta lostary caams. [li kosjrbeinugbdk òsirbcgi sotubtoads tlbt tliy nigg odta bntir s bgbolos-sbg`wiri adgy gaebg, dat udovirsbg. [li rugirs an saì nartrissis suel

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bs Mlbycir, wloel wiri sotubtik citwiid @ikdb-o-ùdbwwbrbbdk Kb`bseus, wiri Fiws, i.j. Rbc cod Islrin, @irlbc, bdkOs`g ]UbùigP, od tli toì an aur Xraplit sbgg-Bgglu bgbolo wbsbggb`. Zlid tliy betik wotl lastogoty bdk tribeliry tawbrks aur@bstir Sbsguggbl, tli gbst bdk tli lojlist Xraplit, tli wrbtl an

Bgglu tbg nigg upad tli`. [li soxty-norst ybt an tli srb anCbqbrb purparts, [liy lbvi ciid jovid luògoty bdk pavirty.Bs os kiegbrik od tlos ybt-o-mir`b, tliy wiri sebttirikea`pgitigy. [liy eaugk divir istbcgosl b nar`bg stbti.

Zlid Bgglu tbg sidks b diw rigojoad, bri tli cigoivirs anwradj rigojoads ta ci sidt saì jribt kosbstirs1 On ot wiri tli ebsi,wotlod tli sivirbg tlausbdk yibrs kurodj wloel tli Uads an Osrbiggovik up ta tli rigojoad an @s bgbolos-sbg`, `bjobds wla wiriùel wibmir cut àri duìraus, slaugk lbvi ciid kistrayikwotl sueeissovi kosbstirs. Lawivir, tli piapgis an Elodb, Odkob,[urmostbd bdk Bìroeb eadtodui ta ci bs tliy lbvi ciid.]Eadtrbry ta Xratistbdts bssirtoads, tliy lbvi dat ciid sidt bdymodk an ebtbstrapli.P

Bdatlir praan Xratistbdts put nartl ta pravi tli rietotuki anElrostobdoty os tlbt tli du`cir an Elrostobds os jribtir. [losstbtiìdt os dat ùel an b praan, iotlir. Bgtlaujl tli stbtostoebgkbtb pucgoslik od Iurapi odkoebti tlbt tli Elrostobd papugbtoad os

gbrjir, tlisi kbtb bri odeadsostidt. [li stbtostoes eadeirdodj tlidu`cir an Elrostobds konnir cy òggoads. Nar, bt tlbt toì darisibrel wbs kadi bs ta wlbt rigojoads tli piapgi govodj od vbroauspbrts an Bsob bdk Bnroeb cigadjik ta. [li sa-ebggik stbtostoeobdsrijostirik tli papugbtoads an tlisi pgbeis cy juisswarm, wloel wbsìrigy cbsik ad b koìdsoadbg ea`pbrosad an tlasi pgbeis. Od nbet,ot os wrottid od b jiajrbply caam trbdsgbtik cy Ubyyok Sunb anIjypt bdk prodtik od Ijypt tlbt tli isto`btik papugbtoad govodj ad

ibrtl bri dodi ludkrik òggoad= lbgn an tlos du`cir bri `bjobds, anwloel nonty pir eidt bri pbjbds= tli ri`bododj lbgn bri @usgo`s,Elrostobds bdk Fiws, ibel `bmodj up adi-tlork an tli wlagi lbgn.[los ebgeugbtoad os ìrigy b juisswarm bdk ebddat ci bkòttik bsb praan. Cisokis, ivid on wi wiri ta tbmi nar jrbdtik tlbtElrostobds narìk tli `bfaroty, tlos waugk dat slaw tlbtElrostobdoty wiri tli trui rigojoad. Nar, on qubdtotbtovi bkvbdtbjiwiri ta ci bkòttik bs b tistbìdt ta tli truidiss an b rigojoad,`bjo bdk okagbtry waugk dieissbrogy ci trui rigojoads. @bjobds bdkpbjbds autdu`cir tli Elrostobds ad tli ibrtl takby.

Zotlod b piroak an tlrii ludkrik yibrs bntir tli bseidt an sbgbolos-sbg` ta libvid, Fiws `bssberik Dbzbridis b du`cir an

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toìs. [liy curdik ar tari ta poieis tli caams bdk pb`plgitsDbzbridis ligk sberik. [liy pirsieutik tli Dbzbridis udkirtlior kaòdbtoad, oderibsodj tlior odsugts iviry kby. Beearkodj tatli praan put narwbrk cy Elrostobds, wloel tliy lbvi cbsik adtli bssu`ptoad tlbt tli du`cir an Elrostobds os gbrjir,

Elrostobdoty ùst ci wradj bdk okagbtry trui.Bdatlir praan tlbt Xratistbdts put nartl od tlior egbo` tlbtElrostobdoty os supiroar ta Osgb` os tlbt Elrostobds bri àribkvbdeik od seoidei bdk tieldagajy.

[los quistoad slaugk ci stukoik ebutoausgy, taa. [li seoidtonoe,tieldagajoebg bdk odkustrobg o`praviìdts od Iurapi cijbd adgytlrii ludkrik yibrs bja. Ydtog ?88 ]B.K. 2;?;P, Iurapibds gik bgoni an sbvbjiry, ojdarbdei bdk squbgar= tlos os bd acvoaus nbet

mdawd pucgoegy. Zlogi Iurapibds wiri od tlos stbti, @usgo`sgovodj od Bsob, Orbq, Likfbz, Ijypt bdk Bdkbgusob ]UpbodP bt tlbttoì lbk ribelik tli zidotl an tli toìs tieldagajy bdkodkustrois. Od nbet, tli cbsis nar tli gbws vbgok od takbys Iurapibri caams tlbt wiri wrottid cy Osgbòe selagbrs bdk wiri naudk odgocrbrois od Upbod bdk Ijypt. Ot os wrottid od lostary caams tlbtivid Uygvistri OO, wla wbs tli Xapi an los toì, bequorikmdawgikji nra` @usgo` pranissars. Sa`bd duìrbgs, wloelIurapibds lbk ciid usodj, wiri dat eadvidoidt nar `btli`btoebg

ea`putbtoads wloel wiri tli cbsis nar bgg seoideis. Zlid tliysbw tlbt suel praeissis wiri ibsogy kadi wotl Brbcoe duìrbgskurodj tlior ikuebtoad od @usgo` selaags, tliy cijbd ta usi tlisiduìrbgs. [los wbs adi an tli ribsads nar tlior seoidtonoe prajriss.Zlid bgg tlisi nbets bri mdawd, ot wogg ci siid wlbt inniets tliylbvi lbk ad rigojoaus bdk seoidtonoe o`praviìdts= bdk tlos, od otsturd, wogg pravi ta tli bkvbdtbji an @usgo`s, dat Elrostobds. Nar,dadi an tli ixostodj naur Jaspigs eadtbods suel ìkob an

eovogozbtoad bs odtirdbtoadbg gbw, brt, trbki, ar bjroeugturi. Ad tlieadtrbry, tlisi tlodjs bri pralocotik viliìdtgy. Osgb`, cyeadtrbst, ea``bdks mdawgikji, brt, trbki, bjroeugturi, bdk

fustoei. Ciebusi bgg Osgbòe stbtis bri bkòdostirik wotl tlisiissidtobg prodeopgis, Osgbòe eaudtrois lbvi bgwbys ciid tli adgyeovogozik bdk tli àst praspiraus eaudtrois od tli wargk.]Bsporodj ta bttbod tli roelis od Osgbòe eaudtrois, Elrostobdsarjbdozik tli erusbkodj ixpikotoads tlbt ebì adi bntir bdatlir

gomi wbvis. [li ribg purpasi an erusbkis wbs ta pgudkir Osgbòeeaudtrois an tlior roelis, od bkkotoad ta spribkodj Elrostobdoty.P Odaur eidtury, lawivir. @usgo`s bdk Elrostobds bri od b stbtieaudtir ta tli ea``bdkìdts an tlior rigojoads. Ots ribsad, wlid

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sibrelik nar, wogg ci naudk od tli nbet tlbt diotlir @usgo`s darElrostobds bri jaak bt kaodj tli ea``bdkìdts an tliorrigojoads. [lbt os, tli ribsad os dat nugnoggodj rigojoausriquoriìdts. Od nbet, b Iurapibd plogasaplir stbtis bs naggaws odadi an tli caamgits li lbs pucgoslik6 [li nbet tlbt Osgbòe

rigojoad os tli trui rigojoad bdk Elrostobdoty os dat, os pravik cytlior wargkgy inniets. Bs @usgo`s sgbemidik od kaodj tliorrigojoaus kutois, tlbt os, od aciyodj Osgb`, tliy wibmidik bdkri`bodik cilodk od mdawgikji bdk seoidei. Bs nar Elrostobds= tliàri tliy kisirtik tlior rigojoad bdk tli nbrtlir bwby tliy jatnra` ot, tli stradjir tliy ciebì bdk tli àri prajriss tliy`bki od mdawgikji bdk seoidei. [li korietoad naggawik cyElrostobd stbtis gbtigy os quoti tli appasoti an tli korietoad slawdcy tlior lagy caam, tli Cocgi.

Bdatlir Xratistbdt bssirtoad narwbrkik od arkir ta pravi tlitruidiss an Elrostobdoty os tlbt [liri bri dat bdy pbjbds odIurapi, cut tliri bri Fiws bdk Elrostobds od eaudtrois udkirOsgbòe kaòdbtoad. [liy odtirprit tlos stbti bs bd auteaì antli odnguidtobg pawir od Elrostobdoty. [los bssirtoad an tliors pravitli stupidkaus kijrii an fustoei od Osgb`, rbtlir tlbd pravodj tlitruidiss an Elrostobdoty. Nar, b pirsad, an wlbtivir rigojoad, lbktli sbì rojlts tlraujlaut Osgbòe eaudtrois bdk wbs iqubg wotl

b @usgo` beearkodj ta (Osgbòe) gbws. Dad-@usgo`s wiri quotiea`nartbcgi udkir tli pratietoad an tli Osgbòe stbti. [liy wiridat ìkkgik wotl od tlior rigojoaus `bttirs ar prividtik nra`kaodj tlior warslops. [liy eaugk nriigy cusy wotl wlbtivir brt artrbki tliy gomik. Ad tli atlir lbdk, od `bdy Iurapibd eaudtrois,dadi an tli Elrostobd sietbrobds lbk sieuroty an goni, prapirty arrisokidei od bd idvoradìdt udkir tli eadtrag an bdy atlirsietbrobd jraup, ci ot b Xratistbdt jraup. Brìdobds bdk

Cyzbdtodi Jriims govik od bgg pbrts an Osgbòe eaudtrois, cut tliykok dat sittgi od bdy Iurapibd eaudtry. Od pgbeis wliri CyzbdtodiJriims govi, i.j. Jriiei bdk @ikotirrbdibd osgbdks, tliri bri daàri tlbd b eaupgi an Brìdobd, Ebtlagoe ar Xratistbdt nbògois.]Cyzbdtodi Jriims bri Artlakax.P Od suel eaudtrois bs Nrbdei,Otbgy, bdk Upbod, wloel bri Ebtlagoe, ot os o`passocgi nar Xratistbdtproists ta cuogk selaags, elurelis ar àdbstirois, ar ta pucgosl bcaam bjbodst Ebtlagoeos`, wloel os tli beeiptik siet od tlisi

eaudtrois. Ua os tli ebsi wotl Ebtlagoe proists od pgbeis wotlXratistbdt bdk Cyzbdtodi Jriim odlbcotbdts. Od da Osgbòeeaudtry lbs tliri ciid bd ividt gomi tli `bssberi an Ut.Cbrtlagaìw ar tli eruigtois an odquosotoad. ][li `bssberi an Ut.

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Cbrtlaga`iw os tli ebrdbji an soxty tlausbdk Xratistbdts govodj odXbros bdk od ots diojlcarlaak, ad beeaudt an tlior eriik, wotl tliarkirs an Modj Elbrgis O\ bdk Ruiid Ebtlirodb ad tli twidty-naurtl kby an Bujust, wloel wbs Ut. Cbrtlaga`iws Kby, od ?


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wlirivir tliy ebì upad, gomi corks od tli smy= sa tli Iurapibdeadtodidt wbs tlaraujlgy od kbrmdiss, ojdarbdei, sbvbjiry, bdkcojatry. [liy wiri tatbggy udbwbri an suel tlodjs bs laspotbgs,selaags bdk elbrotbcgi odstotutoads. Rurd bg-mir`, cyea`pbrosad, puts kui i`plbsos ad wargkgy bnnbors, arkirs

mdawgikji, brt, trbki bdk bjroeugturi, bdk wbrds bjbodst kbdjirs.[li dodtl ybt an Vuìr srb purparts6 Ebd tli eajdozbdt bdktli odeajdozbdt ivir ci tli sbì1 Eirtbodgy tli eajdozbdt os àrivbgubcgi. [li twidty-dodtl ybt an Dos srb purparts6 A tlauwla lbvi `d= ka dat tbmi ibel atlirs prapirty oggijbggy. [lbtos, ka dat tbmi bwby tlodjs nra` ibel atlir cy suel ìbds bsusury, jb`cgodj, tlint bdk usurpbtoad, wloel bri pralocotik cyOsgb`. [los ixelbdji an tlodjs ùst ci kadi adgy cy catl sokiseadsidt, o.i. trbki. [li ìbdodj an tli twa ludkrik bdk sividty-nontl ybt an Cbqbrb srb os6 Bgglu tbg lbs `bki cuyodj bdksiggodj lbgg bdk odtirist lbr`. [li tlorty-soxtl ybt an Dossrb purparts6 Zarslop Bgglu tbg. Ka dat bttrocuti bdypbrtdir ta Lo`. Ka nbvaurs ta yaur pbridts ]cy warks bdkbetoadsP, ta yaur rigbtoads ]cy vosotodj tli`P, ta arplbds ]cypgibsodj tli` saìlawP, ta tli paar ]cy bg`sP, ta yaur rigbtoadswla bri yaur diojlcars bt tli sbì toì ]cy ìrey bdkea`pbssoadP, ta yaur dixt-kaar diojlcars ]cy jaakdiss bdk cy

pratietodj tli` bjbodst lbr`P, ta yaur nroidks bdk bequbodtbdeis]cy acsirvodj tlior rojlts bdk ciodj nroidkgyP, ta yaur vosotars arjuists ]cy annirodj tli` naak bdk krodmP, ta yaur sgbvis bdksirvbdts ]cy cuyodj tli` diw egatlis bdk ciodj modk ta tli`P.[lraujl `bdy suel ybt-o-mir`bs bdk lbktl-o-slirns, Bgglutbg bdk Sbsguggbl sbgg-Bgglu bgbolo wb sbggb`, ea``bdkmdawgikji, brt, bdk trbki. Od bkkotoad, tliy ea``bdk ta kamodkdiss ta pbridts, ta rigbtoads, ta arplbds, ta tli wibm, ta tli

kistotuti, ta diojlcars, ta trbviggirs, bdk ta sirvbdts, ta acsirvitlior rojlts, bdk dat ta kosaciy gbws. Zlogi tli jrbdknbtlirs antakbys Iurapibds wiri udbwbri an bgg tlisi ìkob an eovogozbtoad,tliri wiri wigg-brrbdjik selaags, `bkrbsbs, elbrotbcgi laìs nartli paar bdk tli kistotuti, eaam-lausis, odds, pucgoe cbtls bdk`bdy atlir elbrotbcgi odstotutoads bgg avir Osgbòe eaudtrois. Odbkkotoad, @usgo`s lbk istbcgoslik provbti bok arjbdozbtoads, poausnaudkbtoads (wbqn) nar tli `bodtidbdei bdk nodbdeodj an tlisi

elbrotbcgi odstotutoads. ][liri wiri ivid poaus naudkbtoads nartli odki`doty an gassis ebusik cy sgbvis bdk sirvbdts bdk nar tlipurjodj an tlodjs tlbt waugk ebusi kosibsi.P Brt wbs viry papugbrbgg avir Osgbòe eaudtrois. Iurapibds kok dat mdaw wlbt bd bgbr`

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egaem wbs, wlid @usgo`s Mlbgnb Lrd-ud-Sbslk prisidtik bdbgbr` egaem ta tli Nridel Modj Elbrgi`bjdi. Xapi Uygvistri]2P

rieiovik ikuebtoad od tli Bdkbgusoad Osgbòe selaags. Elbdsa, tliUpbdosl modj, lbk rieaursi ta @usgo` kaetars nar tli kosibsi lilbk ebujlt, krapsy, ]wloel Iurapibds eaugk dat euri od tlasi

kbysP, bdk saad rieavirik. ^broaus ybt-o-mir`bs an Rurd bg-mir` ripibtikgy rinir ta ligpodj tli paar, tli kistotuti, bdktrbviggirs. [lirinari, ot lbs cieaì bd o`partbdt trbkotoadbg kutybàdj @usgo`s ta ligp tli paar, tli wibm, bdk trbviggirs. Ivid odb s`bgg @usgo` voggbji an b niw nbògois, da vosotar ]ivid on li os bdad-@usgo`P lbs ciid gint ta lo`sign. Od nbet, od pgbeis udkirOsgbòe kaòdbtoad tli sbì eusta` sittgik bàdj tli dad-@usgo`s awodj ta tlior govodj wotl @usgo`s. Od Iurapi, ad tliatlir lbdk, quoti b du`cir an piapgi bri stogg kyodj an ludjirkispoti tli wlagi ùgtotuki an wibgtly piapgi, laspotbgs, bdkelbrotbcgi laìs nar tli paar. [lrii ta naur ludkrik tlausbdkpaar piapgi govodj od Idjgbdk, bdk bcaut tli sbì du`cir odJir`bdy, ciodj torik an tli traucgi tliy lbvi lbk nodkodj naak,lbvi òjrbtik ta Bìroeb, Odkob, bdk atlir eaudtrois.

]Beearkodj ta b diws brtoegi tlbt bppibrik od tli ([urmosl)diwspbpir ebggik [rmoyi ad 5 Nicrubry 2?


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tliy slaugk ci stradj kaeuìdts nar Osgb`, rbtlir tlbd narElrostobdoty. ]Nar, @usgo`s `bki prajriss wlid tliy betik upadOsgb`, bdk tliy `bki da prajriss bdk ivid kospirsik wlid tliysgbemidik od tlos acikoidei bdk cijbd ta oòtbti Elrostobds.P

Dar ebd b dbtoads wibgtl ci bd ivokidei stradj idaujl ta

pravi tli truidiss an tli rigojoad ots piapgi cigoivi od. Bs b `bttiran nbet, Satlselogk, adei tli roelist pirsad od tli wargk, os adi antli Fiws wla Xratistbdts egbo` lbvi udkirjadi vbroaus ebgbòtoisciebusi an dat cigoivodj od Elrostobdoty. Gark Osrog, bd Idjgoslkiputy, os catl b Fiw bdk adi an tli roelist piapgi ad tli ibrtl. Otebd ci prikoetik cy daw tlbt tli Iurapibd jagk `brmits wogg ciactbodik cy Fiws. Od beearkbdei wotl tli Elrostobd brjuìdt, tliFiwosl rigojoad os supiroar ta tli Elrostobd rigojoad. Bdk tlos odturd slaws tlbt bgg tlasi paar Elrostobds wla govi od vbroaus pbrtsan Iurapi bdk bgg avir Sussob bdk wla bri udbwbri an brt, trbkibdk wibgtl lbvi ciid lagkodj b wradj cigoin. Beearkodj ta tli sa-ebggik egbo` an Elrostobds, tli earrietdiss an bdy rigojoad ùst cikipidkidt ad tli wibgtl bdk nartudi an ots cigoivirs, wloel woggdat suppart tli Elrostobds acfietoad ta Osgb`, ]ad tli eadtrbry, otwogg ricut otP.

Iurapibd selaags bri an twa typis6[li norst typi an selaags bri udkir ieegisobstoebg eadtrag, bdk

tli sieadk typi bri eadtraggik cy tli pucgoe, o.i. cy javirdìdts.Od selaags udkir egiroebg butlaroty, adgy tidits an Elrostobd eriikbri tbujlt. [lirinari dbtoadbg bssi`cgois bri koseussodj tli `bttiran rigibsodj tlisi selaags nra` tli kospasbg an proists. Ot os cigoiviktlbt od tli dibr nuturi tli trbododj an Elrostobd elogkrid wogg citrbdsnirrik nra` egiroebg bkòdostrbtoad ta pucgoe bdkjavirdìdtbg bkòdostrbtoad. Dadi an tli selaags bkòdostirikbdk eadtraggik cy tli pucgoe, cy javirdìdts od Iurapi, tibel

rigojoaus mdawgikji= seoidei bdk `btli`btoes bri tbujlt od tlisiselaags. Nar tlos ribsad, tli `bfaroty an yaudj Iurapibdjrbkubtis an tlisi selaags bri bjbodst Elrostobdoty. [li du`cir antlisi jrbkubtis oderibsis iviry kby, bdk tliy istbcgosl saeoitoisbdk pucgosl diwspbpirs bdk piroakoebgs od wloel ta kiegbri ta tliwlagi wargk tlbt Elrostobdoty os bcirrbtoad. Ot os kauctgiss tlbt adikby tlisi selaags, wloel tli sa-ebggik proist paodts aut bs bdivokidei od los idkibvaur ta pravi tli earrietdiss an Elrostobdoty,wogg ebusi Elrostobdoty ta eaggbpsi.

[liri lbvi ciid saì @usgo` stbtis tlbt lbvi eaggbpsik bdkivid eibsik ta ixost ciebusi an tli bcsidei an bd bkòdostrbtoadtlbt waugk tribt mdawgikji àri siroausgy bdk lagk ot lojlir

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tlbd bdytlodj igsi. Nurtliràri, tli odduìraus selaags bdk`bkrbsbs bdk tlior sucsirvoidt poaus naudkbtoads bdk motelidstlbt ixost od Osgbòe eaudtrois takby ùst ci acsirvik wotlea`àd sidsi. Zlid tli kiiks an trust an tli poaus naudkbtoadsan adgy tli `bkrbsbs od Ostbdcug bri stukoik, ot wogg ci siid tlbt

tlisi poaus naudkbtoads (wbqns) udkirtaam tli sbgbrois an tlipranissars (ùkirros), tli kaarmiipirs bdk atlir pirsaddig anibel `bkrbsb, tli pby an tli stukidts bdk ivid tli ebrpits tliy sbtad wlid stukyodj. O wadkir on tliri os sa ùel àtovbtoad, saùel nbeogoty od bdy Iurapibd selaag1 On ot slaugk ci quistoadikwly takbys selaags bdk `bkrbsbs ka dat lbvi tlior arojodbgcroggobdei bdk arkir, tliri ebddat ci naudk bdytlodj tlbt lbs ta kawotl rigojoad bàdj ots ebusis. Zi sii, wotl rijrit, tlbt tlisipoaus naudkbtoads wloel lbk ciid istbcgoslik nar jaakdiss bdkelbroty, lbvi ciid kiprovik an wartly bkòdostrbtoad sodei tliynigg odta tli lbdks an odea`pitidt, lypaerotoebg bdk rigojoausgyojdarbdt piapgi. Divirtligiss, tli stukidts ikuebtik od tli`bkrbsbs dat adgy stuky seoidei bdk `btli`btoes gomi Iurapibdstukidts, cut tliy bgsa stuky suel rigojoaus seoideis bs og`-o-mig`, og`-o-noql, bdk og`-o-tbnsr. [lirinari, tliri bri dat bdyidiòis an rigojoad bàdj tlisi stukidts gomi od Iurapi. Nar,odpraviìdt od seoidei wogg bkk egbroty ta tli ribgozbtoad an tli

truidiss an rigojoaus ea``bdkìdts. [lbt os, tli àri seoidtonoemdawgikji b pirsad gibrds, tli àri pawirnug wogg los nbotl odOsgb` cieaì. Od Elrostobdoty tli ebsi os quoti tli appasoti. Bpirsad ebddat ci b nugg Elrostobd udgiss li os sa bsododi bdk saojdarbdt bs ta tbmi nar jrbdtik tli kaetrodi an trodoty, wloel ìbds,[lrii `bmi adi, bdk adi os tlrii, bdk wloel os tli cbsos an tliElrostobd nbotl.

Bs nar tli Xratistbdt proists quistoad, Zlogi Elrostobds sidk

nartl òssoadbrois bdk vbroaus caams od arkir ta spribkElrostobdoty ivirywliri, wly kadt @usgo`s idkibvaur ta ebggpbjbds bdk Elrostobds ta Osgb`1 Zly kadt tliy sidk nartltrbdsgbtoads an Rurd bg-mir` ar selagbrs ta vbroaus pgbeis odarkir ta ebgg ta Osgb`1, nugnogìdt an tlos viry o`partbdt rigojoaussirvoei os @usgo`s kuty, bs wi lbvi sbok bcavi. Od tli toì anSbsguggbl sbgg-Bgglu bgbolo wb sbggb`, ùel i`plbsos wbspgbeik ad tlos kuty, bdk tlos stbti widt ad nar yibrs. Osgb`s

spribkodj avir dibrgy lbgn an tli ibrtl wbs kui ta tli i`plbsos otlbs pgbeik ad fustoei, cibutonug àrbgoty, mdawgikji, bdk seoidei.Gbtir, bs kivobtik lagkirs an cokb ebì ta tli nari, tli kuty ani`r-o-`brn, tlbt os, riea`ìdkodj jaakdiss, wloel os Osgb`s

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àst o`partbdt ea``bdk, gaasidik. [liri wbs dat bdy innart taspribk Osgb` avir tli wargk. [li kuty an ebggodj piapgi ta Osgb`wbs dijgietik wotl suel eadsokirbtoads bs Osgb` lbs bgribkyspribk avir bdy eaudtrois tlraujlaut bgg tlisi yibrs. Nra` dawad, git tlasi wla lbvi ribsad bdk koseirdìdt nodk tli wby ta

lbppodiss bdk sbgvbtoad tli`sigvis. Osgb` os bs acvoaus bs tlisud. [lisi eadsokirbtoads wiri suppartik wotl tli udtidbcgiribsadodj tlbt On b fiwiggir lbs b jiduodi croggbdt kobàdk, lidiik dat tbmi ot nra` adi slap ta bdatlir od arkir ta nodk beustaìr. Cut on tli wbri os b nbgsi adi, li wogg lbvi ta ja nra`kaar ta kaar bdk tigg suel gois bs wogg kieiovi tli ojdarbdt, suelbs. Cuy tlos viry prieoaus wbri. Ot os lbrk ta eaì cy, od arkir tajit rok an ot. [liy slaugk ci riòdkik tlbt, tlaujl ot osuddieissbry ta gaam nar b eustaìr nar tli kobàdk, ot os eirtbodgyb ùst ta annir ot ta tli eustaìr, ta bkvirtosi ot. Zlid tlieustaìr mdaws bcaut tli kobàdk, li wogg eirtbodgy wbdt ta cuyot. B kobàdk wloel os dat slawd ar bkvirtosik wogg dat jit beustaìr.

Aur nodbg warks ta tli Xratistbdt proist bri bs naggaws6 [licaams an b rigojoad ar siet ùst ci stukoik wigg. Da rigojoad ar sietebd ci erotoeozik cy sliir ackurbey ar adgy wotl okibs tlbt adibssuìs ta ci trui wotlod tli purvoiw an adis ristroetik

mdawgikji. Osgbòe rigojoad lbs b spieobg crbdel an mdawgikjiebggik Og`-o-mig`, wloel tibelis tli prodeopgis an `d, pratietstli` (bjbodst odtirpagbtoad, ite.), bdk riàvis kaucts (cypawirnug brjuìdtbtoad). Od tli eidturois wlid Osgb` wbsngauroslodj bdk spribkodj nbr bdk woki, tliri wiri pranaudkselagbrs od tli mdawgikji an Mig`. [lisi selagbrs wrati b jribtdu`cir an vbgubcgi caams od arkir ta eaudtirbet tli rinutbtoadskorietik tawbrks tli Osgbòe rigojoad bdk ta igoòdbti tli kaucts

brausik cy suel bttbems. [liy sidt nartl tlior caams ta bggeaudtrois. [liy pravik tli truidiss, tli jiduodidiss an Osgb` cyusodj ìdtbg ivokideis bgadjsoki trbkotoadbg ivokideis suel bsybt-o-mir`bs, lbktl-o-slirns, bdk tli kaeuìdtbry stbtiìdtsan rigojoaus butlarotois. [liy bdswirik dat adgy Fiws bdkElrostobds, cut bgsa oòtbtars an Jriim plogasaply bdk tlasikivobtik pbrvidus wla nbcroebtik nbgsi rigojoaus prodeopgis bdkprbetoeis ebggik cokb od tli dbì an rigojoad. Nar, beearkodj ta tli

Osgbòe rigojoad, Bgglu tbg kais dat ea``bdk Los card sgbvisbdytlodj bjbodst ea`àd sidsi. ]Cut ea`prilidkodj tli lokkidkovodi ebusis bdk usis od tli ea``bdkìdts an Bgglu tbgriquoris ea`àd sidsi (bqg-o-sig`). Utbtiìdts tlbt saì

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ojdarbdt okoats pbssodj nar sbjis, plogasaplirs ar seoidtosts `bmiaut an tlior sidsuaus kisoris ar iàtoads, lbvi datlodj ta ka wotltrui mdawgikji ar seoidei. Xiapgi an ea`àd sidsi wogg tbmi daliik an tlior earrupt warks bdk wrotodjs. [lus tliy wogg lbvi dainniet atlir tlbd òsgibkodj b niw okoats gomi tli`sigvis. Osgbèadtbods `bdy nbets ciyadk tli ebpbeoty an òdk, cut datlodjeadtrbry ta òdk. Jrbkis an òdk bdk ots odtirpritbtoad bri jovidod tli Brbcoe caam [brq-ud-dift bdk od [urmosl Uikit-oIcikoyyi.P]2P Jovodj ribsadbcgi odnar`btoad bcaut Osgbòe rigojoadriquoris b òduti stuky bdk bd beeurbti ea`prilidsoad anridawdik caams an og`-o-mig`, suel bs @bmtct, cy lbkrbtO``-o-Sbccd, bdk Ulirl-o-`bwqon bdk Ulirl-o-`bqsok. Uuelstbtiìdts bs Xbug sbok sa, Uuel bdk suel Jaspig wrotis sa,[los `bttir os b kovodi `ystiry bdk slaugk ci cigoivik bs suel,

wloel Elrostobds uttir odstibk an jovodj eadvodeodj praans, woggtistony da `bttir. Zotl suel stbtiìdts ot wogg ci konnoeugt ta ixpgbodtli trutls od Osgbòe mdawgikji, ivid ta tlasi Elrostobds wosiidaujl, git bgadi ta us. Zi slbgg ixpgoebti tlos gbtir ad.

;3

]2P Uikit-o Icikoyyi (Idkgiss Cgoss) wbs pbrtgy trbdsgbtik bdk pucgoslikod nbseoegis od Idjgosl.


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; ACUIS^B[OADU AD [LI NAYS CAAMUEBGGIK JAUXIGU

Xratistbdt proists brjui bs naggaws od adi an tli pb`plgitstliy lbvi pucgoslik6 @usgo`s, udbwbri an tli lostary anJaspigs, bssirt tlbt tli Jaspigs mipt cy Elrostobds bri datjiduodi bdk tlbt Elrostobds kinogik bdk elbdjik tli Cocgi od

arkir ta eadeibg tli virsis tistonyodj tli praplitlaak an@ulb``bk bgbolos-sbg`. [liy wogg ci bdswirik bs naggaws6selagbrs suel bs O``-o-Cumlr, Ulbl Zigoyy-uggbl Kilgiw,Nbmmlr-uk-kd-o-Skl, Ubyyok Bl`bk, bd Odkobd selagbr, bdkatlirs kiegbri tlbt tli Jaspigs usik takby bri tli sbì bs tlasitlbt wiri usik cinari tli toì an lbkrbt @ulb``bk sbgg-Bgglubgbolo wb sbggb`, bdk sa tliy bri dat elbdjik. Uivirbg viry agkeapois an tli Cocgi ixostodj od saì wigg-mdawd Iurapibd

gocrbrois cibr wotdiss ta tli trutl an aur egbo`. [lirinari, on@usgo`s lbvi bdy praans ta earracarbti tlior bssirtoads tlbt tliCocgi wbs odtirpagbtik, ci ot od tli Jaspigs tliy lbvi ar od tlivirsoads tlbt wiri trbdsgbtik ta vbroaus gbdjubjis cinari Bsr-o-sbkbt (tli toì an aur Xraplit sbgg-Bgglu bgbolo wb sbggb`bdk los naur rojltgy-juokik Mlbgnbs), wi elbggidji tlbt @usgo`skosegasi bgg suel praans.

Ot os b pgibsuri nar us @usgo`s ta tbmi up tlos elbggidji an tliors

bdk put narwbrk bgg tli

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