Cost Effective Soybean Production Practices in Northeast China - … · 2018. 6. 22. · CMD30 2014 Dehui 4.67 ZH13 2004 Xiangheng 4.69 MN413 2000 Mengcheng 4.73 JN96-2343 2000 Jining

Cost Effective Soybean Production Practices

in Northeast China

Xiaobing LIU, Yansheng LINortheast Institute of Geography and Agroecology

Chinese Academy of SciencesJune 13, 2018

Soybean Production in China

Total Planting Acreage from 2005-2016 (million ha)

20

05

20

06

20

07

20

08

20

09

20

10

20

11

20

12

20

13

20

14

20

15

20

16

Mill

ion

ha

5

6

7

8

9

10

（7-9 million ha）

Average yield from 2005-2016 (kg/ha)

20

05

20

06

20

07

20

08

20

09

20

10

20

11

20

12

20

13

20

14

20

15

20

16

kg

/ha

1000

1200

1400

1600

1800

2000

2200

Total Production from 2005-2016 (million t)

20

05

20

06

20

07

20

08

20

09

20

10

20

11

20

12

20

13

20

14

20

15

20

16

Mill

ion

t

8

10

12

14

16

18

2017: 96 million t

Annual yield increase rate

USA 1924-1997 1998-2011 Average yield

kg/ha/y 23 38 2738

China 1949-1997 1998-2011 Average yield

kg/ha/y 14 26 1983

Yield contest, Missouri Soybean

Association9.34 t/ha（2006）；10.4 t/ha（2007）；10.79 t/ha（2010）；

6.98 t/ha（2011）；7.95 t/ha（2013）-- Mr. Kip Cullers, SE Missouri

Theoretical yield

7.5-11.0t/ha

-- Van Roekel et al., 2015Non-irrigated 7.32t/ha

---Steever, 2008 3 fold to actual yield

Yield Record in Xinjiang

Ugur Autonamous Region

6.3 t/ha in 2012

Cultivar: Zhonghuang 35

6.0 t/ha was achieved in three

successive years (2010-2012)

Yield Record in Jilin Province

Plant height 65-88cm

Population/ha 225-300k

100-seed weight 16.7g

4.67 t/ha in 2014Cultivar: Chang-mi-dou 30

Record yield in China

Cultivars Year Site Yield (t/ha)

ZH35 2012 Shihezi 6.30

ZDD1 1999 Shihezi 5.96

LD14 2000 Haicheng 4.91

CMD30 2014 Dehui 4.67

ZH13 2004 Xiangheng 4.69

MN413 2000 Mengcheng 4.73

JN96-2343 2000 Jining 4.63

ZZXA12908 2015 Xinxiang 5.04

QH34 2014 Jiaxiang 4.71

ZC3 2000 Zhongxiang 3.78

NN88-31 2002 Dafeng 3.76

Regional Distribution of Soybean Production in China

30°N

Northeast spring soybean region (50%)

Huang-Huai-Hai summer soybean region (35%)

South multiple cropping soybean region

40°N

20°N

“Bread basket of China” 33.5% of corn, 52.7% of soybean and

9.6% of rice

Grain production in Northeast China

NE soybean in China

• Three provinces and part of Inner Mongolia

• ～700 soybean cultivars were released in Northeast

China

• Providing soybean stuff to the country

• Two production ownerships: State farms and rural farms

The yield of 3380 kg/ha in 2012 was 1346 kg/ha higher than the nation

yield of 2034 kg/ha;

Year Planting acreage

( million ha)

Yield

(kg/ha)

Total production

(million t)

2008 5.39 2604 1.402

2009 6.66 2589 1.719

2010 6.24 2599 1.622

2011 4.56 2717 1.239

2012 3.17 3380 1.07

2013 2.85 2179 0.621

2014 4.36 2632 1.148

2015 4.20 2586 1.085

The soybean production of the state farms in

Heilongjiang province from 2008 to 2015

The large-scale, mechanization, and standardized high yielding practices are

essential drivers for the yield improvement in state farms

113 state farms with 2.66 million ha of cultivated land: 1/4 versus 1/3

Agricultural mechanization rate: 97.5%

Grain productivity: 44.6 tons/person

Large and medium-sized and power tractor: 620 thousands

Agricultural airplanes:52

“Deep, Narrow and High-density” System

By the courtesy of Prof. Hu Guohua

♪ Soil loosening and fertilizer placement at different top soil

depths

♪ Narrow spacing: 30~35 cm, planting seeds in two lines on

each row

♪ The actual average row distance of 15~17.5 cm

♪ High population: 400 000 plants/ha

----Requirements:

No ridge

Dwarf and semi-dwarf cultivar

Higher soil fertility and nice climate environment

“Deep, Narrow and High-density” System

Higher population on wider ridge technology

♪ Dwarf and semi-dwarf cultivar

♪ Deep soil loosening and fertilizer placement at

different topsoil depths

♪ Wider ridge: 110 cm with 3 lines planted

♪ Population, 360 000-380000 plants/ha

♪ Weed control: Herbicide

♪ Normal soybean conditions

Higher population on wider ridge system

No-till and reduced-till technology

1. Dry area and drought years

2. Normal row spacing: 60-70cm

3. Population: 300 000 seeds/ha

4. Ridge cultivation

----Problem: corn residue

Corn-Soybean Rotation

• After two rounds of rotation

• Manure increased yield by 7.3%, stalk return by 2.5%

Manure Stalk return CF NoF

Yiel

d (k

g/ha

)

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

ab b

c

2959 2708 2641 2334


• Stalk return significantly improved root system, enhanced symbiotic fixation and nitrogen uptake in reproductive stage

CF Stalk return NoF

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

1.2

1.4

1.6

CF Stalk return NoF

0.000

0.005

0.010

0.015

0.020

0.025

b

a

c

a

a

b

N fixation/nodule Specific root N uptake

Fix

ed-N

per

nodule

(m

g n

odule

−1)

Fix

ed-N

per

root

length

(mg c

m−

1)

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

1.2

ab

a

ab a b

nsRemobilisation of N during R5-R8

Newly assimilated N during R5-R8

Seed N

conte

nt（

g/p

lant）

0.71 0.81

66%

0.290.12

0.29

0.56

71% 87%


• The proportion of seed accumulated N in

stalk return was significantly higher than that of the CF and Nof treatment, respectively.

CF Stalk return NoF

CF Stalk return NoF

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

CF Stalk return NoF

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

CF Stalk return

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

b

a

b

a ab a

b

B CA

氮含量（

g/株

）

Amounts of newly assimilated N during R5-R8 stages from N2 fixation, soil N and

fertiliser N and stalk N

N2 fixation Soil N Fertiliser N and stalk N

Corn-Soybean RotationS

eed N

conte

nt（

g/p

lant）

• Stalk return significantly enhanced newly

assimilated N during R5-R8 stages from N2

fixation

CF Stalk return NoF

0.00

0.05

0.10

0.15

0.20

0.25

0.30

CF Stalk return NoF

0.00

0.05

0.10

0.15

0.20

0.25

0.30

CF Stalk return

0.00

0.05

0.25

0.30

ab

b

a

a

b

b

a

b

B CA


N2 fixation Soil N Fertiliser N and stalk N

Se

ed

N c

on

ten

t（g/p

lant）

Amounts of remobilisation N during R5-R8 stages from N2 fixation,

soil N and fertiliser N and stalk N

• Stalk return provide less remobilisation N for seed

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

A B C

0

20

40

60

80

100

More symbiotic N in seed from stalk return

Per

cents（

%）

Seed Plant in R5 stage


Plant in R8 stage

Soil N fertiliser N and stalk N N2 fixation

CF Stalk return NoF CF Stalk return NoF CF Stalk return NoF

• Stalk return altered the pattern of N accumulation in soybean.

T1 T2 T3 T4 T5

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

Yie

ld /

kg

..h

m-2 e

a

db

c

Corn-Soybean Rotation• Manure appication on soybean yield.

T1: normal rates of chemical fertilizers

applied to corn and no fertilizers applied

to soybean;


applied to corn and 15 t•hm-2 cattle

manure applied to soybean;


applied to corn and half normal rates of

chemical fertilizers applied to soybean;


applied both to corn and soybean;

T5: all normal rates of chemical

fertilizers applied to both corn and

soybean were applied to corn growing

season, and no fertilizers to soybean.

2959 2523 2758 26212334

7.3%


• Manure application enhanced increased node number and seed number

TreatmentPlant

height/cm

Main stem

node

number/No

One-

seedpod

Two-seed

pod

Three-

seed pod

Four-

seed pod

T1 80b 15.7b 4.0a 9.8b 11.7b 3.2bc

T2 91a 17.9a 3.7a 10.7b 15.1a 6.6a

T3 75c 15.8b 3.5a 8.3c 14.1a 3.1bc

T4 82b 15.7b 3.4a 12.3a 11.0b 2.8c

T5 76c 15.9b 4.2a 8.0c 11.1b 3.8b


•Manure application enhanced assimilate partitioning

to economic organs, by increasing HI mainly not seed

size

Treatment

Pod

number

per plant

Seed

number per

plant

Seed

weight per

plant/g

100-seed

weight/g

Plant

weight/g

Harvest

index%

T1 31.2bc 71b 7.9e 11.1bc 17.24b 46.0b

T2 38.4a 97a 10.9a 10.8c 20.69a 52.5a

T3 31.0bc 72b 8.3d 11.6b 21.52a 38.8c

T4 32.9b 73b 9.2b 12.7a 20.58a 44.8b

T5 28.8c 70b 8.7c 12.3a 15.86b 53.1a

R1 R3 R5 R6

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

R1 R3 R5 R6

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

R1 R3 R5 R6

0

2

4

6

8

10A

The

num

ber

of n

odul

es /

No.

. pla

nt-1

aa

a

a

d abcd

bb

a

b

a

c

d

a

a

bcc

abc

b

a

ab

b

a

d

c

cbc

b

a a

a

bb

a

b

bbb

C

bd bc

d

b

D

b

c

b

d

a

b b

a

bc

a

dc

b

ba

a

R1 R3 R5 R6

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

bb

a

bc

a

bcc

c

d

a

b

b

b b

ba

d

c

b

a

B

Fre

sh w

eigh

t of

nodu

les

/ g. p

lant

-1

Growth stage Growth stage

Sin

gle

nodu

le v

olum

e / m

g.N

o.-1

Roo

t nod

ular

den

sity

/ N

o..m

-1

Corn-Soybean Rotation• Effect of manure application on soybean nodule traits

Note:T1: CF - NoF T2: CF - FM T3: CF - 1/2CF T4: CF - CF T5: corn-soybean CF - NoF

V4 R1 R3 R5 R6 R8

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

1000 T1

T2

T3

T4

T5

Nit

rog

en a

ccu

mu

lati

on

/mg. p

lan

t-1

Growth stage

c cb ac

d

ab

b

a

c

a

b

a

d

c

d

cd

ab

d

c

ba

b

a

bc

b

d

a

Corn-Soybean Rotation• Effect of manure on total nitrogen accumulation of

aboveground


Corn-Soybean Rotation• Effect of manure application on corn yield

T1 T2 T3 T4 T5

Yie

ld/k

g. h

m-2

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

7000

8000

9000

10000

11000

aa

b bb

97579245 801385338483

15.4% 21.8%


Corn-Soybean Rotation• Effect of different fertilization patterns on yield

components of corn.

Treatme

nts

Cob

length

/cm

Cob

width

/cm

Number

of cob

rows

Grain

number

per line

Cob

grain

number

Cob

grain

weight/g

Thousand

grain

weight/g

T1 22.4c 15.4b 12.4a 44.2b 547.9b 178.1b 325.0c

T2 23.3b 15.5b 12.6a 44.4b 559.8b 206.1a 368.3a

T3 22.5c 15.2b 12.8a 43.6bc 559.4b 180.8b 323.5c

T4 22.0c 15.0b 12.3a 42.4c 521.5c 177.7b 340.6b

T5 24.1a 16.3a 12.4a 47.3a 586.5a 209.7a 357.5a


Growth stage

V4 V12 VT VT+22d R6

Nit

rog

en a

ccu

mu

lati

on

/mg. p

lant-

1

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

500T1

T2

T3

T4

T5

bbbac

c

b

c c

abc

a

c c

ab

bcab cda

cc

b

dc

a

Corn-Soybean Rotation• Effect of manure application on nitrogen accumulation

in aboveground parts of corn.


•

Continuous soybean

- Planting resistant cultivars, cyst nematode-tolerant

cultivars and others

- Seed coating with fungicides, and application of

insecticides at time of seeding to control soil-borne

diseases

- Applications of K fertilizer and trace elements, Zn, Mn,

Mo, and B

- Use of deep-loosening, or creating a new ridge to reduce

sources of pathogens and insect pests

- Increasing seeding rate by 10-15%

Countermeasures for Continuous Soybean

• NE China is the most important soybean production region, accounting for 50% of the nation total

• The large-scale, mechanization, and standardized high yielding practices are essential drivers for the yield improvement in state farms

• Soybean-corn rotation with manure application or crop reside return is an effective approach in reducing production cost but maintaining yield in rural farms

General Summary

Acknowledgement

Documents

Cost Effective Soybean Production Practices in Northeast China - … · 2018. 6. 22. · CMD30 2014 Dehui 4.67 ZH13 2004 Xiangheng 4.69 MN413 2000 Mengcheng 4.73 JN96-2343 2000 Jining