CORRIM REPORT-Module E Life Cycle Assessment …...i CORRIM REPORT-Module E Life Cycle Assessment of Oriented Strandboard (OSB) Production Maureen Puettmann, WoodLife Environmental

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CORRIM REPORT-Module E Life Cycle Assessment of Oriented Strandboard (OSB) Production Maureen Puettmann, WoodLife Environmental Consultants, LLC

Dominik Kaestner & Adam Taylor, University of Tennessee

October 25, 2016

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Information contained in this report is based on new survey data (2012) and supersedes information in the original Phase I report (Kline 2004). The current report is a cradle to gate LCA and includes all forestry related upstream processes and packaging of final product. CORRIM REPORT - Life Cycle Assessment of Oriented Strandboard (OSB) Production has not been certified but is written in compliance to the Product Category Rules North American Structural and Architectural Wood Products (June 2015) and can serve as a LCA for an Environmental Product Declaration.

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Executive Summary This report builds on previous reports to provide an updated cradle-to-gate life cycle assessment (LCA), based on new primary lice cycle inventory (LCI) gate-to-gate data for oriented strand board (OSB) produced in the U.S. Other updated secondary data sources were included. OSB producers were surveyed on manufacturing date for 2012. The responding mills represented 33 percent of the total production output in the survey year.

The new primary data covered the gate-to-gate manufacturing inputs, outputs and on-site emissions. Production-weighted average values were determined based on the functional unit of one thousand square feet (MSF) 3/8-inch basis (0.885 m3). The cradle-to-gate inventory required secondary data for the forestry operations, electricity, resin, and thermal energy production. These data were assessed using SimaPro 8.0, a life cycle assessment (LCA) software package, and using the ‘Tool for the Reduction and Assessment of Chemical and Other Environmental Impacts’ (TRACI 2.1 V1.01/US 2008) model.

The results of this study will contribute to the update of the environmental product declaration (EPD) for OSB and will assure conformance with the data quality requirements of the relevant classification standard the Product Category Rule (PCR) for North American Structural and Architectural Wood Products (FPInnovations 2015).

Total U.S. production of OSB was 9.77 million m3 in 2012. About 75 percent was reported in the eastern region of the US. This study collected data from eight representative plants in the eastern region of the U.S. The responding mills were located in the Southeast and Northeast regions and produced 3.27 million m3, which represents 33 percent of the total U.S. OSB production

Cradle to gate OSB production required 2.3 GJ of thermal energy, of which, 95 percent was generated from wood biomass. The electricity use per cubic meter of OSB is 134 kWh. Roundwood requirement per cubic meter of finished OSB was 740 kg

Carbon dioxide (CO2), a greenhouse gas of international interest, is generated by combustion of fuels. Since a major portion of the heat generation for the production OSB was based upon wood biomass; this type of fuel contributed 61 percent the total CO2 emissions (cradle to gate) but since the combustion of biomass is consider carbon neutral this impact is greatly lessened by the growing of trees that remove CO2 from the atmosphere resulting in global warming potential of 197 kg of CO2 eq.

The quality of the data for the OSB LCA is considered very good. Based on the amount of data from the eight plants from each region, and comparison of values from previous LCIs on OSB, established the validity of the data. Additional data analysis (i.e., mass and energy balances), as well as regional comparisons, further supported the integrity of our findings.

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Acknowledgement Primary funding for this project was through a cooperative agreement between the USDA Forest Service Forest Products Laboratory and the Consortium for Research on Renewable Industrial Materials (13-CO-11111137-014). Steven Zylkowski and the APA were critical in recruiting mill personnel to participate in the survey.

We thank those companies and their employees that participated in the surveys. Any opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this article are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the contributing entities.

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Table of Contents EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ..................................................................................................................... III

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ........................................................................................................................ IV

TABLE OF CONTENTS .......................................................................................................................... V

LIST OF FIGURES ................................................................................................................................ VII

LIST OF TABLES .................................................................................................................................. VII

BACKGROUND ................................................................................................................................. 8

GOAL AND SCOPE OF WORK ...................................................................................................... 8

DESCRIPTION OF THE OSB INDUSTRY .................................................................................... 8 Typical emission control measures by plant type ......................................................................................... 8 General types of wastes and emissions ........................................................................................................ 9

PRODUCT DESCRIPTION .............................................................................................................. 9 Density Calculation .................................................................................................................................... 10 Functional and declared unit ...................................................................................................................... 11 Intended audience....................................................................................................................................... 11 Comparative assertions .............................................................................................................................. 11 System boundary ........................................................................................................................................ 12

DESCRIPTION OF DATA AND PROCESSES ............................................................................ 14 Resource extraction .................................................................................................................................... 14 Transportation ............................................................................................................................................ 14 Manufacturing operations .......................................................................................................................... 14 Resins ......................................................................................................................................................... 18 Equipment: Type and fuel consumption .................................................................................................... 18 Energy use and generation ......................................................................................................................... 18 5.6.1 Wood-base fuels .................................................................................................................................... 19 5.6.1 Electricity use summary ......................................................................................................................... 22 Packaging ................................................................................................................................................... 23

CUT OFF RULES AND OTHER ASSUMPTIONS ...................................................................... 24

DATA QUALITY AND VARIABILITY ........................................................................................ 25

LIFE CYCLE INVENTORY ANALYSIS ...................................................................................... 26 Data collection ........................................................................................................................................... 26 Primary and secondary data sources .......................................................................................................... 26 Calculation rules ........................................................................................................................................ 27 Allocation rules .......................................................................................................................................... 28 Life cycle inventory results ........................................................................................................................ 28

LIFE CYCLE IMPACT ASSESSMENT ........................................................................................ 32

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TREATMENT OF BIOGENIC CARBON ..................................................................................... 34

LIFE CYCLE INTERPRETATION ............................................................................................... 34 Identification of the significant issues ........................................................................................................ 34 Life cycle phase contribution analysis ....................................................................................................... 34 Substance contribution analysis ................................................................................................................. 35 Completeness, consistency and sensitivity ................................................................................................. 36

CONCLUSIONS, LIMITATIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS ........................................... 37

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CRITICAL REVIEW ....................................................................................................................... 38 Internal review ........................................................................................................................................... 38 External review .......................................................................................................................................... 38

REFERENCES .................................................................................................................................. 39

APPENDIX I: ECONOMIC ALLOCATION ................................................................................ 41 Cradle-to-gate LCI results – Economic allocation ..................................................................................... 41 Carbon – Economic allocation ................................................................................................................... 42 Cradle to gate LCI air emissions (economic allocation) ............................................................................ 43 Cradle to gate LCI water emissions (economic allocation) ........................................................................ 47

APPENDIX II. EMISSIONS (MASS ALLOCATION) ................................................................. 51 Cradle to gate LCI air emissions (mass allocation) .................................................................................... 51 Cradle to gate LCI water emissions (mass allocation) ............................................................................... 55

APPENDIX III: SURVEY (CLICKABLE .PDF) .......................................................................... 59

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List of Figures Figure 1 Oriented strand board showing panel from the end and face ......................................................... 9 Figure 2 Oriented strandboard as exterior wall sheathing .......................................................................... 10 Figure 3 Cradle-to-gate life cycle stages for OSB ...................................................................................... 13

List of Tables Table 1 Calculation of average wood densityof logs for OSB production ................................................. 11 Table 2 Inputs to forest operations (regeneration, thinning, and harvest) (Johnson et al. 2007) ................ 14 Table 3 Delivery distance of input materials for OSB production .............................................................. 14 Table 4 Description of the production flow of OSB and the associated inputs and outputs of each step ... 15 Table 5 Gate to gate manufacturing process input data for 1 m3 OSB, unallocated ................................... 17 Table 6 Energy requirements for OSB manufacturing ............................................................................... 18 Table 7 Wood boiler process parameters used in OSB production (Puettmann and Milota 2015) ............ 20 Table 8 Materials used in packaging and shipping per m3, OSB, unallocated ........................................... 23 Table 9 Secondary LCI data sources used .................................................................................................. 26 Table 10 Mass balance of inputs and outputs to OSB manufacture............................................................ 27 Table 11 Raw material energy consumption per 1 m3 of OSB (mass allocation) ....................................... 28 Table 12 Cradle to gate emission to air released per 1 m3 of OSB (mass allocation) ................................. 29 Table 13 Cradle to gate emissions to water released per 1 m3 of OSB (mass allocation) .......................... 31 Table 14 Cradle to gate solid waste released per 1 m3 of OSB (mass allocation) ...................................... 32 Table 15 Selected impact indicators, characterization models, and impact categories ............................... 32 Table 16 Environmental performance of 1 m3 of OSB (mass allocation) .................................................. 33 Table 17 Carbon balance per 1 m3 of OSB (mass allocation) ..................................................................... 34 Table 18 Life cycle stages contribution analysis OSB (mass and economic allocation) ............................ 35 Table 19 Substance contribution analysis to Global Warming Potential of OSB, cradle-to-gate (mass

allocation) ...................................................................................................................................... 36 Table 20 Resin and wax inputs for sensitivity analysis scenarios .............................................................. 36 Table 21 Environmental impacts for cradle-to-gate OSB production, comparing Baseline and MDI only

scenarios (mass allocation) ............................................................................................................ 37 Table 22 Cradle to gate raw material energy consumption per 1 m3 of OSB production (economic

allocation) ...................................................................................................................................... 41 Table 23 Emissions to air per 1 m3 of OSB production (economic allocation) .......................................... 43 Table 23 Emissions to water per 1 m3 of OSB production (economic allocation) ..................................... 47 Table 25 Environmental performance of 1 m3 OSB production (economic allocation) ............................. 42 Table 26 Carbon balance of 1 m3 of OSB production (economic allocation) ............................................. 42 Table 27 Emissions to air per 1 m3 of OSB (mass allocation) .................................................................... 51 Table 28 Emissions to water per 1m3 of OSB (mass allocation) ................................................................ 55 Table 29 Energy content of fuels ................................................................ Error! Bookmark not defined.

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Background This document is part of a project to update the life cycle inventories (LCI) for major wood products produced in the United States. Oriented strandboard (OSB) manufacturing data were collected for the production year 2012. This report also includes primary data for thermal energy production (wood combustion boilers). The LCI data in this report were used to conduct life cycle impact assessments (LCIA) using the North American impact method, TRACI 2.1 (Simapro version 8.0+) (Tool for the Reduction and Assessment of Chemical and Other Environmental Impacts) (Bare 2011). These data updates were necessary for the development of environmental product declarations (EPD), which will be based on this document. This report builds on the previous CORRIM LCI reports by Kline (2004) and Puettmann, et al. (2013). This report follows data and reporting requirements as outlined in the Product Category Rules (PCR) for North American Structural and Architectural Wood Products (FPInnovations 2015) and the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) 14040/14044 that will provide the guidance for preparation of North American wood product EPD. This report does not include comparative assertions. This study reports LCA results for both mass and economic allocation to produce one cubic meter (m3) of finished OSB.

Goal and scope of work The goal of this work was to document energy and material inputs, outputs and emissions associated with the production of OSB in the United States (US). The data were obtained through a survey of manufacturers, in a process consistent the Consortium for Research on Renewable Industrial Materials (CORRIM) guidelines and following ISO14040 standards (ISO 2006).

The scope of this study is cradle-to-gate, and covers the impacts of input materials, fuels, and electricity through to the OSB product at the mill gate, and associated emissions and waste. The logs used for OSB production are obtained from the forest resource base located in the eastern region of the US (Johnson, et al. 2005). The report does not consider how the product is used.

Description of the OSB industry Total US production of OSB was 9.77 million m3 (11.04 million MSF 3/8-inch basis) in 2012 (APA 2013). About 75 percent of that total OSB production equaling 7.32 million m3 (8.27 million MSF 3/8-inch basis) was reported in the eastern region of the US (APA 2013). This study collected data from eight representative plants in the eastern region of the USA.

The responding mills were located in the Southeast and Northeast regions and produced 3.27 million m3 (3.69 million MSF 3/8 inch basis), which represents 33 percent of the total U.S. OSB production. The individual mills had a production output of about 265,000 – 575,000 m3 (300,000 to 650,000 MSF 3/8 inch basis) and the mills ages ranged from 8 to 32 years. The mills employed 152 persons based on the production-weighted average.

Typical emission control measures by plant type According to the allocation to the individual production steps, the drying process contributes the most emissions. These are caused by the thermal energy production through the direct fired process and by the emission control devices. The eight surveyed OSB mills reported the implementation of three regenerative thermal oxidizers (RTOs) and one electrostatic precipitator (ESP) between 1999 and 2012. The mills stated that the RTOs consume 80 percent of the total natural gas usage. The ESP (based on

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Figure 1 Oriented strand board showing panel from the end and face

information from two mills) consumed about 13 percent of the total electricity usage. Kline (2004) stated that RTOs are very effective in removing particulate matter (PM), CO, and VOCs from process air. Hence the additional energy requirement for emission control devices can potentially result in an overall increase of other greenhouse gases such as CO2, SO2, NOx, and methane.

General types of wastes and emissions On-site solid waste is minimal; wood processing residues (e.g. bark) are mostly used as boiler fuel. The principal solid wastes are boiler ash, some non-combusted wood scraps, and packaging waste. There were no on-site water emissions reported. Water waste is recycled back into the production process and/or soaks into the ground on-site. On-site reported air emissions such as HAPs, VOCs and PM are associated with wood heating and fuel combustion, drying, and panel pressing.

In the primary surveys, manufacturers were asked to report total hazardous air pollutants (HAPS) specific to their wood products manufacturing process. Under Title III of the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990, the EPA has designated HAPs that wood products facilities are required to report as surrogates for all HAPs. These are methanol, acetaldehyde, formaldehyde, propionaldehyde (propanal), acrolein, and phenol. All HAPS are included in the LCI, no cut off rules apply. If applicable to the wood product, HAPS are reported in Table 15 and would be included in the impact assessment. Table 10 shows all air emission to the 10-4 to simplify and report on the dominant releases by mass. There were no cut-offs used in the impact assessment therefore a complete list of all air emissions (smaller than 10-4) is in Appendix I and II of this report.

Product description Oriented strandboard is an engineered, wood-based structural panel made of layers of wood ‘strands’ (Figure 1). Strands are typically 114 to 152 mm (4.5 to 6 in) long 12.7 mm (0.5 inch) wide, and 0.6 to 0.7 mm (0.023 to 0.027 in) thick (FPL 2010). These strands are oriented along their long axis to provide optimal product properties in the panel. The outer layers consist of strands aligned in the long direction of the panel (typically 4’ x 8’), while the middle layer includes smaller strands that are oriented at 90 degrees to the outer layers. The strands used in OSB are bonded with thermosetting resins; wax is commonly added to the panel to increase water resistance properties. Oriented strandboard is commonly used as sheathing for walls, roofs, and floors in the residential and commercial building sectors (Figure 2) (FPL 2010, Kline 2004).

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Although OSB is produced in different grades and thicknesses, a commonly-used unit of volume in the industry is one thousand square feet (MSF) on a 3/8 inch basis (0.885 cubic meters) (Kline 2004). The production of OSB falls into the North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) Code 321219—reconstituted wood products, which include other wood composite products such as cellulosic fiberboard, hardboard, medium density fiberboard, and particleboard (USCB 2012).

Density Calculation The round wood input documented by the OSB mills was reported in green short tons (Table 1). To calculate the wood input, the amount of bark was subtracted and the short tons converted to metric tons. The wood mix was 67 percent softwood and 33 percent hardwood. To calculate the volume of the wood input, the species mix was weighted and densities assumed for each species according to the Wood Handbook (FPL 2010).

Figure 2 Oriented strandboard as exterior wall sheathing

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Table 1 Calculation of average wood densityof logs for OSB production

Wood Species Contribution (%)

Density1

(lb/ft3)

Weighted Average Density

Mills Reporting a value2

(n) lb/ft3 kg/m3 Pine3 73.45 31.51 23.14 370.72 7 Aspen 9.20 21.85 2.01 32.19 1 Poplar 5.62 28.72 1.61 25.86 2 Maple 4.05 30.59 1.24 19.84 2 Oak 2.89 32.46 0.94 15.01 2 Beech 1.77 34.96 0.62 9.90 1 Spruce 1.02 23.10 0.24 3.78 1 Birch 1.02 34.33 0.35 5.62 1 Basswood 0.51 19.98 0.10 1.64 1 Cherry 0.48 29.34 0.14 2.23 1 Total 100.00 30.39 486.78

1 Density according Wood Handbook 2010 2 Wood mix percentages were provided from seven mills 3 50% loblolly pine and 50% slash pine assumed

Functional and declared unit In accordance with the PCR developed (FPInnovations 2015), the declared unit for OSB is one cubic meter (1.0 m3). A declared unit is used in instances where the function and the reference scenario for the whole life cycle of a wood building product cannot be stated (FPInnovations 2015). For conversion of units from the U.S. industry measure1, 1,000 square feet (1.0 MSF) at 3/8 inch basis is equal to 0.8850 m3. All input and output data were allocated to the declared unit of product based on the mass of products and co-products in accordance with ISO 14044 (ISO 2006b). The analysis does not take the declared unit to the stage of being an installed building product, no service life is assigned.

Intended audience The primary audience for the LCA report includes the American Wood Council, Canadian Wood Council, North American OSB manufacturers, and other LCA practitioners.

Comparative assertions The report does not include product use and end of life phases which are required for comparative assertions relative to substitute products. If future comparative studies are intended and disclosed to the public, the LCA boundary would need to be expanded to include the use and end of life phases consistent with the ISO 14040/44:2006 (ISO 2006) guidelines and principles and compliance with the Wood Products PCR (FPInnovations 2015).2

1 1.0 cubic meter = 1,130 square feet 3/8” thick 2 If the LCA is used to develop an Environmental Product Declaration (EPD), internal and/or external critical review would be required.

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System boundary The system boundary begins with the planting, growth and harvest of trees in the eastern US (Johnson, et al. 2005) and ends with OSB packaged to leave the mill gate (Figure 3). The production stage for OSB includes an extraction module (A1), a transportation module (A2), and a manufacturing module (A3). The extraction module includes forest regeneration and stand management, and harvesting. Excluded from the extraction module are maintenance and repair of equipment, and building and maintenance of logging roads, logging camps, and weigh stations. The transportation of logs (A2) from the woods to the mill is accounted for with the OSB manufacturing (A3). The OSB manufacturing module (A3) was modeled as a single-unit process. Outputs to the system boundary include 1 m3 of packaged OSB ready to be shipped, air and water emissions and solid waste. No co-products are made.

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Figure 3 Processes included in the cradle-to-gate LCA for OSB produced in the US

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Description of data and processes

Resource extraction Data for forestry operations, which include growing, planting and tending seedlings, and the final harvest of trees, were taken from Johnson, et al. (2005) and further details are provided therein. Table 2 shows the data used as input for forestry operations for the logs used in OSB manufacture.

Table 2 Inputs to forest operations (regeneration, thinning, and harvest) (Johnson, et al. 2005)

Inputs Unit Fuel Consumption per m3 Gasoline and Diesel L 3.440 Lubricants L 0.054 Electricity kWh 0.455

Transportation

In this analysis tree hauling is the first step in OSB manufacturing (Figure 3). Transport from the forest to the mill averaged 96 km and 109 km by truck and train, respectively (Table 3). The one-way delivery distances for “resin” (includes PF, MDI, and wax) are also reported. These distances are production-weighted averages of the survey data. The transportation distance of hogged fuel, which is an energy source for thermal energy production, was assumed to be 40 miles (64.37 km). All transportation flows for logs were based on transporting the material green using a green specific gravity of 0.48.

Table 3 Delivery distance of input materials for OSB production

Material Transportation Method

Delivery Distance (miles)1

Delivery Distance (km)1

Mills Reporting a Value

(n)

CVw3 (%)

Logs (roundwood) Truck 59.85 96.32 7 43 Logs (roundwood) Train 68.00 109.44 1 Resin2 Truck 294.70 474.27 8 82 Resin2 Train 1288.00 2072.83 1

Wood fuel Truck 64.37 404 - - 1 All transportation distances weight averaged and one way 2 Weighted average value for PF, MDI and wax delivery 3 Coefficient of variation (CVw) is a measure of the variability in the data. See Section 6 Data quality and variability for further explanation 4 Assumed value, based on discussion with mill personnel

Manufacturing operations The production process at the mill begins the debarking and bucking (cutting to length) of the logs. The wood is then cut into thin strands. The green strands are dried, screened to remove fines and oversize material, and then blended with resin and wax. The resin systems used are phenol formaldehyde (PF) and methylene diphenyl diioscyanate (MDI). Both MDI and PF resin systems are listed on the U.S.

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Environmental Agency (EPA) Toxics Release Inventory3. The blended flakes are formed in a three-layer mat with cross-directional layers and are pressed under a combination of pressure and high temperature to produce a rigid and dense board. The OSB boards are cooled, sawn to appropriate size, grade stamped, stacked in bundles, and packaged for shipping. The significant thermal energy needed for strand drying and hot pressing is mostly provided by burning wood residues (Kline 2004, Puettmann, et al. 2013). Emission control devices are powered with natural gas or electricity. The OSB manufacturing process can be described by eight process steps (Table 4).

Table 4 Description of the production flow of OSB and the associated inputs and outputs of each step

Production Step Description Inputs Outputs

Debarking Includes log yard storage, sorting on the log yard; bucking (cutting logs to shorter bolts) and debarking.

Roundwood Diesel (log handlers) Electricity

Debarked bolts Bark and wood waste

Stranding

Bolts are cut parallel to the grain using an electrically-powered, multi-knife ring flaker to produce thin (mm) strands about 6 inches long and 1 inch wide.

Debarked bolts Electricity Green (undried) strands

Drying

Green strands are passed through rotating driers heated with wood combustion exhaust and possibly natural gas to 4-8% moisture content.

Green strands Wood fuel (bark, screen fines, trimmings) Natural gas

Dry strands Air emissions, including particulates and volatile organic compounds (VOC)

Screening

Fines, wood pieces that are too small for OSB production, pass the screen and removed for use as fuel. Strands retained on the screen are used for OSB production.

Dry flakes Electricity

Dry strands of appropriate dimensions Fines

Blending Stands are mechanically mixed with resins (adhesives) and wax to create the furnish.

Dry, screened strands Resins (MDI, PF) Wax Electricity

Blended furnish

Forming The furnish is deposited in three, perpendicular layers to form a thick mat.

Blended furnish Electricity

Formed mat Air emissions, including VOC and hazardous air pollutants (HAP)

Pressing

The formed mat is heated and compressed in a (multiple-opening or continuous) press to achieve the final thickness and to cure the resin.

Formed mat Thermal energy (press) Electricity

Rough OSB Air emissions (VOC and HAP)

Finishing Rough OSB sheets are trimmed, cooled, cut to size, stamped, stacked and packaged for shipment.

Rough OSB Electricity Fuel for forklifts Packaging materials

Packaged OSB Wood waste (trimmings) Air emissions (VOC and HAP)

3 US Environmental Protection Agency, Toxics Release Inventory. http://www.epa.gov/toxics-release-inventory-tri-program/tri-listed-chemicals. Accessed January 2016

http://www.epa.gov/toxics-release-inventory-tri-program/tri-listed-chemicals


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The wood recovery in the surveyed OSB plants was 75 percent (Table 5). This figure was calculated based on the round wood input (including bark) and the output of wood in form of OSB and coproducts. The weight of the wood input was calculated based on the volume and wood densities (Table 1).

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Table 5 Gate to gate manufacturing process input data based on survey data for 1 m3 OSB, unallocated

Materials1 Unit Quantity per m3 Mills Reporting

a Value (n)

CVw3 (%)

Roundwood (26% hardwood, 74% softwood)

m3 1.52E+00 kg 8.04E+02 8 10 Bark kg 1.10E+02 8 32 Phenol-formaldehyde resin kg 1.21E+01 8 30 Methylene diphenyl diisocyanate resin kg 5.95E+00 7 56 Wax kg 3.76E+00 8 39 Water Municipal water L 4.49E+01 3 256 Well water L 8.80E+01 5 131 Recycled water L 1.33E+00 2 407 Total water consumption L 1.34E+02 8 67 Electricity Electricity kWh 1.52E+02 8 17 Fuel Hogged fuel (produced) kg 1.36E+02 8 17 Hogged fuel (purchased) kg 1.49E+01 8 215 Wood waste, indirect heating kg 1.88E+01 8 117 Natural gas m3 2.15E+01 8 47 Liquid petroleum gas L 2.83E-01 7 50 Diesel L 4.12E-01 8 71 Gasoline L 2.30E-02 7 59 Packaging Cardboard kg 1.76E-01 5 160 Plastic wrapping kg 1.62E-02 2 423 Plastic strapping kg 2.49E-02 3 206 Steel strapping kg 5.78E-03 2 301 Air emissions2 Acetaldehyde kg 6.99E-03 8 98 Acetone kg 2.11E-03 4 147 Acrolein kg 2.05E-03 7 114 CO kg 2.88E-01 8 85 CO2 (biogenic) kg 3.31E+01 4 105 Formaldehyde kg 1.61E-02 8 58 MDI kg 9.75E-05 5 123 Methanol kg 3.17E-02 7 90 NOx kg 2.49E-01 8 42 Particulate, PM 2.5 kg 7.25E-02 7 84 Particulate, PM 10 kg 1.20E-01 8 38 Phenol kg 2.66E-03 6 116 Propionaldehyde kg 1.12E-03 7 191 SO2 kg 2.62E-02 8 67 VOC kg 2.55E-01 8 81 1 All materials are given as oven-dry or solid weight

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2 Emission values based on survey results 3 Coefficient of variation (CVw) is a measure of the variability in the data. See Section 6 Data quality and variability for further explanation.

Resins Data for the production of the methylene diphenyl di-isocyanate (MDI) and phenol formaldehyde (PF) resins used in OSB manufacture were taken from Wilson (2009) and (Franklin Associates 2010), as reported by (Puettmann, et al. 2013).

Equipment: Type and fuel consumption Loaders are used for moving logs in the mill yard. Forklifts move material inputs and finished products within the mill. Diesel and liquid petroleum gas (LPG) fuel inputs for this equipment are included in the data in Table 5 and Table 6.

Energy use and generation Hogged fuel, wood waste, and natural gas were used as boiler fuels by OSB manufacturers to provide the thermal energy for drying strands, hot pressing, and for emissions controls (Table 6). Electricity is used for motorized equipment within the mill (e.g. saws, conveyors). For every cubic meter of OSB produced, 5.41 GJ of energy was required.

Table 6 Energy requirements for OSB manufacturing

Fuel Type1 MJ/m3 Renewable fuel Wood fuel2 3.66E+03 Non-renewable fuels Diesel 1.81E+01 LPG 1.54E+01 Natural gas3 1.17E+03 Electricity 5.46E+02 Total 5.41E+03

1 Electricity 3.6 MJ/kWh 2 Hogged fuel of 174.68 kg/m3 reported as thermal energy source 3 Total natural gas usage includes the amount used by emission control devices (ECDs)

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5.6.1 Wood-base fuels

Wood-based by-products are commonly used in the wood product industry to produce heat for the thermal energy intense processes like drying and hot pressing (Figure 2). The boiler and the emission control processes were considered separately. Wood fuel represented 76 percent (3.66 GJ) of the total heat energy (4.83 GJ) with natural gas making up the 24 percent difference.

A small of the wood fuel (11%) was burned in the boiler. The CORRIM Wood Boiler was used in the current study to model the impacts of wood combusted in boilers at wood product production facilities (excluding pulp and paper). Explanation of this data can be found in Puettmann and Milota (2017) and production-weighted average values are presented in (Table 7). The rest of the wood fuel (9% purchased and 94% self-generated) was direct fired in dryers.

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Table 7 Wood boiler process parameters used in OSB production (Puettmann and Milota 2017).

Inputs – Materials and Fuels Value Unit/m3 Hogged fuel, dry, OSB mill, US 9.22E-01 kg

Wood fuel, unspecified/RNA 7.84E-02 kg

Diesel, combusted in industrial equipment/US 8.05E-04 L Gasoline, combusted in equipment/US 3.96E-05 L Liquefied petroleum gas, combusted in industrial boiler/US 1.21E-05 L Lubricants 1.91E-05 L Engine oil 2.22E-05 L Hydraulic oil 0.00E+00 L Antifreeze 4.81E-07 L Ethylene glycol, at plant/RNA 1.07E-06 kg Solvents4 7.17E-07 kg Water Treatment 1.23E-04 kg Boiler streamline treatment 3.67E-06 kg Urea, as N, at regional storehouse/RER U 3.15E-03 kg Disposal, ash, to unspecified landfill/kg/RNA 7.59E-03 kg Disposal, solid waste, unspecified, to unspecified landfill/kg/RNA 7.26E-06 kg

Disposal, metal, to recycling/kg/RNA 3.96E-08 kg

Electricity, at Grid, NAE Athena, 2008 2.05E-02 kWh

Electricity, at Grid, SERC, 2008/RNA U 6.15E-02 kWh Natural gas, combusted in industrial boiler/US 1.38E-03 m3 Inputs - Water Water, process, surface 3.10E-01 kg Water, process, well 2.40E-01 kg Water, municipal, process, surface 7.90E-01 kg Water, municipal, process, well 2.40E-01 kg Outputs – Products and Co-Products CORRIM Wood Combusted, at boiler, at mill, kg, RNA 1.00E+00 kg CORRIM Wood ash, at boiler, at mill, kg, RNA 2.00E-02 kg Outputs - Emissions to air Acetaldehyde 1.05E-06 kg Acrolein 8.07E-07 kg Benzene 1.69E-07 kg Carbon monoxide, biogenic 3.23E-03 kg Carbon dioxide, biogenic 1.76E+00 kg Wood (dust) 5.62E-04 kg Formaldehyde 1.26E-05 kg HAPs 6.27E-06 kg

4 Solvents may contain substances listed on the US Environmental Agency (EPA) Toxics Release Inventory. US Environmental Protection Agency, Toxics Release Inventory. http://www.epa.gov/toxics-release-inventory-tri-program/tri-listed-chemicals. Accessed January 2016



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Hydrogen chloride 1.17E-06 kg Lead 1.75E-07 kg Mercury 1.83E-09 kg Methane, biogenic 2.23E-05 kg Methanol 7.95E-06 kg Nitrogen oxides 1.10E-03 kg Particulates, < 10 um 4.71E-04 kg Particulates, < 2.5 um 1.39E-04 kg Phenol 6.21E-07 kg Propanal 5.14E-08 kg Sulfur dioxide 7.71E-05 kg VOC, volatile organic compounds 8.76E-04 kg Dinitrogen monoxide 2.93E-06 kg Naphthalene 5.77E-08 kg Other Organic 2.11E-07 kg Outputs - Emissions to water Suspended solids, unspecified 8.35E-07 kg BOD5, Biological Oxygen Demand 2.10E-06 kg

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5.6.1 Electricity use summary

The source of fuel used to generate the electricity used in the manufacturing process is very important in determining the type and amount of impact in the LCA. The breakdown of electricity for OSB production was divided between percent of survey responses from the NE and SE US. Respondents from the SE represented the majority at 75 percent with 25 percent of the production facilities respondents in the NE. Two grid systems were used, the Southeastern Electricity Reliability Council (SERC) and North American – Eastern (NAE) grid (Athena 2013) Table 8. The dominant form of electricity generation in both regions was coal at 56 and 47 percent for the SERC and NAE regions, respectively. Nuclear for electricity generation represented 25 percent in the SERC and 23 percent in the NAE. Other major contributions were from natural gas and hydro. Around 1 percent of electricity generation from these regions is from woody biomass.

Table 8 Electric power generation by primary fuel sources as defined by the Southeastern Electricity Reliability Council (SERC) and the North American – Eastern grid.

Fuel source kWh Percent share SERC (2008)

Bituminous coal, at power plant/US 0.564 56% Nuclear, at power plant/US 0.252 25% Natural gas, at power plant/US 0.134 13% Hydropower, at power plant, unspecified/kWh/RNA 0.020 2% Biomass, black liquor, unspecified, at power plant/kWh/RNA 0.010 1% Biomass, wood waste, at power plant/US 0.006 <1% Other 0.015 <2%

NAE (2013) Bituminous coal, at power plant/US 0.502 47% Nuclear, at power plant/US 0.244 23% Natural gas, at power plant/US 0.146 14% Hydropower, at power plant, unspecified/kWh/RNA 0.114 11% Lignite coal, at power plant/US 0.015 1% Biomass, wood waste, at power plant/US 0.008 1% Wind power plant, unspecified/US 0.007 1% Residual fuel oil, at power plant/US 0.007 1% Other 0.018 2%

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Packaging Materials used for packaging OSB for shipping are shown in Table 9. Packing materials for OSB represent <1% of the cumulative mass of the model flow. The wooden spacers make up the bulk of this mass, representing 86 percent of the total packaging material. The wrapping material, strap protectors, and strapping made up, 8, 4, and 2 percent of the packaging by mass.

Table 9 Materials used in packaging and shipping per m3, OSB, unallocated

Material Value Unit Wrapping Material – HDPE and LDPE laminated paper 0.4601 kg PET Strapping 0.0834 kg Cardboard strap protectors 0.2002 kg Wooden spacers 4.6721 kg

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Cut off rules and other assumptions In the primary surveys, manufacturers were asked to report total hazardous air pollutants (HAPS) specific to their wood products manufacturing process. Under Title III of the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990, the EPA has designated HAPs that wood products facilities are required to report as surrogates for all HAPs. These are methanol, acetaldehyde, formaldehyde, propionaldehyde (propanal), acrolein, and phenol. All HAPS are included in the LCI, no cut off rules apply. If applicable to the wood product, HAPS are reported in Table 13 and would be included in the impact assessment. Table 13 shows all air emission to the 10-4 to simplify and report on the dominant releases by mass. There were no cut-offs used in the impact assessment therefore a complete list of all air emissions is in Appendix I and II of this report. This analysis included all energy and mass flows for primary data. No cut-offs were applied in the impact assessment.

The data collection, analysis and assumptions followed protocols as defined in the ‘CORRIM Guidelines for Performing Life Cycle Inventories on Wood Products’ (Puettmann, et al. 2014). Additional considerations included:

• All survey data contributed by the eight participating OSB plants were production-weighted in comparison to the total surveyed production for the year 2012;

• The OSB board density depends on the species used and the grades, which require certain mechanical properties per the standards. The density of the OSB boards was assumed to be 39.5 lb./ft3 (632.73 kg/m3). This density was based on discussion with mill personnel of three surveyed mills;

• For bark, hogged fuel, wood and wood waste (green) 50% moisture content (MC) on a dry basis was assumed. For sawdust and dry wood waste, 7% MC on a dry basis was assumed;

• The resin components were converted to the solid content based on the percentages reported in the surveys;

• The allocation of the fossil energy source is based on the information provided by the mills;

• 100% of the liquid propane gas (LPG) was used for mobile equipment and was assigned to the finishing process steps;

• 100% of diesel fuel was allocated for mobile equipment on the log yard for transporting and hauling the logs;

• 95% of the natural gas usage is allocated to the emission control and 5% for the pressing process to heat the needed oil in the fuel cells;

• Unaccounted wood mass of 0.11% was established by the difference between reported input and output wood material flows (Table 5); because there was a similar weight difference between hogged fuel and bark, much of the difference may have been wood that was hogged for fuel;

• For all energy calculations, the following HHV (MJ/kg) values were used: natural gas 54.40, coal 26.19, LPG 54.05, oil 45.54, uranium 381,000, and wood (oven-dry) 20.93.

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Data quality and variability The study was conducted in conformance with the CORRIM Guidelines for Performing Life Cycle Inventories on Wood Products (Puettmann et al. 2014). These guidelines are in accordance with the North American Structural and Architectural Wood Products, Product Category Rules (PCR) for preparing Environmental Product Declaration (EPD) and with the pertinent ISO 14040/14044 (ISO 2006). The initial survey instrument (Kline 2004) was updated and externally reviewed by an industry expert before distribution for data collection of the production year 2012 (Appendix III: Survey).

The data quality assessment of the reported data included a standardized outlier detection method, the reporting of the sample size as ‘Mills reporting a value (n)’ and the reporting of the variation of the dataset in form of the weighted coefficient of variation (CVw). These methods are now included in the ‘CORRIM Guidelines for Performing Life Cycle Inventories on Wood Products’. In general, outliers are defined as extreme observations that can have a significant impact on calculated values. In case of the collected survey data, outliers could be values that are incorrectly reported because the true value is not known or the question was misunderstood. JMP Pro 11 statistical software was used to analyze the data set for outliers. Values identified as outliers were discussed with the mill personnel before being excluded from calculation of the production-weighted average value.

The coefficient of variation (CV) describes the variability of the data series by dividing the standard deviation by the mean (Abdi 2010). To be consistent with the documented production-weighted average values (1), the weighted standard deviation (2) was calculated. The weighted CVw (3) was calculated and documented for the individual values (NIST 1996, Toshkov 2012).

x�𝑤𝑤 = ∑𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤∑𝑤𝑤 (1)

Sd𝑤𝑤 = �∑ w𝑖𝑖𝑁𝑁𝑖𝑖=1 (x𝑖𝑖 − x�𝑤𝑤 )2 𝑤𝑤 𝑁𝑁′

(𝑁𝑁′−1)∑ w 𝑖𝑖𝑁𝑁𝑖𝑖=1

(2)

CV𝑤𝑤 = Sd𝑤𝑤x�𝑤𝑤

(3)

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Life cycle inventory analysis

Data collection Primary OSB production data for the LCI were collected through surveys sent to OSB mills in eastern US. Twenty-five plants were invited to contribute data; eight plants (33%) responded with complete data in terms of OSB and co-products production, raw materials, electricity, and fuel use, and emissions to air, water, and land. The surveyed LCI represented data from the 2012 production calendar year.

Primary and secondary data sources Primary data were provided by responses form the mill personnel to the survey. Secondary forest management and harvesting LCI data used in this study were derived from earlier studies on forest operations in the eastern US (Johnson, et al. 2005). Wood boiler data were recently developed by Puettmann and Milota (2015). Resin data were reported by Wilson (2009). Other secondary data, e.g. for electrical grid inputs and fuels were sourced from the US LCI (NREL 2012) (Table 10).

Table 10 Secondary LCI data sources used

Process LCI data Source Publication date

Diesel truck USLCI data for “Transport, combination truck, diesel powered/US” 2008

Diesel locomotive USLCI data for “Transport, train, diesel powered/US” 2008

Electricity USLCI data for “Electricity, at Grid, SERC, 2008/RNA U” Electricity, at Grid, NAE, 2008 (eGrid)

2008 2011

Forestry and harvesting CORRIM data for SE softwood forestry operation CORRIM data for NE-NC Hardwood forestry operation

2005; updated

2013

Propane USLCI data for “Liquefied petroleum gas, combusted in industrial boiler/US”. Combustion emission removed if mill reported emissions

2008

Diesel USLCI data for “Diesel, combusted in industrial equipment/US.” Combustion emission removed if mill reported emissions 2008

Natural gas USLCI data for “Natural gas, processed, at plant/US.” Combustion emission removed if mill reported emissions 2008

Phenol formaldehyde resin CORRIM data resin production obtained from the USLCI 2009

MDI resin USLCI data for “Methylene diphenyl diisocyanate, resin, at plant, CTR”. 2010

Slack wax CORRIM data for Slack wax obtained from the USLCI 2004 Wood fuel Wood fuel, unspecified/RNA 2000

Packaging materials

USLCI data for “Low density polyethylene resin, at plant/RNA”; USCLI data for “High density polyethylene resin, at plant/RNA” USLCI data for “Kraft unbleached 100% rec.FAL” USLCI data for “Cardboard” CORRIM data for “Softwood lumber from dryer, m3 / dry / SE_US”. USLCI data for “Recycled postconsumer PET flake/RNA”

1998-2015

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Calculation rules Survey data was converted from cubic feet to cubic meters. One thousand square feet, 3/8-inch thick panel (MSF) is equivalent to 0.8849 cubic meters of OSB. To obtain a mass balance of wood into OSB production and product and co-products out, the oven-dry OSB density was assumed to be 632.73 kg/m3 (39.5 lb/ft3)(Table 11).

Table 11 Mass balance of inputs and outputs to OSB manufacture

Wood Mass Balance1 Unit

Quantity per

MSF 3/8 inch

Unit Quantity per m3

Input Roundwood (logs) lb 1.57E+03 kg 8.04E+02 Hogged fuel (purchased) lb 2.90E+01 kg 1.49E+01 Total lb 1.60E+03 kg 8.19E+02 Output OSB (wood)2 lb 1.19E+03 kg 6.11E+02 Hogged fuel (sold) lb 3.78E+01 kg 1.94E+01 Hogged fuel (produced) lb 2.95E+02 kg 1.51E+02 Wood waste (sold) lb 2.30E+01 kg 1.18E+01 Wood waste (produced) lb 1.95E+01 kg 1.00E+01 Saw dust lb 2.18E+01 kg 1.12E+01 Panel trim lb 4.96E+00 kg 2.54E+00 Wood ash lb 6.54E+00 kg 3.35E+00 Unaccounted wood lb -1.70E+00 kg -8.71E-01 Total lb 1.60E+03 kg 8.19E+02

1 All weights are on an oven-dry basis 2 Wood mass was calculated based on assumed OSB weight (632.73 kg/m3) minus 80 percent of total use of resin, filler, catalyst and soda ash. The 20 percent less of the resin formula is based on the mass loss in the production process and during the condensation reaction in the curing process according (Kline, 2004).

The survey data were converted to a production basis and production-weighted averages were calculated for inputs to OSB manufacturing. This approach resulted in a mill complex that represents a composite of the mills surveyed, but may not represent any mill. The USLCI database was used to assess off-site impacts associated with the materials and energy consumed. SimaPro, version 8.0+ (Pre Consultants 2015) was used as the accounting program to track all of the materials.

All data from the mill survey were weighted-averaged for the plants based on production of each plant in comparison to the total production for the year. Whenever missing data occurred for survey items, they were checked with plant personnel to determine whether it was an unknown value or zero; if unknown, it was not included in the weighted-average calculations. Missing data were carefully noted so they were not averaged as zeros.

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Allocation rules If one or more co-products are generated during the production process, it is necessary to allocate the inputs and outputs using a standardized approach. The LCA on OSB follows the allocation rules in the PCR (FPInnovation 2015) which states that when the total revenues between the main product and co-products is more than 10 percent, allocation shall be based on the revenue [economic] allocation. The 10% rule is applied based on a per unit basis, in this case per m3 of OSB. To ensure comparability with previous CORRIM wood product LCA’s (http://www.corrim.org/pubs/reports.asp) this report also presents results based on mass allocation. Mass allocation results can be found in subsequent sections and Appendix II, while economic allocation results are in Appendix I of this report.

Life cycle inventory results Life cycle inventory results for OSB are presented here two life stages: forestry operations and OSB production (which includes resin production). The majority of the raw material energy consumption occurs during OSB production, with only a very small portion arising from forestry operations (Table 12). By mass, coal at 36 percent was consumed the most while wood fuel, natural gas represent 27 and 24 percent of the total primary energy. Wood fuel was burned onsite to generate onsite thermal energy and was either generated during OSB production or purchased off-site. The non-renewable fuels coal, oil, and natural gas were used for electricity generation (Table 8) and transportation fuels used with the cradle to gate system boundary.

Table 12 Raw material energy consumption per 1 m3 of OSB (mass allocation)

Fuel Total Forestry Operations OSB Production Percent of total energy resource

kg/m3 Coal, in ground 4.44E+01 2.56E-01 4.41E+01 35.55% Gas, natural, in ground 2.99E+01 7.35E-01 2.92E+01 23.94% Oil, crude, in ground 1.68E+01 4.15E+00 1.26E+01 13.45% Uranium oxide, in ore 1.26E-03 5.97E-06 1.25E-03 0.00% Wood waste 3.38E+01 0.00E+00 3.38E+01 27.06%

Emissions to air are mostly associated with the OSB production stage, and on-site emissions are mostly from the boiler and strand drying operations. Manufacturers reported onsite air emissions (Table 7) including particulate and particulate PM10 (less than 10 µm in size) that are emitted during stranding and trimming processes. Other air emissions include VOCs from drying and pressing. Cradle to gate air emissions are presented in Table 13. Fossil and biogenic CO2 released in the production of 1 m3 of OSB were 178 and 278 kg, respectively. A complete list of all air emissions for the cradle-to-gate production of hardboard can be found in Appendix II.

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Table 13 Cradle to gate emission to air released per 1 m3 of OSB (mass allocation)

Substancea Total Forestry

Operations OSB

Production kg/m3

Carbon dioxide, biogenic 2.78E+02 9.23E-03 2.78E+02 Carbon dioxide, fossil 1.78E+02 1.33E+01 1.65E+02 Heat, waste (MJ) 7.68E+00 0.00E+00 7.68E+00 Carbon dioxide 2.79E+00 4.15E-01 2.37E+00 Sulfur dioxide 1.27E+00 2.36E-02 1.25E+00 Nitrogen oxides 9.10E-01 2.31E-01 6.79E-01 Methane 5.02E-01 2.49E-02 4.77E-01 Carbon monoxide, fossil 4.04E-01 2.43E-01 1.62E-01 Carbon monoxide, biogenic 3.23E-01 0.00E+00 3.23E-01 VOC, volatile organic compounds 2.95E-01 8.58E-03 2.86E-01 Particulates, < 10 um 1.24E-01 0.00E+00 1.24E-01 Methane, fossil 1.14E-01 3.17E-03 1.11E-01 Particulates, < 2.5 um 7.08E-02 0.00E+00 7.08E-02 Particulates, unspecified 6.88E-02 1.56E-03 6.72E-02 Carbon monoxide 4.56E-02 2.99E-05 4.55E-02 NMVOC, non-methane volatile organic compounds, unspecified origin 4.40E-02 8.19E-03 3.58E-02

Methanol 2.97E-02 0.00E+00 2.97E-02 Sulfur monoxide 2.90E-02 1.09E-02 1.80E-02 Sulfur oxides 2.35E-02 2.61E-03 2.09E-02 Hydrogen chloride 2.31E-02 1.42E-04 2.30E-02 Isoprene 2.04E-02 2.32E-04 2.02E-02 Particulates, > 2.5 um, and < 10um 1.67E-02 6.32E-03 1.04E-02 Formaldehyde 1.53E-02 8.72E-05 1.52E-02 Wood (dust) 1.04E-02 0.00E+00 1.04E-02 BTEX (Benzene, Toluene, Ethylbenzene, and Xylene), unspecified ratio 8.79E-03 2.59E-04 8.53E-03

Cumene 7.27E-03 0.00E+00 7.27E-03 Acetaldehyde 6.56E-03 5.61E-05 6.50E-03 Benzene 5.47E-03 6.88E-05 5.41E-03 TOC, Total Organic Carbon 4.04E-03 0.00E+00 4.04E-03 Dinitrogen monoxide 3.80E-03 2.50E-03 1.30E-03 Hydrogen fluoride 2.87E-03 1.67E-05 2.85E-03 Propene 2.87E-03 1.89E-04 2.68E-03 Phenol 2.49E-03 0.00E+00 2.49E-03 Ammonia 2.36E-03 4.02E-04 1.96E-03 Acetone 1.94E-03 0.00E+00 1.94E-03 Acrolein 1.92E-03 6.80E-06 1.92E-03 Barium 1.87E-03 0.00E+00 1.87E-03

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Substancea Total Forestry

Operations OSB

Production kg/m3

Radionuclides (Including Radon) 1.78E-03 8.49E-06 1.78E-03 N-Nitrodimethylamine 1.67E-03 0.00E+00 1.67E-03 Organic substances, unspecified 1.35E-03 6.94E-07 1.35E-03 Particulates, > 10 um 7.19E-04 0.00E+00 7.19E-04 Toluene 6.27E-04 2.99E-05 5.97E-04 Aldehydes, unspecified 4.57E-04 1.69E-04 2.88E-04 Methane, biogenic 3.99E-04 0.00E+00 3.99E-04 Hydrocarbons, unspecified 3.85E-04 1.83E-06 3.83E-04 Xylene 3.68E-04 2.09E-05 3.47E-04 Magnesium 2.11E-04 1.23E-06 2.09E-04 HAPs 1.12E-04 0.00E+00 1.12E-04 Propanal 2.47E-06 1.22E-09 2.47E-06 Naphthalene 1.91E-06 1.79E-08 1.89E-06 a Due to large amount of air emissions, emissions greater than of 10-4 and HAPs generated from OSB production are shown. A complete list of all air emissions can be found in APPENDIX II.

Emissions to water are all off-site. No mills reported discharged process water. Any water sprayed on logs is collected and recycled or soaks into the ground. Water used at the boiler and kilns is evaporated. Waterborne emissions produced cradle to gate are shown in Table 13. Suspended solids, with a value of 5.82 kg/m3 and chloride at 5.50 kg/m3 were two largest water emitters. For suspended solids, most of this was a result of crude oil production and natural gas extraction. Most of chloride emission was from producing PF resin and thus did not occur at the OSB production at the facilities. Ash and wood scraps that did not go into the boiler were reported in the surveys as on-site solid waste (Table 14).

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Table 14 Cradle to gate emissions to water released per 1 m3 of OSB (mass allocation)

Substance Total Forestry

Operations OSB

Production kg/m3

Suspended solids, unspecified 5.82E+00 7.14E-01 5.10E+00 Chloride 5.50E+00 6.53E-01 4.85E+00 Sodium 1.28E+00 1.53E-01 1.13E+00 Solved solids 1.14E+00 1.35E-01 1.01E+00 Calcium 4.03E-01 4.84E-02 3.55E-01 Sodium, ion 2.70E-01 3.08E-02 2.39E-01 Dissolved solids 1.92E-01 0.00E+00 1.92E-01 COD, Chemical Oxygen Demand 1.65E-01 6.13E-03 1.59E-01 BOD5, Biological Oxygen Demand 1.41E-01 3.29E-03 1.38E-01 Lithium 1.08E-01 3.42E-03 1.05E-01 Magnesium 9.56E-02 1.14E-02 8.42E-02 Calcium, ion 8.56E-02 9.72E-03 7.59E-02 Barium 8.08E-02 1.91E-02 6.18E-02 Sulfate 4.00E-02 1.46E-03 3.86E-02 Bromide 3.26E-02 3.88E-03 2.87E-02 TOC, Total Organic Carbon 3.23E-02 0.00E+00 3.23E-02 DOC, Dissolved Organic Carbon 3.22E-02 0.00E+00 3.22E-02 Cumene 1.75E-02 0.00E+00 1.75E-02 Iron 1.48E-02 2.82E-03 1.20E-02 Lithium, ion 1.37E-02 1.64E-04 1.36E-02 Fluoride 1.23E-02 1.19E-02 3.55E-04 Benzene 1.22E-02 3.03E-05 1.21E-02 Phosphate 9.13E-03 8.97E-03 1.55E-04 Strontium 8.32E-03 9.86E-04 7.34E-03 Propene 6.43E-03 0.00E+00 6.43E-03 Aluminium 6.18E-03 1.39E-03 4.79E-03 Oils, unspecified 3.37E-03 4.07E-04 2.96E-03 Ammonia 2.32E-03 3.22E-04 2.00E-03 Waste water/m3 7.68E-04 0.00E+00 7.68E-04 Manganese 5.30E-04 2.01E-05 5.10E-04 Boron 4.79E-04 5.68E-05 4.22E-04 Sulfur 4.04E-04 4.79E-05 3.56E-04 Silver 3.19E-04 3.80E-05 2.81E-04 Toluene 2.41E-04 2.87E-05 2.13E-04 Zinc 1.60E-04 3.22E-05 1.28E-04 Benzoic acid 1.55E-04 1.83E-05 1.37E-04 Detergent, oil 1.44E-04 1.56E-05 1.29E-04 Xylene 1.26E-04 1.53E-05 1.11E-04 Chromium 1.01E-04 4.13E-05 5.97E-05

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Table 15 Cradle to gate solid waste released per 1 m3 of OSB (mass allocation)

Waste Generated Solid waste kg 1.50E+01 2.35E-01 1.47E+01

Life cycle impact assessment The life cycle impact assessment (LCIA) phase establishes links between the life cycle inventory results and potential environmental impacts. The LCIA calculates impact indicators, such as global warming potential and smog. These impact indicators provide general, but quantifiable, indications of potential environmental impacts. The target impact indicator, the impact category, and means of characterizing the impacts are summarized in Table 15. Environmental impacts are determined using the TRACI method (Bare et al. 2011). These five impact categories are reported consistent with the requirement of the wood products PCR (FPInnovations 2015).

Table 16 Selected impact indicators, characterization models, and impact categories

Impact Indicator Characterization Model Impact Category

Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions

Calculate total emissions in the reference unit of CO2 equivalents for CO2, methane, and nitrous oxide.

Global warming

Releases to air decreasing or thinning of ozone layer

Calculate the total ozone forming chemicals in the stratosphere including CFC’s HCFC’s, chlorine, and bromine. Ozone depletion values are measured in the reference units of CFC equivalents.

Ozone depletion

Releases to air potentially resulting in acid rain (acidification)

Calculate total sulfur dioxide equivalent for releases of acid forming chemicals such as sulfur oxides, nitrogen oxides, hydrochloric acid, and ammonia. Acidification value of SO2 is used as a reference unit.

Acidification

Releases to air potentially resulting in smog

Calculate total substances that can be photo-chemically oxidized. Smog forming potential of O3 is used as a reference unit.

Photochemical smog

Releases to air potentially resulting in eutrophication of water bodies

Calculate total substances that contain available nitrogen or phosphorus. Eutrophication potential of N-eq. is used as a reference unit.

Eutrophication

Each impact indicator is a measure of an aspect of a potential impact. This LCIA does not make value judgments about the impact indicators, meaning that no single indicator is given more or less value than any of the others. Everything is presented as equals. Additionally, each impact indicator value is stated in units that are not comparable to others. For the same reasons, indicators should not be combined or added. Table 16 provides the environmental impact by category for OSB. In addition, energy and material resource consumption values and the waste generated are also provided.

Environmental performance results for global warming potential (GWP), acidification, eutrophication, ozone depletion, and smog, energy consumption from non-renewables, renewables, wind, hydro, solar, and nuclear fuels, renewable and nonrenewable resources, and solid waste are shown in Table 16. For

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GWP, 92 percent of the CO2 eq. emissions come from producing OSB. Similar results are presented for acidification and smog, representing 90, and 99 percent, respectively. Forestry operations contributed to 41 percent of the eutrophication impact.

Non-renewable fossil fuels represented the greatest proportion of energy consumed (74%) for total cradle to gate primary energy use. Renewable biomass and non-renewable, nuclear represented 15 and 10 percent of the total primary energy, respectively. Table 16 provides the environmental impacts by category for OSB. In addition, energy and material resource consumption values and the waste generated are also provided.

Table 17 Environmental performance of 1 m3 of OSB (mass allocation)

Impact Category Unit Total Forestry Operations

OSB Production

Global warming potential (GWP) kg CO2 eq. 1.97E+02 1.51E+01 1.82E+02

Acidification Potential SO2 eq. 1.99E+00 2.00E-01 1.79E+00 Eutrophication Potential kg N eq. 7.95E-02 3.24E-02 4.72E-02 Ozone depletion Potential kg CFC-11 eq. 6.33E-07 1.18E-09 6.32E-07 Smog Potential kg O3 eq 2.41E+01 5.77E+00 1.84E+01 Total Primary Energy Consumption Total MJ 4.77E+03 2.38E+02 4.53E+03

Non-renewable fossil MJ 3.55E+03 2.36E+02 3.32E+03 Non-renewable nuclear MJ 4.78E+02 2.27E+00 4.76E+02

Renewable (solar, wind, hydroelectric, and

geothermal) MJ 2.70E+01 2.67E-01 2.67E+01

Renewable, biomass MJ 7.13E+02 9.50E-06 7.13E+02 Material Resources Consumption (non-fuel resources) Non-renewable materials Kg 2.11E+01 0.00E+00 2.11E+01 Renewable materials kg 7.40E+02 0.00E+00 7.40E+02 Fresh water L 4.01E+02 4.08E-02 4.01E+02 Waste Generated Solid waste kg 1.50E+01 2.35E-01 1.47E+01

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Treatment of biogenic carbon Treatment of biogenic carbon here is consistent with the Intergovernmental Panel for Climate Change (IPCC 2007) inventory reporting framework, with no assumption that biomass combustion is carbon neutral but with net carbon emissions from biomass combustion accounted for under the Land-Use Change and Forestry (LUCF) Sector. Biogenic carbon emissions are ignored in energy emissions reporting for the product LCA to prevent double counting. This approach is consistent with the Norwegian Solid Wood Product PCR (Aasestad 2008) and the North American PCR (FPInnovations 2015). The default TRACI impact assessment method was used. This default method does not count the CO2 emissions released during the combustion of woody biomass during production. Other emissions associated from wood combustion, e.g., methane or nitrogen oxides, do contribute to and are included in the GWP impact category. The carbon balance was calculated based on the production-weighted LCI results and the upstream processes (Table 18). The carbon content of the reported species (Birdsey 1992) was weighted and showed a CO2 uptake of 51%. To convert carbon content in the wood into kg CO2 equivalent the factor 3.664 was used. This factor is based on the molar weight of 12.011 and 15.9994 for carbon and oxygen, respectively (Puettmann, et al. 2014). The wood only component in OSB represents 615 kg. Using the 51 percent carbon content, that represents 314 kg of carbon or 1,150 kg of CO2 eq. During manufacturing of OSB, 197 kg of CO2 eq were released in the production of 1 m3 resulting in more carbon storage in the product then is released during manufacturing (cradle to gate): A net difference of -953 kg of CO2 eq.

Table 18 Carbon balance per 1 m3 of OSB (mass allocation)

kg CO2 equivalent Released during forestry operations 1.51E+01 Released during manufacture 1.82E+02 Stored in product 1.15E+03

Life cycle Interpretation As defined by ISO (2006), the term life cycle interpretation is the phase of the LCA that the findings of either the LCI or the LCIA, or both, are combined consistent with the defined goal and scope in order to reach conclusions and recommendations. This phase in the LCA reports the significant issues based on the results of the presented in LCI and the LCIA of this report. Additional components report an evaluation that considers completeness, sensitivity and consistency checks of the LCI and LCIA results, and conclusions, limitations, and recommendations.

Identification of the significant issues

The objective of this element is to structure the results from the LCI or the LCIA phases to help determine the significant issues found in the results and presented in previous sections of this report. A contribution analysis was applied for the interpretation phase of this LCA study. Contribution analysis examines the contribution of life cycles stages, unit process contributions in a multi-unit manufacturing process, or specific substances which contribute an impact.

Life cycle phase contribution analysis Table 19 shows the contribution difference to several impact categories for both mass and economic allocation. Economic allocation produced slight increases in contribution in the forestry life cycle stage, while subsequently lowering the contribution of OSB. This results from the greater portion of the burden

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put on the log that is allocated to OSB. As is the case with wood products in general, the product manufacturing phase of OSB production requires most of the inputs and results in most of the environmental impact Forestry operations have relatively little importance, regardless of whether mass or economic allocation is used, except for eutrophication impact.

Table 19 Life cycle stages contribution analysis OSB (mass and economic allocation)

Impact category Unit Mass Allocation Economic Allocation

Forestry Operations

OSB Production

Forestry Operations

OSB Production

Global warming potential (GWP) kg CO2 eq. 7.66% 92.34% 7.16% 92.84% Acidification Potential SO2 eq. 10.05% 89.95% 9.37% 90.63% Eutrophication Potential kg N eq. 40.75% 59.25% 38.91% 61.09% Ozone depletion Potential kg CFC-11 eq. 0.19% 99.81% 0.17% 99.83% Smog Potential kg O3 eq 23.94% 76.06% 22.57% 77.43% Primary Energy Consumption Total MJ 5.00% 95.00% 4.65% 95.35%

Non-renewable fossil MJ 6.65% 93.35% 6.18% 93.82% Non-renewable nuclear MJ 0.47% 99.53% 0.44% 99.56%

Renewable (solar, wind, hydroelectric, and geothermal) MJ 0.99% 99.01% 0.92% 99.08%

Renewable, biomass MJ 0.00% 100.00% 0.00% 100.00% Material Resources Consumption (non-fuel resources) Non-renewable materials kg 0.00% 100.00% 0.00% 100.00% Renewable materials kg 0.00% 100.00% 0.00% 100.00% Fresh water L 0.01% 100.00% 0.00% 100.00% Waste Generated Solid waste kg 1.57% 98.43% 1.39% 98.61%

Substance contribution analysis The impact indicators presented in the LCIA results (Table 17) shows total impacts, and the relative contributions of the life cycle stages. The data can be further examined to identify the various compounds that contribute to theses impact categories. Global warming potential (GWP) is an indicator that is often emphasized in LCA discussions but there are many individual gas emissions that contribute to GWP; furthermore, the relative importance of these gases to the greenhouse effect (‘radiative efficiency’) and their lifetimes in the atmosphere vary widely. In OSB production, it is the carbon dioxide emissions associated with fossil fuel combustion that contributes most the GWP indicator (Table 20).

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Table 20 Substance contribution analysis to Global Warming Potential of OSB, cradle-to-gate (mass allocation)

Substance Total Emissions (kg)

CO2 Equivalence

factor1

CO2 Equivalent

(kg)

Contribution to Total GWP

Carbon dioxide, fossil 1.78E+02 1 1.78E+02 90.21% Dinitrogen monoxide 0.0038038 298 1.13E+00 0.57% Methane 5.02E-01 25 1.25E+01 6.36% Total global warming potential 1.97E+02 1100 year basis (IPCC 2007)

Completeness, consistency and sensitivity LCA reports must be reviewed for completeness, consistency and data sensitivity. This report was checked to ensure that it was complete and consistent with the CORRIM guidelines (Puettmann, et al. 2014) and the PCR (FPInnovations 2015) in the assumptions made, methods used, models, data quality including data sources, and data accuracy, age, time-related coverage, technology, and geographical coverage.

In addition to reporting primary data variability estimates, showing allocation of inputs to the various process steps, and showing separate sets of results for economic and mass allocation, a sensitivity analysis was performed on a key input: resin content.

A comparison of the data from 2012 with previous reports (Kline 2004, Puettmann, et al. 2013) indicates a trend in the OSB industry to increase the usage of MDI resin. To explore the potential impact of this shift, two cases were compared (Table 21). The first scenario (Baseline) was the survey data as reported above. An alternative scenario (MDI only), with only MDI resin (no PF) was developed. The share of PF resin was replaced with 30 percent less MDI resin input. This lower input per functional unit originates from the advantages of MDI such as higher bonding properties and higher moisture resistance, which allow a lower dosage to produce OSB boards with the same properties (WBPI 2012). The chosen percentage is based on discussions with experts from the industry and resin suppliers, who stated a possible reduction between 25 to 42 percent

Table 21 Resin and wax inputs for sensitivity analysis scenarios

Baseline MDI Only kg/m3

MDI 5.95E+00 1.44E+01 PF 1.21E+01 0.00E+00 Slack Wax 3.76E+00 3.76E+00

The total primary energy inputs and selected impact indicators (Table 22) for cradle-to-date OSB production were compared for the Baseline and MDI only scenarios. These data show that increasing the MDI fraction increases the non-renewable energy consumption but that the overall effects of this substitution on the total environmental impacts is relatively small. It is important to note the absolute amounts also; sometimes an apparently large difference is simply a ‘large’ difference in a very small number (e.g. ozone depletion potential).

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Table 22 Environmental impacts for cradle-to-gate OSB production, comparing Baseline and MDI only scenarios (mass allocation)

Impact Category Unit Baseline MDI Only Difference Global warming potential (GWP) kg CO2 eq. 1.97E+02 2.05E+02 4.06% Acidification Potential SO2 eq. 1.99E+00 1.92E+00 -3.52% Eutrophication Potential kg N eq. 7.95E-02 6.84E-02 -13.96% Ozone depletion Potential kg CFC-11 eq. 6.33E-07 1.32E-06 108.53% Smog Potential kg O3 eq 2.41E+01 2.42E+01 0.41% Total Primary Energy Consumption Unit Baseline MDI Only Difference

Total MJ 4.77E+03 4.95E+03 3.80% Non-renewable fossil MJ 3.55E+03 3.73E+03 5.07%

Non-renewable nuclear MJ 4.78E+02 4.83E+02 1.05% Renewable (solar, wind, hydroelectric,

and geothermal) MJ 2.70E+01 2.44E+01 -9.63%

Renewable, biomass MJ 7.13E+02 7.12E+02 -0.14%

MDI is more expensive (which presumably relates to the increased energy inputs associated with its manufacture) but, per industry experts, it offers several potential advantages including faster press cycles and reduced need for wax due to better bonding properties. These effects, which were not included in this analysis, may more than offset the additional economic and environmental costs associated with the MDI resin.

Conclusions, limitations, and recommendations The mills responding to the survey represented 33 percent of the total OSB production in the US. The input and output data are reported here as production-weighted values per functional unit of one MSF 3/8 inch (0.885 m3). The production of OSB in the US required 51.62 ft3 (1.46 m3.) of roundwood. A wood recovery of 75 percent was calculated based on the amount of roundwood input to the output of wood in the form of OSB (1,192 lb./541kg) per functional unit. The production of one MSF 3/8 in of OSB required 2.17 million BTU’s (2.29 x 103 MJ) thermal energy, which was provided by with 95 percent wood fuel and 5 percent natural gas. The total electricity consumption was 134 kWh per functional unit and was allocated on following production steps; flaking (21%), pressing (19%), debarking (9%), drying (8%), forming (8%), blending (7%), screening (7%), and finishing (7%). The remaining 12 percent of electricity was used for the emission control devices (ECD’s) such as electrostatic precipitator (ESPs). Gas driven ECD’s such as regenerative thermal oxidizers (RTOs) are also the main consumers (80%) of the total reported natural gas.

The comparison between the two product life stages: raw material extraction and the production process shows that the production process contributes the main environmental burdens in the five documented impact categories.

The resin sensitivity offered an insight industry shifts that could have a significant impact on individual impacts or energy consumption. Business as usual appears to the best option from an energy consumption and impact standpoint, but with combined with environmental pressures to reduce use of formaldehyde in residential construction might just prove to shift a greater impact elsewhere.

38

Critical review

Internal review An internal review of this report was conducted by Dr. Maureen Puettmann, WoodLife Environmental Consultants. The purpose of the internal review is to check for errors and for conformance with the PCR prior to external review.

External review The external review process is intended to ensure consistency between the completed LCA and the principals and requirements of the International Standards on LCA (ISO 2006) and the Product Category Rules (PCR) for North American Structural and Architectural Wood Products (PCR 2011). Following CORRIM’s internal review evaluation, documents were submitted to UL Environment (ULE) for independent external review.

The external review process is intended to ensure consistency between the completed LCA and the principals and requirements of the International Standards on LCA (ISO 2006) and the Product Category Rules (PCR) for North American Structural and Architectural Wood Products.

39

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Abdi, H. 2010. Coefficient of variation. Encyclopedia of Research Design. Sage Publications, Inc., Thousand Oaks, CA, 169-171.

APA. 2013 Structural Panel & Engineered Wood Yearbook Economics Report. The Engineered Wood Association

Bare, J. 2011. TRACI 2.0: the tool for the reduction and assessment of chemical and other environmental impacts 2.0. Clean Technologies and Environmental Policy, 13 (5), 687-696.

Birdsey, R.A. 1992. Carbon Storage and Accumulation in United States Forest Ecosystems. USDA Forest Service GTR WO-59.

FPInnovations. 2015. Product Category Rules (PCR) North American Structural and Architectural Wood Products. Available online at https://fpinnovations.ca/ResearchProgram/environment-sustainability/epd-program/Documents/pcr-v2.pdf; last accessed May 2016.

FPL. 2010 Wood Handbook - Wood as an Engineering Material. General Technical Report FPL-GTR-190. Madison, WI: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory. 508 p. Forest Products Laboratory. Forest Products Laboratory

Franklin Associates. 2010 Life Cycle Inventory of Nine Plastic Resins and Four Polyurethane Precursors. . Prepared for the Plastics Division of the American Chemistry Council.http://www51.honeywell.com/sm/chemicals/enovate/common/documents/FP_Enovate_July_2010_Report_by_the_American_Chemistry_Council_Manual.pdf

IPCC, A. 2007. Intergovernmental panel on climate change. IPCC Secretariat Geneva.

ISO. 2006. Environmental management - life-cycle assessment - requirements and guidelines. ISO 14044. International Organization for Standardization, Geneva, Switzerland, pp. 46 pp.

Johnson, L.R., Lippke, B., Marshall, J.D. and Comnick, J. 2005. Life-cycle impacts of forest resource activities in the Pacific Northwest and Southeast United States. Wood and fiber science, 37, 30-46.

Kline, E.D. 2004. Southeastern oriented strandboard production. CORRIM Phase I Final Report Module E. Life cycle environmental performance of renewable building materials in the context of residential construction. University of Washington, Seattle, WA.

NIST. 1996. Weighted Standard Deviation. Information Technology Laboratory Available online at http://www.itl.nist.gov/div898/software/dataplot/refman2/ch2/weightsd.pdf; last accessed August 27, 2014.

NREL. 2012 U.S. Life Cycle Inventory Database. National Renewable Energy Laboratory.https://www.lcacommons.gov/nrel/search

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http://www51.honeywell.com/sm/chemicals/enovate/common/documents/FP_Enovate_July_2010_Report_by_the_American_Chemistry_Council_Manual.pdf

http://www51.honeywell.com/sm/chemicals/enovate/common/documents/FP_Enovate_July_2010_Report_by_the_American_Chemistry_Council_Manual.pdf

http://www.itl.nist.gov/div898/software/dataplot/refman2/ch2/weightsd.pdf;

https://www.lcacommons.gov/nrel/search

40

Pre Consultants. 2015. Simapro7 Life-Cycle Assessment Software Package, Version 36. Available online at Http://www.pre.nl/; last accessed 1/22/2016.

Puettmann, M. and Milota, M.R. 2015 Development of wood boiler data for use in life cycle assessment modeling - Draft report. Consortium for Research on Renewable Industrial Materials (CORRIM)

Puettmann, M., Oneil, E., Kline, E. and Johnson, L. 2013 Cradle to gate life cycle assessment of oriented strandboard production from the Southeast. Consortium for Research on Renewable Industrial Materials (CORRIM).http://www.corrim.org/pubs/reports/2013/phase1_updates/SE%20OSB%20LCA%20May%202013%20final.pdf

Puettmann, M., Taylor, A. and Oneil, E. 2014. CORRIM Guidelines for Performing Life Cycle Inventories on Wood Products.

Toshkov, D. 2012. Weighted Variance and Weighted Coefficient of Variation.

WBPI. 2012. MDI a simple equation for OSB production? Wood based Panels International Available online at http://www.wbpionline.com/features/mdi-a-simple-equation-for-osb-production/; last accessed October 17, 2014.

Wilson, J.B. 2009. CORRIM Phase II Final Report Modul H. Resins: A life cycle inventory of manufacturing resins used in the wood composites industry. Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR.

http://www.pre.nl/;

http://www.corrim.org/pubs/reports/2013/phase1_updates/SE%20OSB%20LCA%20May%202013%20final.pdf

http://www.corrim.org/pubs/reports/2013/phase1_updates/SE%20OSB%20LCA%20May%202013%20final.pdf

http://www.wbpionline.com/features/mdi-a-simple-equation-for-osb-production/;

41

Appendix I: Economic allocation

Cradle-to-gate LCI results – Economic allocation Cradle-to-gate life-cycle inventory results for OSB are presented by two life stages; forestry operations and OSB production (Tables 23-27). Most of the raw material energy consumption occurs during OSB production (Table 23). By mass, coal at 36 percent consumed the most and used primarily for electricity and fuel production. Wood fuel was burned onsite to generate onsite thermal energy for drying and pressing OSB and represented 27% of the mass of total fuel consumed.

Table 23 Cradle to gate raw material energy consumption per 1 m3 of OSB production (economic allocation)

Fuel Total Forestry Operations OSB Production Percent of

total energy resource

kg/m3 Coal, in ground 4.78E+01 2.56E-01 4.76E+01 35.64% Gas, natural, in ground 3.22E+01 7.35E-01 3.15E+01 24.02% Oil, crude, in ground 1.77E+01 4.15E+00 1.36E+01 13.23% Uranium oxide, in ore 1.35E-03 5.97E-06 1.35E-03 0.00% Wood waste1 3.64E+01 0.00E+00 3.64E+01 27.11% 1Included in total wood waste burned for energy is wet and dry co-products produced during debarking and trimming. Each impact indicator is a measure of an aspect of a potential impact. This LCIA does not make value judgments about the impact indicators, meaning that no single indicator is given more or less value than any of the others. All are presented as equals. Additionally, each impact indicator value is stated in units that are not comparable to others. For the same reasons, indicators should not be combined or added. Table 24 provides the environmental impact by category for SE plywood. In addition, energy and material resource consumption values and the waste generated are also provided.

Environmental performance results for global warming potential (GWP), acidification, eutrophication, ozone depletion and smog, energy consumption from non-renewables, renewables, wind, hydro, solar, and nuclear fuels, renewable and nonrenewable resources, and solid waste are shown in 4. For GWP, 91 percent of the CO2 eq. emissions come from producing OSB. Similar results are presented for acidification and smog, representing 89, and 74 percent, respectively. All impacts for OSB production life cycle stage lowered when an economic allocation approach is used. Forestry operations contributed to 44 percent of the eutrophication impact, a slight increase using the economic allocation approach.

Non-renewable fossil fuels represented the greatest proportion of energy consumed (69%) for total cradle to gate primary energy use, a slight increase from mass allocation. Renewable biomass and non-renewable nuclear represented 15 and 1 percent of the total primary energy, respectively, no difference between the allocation methods used. Table 4 provides the environmental impacts by category for OSB. In addition, energy and material resource consumption values and the waste generated are also provided.

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Table 24 Environmental performance of 1 m3 OSB production (economic allocation)

Impact Category Unit Total Forestry Operations

OSB Production

Global warming potential (GWP) kg CO2 eq. 2.12E+02 1.51E+01 1.97E+02 Acidification Potential SO2 eq. 2.13E+00 2.00E-01 1.93E+00 Eutrophication Potential kg N eq. 8.32E-02 3.24E-02 5.08E-02 Ozone depletion Potential kg CFC-11 eq. 6.83E-07 1.18E-09 6.82E-07 Smog Potential kg O3 eq. 2.56E+01 5.77E+00 1.98E+01 Total Primary Energy Consumption Total MJ 5.13E+03 2.38E+02 4.89E+03

Non-renewable fossil MJ 3.82E+03 2.36E+02 3.58E+03 Non-renewable nuclear MJ 5.16E+02 2.27E+00 5.14E+02

Renewable (solar, wind, hydroelectric, and geothermal) MJ 2.91E+01 2.67E-01 2.88E+01

Renewable, biomass MJ 7.66E+02 9.51E-06 7.66E+02 Material Resources Consumption (Non-fuel resources) Non-renewable materials kg 8.19E+02 0.00E+00 8.19E+02 Renewable materials kg 3.22E-01 0.00E+00 3.22E-01 Fresh water L 2.01E+02 4.08E-05 2.01E+02 Waste Generated Solid waste kg 1.61E+01 2.24E-01 1.59E+01

Carbon – Economic allocation Using the same carbon method applied for mass allocation, 212 kg of CO2e were released in the production of 1 m3 of OSB (Table 24). That same cubic meter of OSB stores 615 kg of carbon or 1,150 kg of CO2 eq5 resulting in more carbon storage in the product then is released during manufacturing (cradle to gate)(Table 25). The carbon balance was calculated based on the production-weighted LCI results and the upstream processes. The carbon content of the reported species (Birdsey 1992) was weighted and showed a CO2 uptake of 51%. To carbon content in wood into kg CO2 equivalent the factor 3.664 was used. This factor is based on the molar weight of 12.011 and 15.9994 for carbon and oxygen, respectively (Puettmann, et al. 2014). Total carbon impacts decreased by 11 percent when an economic allocation was applied.

Table 25 Carbon balance of 1 m3 of OSB production (economic allocation)

kg CO2 equivalent Released during forestry operations 1.51E+01 Released during manufacture 1.97E+02 Stored in product 1.15E+03

5 615 OD kg of wood in OSB × (0.51 kg carbon/1.0 OD kg wood) × (44 kg CO2/kmole/12 kg carbon/kmole) = 1,150 kg CO2 eq.

43

Cradle to gate LCI air emissions (economic allocation)

Emissions to air are mostly associated with the OSB production stage, and on-site emissions are mostly from the boiler and strand drying operations. Manufacturers reported onsite air emissions including particulate and particulate PM10 (less than 10 µm in size) that are emitted during stranding and trimming processes. Other air emissions include VOCs from drying and pressing. Fossil and biogenic CO2 released in the production of 1 m3 of OSB were 191 and 35 kg, respectively, a slight increase from mass allocation results (26).

Table 26 Emissions to air per 1 m3 of OSB production (economic allocation)

Substance Total Forestry Operations

OSB Production

kg/m3 2-Chloroacetophenone 7.39E-10 2.26E-11 7.16E-10 2-Methyl-4-chlorophenoxyacetic acid 2.55E-11 0.00E+00 2.55E-11 2,4-D 1.37E-09 0.00E+00 1.37E-09 5-methyl Chrysene 4.54E-10 2.47E-12 4.52E-10 Acenaphthene 1.05E-08 5.72E-11 1.05E-08 Acenaphthylene 5.16E-09 2.80E-11 5.13E-09 Acetaldehyde 7.07E-03 5.61E-05 7.01E-03 Acetochlor 1.90E-08 0.00E+00 1.90E-08 Acetone 2.09E-03 0.00E+00 2.09E-03 Acetophenone 1.58E-09 4.83E-11 1.54E-09 Acrolein 2.07E-03 6.80E-06 2.07E-03 Alachlor 1.87E-09 0.00E+00 1.87E-09 Aldehydes, unspecified 4.79E-04 1.69E-04 3.10E-04 Ammonia 2.51E-03 4.02E-04 2.11E-03 Ammonium chloride 7.18E-05 3.17E-07 7.15E-05 Anthracene 4.34E-09 2.36E-11 4.31E-09 Antimony 3.83E-07 2.02E-09 3.81E-07 Arsenic 8.85E-06 6.31E-08 8.79E-06 Ash 3.45E-05 0.00E+00 3.45E-05 Atrazine 3.70E-08 0.00E+00 3.70E-08 Barium 2.02E-03 0.00E+00 2.02E-03 Bentazone 1.51E-10 0.00E+00 1.51E-10 Benzene 5.90E-03 6.88E-05 5.83E-03 Benzene, chloro- 2.32E-09 7.09E-11 2.25E-09 Benzene, ethyl- 1.99E-07 3.03E-10 1.98E-07 Benzo(a)anthracene 1.65E-09 8.97E-12 1.64E-09 Benzo(a)pyrene 7.85E-10 4.26E-12 7.80E-10 Benzo(b,j,k)fluoranthene 2.27E-09 1.23E-11 2.26E-09 Benzo(g,h,i)perylene 5.37E-10 2.54E-12 5.35E-10 Benzo(ghi)perylene 2.04E-11 4.84E-13 1.99E-11 Benzyl chloride 7.39E-08 2.26E-09 7.16E-08 Beryllium 4.87E-07 3.14E-09 4.84E-07 Biphenyl 3.51E-08 1.91E-10 3.49E-08 Bromoform 4.12E-09 1.26E-10 3.99E-09 Bromoxynil 3.31E-10 0.00E+00 3.31E-10 BTEX (Benzene, Toluene, Ethylbenzene, and Xylene), unspecified ratio 9.46E-03 2.59E-04 9.20E-03 Butadiene 2.94E-06 2.86E-06 8.01E-08 Cadmium 1.79E-06 1.60E-08 1.77E-06

44


OSB Production

kg/m3 Carbofuran 2.83E-10 0.00E+00 2.83E-10 Carbon dioxide 2.97E+00 4.15E-01 2.56E+00 Carbon dioxide, biogenic 3.53E+01 9.23E-03 3.53E+01 Carbon dioxide, fossil 1.91E+02 1.33E+01 1.78E+02 Carbon disulfide 8.02E-08 4.19E-10 7.98E-08 Carbon monoxide 4.90E-02 2.99E-05 4.89E-02 Carbon monoxide, biogenic 3.48E-01 0.00E+00 3.48E-01 Carbon monoxide, fossil 4.17E-01 2.43E-01 1.74E-01 Chloride 6.71E-10 7.07E-12 6.64E-10 Chlorinated fluorocarbons and hydrochlorinated fluorocarbons, unspecified 1.38E-07 0.00E+00 1.38E-07 Chlorine 6.44E-06 0.00E+00 6.44E-06 Chloroform 6.23E-09 1.90E-10 6.04E-09 Chlorpyrifos 2.17E-09 0.00E+00 2.17E-09 Chromium 6.28E-06 4.59E-08 6.24E-06 Chromium VI 1.63E-06 8.86E-09 1.62E-06 Chrysene 2.06E-09 1.12E-11 2.05E-09 Cobalt 2.72E-06 8.46E-08 2.64E-06 Copper 3.71E-07 8.31E-10 3.70E-07 Cumene 7.84E-03 0.00E+00 7.84E-03 Cyanazine 3.26E-10 0.00E+00 3.26E-10 Cyanide 2.64E-07 8.06E-09 2.56E-07 Dicamba 1.92E-09 0.00E+00 1.92E-09 Dimethenamid 4.54E-09 0.00E+00 4.54E-09 Dimethyl ether 6.26E-05 0.00E+00 6.26E-05 Dinitrogen monoxide 3.86E-03 2.50E-03 1.36E-03 Dioxin, 2,3,7,8 Tetrachlorodibenzo-p- 1.48E-09 2.73E-13 1.48E-09 Dioxins (unspec.) 3.69E-15 0.00E+00 3.69E-15 Dioxins, measured as 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin 3.56E-19 0.00E+00 3.56E-19 Dipropylthiocarbamic acid S-ethyl ester 3.11E-09 0.00E+00 3.11E-09 Ethane, 1,1,1-trichloro-, HCFC-140 3.17E-09 4.54E-10 2.71E-09 Ethane, 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoro-, HFC-134a 2.19E-07 0.00E+00 2.19E-07 Ethane, 1,2-dibromo- 1.27E-10 3.87E-12 1.23E-10 Ethane, 1,2-dichloro- 4.22E-09 1.29E-10 4.09E-09 Ethane, 1,2-dichloro-1,1,2-trifluoro-, HCFC-123 2.19E-07 0.00E+00 2.19E-07 Ethane, chloro- 4.43E-09 1.35E-10 4.30E-09 Ethene, tetrachloro- 9.03E-07 5.76E-09 8.98E-07 Ethene, trichloro- 6.17E-14 0.00E+00 6.17E-14 Ethylene dibromide 1.01E-08 0.00E+00 1.01E-08 Ethylene oxide 1.78E-09 0.00E+00 1.78E-09 Fluoranthene 1.47E-08 7.96E-11 1.46E-08 Fluorene 1.88E-08 1.02E-10 1.87E-08 Fluoride 1.11E-05 4.84E-06 6.22E-06 Formaldehyde 1.65E-02 8.72E-05 1.64E-02 Furan 9.98E-11 4.96E-13 9.93E-11 Glyphosate 4.08E-09 0.00E+00 4.08E-09 HAPs 1.21E-04 0.00E+00 1.21E-04 Heat, waste 8.28E+00 0.00E+00 8.28E+00 Hexane 1.61E-07 2.16E-10 1.60E-07

45


OSB Production

kg/m3 Hydrazine, methyl- 1.79E-08 5.48E-10 1.74E-08 Hydrocarbons, unspecified 4.15E-04 1.83E-06 4.13E-04 Hydrogen 8.40E-06 0.00E+00 8.40E-06 Hydrogen chloride 2.49E-02 1.42E-04 2.48E-02 Hydrogen fluoride 3.09E-03 1.67E-05 3.08E-03 Hydrogen sulfide 2.17E-11 2.29E-13 2.15E-11 Indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene 1.26E-09 6.84E-12 1.25E-09 Iron 2.14E-07 0.00E+00 2.14E-07 Isophorone 6.12E-08 1.87E-09 5.94E-08 Isoprene 2.20E-02 2.32E-04 2.18E-02 Kerosene 3.44E-05 1.52E-07 3.43E-05 Lead 1.35E-05 7.95E-08 1.34E-05 Magnesium 2.27E-04 1.23E-06 2.26E-04 Manganese 1.34E-05 9.34E-08 1.33E-05 Mercaptans, unspecified 2.29E-05 6.99E-07 2.22E-05 Mercury 2.72E-06 1.62E-08 2.70E-06 Metals, unspecified 3.73E-05 0.00E+00 3.73E-05 Methacrylic acid 9.20E-10 0.00E+00 9.20E-10 Methane 5.39E-01 2.49E-02 5.14E-01 Methane, biogenic 4.29E-04 0.00E+00 4.29E-04 Methane, bromo-, Halon 1001 1.69E-08 5.16E-10 1.64E-08 Methane, chlorodifluoro-, HCFC-22 2.83E-06 0.00E+00 2.83E-06 Methane, chlorotrifluoro-, CFC-13 5.17E-08 0.00E+00 5.17E-08 Methane, dichloro-, HCC-30 7.19E-06 9.54E-08 7.10E-06 Methane, dichlorodifluoro-, CFC-12 1.30E-09 4.82E-10 8.21E-10 Methane, fossil 1.23E-01 3.17E-03 1.19E-01 Methane, monochloro-, R-40 5.59E-08 1.71E-09 5.42E-08 Methane, tetrachloro-, CFC-10 6.41E-07 4.82E-11 6.41E-07 Methanol 3.20E-02 0.00E+00 3.20E-02 Methyl ethyl ketone 4.12E-08 1.26E-09 3.99E-08 Methyl methacrylate 1.19E-09 6.45E-11 1.13E-09 Methylene diisocyanate 9.67E-05 0.00E+00 9.67E-05 Metolachlor 1.50E-08 0.00E+00 1.50E-08 Metribuzin 6.95E-11 0.00E+00 6.95E-11 N-Nitrodimethylamine 1.80E-03 0.00E+00 1.80E-03 Naphthalene 2.03E-06 1.79E-08 2.02E-06 Nickel 1.55E-05 1.07E-06 1.45E-05 Nickel compounds 2.83E-06 0.00E+00 2.83E-06 Nitrogen monoxide 5.36E-05 0.00E+00 5.36E-05 Nitrogen oxides 9.63E-01 2.31E-01 7.32E-01 Nitrogen, total 9.49E-05 9.39E-05 9.81E-07 Nitrous oxide 2.79E-06 0.00E+00 2.79E-06 NMVOC, non-methane volatile organic compounds, unspecified origin 4.68E-02 8.19E-03 3.86E-02 Organic acids 2.64E-07 1.16E-09 2.63E-07 Organic substances, unspecified 1.46E-03 6.94E-07 1.46E-03 Other Organic 4.07E-06 0.00E+00 4.07E-06 PAH, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons 1.02E-05 9.88E-06 3.27E-07 Paraquat 3.03E-10 0.00E+00 3.03E-10 Parathion, methyl 2.29E-10 0.00E+00 2.29E-10

46


OSB Production

kg/m3 Particulates 2.77E-05 0.00E+00 2.77E-05 Particulates, < 10 um 1.34E-01 0.00E+00 1.34E-01 Particulates, < 2.5 um 7.63E-02 0.00E+00 7.63E-02 Particulates, > 10 um 7.23E-04 0.00E+00 7.23E-04 Particulates, > 2.5 um, and < 10um 1.75E-02 6.32E-03 1.12E-02 Particulates, unspecified 7.40E-02 1.56E-03 7.25E-02 Pendimethalin 1.56E-09 0.00E+00 1.56E-09 Permethrin 1.40E-10 0.00E+00 1.40E-10 PFC (perfluorocarbons) 2.83E-05 0.00E+00 2.83E-05 Phenanthrene 5.58E-08 3.03E-10 5.54E-08 Phenol 2.69E-03 1.00E-10 2.69E-03 Phenols, unspecified 1.09E-06 4.92E-08 1.04E-06 Phorate 7.18E-11 0.00E+00 7.18E-11 Phosphate 2.16E-06 2.14E-06 2.23E-08 Phthalate, diisooctyl- 3.36E-09 0.00E+00 3.36E-09 Phthalate, dioctyl- 4.35E-09 2.35E-10 4.12E-09 Polycyclic organic matter, unspecified 1.32E-07 0.00E+00 1.32E-07 Potassium 3.79E-05 0.00E+00 3.79E-05 Propanal 2.54E-06 1.22E-09 2.54E-06 Propene 3.08E-03 1.89E-04 2.89E-03 Propylene oxide 7.91E-08 0.00E+00 7.91E-08 Pyrene 6.81E-09 3.70E-11 6.78E-09 Radioactive species, unspecified 1.16E+06 6.18E+03 1.16E+06 Radionuclides (Including Radon) 1.92E-03 8.49E-06 1.92E-03 Selenium 2.71E-05 1.56E-07 2.70E-05 Simazine 9.84E-10 0.00E+00 9.84E-10 Sodium 8.74E-07 0.00E+00 8.74E-07 Styrene 2.64E-09 8.06E-11 2.56E-09 Sulfur 4.61E-06 0.00E+00 4.61E-06 Sulfur dioxide 1.37E+00 2.36E-02 1.35E+00 Sulfur monoxide 3.04E-02 1.09E-02 1.94E-02 Sulfur oxides 2.51E-02 2.61E-03 2.24E-02 Sulfur, total reduced 2.70E-06 0.00E+00 2.70E-06 Sulfuric acid 2.83E-08 0.00E+00 2.83E-08 Sulfuric acid, dimethyl ester 5.07E-09 1.55E-10 4.91E-09 t-Butyl methyl ether 3.70E-09 1.13E-10 3.58E-09 Tar 7.54E-10 7.95E-12 7.47E-10 Terbufos 2.45E-09 0.00E+00 2.45E-09 TOC, Total Organic Carbon 4.36E-03 0.00E+00 4.36E-03 Toluene 6.74E-04 2.99E-05 6.44E-04 Toluene, 2,4-dinitro- 2.95E-11 9.02E-13 2.86E-11 Trichloroethane 2.09E-08 0.00E+00 2.09E-08 Vinyl acetate 8.02E-10 2.45E-11 7.78E-10 VOC, volatile organic compounds 3.17E-01 8.58E-03 3.08E-01 Wood (dust) 1.11E-02 0.00E+00 1.11E-02 Xylene 3.95E-04 2.09E-05 3.75E-04 Zinc 2.30E-06 1.73E-06 5.65E-07

47

Cradle to gate LCI water emissions (economic allocation) Emissions to water shown in Table 27 are considered all off-site. No mill in the survey reported discharged process water. Any water sprayed on logs was collected and recycled or soaked into the ground. Water used at the boiler and kilns is evaporated. Suspended solids and chloride were two largest water emissions. For suspended solids, most of this was a result of crude oil production and natural gas extraction. Most of chloride emission was from producing PF resin and thus did not occur at the OSB production at the facilities. Economic allocation results are showing a slight decrease in releases over mass allocation.

Table 27 Emissions to water per 1 m3 of OSB production (economic allocation)


OSB Production

kg/m3 2-Hexanone 1.07E-06 1.18E-07 9.48E-07 2-Methyl-4-chlorophenoxyacetic acid 1.09E-12 0.00E+00 1.09E-12 2-Propanol 2.54E-09 0.00E+00 2.54E-09 2,4-D 5.86E-11 0.00E+00 5.86E-11 4-Methyl-2-pentanone 6.83E-07 7.60E-08 6.07E-07 Acetaldehyde 1.87E-09 0.00E+00 1.87E-09 Acetochlor 8.13E-10 0.00E+00 8.13E-10 Acetone 1.62E-06 1.81E-07 1.44E-06 Acid as H+ 9.32E-05 0.00E+00 9.32E-05 Acidity, unspecified 5.67E-15 0.00E+00 5.67E-15 Acids, unspecified 3.62E-06 1.49E-10 3.62E-06 Alachlor 8.00E-11 0.00E+00 8.00E-11 Aluminium 6.55E-03 1.39E-03 5.17E-03 Aluminum 1.02E-05 0.00E+00 1.02E-05 Ammonia 2.47E-03 3.22E-04 2.15E-03 Ammonia, as N 7.08E-09 7.46E-11 7.00E-09 Ammonium, ion 3.74E-05 6.78E-08 3.73E-05 Antimony 3.70E-06 8.64E-07 2.83E-06 Arsenic 3.56E-05 8.01E-06 2.76E-05 Arsenic, ion 7.18E-06 8.29E-07 6.35E-06 Atrazine 1.58E-09 0.00E+00 1.58E-09 Barium 8.57E-02 1.91E-02 6.66E-02 Bentazone 6.46E-12 0.00E+00 6.46E-12 Benzene 1.31E-02 3.03E-05 1.31E-02 Benzene, 1-methyl-4-(1-methylethyl)- 1.62E-08 1.81E-09 1.44E-08 Benzene, ethyl- 1.54E-05 1.71E-06 1.37E-05 Benzene, pentamethyl- 1.22E-08 1.36E-09 1.08E-08 Benzenes, alkylated, unspecified 3.46E-06 7.58E-07 2.71E-06 Benzo(a)pyrene 2.95E-13 0.00E+00 2.95E-13 Benzoic acid 1.66E-04 1.83E-05 1.47E-04 Beryllium 1.86E-06 2.62E-07 1.60E-06 Biphenyl 2.24E-07 4.91E-08 1.75E-07 BOD5, Biological Oxygen Demand 1.52E-01 3.29E-03 1.49E-01 Boron 5.12E-04 5.68E-05 4.55E-04 Bromide 3.48E-02 3.88E-03 3.10E-02 Bromoxynil 8.55E-12 0.00E+00 8.55E-12 Cadmium 6.12E-06 1.93E-06 4.19E-06

48


OSB Production

kg/m3 Cadmium, ion 1.06E-06 1.22E-07 9.39E-07 Calcium 4.31E-01 4.84E-02 3.83E-01 Calcium, ion 9.15E-02 9.72E-03 8.18E-02 Carbofuran 1.21E-11 0.00E+00 1.21E-11 CFCs, unspecified 2.54E-09 0.00E+00 2.54E-09 Chloride 5.88E+00 6.53E-01 5.23E+00 Chloroform 5.90E-09 0.00E+00 5.90E-09 Chlorpyrifos 9.32E-11 0.00E+00 9.32E-11 Chromate 3.38E-13 0.00E+00 3.38E-13 Chromium 1.06E-04 4.13E-05 6.43E-05 Chromium III 5.89E-05 3.45E-06 5.55E-05 Chromium VI 4.02E-07 1.49E-07 2.53E-07 Chromium, ion 8.88E-06 5.22E-07 8.36E-06 Cobalt 3.62E-06 4.01E-07 3.22E-06 COD, Chemical Oxygen Demand 1.78E-01 6.13E-03 1.71E-01 Copper 3.97E-05 6.74E-06 3.29E-05 Copper, ion 6.52E-06 8.60E-07 5.66E-06 Cumene 1.88E-02 0.00E+00 1.88E-02 Cyanazine 1.40E-11 0.00E+00 1.40E-11 Cyanide 1.77E-08 1.31E-09 1.64E-08 Decane 4.76E-06 5.27E-07 4.23E-06 Detergent, oil 1.55E-04 1.56E-05 1.39E-04 Dibenzofuran 3.09E-08 3.44E-09 2.74E-08 Dibenzothiophene 2.57E-08 2.94E-09 2.28E-08 Dicamba 8.23E-11 0.00E+00 8.23E-11 Dimethenamid 1.94E-10 0.00E+00 1.94E-10 Dipropylthiocarbamic acid S-ethyl ester 8.03E-11 0.00E+00 8.03E-11 Dissolved organics 5.97E-05 0.00E+00 5.97E-05 Dissolved solids 2.08E-01 0.00E+00 2.08E-01 Disulfoton 4.80E-12 0.00E+00 4.80E-12 Diuron 1.35E-12 0.00E+00 1.35E-12 DOC, Dissolved Organic Carbon 3.47E-02 0.00E+00 3.47E-02 Docosane 1.74E-07 1.94E-08 1.54E-07 Dodecane 9.03E-06 1.00E-06 8.03E-06 Eicosane 2.49E-06 2.75E-07 2.21E-06 Fluorene 8.31E-09 0.00E+00 8.31E-09 Fluorene, 1-methyl- 1.85E-08 2.06E-09 1.64E-08 Fluorenes, alkylated, unspecified 2.01E-07 4.39E-08 1.57E-07 Fluoride 1.23E-02 1.19E-02 3.73E-04 Fluorine 9.85E-08 2.19E-08 7.66E-08 Furan 9.32E-11 0.00E+00 9.32E-11 Glyphosate 1.75E-10 0.00E+00 1.75E-10 Hexadecane 9.85E-06 1.09E-06 8.76E-06 Hexanoic acid 3.43E-05 3.80E-06 3.05E-05 Hydrocarbons, unspecified 9.32E-08 5.71E-13 9.32E-08 Iron 1.57E-02 2.82E-03 1.29E-02 Lead 6.70E-05 1.18E-05 5.52E-05 Lead-210/kg 1.70E-14 1.88E-15 1.51E-14 Lithium 1.16E-01 3.42E-03 1.13E-01 Lithium, ion 1.48E-02 1.64E-04 1.46E-02

49


OSB Production

kg/m3 m-Xylene 4.94E-06 5.48E-07 4.40E-06 Magnesium 1.02E-01 1.14E-02 9.08E-02 Manganese 5.70E-04 2.01E-05 5.50E-04 Mercury 1.48E-07 7.55E-08 7.21E-08 Metallic ions, unspecified 2.71E-09 6.97E-12 2.70E-09 Methane, monochloro-, R-40 6.54E-09 7.28E-10 5.81E-09 Methyl ethyl ketone 1.31E-08 1.46E-09 1.16E-08 Metolachlor 6.42E-10 0.00E+00 6.42E-10 Metribuzin 2.98E-12 0.00E+00 2.98E-12 Molybdenum 3.75E-06 4.16E-07 3.34E-06 n-Hexacosane 1.08E-07 1.21E-08 9.64E-08 Naphthalene 2.97E-06 3.29E-07 2.64E-06 Naphthalene, 2-methyl- 2.58E-06 2.87E-07 2.30E-06 Naphthalenes, alkylated, unspecified 5.68E-08 1.24E-08 4.44E-08 Nickel 3.47E-05 6.65E-06 2.81E-05 Nickel, ion 2.94E-13 0.00E+00 2.94E-13 Nitrate 3.02E-07 5.00E-14 3.02E-07 Nitrate compounds 2.50E-10 2.01E-12 2.48E-10 Nitric acid 4.28E-07 4.51E-09 4.24E-07 Nitrogen, total 4.87E-05 1.69E-07 4.86E-05 o-Cresol 4.70E-06 5.20E-07 4.18E-06 o-Xylene 1.75E-08 0.00E+00 1.75E-08 Octadecane 2.43E-06 2.70E-07 2.16E-06 Oils, unspecified 3.60E-03 4.07E-04 3.19E-03 Organic substances, unspecified 1.86E-09 0.00E+00 1.86E-09 p-Cresol 5.07E-06 5.61E-07 4.50E-06 p-Xylene 1.75E-08 0.00E+00 1.75E-08 Paraquat 1.30E-11 0.00E+00 1.30E-11 Parathion, methyl 9.82E-12 0.00E+00 9.82E-12 Pendimethalin 6.68E-11 0.00E+00 6.68E-11 Permethrin 6.00E-12 0.00E+00 6.00E-12 Phenanthrene 2.83E-08 4.64E-09 2.36E-08 Phenanthrenes, alkylated, unspecified 2.35E-08 5.15E-09 1.84E-08 Phenol 1.97E-05 6.58E-06 1.31E-05 Phenol, 2,4-dimethyl- 4.57E-06 5.07E-07 4.07E-06 Phenols, unspecified 5.81E-05 2.41E-06 5.57E-05 Phorate 1.86E-12 0.00E+00 1.86E-12 Phosphate 9.13E-03 8.97E-03 1.58E-04 Phosphorus 5.21E-06 0.00E+00 5.21E-06 Phosphorus compounds, unspecified 3.44E-08 0.00E+00 3.44E-08 Phosphorus, total 3.07E-06 0.00E+00 3.07E-06 Process solvents, unspecified 9.32E-09 0.00E+00 9.32E-09 Propene 6.94E-03 0.00E+00 6.94E-03 Radioactive species, Nuclides, unspecified 2.23E+03 9.84E+00 2.22E+03 Radium-226/kg 5.90E-12 6.54E-13 5.25E-12 Radium-228/kg 3.02E-14 3.34E-15 2.68E-14 Selenium 6.10E-06 1.91E-07 5.91E-06 Silver 3.41E-04 3.80E-05 3.03E-04 Simazine 4.22E-11 0.00E+00 4.22E-11 Sodium 1.37E+00 1.53E-01 1.21E+00

50


OSB Production

kg/m3 Sodium, ion 2.89E-01 3.08E-02 2.58E-01 Solids, inorganic 1.09E-09 1.15E-11 1.08E-09 Solved solids 1.22E+00 1.35E-01 1.09E+00 Strontium 8.90E-03 9.86E-04 7.91E-03 Styrene 1.05E-09 0.00E+00 1.05E-09 Sulfate 4.31E-02 1.46E-03 4.16E-02 Sulfide 3.69E-05 7.63E-07 3.61E-05 Sulfur 4.32E-04 4.79E-05 3.84E-04 Sulfuric acid 8.17E-11 0.00E+00 8.17E-11 Surfactants 8.24E-07 0.00E+00 8.24E-07 Suspended solids, unspecified 6.22E+00 7.14E-01 5.50E+00 Tar 1.08E-11 1.14E-13 1.07E-11 Terbufos 6.34E-11 0.00E+00 6.34E-11 Tetradecane 3.95E-06 4.38E-07 3.52E-06 Thallium 7.80E-07 1.82E-07 5.98E-07 Tin 2.27E-05 3.68E-06 1.91E-05 Titanium 4.08E-05 1.08E-05 3.01E-05 Titanium, ion 1.60E-05 2.50E-06 1.35E-05 TOC, Total Organic Carbon 3.49E-02 0.00E+00 3.49E-02 Toluene 2.58E-04 2.87E-05 2.29E-04 Vanadium 4.56E-06 4.91E-07 4.07E-06 Waste water/m3 7.68E-04 0.00E+00 7.68E-04 Xylene 1.35E-04 1.53E-05 1.20E-04 Yttrium 1.10E-06 1.22E-07 9.78E-07 Zinc 1.70E-04 3.22E-05 1.38E-04 Zinc, ion 4.11E-07 0.00E+00 4.11E-07

51

Appendix II. Emissions (mass allocation)

Cradle to gate LCI air emissions (mass allocation)

Table 28 Emissions to air per 1 m3 of OSB (mass allocation)


OSB Production

kg/m3 2-Chloroacetophenone 7.03E-10 2.26E-11 6.81E-10 2-Methyl-4-chlorophenoxyacetic acid 2.55E-11 0.00E+00 2.55E-11 2,4-D 1.37E-09 0.00E+00 1.37E-09 5-methyl Chrysene 4.21E-10 2.47E-12 4.19E-10 Acenaphthene 9.77E-09 5.72E-11 9.71E-09 Acenaphthylene 4.79E-09 2.80E-11 4.76E-09 Acetaldehyde 6.56E-03 5.61E-05 6.50E-03 Acetochlor 1.90E-08 0.00E+00 1.90E-08 Acetone 1.94E-03 0.00E+00 1.94E-03 Acetophenone 1.51E-09 4.83E-11 1.46E-09 Acrolein 1.92E-03 6.80E-06 1.92E-03 Alachlor 1.87E-09 0.00E+00 1.87E-09 Aldehydes, unspecified 4.57E-04 1.69E-04 2.88E-04 Ammonia 2.36E-03 4.02E-04 1.96E-03 Ammonium chloride 6.66E-05 3.17E-07 6.63E-05 Anthracene 4.02E-09 2.36E-11 4.00E-09 Antimony 3.56E-07 2.02E-09 3.54E-07 Arsenic 8.21E-06 6.31E-08 8.15E-06 Ash 3.19E-05 0.00E+00 3.19E-05 Atrazine 3.70E-08 0.00E+00 3.70E-08 Barium 1.87E-03 0.00E+00 1.87E-03 Bentazone 1.51E-10 0.00E+00 1.51E-10 Benzene 5.47E-03 6.88E-05 5.41E-03 Benzene, chloro- 2.21E-09 7.09E-11 2.14E-09 Benzene, ethyl- 1.84E-07 3.03E-10 1.84E-07 Benzo(a)anthracene 1.53E-09 8.97E-12 1.52E-09 Benzo(a)pyrene 7.28E-10 4.26E-12 7.24E-10 Benzo(b,j,k)fluoranthene 2.11E-09 1.23E-11 2.09E-09 Benzo(g,h,i)perylene 4.98E-10 2.54E-12 4.96E-10 Benzo(ghi)perylene 1.90E-11 4.84E-13 1.85E-11 Benzyl chloride 7.03E-08 2.26E-09 6.81E-08 Beryllium 4.52E-07 3.14E-09 4.49E-07 Biphenyl 3.26E-08 1.91E-10 3.24E-08 Bromoform 3.92E-09 1.26E-10 3.80E-09 Bromoxynil 3.31E-10 0.00E+00 3.31E-10 BTEX (Benzene, Toluene, Ethylbenzene, and Xylene), unspecified ratio

8.79E-03 2.59E-04 8.53E-03

Butadiene 2.94E-06 2.86E-06 7.61E-08 Cadmium 1.66E-06 1.60E-08 1.64E-06 Carbofuran 2.83E-10 0.00E+00 2.83E-10 Carbon dioxide 2.79E+00 4.15E-01 2.37E+00 Carbon dioxide, biogenic 3.29E+01 9.23E-03 3.29E+01

52


OSB Production

kg/m3 Carbon dioxide, fossil 1.78E+02 1.33E+01 1.65E+02 Carbon disulfide 7.96E-08 4.19E-10 7.92E-08 Carbon monoxide 4.56E-02 2.99E-05 4.55E-02 Carbon monoxide, biogenic 3.23E-01 0.00E+00 3.23E-01 Carbon monoxide, fossil 4.04E-01 2.43E-01 1.62E-01 Chloride 6.22E-10 7.07E-12 6.15E-10 Chlorinated fluorocarbons and hydrochlorinated fluorocarbons, unspecified

1.30E-07 0.00E+00 1.30E-07

Chlorine 6.05E-06 0.00E+00 6.05E-06 Chloroform 5.93E-09 1.90E-10 5.74E-09 Chlorpyrifos 2.17E-09 0.00E+00 2.17E-09 Chromium 5.83E-06 4.59E-08 5.79E-06 Chromium VI 1.51E-06 8.86E-09 1.50E-06 Chrysene 1.92E-09 1.12E-11 1.90E-09 Cobalt 2.53E-06 8.46E-08 2.45E-06 Copper 3.44E-07 8.31E-10 3.43E-07 Cumene 7.27E-03 0.00E+00 7.27E-03 Cyanazine 3.26E-10 0.00E+00 3.26E-10 Cyanide 2.51E-07 8.06E-09 2.43E-07 Dicamba 1.92E-09 0.00E+00 1.92E-09 Dimethenamid 4.54E-09 0.00E+00 4.54E-09 Dimethyl ether 5.80E-05 0.00E+00 5.80E-05 Dinitrogen monoxide 3.80E-03 2.50E-03 1.30E-03 Dioxin, 2,3,7,8 Tetrachlorodibenzo-p- 1.48E-09 2.73E-13 1.48E-09

Dioxins (unspec.) 3.69E-15 0.00E+00 3.69E-15 Dioxins, measured as 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin 3.56E-19 0.00E+00 3.56E-19

Dipropylthiocarbamic acid S-ethyl ester 3.11E-09 0.00E+00 3.11E-09

Ethane, 1,1,1-trichloro-, HCFC-140 3.02E-09 4.54E-10 2.56E-09 Ethane, 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoro-, HFC-134a 2.03E-07 0.00E+00 2.03E-07

Ethane, 1,2-dibromo- 1.21E-10 3.87E-12 1.17E-10 Ethane, 1,2-dichloro- 4.02E-09 1.29E-10 3.89E-09 Ethane, 1,2-dichloro-1,1,2-trifluoro-, HCFC-123 2.03E-07 0.00E+00 2.03E-07

Ethane, chloro- 4.22E-09 1.35E-10 4.09E-09 Ethene, tetrachloro- 8.38E-07 5.76E-09 8.32E-07 Ethene, trichloro- 6.17E-14 0.00E+00 6.17E-14 Ethylene dibromide 9.35E-09 0.00E+00 9.35E-09 Ethylene oxide 1.67E-09 0.00E+00 1.67E-09 Fluoranthene 1.36E-08 7.96E-11 1.35E-08 Fluorene 1.74E-08 1.02E-10 1.73E-08 Fluoride 1.07E-05 4.84E-06 5.88E-06 Formaldehyde 1.53E-02 8.72E-05 1.52E-02 Furan 9.26E-11 4.96E-13 9.21E-11 Glyphosate 4.08E-09 0.00E+00 4.08E-09 HAPs 1.12E-04 0.00E+00 1.12E-04 Heat, waste (MJ) 7.68E+00 0.00E+00 7.68E+00

53


OSB Production

kg/m3 Hexane 1.60E-07 2.16E-10 1.60E-07 Hydrazine, methyl- 1.71E-08 5.48E-10 1.65E-08 Hydrocarbons, unspecified 3.85E-04 1.83E-06 3.83E-04 Hydrogen 7.79E-06 0.00E+00 7.79E-06 Hydrogen chloride 2.31E-02 1.42E-04 2.30E-02 Hydrogen fluoride 2.87E-03 1.67E-05 2.85E-03 Hydrogen sulfide 2.01E-11 2.29E-13 1.99E-11 Indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene 1.17E-09 6.84E-12 1.16E-09 Iron 2.14E-07 0.00E+00 2.14E-07 Isophorone 5.83E-08 1.87E-09 5.64E-08 Isoprene 2.04E-02 2.32E-04 2.02E-02 Kerosene 3.19E-05 1.52E-07 3.18E-05 Lead 1.25E-05 7.95E-08 1.25E-05 Magnesium 2.11E-04 1.23E-06 2.09E-04 Manganese 1.26E-05 9.34E-08 1.25E-05 Mercaptans, unspecified 2.18E-05 6.99E-07 2.11E-05 Mercury 2.52E-06 1.62E-08 2.51E-06 Metals, unspecified 3.73E-05 0.00E+00 3.73E-05 Methacrylic acid 8.53E-10 0.00E+00 8.53E-10 Methane 5.02E-01 2.49E-02 4.77E-01 Methane, biogenic 3.99E-04 0.00E+00 3.99E-04 Methane, bromo-, Halon 1001 1.61E-08 5.16E-10 1.56E-08 Methane, chlorodifluoro-, HCFC-22 2.62E-06 0.00E+00 2.62E-06 Methane, chlorotrifluoro-, CFC-13 4.79E-08 0.00E+00 4.79E-08 Methane, dichloro-, HCC-30 6.69E-06 9.54E-08 6.60E-06 Methane, dichlorodifluoro-, CFC-12 1.24E-09 4.82E-10 7.62E-10 Methane, fossil 1.14E-01 3.17E-03 1.11E-01 Methane, monochloro-, R-40 5.33E-08 1.71E-09 5.16E-08 Methane, tetrachloro-, CFC-10 5.94E-07 4.82E-11 5.94E-07 Methanol 2.97E-02 0.00E+00 2.97E-02 Methyl ethyl ketone 3.92E-08 1.26E-09 3.80E-08 Methyl methacrylate 1.16E-09 6.45E-11 1.09E-09 Methylene diisocyanate 8.96E-05 0.00E+00 8.96E-05 Metolachlor 1.50E-08 0.00E+00 1.50E-08 Metribuzin 6.95E-11 0.00E+00 6.95E-11 N-Nitrodimethylamine 1.67E-03 0.00E+00 1.67E-03 Naphthalene 1.91E-06 1.79E-08 1.89E-06 Nickel 1.45E-05 1.07E-06 1.34E-05 Nickel compounds 2.62E-06 0.00E+00 2.62E-06 Nitrogen monoxide 4.96E-05 0.00E+00 4.96E-05 Nitrogen oxides 9.10E-01 2.31E-01 6.79E-01 Nitrogen, total 9.49E-05 9.39E-05 9.81E-07 Nitrous oxide 2.58E-06 0.00E+00 2.58E-06 NMVOC, non-methane volatile organic compounds, unspecified origin

4.40E-02 8.19E-03 3.58E-02

Organic acids 2.45E-07 1.16E-09 2.44E-07 Organic substances, unspecified 1.35E-03 6.94E-07 1.35E-03 Other Organic 3.78E-06 0.00E+00 3.78E-06 PAH, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons 1.02E-05 9.88E-06 3.12E-07

54


OSB Production

kg/m3 Paraquat 3.03E-10 0.00E+00 3.03E-10 Parathion, methyl 2.29E-10 0.00E+00 2.29E-10 Particulates 2.57E-05 0.00E+00 2.57E-05 Particulates, < 10 um 1.24E-01 0.00E+00 1.24E-01 Particulates, < 2.5 um 7.08E-02 0.00E+00 7.08E-02 Particulates, > 10 um 7.19E-04 0.00E+00 7.19E-04 Particulates, > 2.5 um, and < 10um 1.67E-02 6.32E-03 1.04E-02 Particulates, unspecified 6.88E-02 1.56E-03 6.72E-02 Pendimethalin 1.56E-09 0.00E+00 1.56E-09 Permethrin 1.40E-10 0.00E+00 1.40E-10 PFC (perfluorocarbons) 2.62E-05 0.00E+00 2.62E-05 Phenanthrene 5.17E-08 3.03E-10 5.14E-08 Phenol 2.49E-03 0.00E+00 2.49E-03 Phenols, unspecified 1.02E-06 4.92E-08 9.71E-07 Phorate 7.18E-11 0.00E+00 7.18E-11 Phosphate 2.16E-06 2.14E-06 2.23E-08 Phthalate, diisooctyl- 3.11E-09 0.00E+00 3.11E-09 Phthalate, dioctyl- 4.23E-09 2.35E-10 3.99E-09 Polycyclic organic matter, unspecified 1.22E-07 0.00E+00 1.22E-07

Potassium 3.79E-05 0.00E+00 3.79E-05 Propanal 2.47E-06 1.22E-09 2.47E-06 Propene 2.87E-03 1.89E-04 2.68E-03 Propylene oxide 7.33E-08 0.00E+00 7.33E-08 Pyrene 6.32E-09 3.70E-11 6.28E-09 Radioactive species, unspecified 1.08E+06 6.18E+03 1.07E+06 Radionuclides (Including Radon) 1.78E-03 8.49E-06 1.78E-03 Selenium 2.52E-05 1.56E-07 2.50E-05 Simazine 9.84E-10 0.00E+00 9.84E-10 Sodium 8.74E-07 0.00E+00 8.74E-07 Styrene 2.51E-09 8.06E-11 2.43E-09 Sulfur 4.61E-06 0.00E+00 4.61E-06 Sulfur dioxide 1.27E+00 2.36E-02 1.25E+00 Sulfur monoxide 2.90E-02 1.09E-02 1.80E-02 Sulfur oxides 2.35E-02 2.61E-03 2.09E-02 Sulfur, total reduced 2.70E-06 0.00E+00 2.70E-06 Sulfuric acid 2.62E-08 0.00E+00 2.62E-08 Sulfuric acid, dimethyl ester 4.83E-09 1.55E-10 4.67E-09 t-Butyl methyl ether 3.52E-09 1.13E-10 3.41E-09 Tar 7.00E-10 7.95E-12 6.92E-10 Terbufos 2.45E-09 0.00E+00 2.45E-09 TOC, Total Organic Carbon 4.04E-03 0.00E+00 4.04E-03 Toluene 6.27E-04 2.99E-05 5.97E-04 Toluene, 2,4-dinitro- 2.81E-11 9.02E-13 2.72E-11 Trichloroethane 2.09E-08 0.00E+00 2.09E-08 Vinyl acetate 7.64E-10 2.45E-11 7.39E-10 VOC, volatile organic compounds 2.95E-01 8.58E-03 2.86E-01 Wood (dust) 1.04E-02 0.00E+00 1.04E-02 Xylene 3.68E-04 2.09E-05 3.47E-04 Zinc 2.27E-06 1.73E-06 5.40E-07

55

Cradle to gate LCI water emissions (mass allocation) Table 29 Emissions to water per 1m3 of OSB (mass allocation)

Substance Total Forestry Operations OSB Production kg/m3 2-Hexanone 9.97E-07 1.18E-07 8.79E-07 2-Methyl-4-chlorophenoxyacetic acid 1.09E-12 0.00E+00 1.09E-12 2-Propanol 2.54E-09 0.00E+00 2.54E-09 2,4-D 5.86E-11 0.00E+00 5.86E-11 4-Methyl-2-pentanone 6.39E-07 7.60E-08 5.63E-07 Acetaldehyde 1.76E-09 0.00E+00 1.76E-09 Acetochlor 8.13E-10 0.00E+00 8.13E-10 Acetone 1.52E-06 1.81E-07 1.34E-06 Acid as H+ 8.64E-05 0.00E+00 8.64E-05 Acidity, unspecified 5.67E-15 0.00E+00 5.67E-15 Acids, unspecified 3.62E-06 1.48E-10 3.62E-06 Alachlor 8.00E-11 0.00E+00 8.00E-11 Aluminium 6.18E-03 1.39E-03 4.79E-03 Aluminum 1.02E-05 0.00E+00 1.02E-05 Ammonia 2.32E-03 3.22E-04 2.00E-03 Ammonia, as N 6.57E-09 7.46E-11 6.49E-09 Ammonium, ion 3.48E-05 6.78E-08 3.47E-05 Antimony 3.49E-06 8.64E-07 2.63E-06 Arsenic 3.36E-05 8.01E-06 2.56E-05 Arsenic, ion 6.72E-06 8.29E-07 5.89E-06 Atrazine 1.58E-09 0.00E+00 1.58E-09 Barium 8.08E-02 1.91E-02 6.18E-02 Bentazone 6.46E-12 0.00E+00 6.46E-12 Benzene 1.22E-02 3.03E-05 1.21E-02 Benzene, 1-methyl-4-(1-methylethyl)- 1.52E-08 1.81E-09 1.34E-08 Benzene, ethyl- 1.44E-05 1.71E-06 1.27E-05 Benzene, pentamethyl- 1.14E-08 1.36E-09 1.00E-08 Benzenes, alkylated, unspecified 3.27E-06 7.58E-07 2.51E-06 Benzo(a)pyrene 2.95E-13 0.00E+00 2.95E-13 Benzoic acid 1.55E-04 1.83E-05 1.37E-04 Beryllium 1.74E-06 2.62E-07 1.48E-06 Biphenyl 2.12E-07 4.91E-08 1.63E-07 BOD5, Biological Oxygen Demand 1.41E-01 3.29E-03 1.38E-01 Boron 4.79E-04 5.68E-05 4.22E-04 Bromide 3.26E-02 3.88E-03 2.87E-02 Bromoxynil 8.55E-12 0.00E+00 8.55E-12 Cadmium 5.82E-06 1.93E-06 3.89E-06 Cadmium, ion 9.93E-07 1.22E-07 8.71E-07 Calcium 4.03E-01 4.84E-02 3.55E-01 Calcium, ion 8.56E-02 9.72E-03 7.59E-02 Carbofuran 1.21E-11 0.00E+00 1.21E-11 CFCs, unspecified 2.54E-09 0.00E+00 2.54E-09 Chloride 5.50E+00 6.53E-01 4.85E+00 Chloroform 5.47E-09 0.00E+00 5.47E-09 Chlorpyrifos 9.32E-11 0.00E+00 9.32E-11 Chromate 3.38E-13 0.00E+00 3.38E-13 Chromium 1.01E-04 4.13E-05 5.97E-05 Chromium III 5.49E-05 3.45E-06 5.14E-05

56

Substance Total Forestry Operations OSB Production kg/m3 Chromium VI 3.84E-07 1.49E-07 2.35E-07 Chromium, ion 8.27E-06 5.22E-07 7.75E-06 Cobalt 3.38E-06 4.01E-07 2.98E-06 COD, Chemical Oxygen Demand 1.65E-01 6.13E-03 1.59E-01 Copper 3.73E-05 6.74E-06 3.05E-05 Copper, ion 6.11E-06 8.60E-07 5.25E-06 Cumene 1.75E-02 0.00E+00 1.75E-02 Cyanazine 1.40E-11 0.00E+00 1.40E-11 Cyanide 1.65E-08 1.31E-09 1.52E-08 Decane 4.45E-06 5.27E-07 3.92E-06 Detergent, oil 1.44E-04 1.56E-05 1.29E-04 Dibenzofuran 2.89E-08 3.44E-09 2.55E-08 Dibenzothiophene 2.40E-08 2.94E-09 2.11E-08 Dicamba 8.23E-11 0.00E+00 8.23E-11 Dimethenamid 1.94E-10 0.00E+00 1.94E-10 Dipropylthiocarbamic acid S-ethyl ester 8.03E-11 0.00E+00 8.03E-11 Dissolved organics 5.53E-05 0.00E+00 5.53E-05 Dissolved solids 1.92E-01 0.00E+00 1.92E-01 Disulfoton 4.80E-12 0.00E+00 4.80E-12 Diuron 1.35E-12 0.00E+00 1.35E-12 DOC, Dissolved Organic Carbon 3.22E-02 0.00E+00 3.22E-02 Docosane 1.63E-07 1.94E-08 1.43E-07 Dodecane 8.44E-06 1.00E-06 7.44E-06 Eicosane 2.32E-06 2.75E-07 2.05E-06 Fluorene 7.71E-09 0.00E+00 7.71E-09 Fluorene, 1-methyl- 1.73E-08 2.06E-09 1.52E-08 Fluorenes, alkylated, unspecified 1.89E-07 4.39E-08 1.46E-07 Fluoride 1.23E-02 1.19E-02 3.55E-04 Fluorine 9.29E-08 2.19E-08 7.11E-08 Furan 9.32E-11 0.00E+00 9.32E-11 Glyphosate 1.75E-10 0.00E+00 1.75E-10 Hexadecane 9.22E-06 1.09E-06 8.12E-06 Hexanoic acid 3.21E-05 3.80E-06 2.83E-05 Hydrocarbons, unspecified 9.32E-08 5.71E-13 9.32E-08 Iron 1.48E-02 2.82E-03 1.20E-02 Lead 6.30E-05 1.18E-05 5.12E-05 Lead-210/kg 1.59E-14 1.88E-15 1.40E-14 Lithium 1.08E-01 3.42E-03 1.05E-01 Lithium, ion 1.37E-02 1.64E-04 1.36E-02 m-Xylene 4.62E-06 5.48E-07 4.08E-06 Magnesium 9.56E-02 1.14E-02 8.42E-02 Manganese 5.30E-04 2.01E-05 5.10E-04 Mercury 1.42E-07 7.55E-08 6.69E-08 Metallic ions, unspecified 2.66E-09 6.97E-12 2.65E-09 Methane, monochloro-, R-40 6.12E-09 7.28E-10 5.39E-09 Methyl ethyl ketone 1.22E-08 1.46E-09 1.08E-08 Metolachlor 6.42E-10 0.00E+00 6.42E-10 Metribuzin 2.98E-12 0.00E+00 2.98E-12 Molybdenum 3.51E-06 4.16E-07 3.09E-06 n-Hexacosane 1.01E-07 1.21E-08 8.94E-08 Naphthalene 2.77E-06 3.29E-07 2.45E-06

57

Substance Total Forestry Operations OSB Production kg/m3 Naphthalene, 2-methyl- 2.42E-06 2.87E-07 2.13E-06 Naphthalenes, alkylated, unspecified 5.36E-08 1.24E-08 4.11E-08 Nickel 3.27E-05 6.65E-06 2.61E-05 Nickel, ion 2.94E-13 0.00E+00 2.94E-13 Nitrate 3.02E-07 5.00E-14 3.02E-07 Nitrate compounds 2.32E-10 2.01E-12 2.30E-10 Nitric acid 3.97E-07 4.51E-09 3.93E-07 Nitrogen, total 4.60E-05 1.69E-07 4.58E-05 o-Cresol 4.39E-06 5.20E-07 3.87E-06 o-Xylene 1.62E-08 0.00E+00 1.62E-08 Octadecane 2.28E-06 2.70E-07 2.01E-06 Oils, unspecified 3.37E-03 4.07E-04 2.96E-03 Organic substances, unspecified 1.86E-09 0.00E+00 1.86E-09 p-Cresol 4.74E-06 5.61E-07 4.18E-06 p-Xylene 1.62E-08 0.00E+00 1.62E-08 Paraquat 1.30E-11 0.00E+00 1.30E-11 Parathion, methyl 9.82E-12 0.00E+00 9.82E-12 Pendimethalin 6.68E-11 0.00E+00 6.68E-11 Permethrin 6.00E-12 0.00E+00 6.00E-12 Phenanthrene 2.66E-08 4.64E-09 2.19E-08 Phenanthrenes, alkylated, unspecified 2.22E-08 5.15E-09 1.71E-08 Phenol 1.87E-05 6.58E-06 1.22E-05 Phenol, 2,4-dimethyl- 4.28E-06 5.07E-07 3.77E-06 Phenols, unspecified 5.40E-05 2.41E-06 5.16E-05 Phorate 1.86E-12 0.00E+00 1.86E-12 Phosphate 9.13E-03 8.97E-03 1.55E-04 Phosphorus 5.21E-06 0.00E+00 5.21E-06 Phosphorus compounds, unspecified 3.44E-08 0.00E+00 3.44E-08 Phosphorus, total 3.07E-06 0.00E+00 3.07E-06 Process solvents, unspecified 9.32E-09 0.00E+00 9.32E-09 Propene 6.43E-03 0.00E+00 6.43E-03 Radioactive species, Nuclides, unspecified 2.07E+03 9.84E+00 2.06E+03 Radium-226/kg 5.52E-12 6.54E-13 4.86E-12 Radium-228/kg 2.82E-14 3.34E-15 2.49E-14 Selenium 5.67E-06 1.91E-07 5.48E-06 Silver 3.19E-04 3.80E-05 2.81E-04 Simazine 4.22E-11 0.00E+00 4.22E-11 Sodium 1.28E+00 1.53E-01 1.13E+00 Sodium, ion 2.70E-01 3.08E-02 2.39E-01 Solids, inorganic 1.01E-09 1.15E-11 9.99E-10 Solved solids 1.14E+00 1.35E-01 1.01E+00 Strontium 8.32E-03 9.86E-04 7.34E-03 Styrene 9.78E-10 0.00E+00 9.78E-10 Sulfate 4.00E-02 1.46E-03 3.86E-02 Sulfide 3.64E-05 7.63E-07 3.56E-05 Sulfur 4.04E-04 4.79E-05 3.56E-04 Sulfuric acid 8.17E-11 0.00E+00 8.17E-11 Surfactants 7.64E-07 0.00E+00 7.64E-07 Suspended solids, unspecified 5.82E+00 7.14E-01 5.10E+00 Tar 1.00E-11 1.14E-13 9.90E-12 Terbufos 6.34E-11 0.00E+00 6.34E-11

58

Substance Total Forestry Operations OSB Production kg/m3 Tetradecane 3.70E-06 4.38E-07 3.26E-06 Thallium 7.37E-07 1.82E-07 5.55E-07 Tin 2.14E-05 3.68E-06 1.77E-05 Titanium 3.87E-05 1.08E-05 2.79E-05 Titanium, ion 1.50E-05 2.50E-06 1.25E-05 TOC, Total Organic Carbon 3.23E-02 0.00E+00 3.23E-02 Toluene 2.41E-04 2.87E-05 2.13E-04 Vanadium 4.26E-06 4.91E-07 3.77E-06 Waste water/m3 7.68E-04 0.00E+00 7.68E-04 Xylene 1.26E-04 1.53E-05 1.11E-04 Yttrium 1.03E-06 1.22E-07 9.07E-07 Zinc 1.60E-04 3.22E-05 1.28E-04 Zinc, ion 4.11E-07 0.00E+00 4.11E-07

59

Appendix III: Survey (clickable .pdf)

60

CORRIM SURVEY Orient Strand Board Mills 2013

page 1 / 11

The Consortium for Research on Renewable Industrial Materials (CORRIM II)

Orient Strand Board (OSB) Mills 2013

The information from this survey will be used in a project by CORRIM, a consortium of universities, industry, and government groups. In collaboration with the USDA Forest Service Forest Products Laboratory, and APA-The Engineered Wood Association, CORRIM is updating life-cycle assessment data that describes environmental impacts of building materials. This survey is designed specifically for oriented strand board mills. Questions will be concentrated on annual production, electricity production and usage, fuel use, material flows, and environmental emissions.

Your data will be confidential; only weighted average values for the industry based on production will be reported. Company: Facility Site (city, state): Should we have a follow-up question about the data, please provide the name and the following information for the contact in your company. Name: Title: E-mail: Telephone: If you have questions about the survey, please contact: Adam Taylor or Dominik Kaestner Department of Forestry, Wildlife and Fisheries The University of Tennessee 2506 Jacob Drive Knoxville TN 37996 Telephone: 865-946-1125 Fax: 865-946-1109 Email: [email protected] Project partners:

You can also insert your business card.

mailto:[email protected]


page 2 / 11

What is an LCA? A Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) describes the environmental impacts for a product over its entire lifecycle. This project will collect Life Cycle Inventory data on the inputs to, and outputs from, the production of OSB boards in United States. Data on your mill`s processes will be used to develop an LCA for OSB. The following diagram shows a simplified mill process flow diagram. This questionnaire will be used to collect data on all the inputs to, and outputs and emissions from the mill process.

Figure: Diagram of the OSB production process, showing inputs and outputs.

Why provide your data? Current and accurate data is required to prepare an Environmental Product Declaration (EPD) for OSB. This will enable fair comparisons of OSB and alternate building materials, and these comparisons help to show the environmental advantages of wood products. EPDs also may be required for market access in the future. If desired, we can provide you with a listing of your mill’s environmental impacts compared with industry average values for each category. To ensure complete and useful results from your mill, please:

- Provide data for 2012, or note year if different - Fill in all grey areas - Specify the units for your data if necessary

- If there are any questions please don`t hesitate to contact us. (see page 1)

THANK YOU VERY MUCH FOR YOUR SUPPORT !


page 3 / 11

I. Annual Production (Please provide units of measurement if different than stated.)

1. OSB production in 2012 MSF 3/8-inch basis

2. Log volume consumption BF Scribner Doyle International¼ Other

II. Annual Energy Consumption (Please provide units of measurement if different.) If you completed a 2011 or 2012 Annual Fuel and Energy Survey for AF&PA, you may want to attach the

survey and skip to the next section “Other related information.” Note: please include fuel consumption in appropriate category below for use of fork lifts in yard and mill.

3. Total electricity consumption OSB plant. kWh

4. Electricity Self-generated kWh Purchased kWh

5. Fuel source used to generate hot gas and heat thermo oil, please state type & amount.

Natural gas Hog fuel Other 6. Hog fuel Self-generated Tons Purchased Tons

7. Wood waste % m.c Tons 8. Residual fuel oil 42 Gal. Bbls.

9. Distillate fuel oil 42 Gal. Bbls.

10. Liquid propane gas Gallons

11. Natural gas ft.³

12. Gasoline Gallons

13. Diesel Gallons

14. Coal Tons

15. Other energy source

16. Energy sold or transferred Electricity kWh Hog fuel Tons Wood waste Tons


page 4 / 11

yes no% total

Electricity Use for Mill

kWh% total

Fuel Use for Mill

Gallons

Press

Trimming

Other

Year Installed

Co-generator

Annual Electicity Use Fuel Use

Mat Former

Pre-PressPreheating

Dryer

Blender

Machine Center

present

Model/ Type

Screen (green)

Flaker

Debarker

Screen (dry)

17. Machine Center

III. Other related information (Please provide units of measurement if different than stated.)

18. What is the dryer(s) throughput dry weight basis Tons

19. Wood species mix Softwood % Hardwood %

20. For dryer(s), please state the annual fuel consumption

Natural gas direct-fired ft.³ Steam kWh Hog fuel % m.c. Tons Other


page 5 / 11

21. Heating Method Direct-Fired Indirect-Fired (e.g. Heat Exchanger)

22. Operating Temperature in dryer Dryer Inlet °F Dryer Outlet °F

23. Average Moisture Content Dryer Inlet % Dryer Outlet % 24. Exhaust Gas Flow Rate at Dryer Outlet

(example: 45000 acfm at 190°F)

25. Do you recycle dryer exhaust No Yes/ where

26. Total Press Throughput MSF 3/8-inch basis

27. Press type Continuous process Width of mat entering press ft Batch process Nr. Openings Size (length x width)

28. Energy source press(es):

Steam lbs. Thermal Fluid (Hot Oil) Gallons Radio Frequency kWh Other

29. Press(es) Temperature Range °F

30. Press(es) Ventilation system Roof Fans Other

31. Glue system, please specify the components and amount

32. Annual water use Municipal water source Gallons Well water source Gallons Recycled water Gallons

Component type solids by

weight w d total annual use

PF phenol formaldehde % lbs.

Extender and Filler % lbs.

PMDI % lbs.

Water % lbs.

Wax % lbs.

Other: % lbs.

Other: % lbs.

Other: % lbs.

wet basis [w]; dry basis [d]


page 6 / 11


page 7 / 11

source yes no Material Quantity unitMethod of disposal or

end use1

average distance

to end useBark Tons miles

Wood waste Tons miles

Burner Ash Tons miles

Saw dust / Tons / (m.c.%) miles

Panel trim / Tons / (m.c.%) miles

Production processRecovered particulates from pollution abatement equipment Tons miles

Other: miles

Other: miles

Other: miles

1 for example: land fill; landscaping; sewer

Debarking & Bucking

Screening & Sawing

IV. Transportation (Please provide units of measurement if different than stated.)

33. Transportation method for logs

34. Transportation method for resin

V. Co-Products & Emissions (Please provide units of measurement if different than stated.) This is a general material flow survey for plywood mills. This survey is designed to trace all wood components from the log that are generated during production.

35. Co-products

Transportation method logs Average distance

Truck miles

Rail miles

Other: miles

Transportation method resin Average distance

Truck miles

Rail miles

Other: miles


page 8 / 11

VI. Emission Control Devices (ECD) and Environmental Emission

The following is a chart of emission control devices (ECDs) and on page seven 8 is a listing of chemical compounds that are observed and/or permitted. Please fill in all information related to the control devices. Then list all compounds that are collected and known for the mill from all control device sources. If you recently applied for an air permit, use those numbers. Fill in all that apply and for which you have data. If you have more than three devices, please use the attached extra page for ECD4; ECD5; ECD6

36. Emission Control Devices


page 9 / 11

Emis

sion

Con

trol

Dev

ice

(EC

D)-

Elec

tric

ity, F

uel U

sage

and

Em

issi

on O

utpu

tEC

D 1

ECD

2EC

D 3

Man

ufac

tura

and

Mod

el #

of

devi

ce

Type

of d

evic

e1

Equi

pmen

t typ

e co

ntro

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(boi

ler,

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r ect

.)

Man

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ture

d an

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n ye

ar

ECD

exh

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tem

pera

ture

(°F)

and

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w ra

te (A

CFM

2 )El

ectic

ity u

se in

% o

f tot

al m

ill u

se

or K

Wh

(ple

ase

stat

e un

it)N

atur

al g

as u

se in

% o

f tot

al m

ill

use

or ft

³ (pl

ease

sta

te u

nit)

Am

ount

of s

olid

mat

eria

l col

lect

ed

that

is n

ot re

used

on-

site

(p

leas

e st

ate

unit)

1 R

TO (R

egen

erat

ive

Ther

mal

Oxid

izer);

RCO

(Reg

ener

ativ

e Ca

taly

tic O

xidize

r); D

ry E

SP (e

lect

rost

atic

reci

pita

tors

); ec

t.2 A

CFM

(Act

ual C

ubic

Foo

t per

min

ute)


page 10 / 11

Substance Yes No Amount E M PV Dryer Hot pressSaw/

TrimmerCO2 lb/year % % %

CO lb/year % % %

CH4 lb/year % % %

NOx lb/year % % %

SO2 lb/year % % %

Phenol lb/year % % %

MDI lb/year % % %

Dust lb/year % % %

Particulate, PM10 lb/year % % %

Particulate, PM 2.5 lb/year % % %

VOC lb/year % % %

Sulfur dioxide lb/year % % %

HAP: Total lb/year % % %

HAP: Methanol lb/year % % %

HAP: Formaldehyde lb/year % % %

HAP: Acetaldehyde lb/year % % %

HAP: Propionaldehyde lb/year % % %

HAP: Acrolein lb/year % % %

HAP: Phenol lb/year % % %

HAP: Acetone lb/year % % %

HAP: lb/year % % %

HAP: lb/year % % %

Other: lb/year % % %




Estimated [E]; Measured [M]; Permit value [PV]

Emit How was the amount determined?

37. Emission Substance


page 11 / 11

yes no Debarker Flaker Dryer Forming Press Trimming Packaging

Hydraulic fluids lb % % % % % % %

Greases lb % % % % % % %

Motor Oil lb % % % % % % %

Cardboard lb % % % % % % %

Plastic wrapping lb % % % % % % %

Steel strapping lb % % % % % % %

Plastic strapping lb % % % % % % %

Potable water lb % % % % % % %

Paints lb % % % % % % %

Waxes lb % % % % % % %

Other: lb % % % % % % %

Other: lb % % % % % % %

Other: lb % % % % % % %

Other: lb % % % % % % %

Other MaterialsUsed

Amount/year

Where are the other materials used (% of Total Use)

VII. Other Material Inputs

38. Other Materials