Corn Edition 2012

friday, Jan. 25, 2013 www.farm-news.com farm news / The messenger, forT dodge, iowa 1C

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2013 maybe record

volatile year By DARCY

DOUGHERTYMAULSBY

[email protected] — The year

ahead could be one of themost interesting, if not oneof the most volatile, periodsin recent history when itcomes to the corn market,some analysts predict.

“The big question for2013 is whether the de-mand market for corn thatstarted in 2005-2006 iscoming to an end,” saidDarin Newsom, a DTN se-nior analyst.

Domestically, corn-end-ing stocks in early Januarytotaled 647 million bushels,a significant decline fromthe last time stocks dippedthis low, with 883 millionbushels estimated at the endof 1996-1997.

Even more important,Newsom said, is the endingstocks-to-use ratio, which isa percentage measure of re-serves.

“This ratio was 5.8 per-cent in December 2012,making it the second loweston record, right behind the5 percent ratio in 1995-1996,” Newsom said. “As aresult, we’ll need to havenear-record corn yields andproduction in 2013 to meetall the different areas of de-mand.”

Global stocks tightenAnalysts are projecting

record acres of corn in theUnited States this year, witha general consensus of 98million acres. Much of thisadditional acreage is ex-pected to be planted in theNorthern Plains and theSoutheast, said Newsom,

who added that weather willbe a key factor in 2013.

“Perhaps the ground is sogood in Iowa, Illinois, east-ern Nebraska and westernNebraska that maybe wedon’t have to have all thesubsoil moisture in place byplanting, but we need to seeweather patterns change tobring more moisture tomany areas of the UnitedStates.”

Three years of below-normal corn yields nation-wide contributed to a de-cline in corn demand in thepast three years, simply be-cause the production wasn’t

there, Newsom said. WhileBrazil has filled some ofthis demand, global demandfor corn has dropped in the2012-2013 marketing year— the first time a declinehas happened in 19 years.

Global ending stockscontinue to tighten, New-som added. “You have to goback to 1973-74 to see lev-els close to the ones that ex-ist today. The current end-ing stocks-to-use rate is13.6 percent, which isn’t alot higher than the 11.7 per-cent rate of 1973-74.”

Rebuilding global cornsupplies will depend not on-

ly on the United States’2013 crop, but on the cropthat will be harvested inSouth America this March.Brazil has experiencednear-ideal growing condi-tions, Newsom said, but Ar-gentina has experiencedsome weather challengesthat may curtail yields.

“Also keep an eye on theUkraine, which wants toplant more corn thanwheat,” Newsom said.

While global corn pro-duction and demand couldcertainly rebound this year,the future for domestic de-mand remains unclear. The

United States is runningwell behind pace on cornexports, and demand con-tinues to languish on thelivestock side of the indus-try, due to herd liquidationin both cattle and hogs.

If drought conditions per-sist into the 2013 growingseason, a renewed push fora waiver of the RenewableFuels Standard remains apossibility, Newsom said.

Huge price swings?Newsom isn’t the only

one who thinks volatilitywill continue to define thecorn markets and the weath-

er in 2013. So do 350agribusiness executiveswho attended a recentRabobank Forum andshared their opinions ontopics they believe will besignificant for global andNorth American agribusi-ness in the coming year, in-cluding:

∫ Extreme weather. No-tably, 68 percent of atten-dees named weather ex-tremes and volatility as thesingle biggest factor affect-ing North American foodand agribusiness in 2013.This concern far out-weighed the next two clos-est factors — consumer de-mand, 13 percent, and poli-cies and regulation, 10 per-cent.

∫ Risk management. Re-flecting the concern overcontinued weather volatili-ty, 59 percent of poll re-spondents said the 2012drought has changed theirviews about risk manage-ment.

These executives cited anincreased focus on financialliquidity, 25 percent, in-creased investment in riskmanagement and insurance,21 percent, and greater di-versification, 13 percent, asleading solutions to hedgeagainst continued volatilityin weather patterns andcommodity markets.

In any event, it’s clearthat investors don’t like un-certainty and volatility, saidNewsom, who noted that in-vestors don’t want to take achance on corn this year.While it’s not out of therealm of possibility for cornprices to drop to the low- tomid-$3 range in the monthsahead, it remains to be seenwhether the demand marketis falling apart, Newsomsaid. “So much will be rid-ing on the weather this year.

“We could see some hugeprice swings with everyweather-related news head-line that comes out.”

Is the corn demand market ended?

-Messenger/FarmNewsphotobyDarcyDoughertyMaulsby

WHILE SOME MARKET analysts believe the demand market for corn may be coming to an end, they ac-knowledge that much will depend on the weather in 2013.

Ethanol JOHNSTON (ICPB) —

Many individuals andgroups working togethermade ethanol a success,and the Iowa Corn Check-off remains an essentialcontributor to that team ef-fort. From its very first pro-ject to today, the checkoffhas paid for ethanol promo-tions, ethanol education,and ethanol advertising tocreate today’s market.

When California chal-lenged the Clean Air Actregulations requiring theuse of ethanol, it was IowaCorn Promotion Board-

funded research confirm-ing ethanol’s environmen-tal benefits that helped theEnvironmental ProtectionAgency win the court bat-tle.

In the past decade, ICPBefforts advanced from sim-ple ethanol promotion tosupport the development ofIowa’s farmer-ownedethanol industry and ex-pand the fueling opportuni-ties and resulting use ofE85.

Today, more than 75 per-cent of the fuel purchasedin Iowa is ethanol blends,and the state has 175 E85

flex-fuel pumps. IowaCorn continues to work toexpand higher blends asE15 was approved by theEPA for use in 2001 andnewer vehicles and thenumber of flex-fuel vehi-cles in Iowa is one in every10.

Ethanol promotion beganpaying off for growers asearly as 1982. In yearswith excess grain stocks,ethanol demand helped re-duce surpluses and cushionprice declines. More re-cently, ethanol demandwithin Iowa has strength-ened basis for growers, in-

creased corn prices, andgrower ownership of newplants means farmers aresharing in the value-addedprofits from ethanol.

Livestock, et al ICPB market develop-

ment projects over theyears have also helpedbuild demand for new cornuses in sweeteners andplastics. In the livestocksector, the ICPB has con-tributed more than $5 mil-lion to develop pork andbeef export marketsthrough U.S.

Meat Export Federation

programs. As Iowa ethanolproduction grew, thecheckoff has also commit-ted funds to distiller’s driedgrains marketing and edu-cation — an initiative thatbenefits both to livestockproducers and Iowa’sethanol industry.

Most people don’t knowthat one-third of everybushel processed in anethanol plant comes backas a valuable livestock feedcalled DDGs.

Through the Coalition toSupport Iowa’s Farmers,the ICPB also supportsgrowing Iowa livestock

production, one family at atime.

Exports Export sales in the 2011-

2012 marketing year setanother new record, the re-sult of a near-total rebuild-ing of export markets.

The top U.S. markets of1978 are gone: At thattime, 60 percent of cornshipments went to the Eu-ropean Union, SovietUnion and Poland.

As those markets disap-peared, ICPB funding,

A report card: Taking stock of the checkoff

See REPORT, Page 2C

much of it for U.S. GrainsCouncil programs, built de-mand in other regions,tripling U.S. corn sales toJapan, Mexico, Taiwan,South Korea and Egypt andcreating additional newmarkets in countries likeColombia, Morocco and

Indonesia.

ResearchBefore the checkoff,

groups like the Iowa CornGrowers Associationlacked the funds to supporteven modest research pro-jects.

Since then, ICPB researchprograms have grown inscope, in recent years qual-ifying for more than $5.4million in matching fundsthat make the grower in-vestment go farther.

ICPB seed money hasplayed a critical role in

mapping the corngenome. In 1998, a newlaw gave the checkoff le-gal rights to its researchresults, and today projectslike isosorbide researchare on track to bring dol-lars back to the ICPBwhen they are commer-

cialized, providing morefunds that can be investedto benefit growers.

Defend the industry The wave of corn and

ethanol hate stories hasbeen overwhelming, butthe checkoff continues to

defend the corn industryand all uses of corn.

“Proactively supportingthe value of corn in foodand fuel” has been andcontinues to be a top prior-ity, driving how the check-off allocates staff andspending.

2C Farm News / The messeNger, ForT DoDge, Iowa www.farm-news.com FrIDay, JaN. 25, 2013

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Report Continued from Page 1C

friday, Jan. 25, 2013 www.farm-news.com farm news / THe messenger, forT dodge, iowa 3C

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2013 Corn Edition

JOHNSTON (ICGA) — Thedefinition of nutrient manage-ment is a key set of practices thathelp promote and maintainhealthy soil with good physical,biological and chemical proper-ties.

Nutrient management alsogrows healthier plants and canhelp stimulate proper rootgrowth. Part of smart nutrientmanagement is to use practiceswhen they’re most needed and insuch a way that plants and soilbenefit, without nutrients leach-

ing into groundwater or otherwisewashing away.

Iowa’s farmers have some workto do, but they have been signifi-cantly and vigilantly improvingpractices.

According to the Field to Mar-ket Report from the Keystone Al-liance, from 1980 through 2011,trends in U.S. corn productionshow an increase in productionand decreases in per bushel landuse, irrigation, energy and green-house gas emissions.

Soil erosion specifically had a

67 percent decrease over thesame time period.

During this same 21-year span,farmers nearly doubled produc-tion on only slightly fewer nutri-ents. According to data from theUSDA National Agricultural Sta-tistics Service, farmers grew 6.64billion bushels of corn using 3.9pounds of nutrients (nitrogen,phosphorus and potassium) foreach bushel in 1980.

In 2010, they grew 12.45 bil-lion bushels using 1.6 pounds ofnutrients per bushel produced.

In total, this represents an 87.5percent increase in productionwith 4 percent fewer nutrients.

“We are able to focus on re-source management more todaybecause our seed technology hasimproved so much,” said JayLynch, a farmer leader fromHumboldt. “It is not that our fa-thers and grandfathers didn’t careabout conservation, it is moreabout where we have been andwhere we are going.

“Just like anything today, welearn from what we did in the pastand we work to make it better. Idon’t use the same practices,seed, and equipment they used to

use, because I have more optionsand I am sure that my kids willfarm very differently from how Ifarm.”

Iowa’s farmers are leading thecharge on conservation with theintroduction of a non-point andpoint source plan to reduce nutri-ent loss to water.

The Nutrient Reduction Strate-gy, created in cooperation withGov. Terry Branstad, the IowaDepartment of Agriculture andLand Stewardship and the IowaDepartment for Natural Re-sources, outlines efforts to reduce

Nutrient management for modern farmersHave decreased soil erosion 67 percent from 1980 to 2011

See NUTRIENTS, Page 12C

4C Farm NewS / The meSSeNger, ForT DoDge, Iowa www.farm-news.com FrIDay, JaN. 25, 2013

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JOHNSTON (ICGA) —From local communitieswhere the crops are grownand processed, to citieswhere drivers fill up withdomestically produced fu-els, American-made ethanolis an economic engine forIowa and contributes to thefuture of the nation.

American ethanol con-tributes to nearly 400,000jobs added in agriculture,manufacturing and the ser-vice sector.

It adds $42.4 billion tothe gross domestic productand adds $29.9 billion infederal, state and local taxesand it helps the U.S. reduceits dependence on foreignoil.

“Iowa is in a unique posi-tion to have an abundantcorn supply and have state-of-the-art ethanol produc-tion which equals economic

success,” said KevinRempp, a farmer fromMontezuma, who currentlyserves as chairman of theIowa Corn PromotionBoard.

Iowa leads the nation inproduction by creating near-ly 30 percent of all ethanol.This has resulted in 74,000new jobs for Iowans and ac-counts for $11 billion ofIowa’s GDP.

Increased ethanol pro-duction means an increaseddemand for corn — andIowa corn growers are an-swering the call. Even inchallenging years such as2012, yields were main-tained and corn supplieshave been adequate.

Today, U.S. corn farmersare working to increaseyields. Currently farmersachieve an average of 169bushels per acre, a 15 per-

cent increase from the 146bushels in 2001. This trendwill only continue, as theaverage Iowa yield is ex-pected to top the 200-bushel mark by 2020.

In addition, the value ofeach kernel has increasedsteadily since 2005-06.Traditionally, corn was har-vested and exported fromIowa.

Now, it’s processed intoethanol or fed to livestockright here in Iowa.

Iowa’s traditional cornmarkets are consistent, andethanol has served as a newmarket for increased yield

and production to add valueto every kernel.

“The fact that a high val-ue-feed product also is pro-duced in the ethanol processis often overlooked,”Rempp said. “The reality isthat for every bushel of cornthat goes into the ethanolplant, one-third of thosebushels comes out of theplant as distiller’s driedgrains that is fed to live-stock.”

Building the futureThe Renewable Fuels

The future of ethanolIt’s important to Iowa, nation

-Messenger/Farm News file photo

CORN-BASED ethanol has created 74,000 Iowa jobsand added $11 billion to the state’s gross domesticproduct. Iowa still leads the U.S. in ethanol manufac-turing. See ETHANOL, Page 5C

“Iowa is in a unique position to havean abundant corn supply and havestate-of-the-art ethanol productionwhich equals economic success.”

—Kevin RemppMontezuma-area corn grower

Chairman of Iowa Corn Promotion Board

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Standard, which came intoeffect in 2005 and wasreauthorized and expand-ed with strong bipartisansupport in 2007, pro-motes the production ofhome-grown renewablefuels, giving consumersan alternative to foreignpetroleum.

RFS has allowed for ex-pansion of the Americanethanol industry by creat-ing market certainty.

It requires that by2022, the U.S fuel marketblends 36 billion gallonsof biofuels, with up to 15billion gallons comingfrom corn-based ethanol.

“The RFS is the onlymajor policy in the UnitedStates that is reducing ourdependence on foreignoil,” said Don Elsbernd ofPostville, who serves onthe Iowa Corn GrowersAssociation. “It also pro-vides consumers withlower energy costs andcreates the necessary mar-ket conditions to encour-age innovation in renew-able energy. By requiringrenewable fuel use, Con-gress has given investorsthe confidence that a mar-ket for biofuels will ex-ist.”

It is estimated that addi-

tional job creation fromadvanced biofuels produc-tion under the RFS couldreach 807,000 by 2022.

Flex fuel vehicles

One way to increaseethanol consumption is byusing more in flex fuel ve-hicles designed to run on avariety of fuels, includingregular unleaded, superunleaded (10 percentethanol) or any blend ofethanol up to 85 percent.

There are nearly ninemillion FFVs on U.S.roadways and one in 10vehicles in Iowa is an

FFV, the ICGA said. Iowahas more than 175 E85pumps that number among2,900 in the U.S.

For more information onFFV models, visitwww.iowacorn.org/ethanol.

In addition, there aremore ethanol blended fuelchoices than ever. The keycomponent for retailingthese fuel options to con-sumers is the ethanol flex-fuel pump — whichblends gasoline and E85to make a variety of mid-range blends such as 15percent, 20 percent, 30percent, or 85 percent

ethanol. Nearly every gallon of

gasoline sold in the Unit-ed States is blended with10 percent ethanol.

Last year, the EPA ap-proved a waiver for 15percent ethanol blendedfuel for vehicles 2001 andnewer.

E15 is a new, higheroctane fuel that is ap-proved for use in modelyear 2001 and newer cars,light-duty trucks, medi-um-duty passenger vehi-cles (SUVs), and allFFVs.

The approved group of

vehicles includes morethan 62 percent of thecars, trucks and SUVs onthe road today.

What is more importantis the fuel consumed by

these vehicles constitutesmore than 80 percent ofthe unleaded fuel sold.

For more details visitwww.iowacorn.org/ethanolor www.byoethanol.com.

Ethanol Continued from Page 4C

Ethanol quick facts∫ Iowa’s ethanol industry has the capacity to

produce more than 3.7 billion gallons annually,using more than 1.3 billion bushels of corn.

∫ One bushel of corn can produce 2.8 gallonsof ethanol, with one-third returning as distiller’sdried grain to feed livestock.

∫ Iowa leads the nation in production, creatingnearly 30 percent of all U.S. ethanol.

∫ Each barrel of domestic ethanol displaces1.2 barrels of imported petroleum.

∫ One out of every 10 vehicles in Iowa is aFFV.

∫ 60 cents of every dollar spent filling upFFVs remains in Iowa.

∫ An Iowa State University CARD study re-ported that thanks to ethanol, U.S. consumerssaved $1.09 per gallon in 2011.

∫ Consumers in the Midwest benefited more,saving $1.69 per gallon.

∫ More than 95 percent of all fuel sold in theUnited States is blended with 10 percentethanol.

∫ While the U.S. imports 65 percent of its pe-troleum needs, domestic ethanol now reducesoil imports by 128,000 barrels each day.

∫ Producing ethanol requires less water thangasoline by a 3-to-1 margin.

∫ The ethanol industry has resulted in 74,000new jobs in Iowa and accounts for $11 billion ofIowa’s gross domestic product.

By LARRY [email protected]

SAC CITY — Wherecollege is expected to give ayoung person a leg up inone’s chosen career field, ateam of agriculture stu-dents, including Brent Drey,of rural Sac City, are look-ing for an additional boostto their future through aprogram called CAT.

The Iowa Collegiate Ad-visory Team, now in itsthird year, is giving Dreyand 18 other select studentsfrom a variety of Iowa col-leges and universities, in-

sights into the corn indus-try.

Drey said this is his sec-ond year with the program,and he’s excited about re-turning to the program, thistime as president of theIowa State University CornGrowers Association,which organized last fall.

Drey, a sophomore ma-joring in ag studies, said theISUCGA has been formedby students to increase in-volvement by their peers inthe state’s corn industry.Students have the opportu-nity to meet regularly and

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Although recent landsales have been makingheadlines, Drey said hesenses that many landown-ers are still not ready to sell

which provides an addedchallenge to young farmers.

“But the prospects arehigh for renting ground,” hesaid. He’s also encouragedbecause “beginning farmershave a lot of resourcesavailable to them” to get asuccessful start in agricul-ture.

“In order to become in-dustry leaders we need tohave the proper training andnetworking to conquer thechallenges we will face dur-ing our careers,” Drey said.

ICGA in third year developing young leaderssac County student wants to get ag on offensive side of food issues


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“In order to become industry leaders we needto have the proper training and networking

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See DREY, Page 11C

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2013 Corn Edition

By CLAYTON [email protected]

MASON CITY — Everycrop year a farmer has tocompete with weeds, dis-eases and insects to grow acrop.

This struggle betweenman and those accompany-ing challenges make thosefields comparable to a bat-tlefield as farmers goagainst forces both aboveand below the ground, theoutcome of which deter-mines final yield.

Western corn rootworm isone of those foes and itsadaptability is requiring bet-ter strategies in managingthis pest, said Erin Hodg-son, an Iowa State Universi-ty Extension entomologist,during a Jan. 10 Crop Ad-vantage Series meeting.

Until 1929, she said,WCR was found along thecommon borders of Kansas,Nebraska and Colorado. By1963, it was in the western

third of Iowa, the middlethird in 1964, and the east-ern third in 1966. It hasspread to much of the U.S.cropland, including the stateof Maine, by 2005.

Hodgson outlined for heraudience the increasingproblems keeping westerncorn rootworm populationsunder control.

“The increasing number offields growing continuouscorn makes it harder,” shesaid, “to control WCR pop-ulations under an economictreatment threshold.”

In 2003, seed corn con-

taining transgenic Bt root-worm control was madeavailable, reducing or elim-inating the need for soil-ap-plied insecticides to controllarvae.

Fields growing continuous

corn since then are showingresistant populations to thiscontrol method, Hodgsonsaid.

In 2009 there were reportsof severe rootworm injuryin Bt planted fields. ISU’s

Gassman Lab started col-lecting data and comparingto fields where there wereno problems.

The results were publishedin 2011, showing the prob-lem fields were continuouscorn fields with the same Bttrait for at least three years.This was the first time doc-umenting a beetle has de-veloped Bt resistance, shesaid.

While resistance was ex-pected to occur sometime inthe future, it was a surprisethat it only happened in sixyears after commercial re-

lease.The resistance has been

found in Bt trait Cry3Bb1.The resistance was foundinitially in northeasternIowa and has since spreadacross the northern third ofIowa. It has also been con-firmed in Illinois and is sus-pected in Nebraska, Min-nesota and North Dakota.

The best way to controlwestern corn rootworm,Hodgson aid, is to avoid anycontinuous-corn practice asit is an adaptable pest.

Rotation still best tool against rootworms

Western corn rootworm eggs. Western corn rootworm larvae. Western corn rootworm damage. Western corn rootworm moths.

“The increasing number of fields growingcontinuous corn makes is harder

to control WCR.”—Erin Hodgson

ISU Extension entomologist

See WCR, Page 8C

In ISU publication number290-12, Hodgson wrote thatthe single most effective toolin Iowa is to rotate corn tosoybeans or another crop.

Even if the cycle of contin-uous corn is broken onlyonce in every four to sixyears, this will reduce cornrootworm numbers.

Hodgson wrote that afterrotating back to corn, afarmer can expect nearly zero

root injury in first-year corn.If crop rotation is not a

choice, there are other strate-gies that can be used.

Pyramided corn transgenictraits, such as SmartStaxcontaining Cry3Bb1 andCry34/35Ab1 traits orAgriSure 3122 that hasCry34/35Ab1 and mCry3Atraits can be used.

Hodgson cautions usersthat if the rootworm popula-

tion has developed resis-tance to one of the traits itwill be the other trait thatwill be doing the actual con-trol leading to resistance tothat trait.

Rotating pyramided traitsevery two to three yearswould help keep this fromhappening. With a non-root-worm Bt corn, a soil insecti-cide can be used. However,an insecticide will protect

only a small area of rootswhile a transgenic providesprotection throughout theroot system.

Another option is to rotatesingle Bt corn rootwormtraits either annually or atleast every two years.

Hodgson said scouting ofboth larvae and adults is es-sential to any strategy usedto control western corn root-worm.


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2013 Corn Edition

By KARENSCHWALLER

[email protected]

OKOBOJI — The newCSR2 rating system issomething that is turningthe heads of producers andmaking them wonder howthat will affect their taxa-tion.

Dr. C. Lee Burras, a pro-fessor in Iowa State Univer-sity’s Department of Agron-omy, addressed this issuewith producers at a Jan. 10conference in Okoboji.

Iowa’s Corn SuitabilityRating provides a basis forproducers to gauge the pro-ductivity of soils in variousfields.

Quantitative modelslooking at the innate soil

productivity was developedin the 1970s, and todaymost nations — along withseveral U.S. states — havesome kind of mechanism tomeasure soil’s productioncapacity.

Though CSR is used todetermine soil productivity,the underlining factor forthe CSR is fair and equi-table taxation.

“We have the best CSRdeveloped in history,” Bur-ras said. “We should beproud of it.

“It’s a production ratingthat is fair for the innate soilproductivity system.”

Burras said CSRs varyacross landscapes andacross Iowa. A perfect soilwould have a rating of 100,

he said. That rating is basedon different variables, in-cluding steepness of slope,erosion classification andsoil texture.

CSR calculations as theyare today have been work-ing, so why change it?

Burras said the change isbased on three goals, whichare:

∫ Getting values propor-tional to CSR, but withgreater transparency, con-sistency and ease.

∫ Having CSR2 consis-tent with modern soil map-ping, classification and gov-ernment programs.

∫ Being able to extendCSR2 across boundaries in-cluding state lines and

around the world.CSR2, he said, is calcu-

lated similarly to the origi-nal CSR.

“We correct each soilmapping unit using sevenparameters that still result inthe best soils being worth100 points,” Burras said.

The CSR2 formula haschanged a couple of timesin the process, said Burras,who was part of the recalcu-lating effort.

The formula in Septem-ber 2012 included the sum-mation of variables includ-ing the taxonomic subgroupclass of the soil; the familyparticle size class; field con-ditions of a particular soilmapping unit, water-hold-ing capacity, soil depth andtolerable rate of erosion; cli-mate and an expert judg-ment correction.

Points are assigned toeach of these variables, withtotal possible points being100.

The December 2012 for-mula includes the abovevariables, with the excep-tion that the water-holdingcapacity limit has been soft-ened, the soil depth and ero-sion factor is updated, andthe climate variable is delet-ed altogether from the equa-tion.

Burras said officials arestill working out some de-tails with unusual texturesof soils.

Burras said the CSR andCSR2 end up being within afew points of each other formost soils in eastern Iowa.

Western Iowa will seeCSR2 often being greater

Here comes CSR2Formula will alter long-time inherent soil productivity ratings

“Soil maps are not pure.They’re not 100 percent.

CSR2 helps us to beconsistent across the state,but it can be a challenge.”

—Dr. C. Lee Burras

ISU agronomy professor

See CSR2, Page 10C

than CSR. Taxationchanges would follow.

“Soil maps are not pure.They’re not 100 percent,”he said. “CSR2 helps us tobe consistent across thestate, but it can be a chal-lenge.”

Soil productivity ratingsacross the state are updatedconsistently, he said. Bur-ras said CSR and CSR2 are“inherent productivityrankings.”

“That doesn’t meanyield,” he said.

The formulas are basedon pedologic principles,properties and nomencla-ture.

“CSR2 is generally con-sistent with CSR, but align-ment varies because of theupdates in databases andevolving terminology, andthe changed climate vari-able,” he said.

Attempts to link cropproductivity, soils and rain-fall go back 4,000 years inthe countries of China andIndia, he said. Iowa boastsmore than 500 differentsoil types. Of those soiltypes, there are 10 to 15soils that are rated at 100.

County assessors are notrequired to use CSR2, hesaid, but many do want to

use it. Burras said water man-

agement continues to be animportant part of soil man-agement in Iowa’s crop-lands.

“Iowa has over a million

miles of tile line in the soil”he said. “We have betterplumbing in our fields thanwe do in our houses.”

He said yields can varytremendously from year toyear, saying they increase

about one percent per yearon average.

He attributed this to vari-ables such as genetics,weather, better manage-ment of crops and soils andfertility.

Producers can find infor-mation about soil types,maps and soil informationby typing “Web Soil Sur-vey” into their Internetsearch engines.

10C FaRm NewS / The meSSeNgeR, FoRT DoDge, Iowa www.farm-news.com FRIDay, JaN. 25, 2013

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CSR2 Continued from Page 10C


ALTHOUGH IOWA’S AG land will not change in its ability to produce row crops and forage, the new cornsuitability rating formula will likely change most CSRs up and down, which potentially could affect land val-ues and taxable values.

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2013 Corn Edition

“We have meetings oncea month and are havingspeakers at each meetingwho are linked to the agri-culture industry and willspeak about current issuesaffecting agriculture.”

Drey said his past 4-Hpublic speaking and com-munication skills has pre-pared him to be an outspo-ken advocate of agricul-ture.

“I speak to all sorts ofpeople and to all groupsabout defending ag,” Dreysaid. “Ag is on the defen-sive, but I want to help agbe on the offensive.”

The CAT is sponsoredby the Iowa Corn GrowersAssociation and the IowaCorn Promotion Board.The team assists the ICGAand the ICPB in developingprograms that target andenhance Iowa Corn’s rela-tionship with students whoare pursuing careers inagricultural production andagriculture business and in-dustries.

“We’re a young version

of the ICPB,” Drey said.Team members glean awide variety of informationat corn board meetings.“But we don’t set policy,”he said.

He said he’s learned thatthe ICGA “is really con-cerned that all producersand livestock customers arebenefited.”

He said CAT membersare actively trying to re-cruit other young studentsinto the program and to en-courage other ICGA chap-ter at college campuses. Hesaid Iowa Central Commu-nity College, for instance,is considering forming achapter in Fort Dodge.

“The newly named IowaCorn Collegiate AdvisoryTeam is made up of excel-lent students from acrossIowa who are passionateabout the future of agricul-ture in our state,” said BobHemesath, a farmer fromnortheast Iowa and an IC-GA director and chair ofthe committee overseeingCAT.

Participants of the newlyselected team include stu-dents from ISU, GracelandUniversity, Dordt Collegeand Northwest MissouriState University, as well asIowa Lakes CommunityCollege, Indian Hills Com-munity College, Southeast-ern Community College,North Iowa Area Commu-nity College, KirkwoodCommunity College, IowaCentral Community Col-lege, Iowa Western Com-munity College, DesMoines Area CommunityCollege, Muscatine Com-munity College andEllsworth Community Col-lege.

“CAT is a great opportu-nity for me to learn moreabout the agricultural in-dustry and also provides anopportunity for eager stu-dents to be Iowa corn advo-cates,” said Cale Juer-gensen, who attends IowaLakes Community College.

More student membersare joining Iowa Corn reg-ularly and the interest in

more student chapters ofICGA is increasing as well.

“As a member of ICGA,I hope to learn more aboutIowa Corn and also have

the opportunity to networkwith industry professionalsas I share my passion foragriculture,” said Lisa Nel-son, who attends Iowa

State University. For more information on

ICGA student chapters orCAT, contact ICGA at(515) 225-9242.

Drey Continued from Page 6C

LIVING GREEN GREEN FACT

5 , 457 Farm News & The Messenger

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2013 Corn Edition

entific, reasonable, andcost-effective practices.

The strategy was the re-sult of a 2008 Gulf Hypox-ia Action Plan calling forMississippi River borderstates to reduce total nitro-gen and phosphorus load-ings by 45 percent.

The Iowa Corn GrowersAssociation and othergroups are lobbying forsound science and volun-tary adoption.

“Conservation, nutrient

management, and soil healthare not a one-size fits allequation,” said Ben Glea-son, Iowa Corn Sustainabili-ty Programs manager. “It isa farmer by farmer, field byfield decision.

“That is why voluntaryconservation practices aremore reasonable. Mandat-ing farming practices couldpotentially reverse the pos-itive movement we havemade.

“We aren’t at perfection,

but we are moving in theright direction right now.”

Farmers have adoptedpractices to make theirfarms more sustainable, butIowa farmers, as a whole,having been blazing theconservation trail for years.This includes:

∫ According to the IowaConservation Reserve En-hancement Program, 72wetlands are currently re-stored or under develop-ment. These 72 wetlands

alone will remove 76,700tons of nitrogen over theirlifetime and protect 91,500watershed acres.

∫ Iowa farmers havemore than 620,000 acresenrolled in the continuous,targeted Conservation Re-serve Program, more thanany other state. This num-ber increases every month.It’s also almost 13 percentof the U.S. continuous CRPsignup total.

∫ Iowa farmers have re-

stored more than 250,000acres of wetlands, puttingIowa farmers eighth in thenation in terms of voluntar-ily restoring cropland towetlands.

∫ Since 2004, practicesinstalled through voluntarywatershed projects now col-lectively reduce sedimentreaching Iowa’s waters by130,947 tons per year andphosphorus loading by202,312 pounds per year.

In a recent press release

from the governor’s office,Brandstad said, “Iowanshave a culture of conserva-tion due to our close con-nection to the land and along history of recognizingthe importance of being en-vironmental stewards.

“Agriculture has been akey driver of the state’seconomy and farmers un-derstand better than anyonethat we need to protect ournatural resources for futuregenerations.”

Nutrients Continued from Page 3C

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friday, JaN. 25, 2013 www.farm-news.com farm NewS / The meSSeNger, forT dodge, iowa 1d

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By CLAYTON [email protected]

MASON CITY — Inpreparing for the 2013corn crop in what could beanother year with less thanideal conditions, Roger El-more, an Iowa State Uni-versity corn specialist, ad-vised farmers to considerbeing conservative inplanting population andplant adaptive hybrids fordry conditions.

Elmore was one of sev-eral presenters on Jan. 10in Mason City at one of 13Iowa locations for ISU’sCrop Advantage Series.

In a booklet containinginformation on the areasof coverage that was hand-ed out to attendees, El-more wrote the drought of2012 had its beginnings asearly as August 2011.

Elmore described as“amoeba like,” thespreading of extreme dryconditions across Iowaand the corn belt startingduring fall of 2011.

Those dry conditions al-lowed for an early planti-ng in what many thoughtwas a perfect seed bed, El-more said, but sidewallcompaction along withother early season prob-lems created problemswith emergence and earlyseason growth.

The 2012 growing sea-son continued ahead ofschedule with warm tem-peratures and especiallywarm nights acceleratingthe crop through itsgrowth stages.

“Dry conditions aggra-vated the situation, “ El-more said. Heat and dryweather created the per-fect storm as concerningthe corn crop.

An early silking and re-productive period with arapid seed fill led to anearly harvest resulting inan advantage of lower dry-ing costs.

At mid-July less than20 percent of the Iowacorn crop ranked in thegood-to-excellent catego-ry.

Yield forecasts by U.S.Department of Agricul-ture’s National Agricultur-al Statistics Service duringthe fall of 2012 put thenational and Iowa statecorn crop at 22 percent be-low trend line yield.

For comparison, the lastmajor drought in 1988 re-sulted in a yield of 29 per-cent below trend line.

In planning for 2013,Elmore said, “It is back tothe basics” in understand-ing what creates the yield

in corn.A sequence of events

happens that determinesfinal corn yield, he said.

These elements includeplant population, ear num-bers per plant, kernel rowsper ear, kernels per row,and kernel weight. Timingof the events and stressesthat occur will impact thefinal yield.

Growth stages as thecrop progresses contributeto the final outcome.

At growth stage V6, theprimary ear begins. StageV7 determines kernelrows and begins kernelnumbers per row throughV15 to V16.

Another factor deter-mining yield is leaf areaindex, which is measure-ment of total leaf area. Ahigh LAI increases lightinterception which in-creases photosynthesis.Improved photosynthesisresults in increased bio-mass and grain produc-tion.

Elmore said that using30-inch rows with a popu-lation of 30,000 seeds

there is 95 percent lightinterception.

The LAI can be in-

creased by taller plants,more leaves, narrowerrows, leaf angle, wider

leaves, and earlier planti-ng dates.

As a corn plant moves

from the vegetative Vstages to the reproductiveR stages, there is a rangeof days between pollenshed and silking, or R1,called the anthesis silkinginterval or ASI. Stressesduring this time stronglyaffect grain yield.

A high ASI from waterstress reduces the numberof kernels per ear and earsper plant. Other stressesduring this time includeweeds and feeding by rootworm beetles impacting fi-nal kernel numbers and/orkernel weights.

In preparing for the2013 corn crop in whatcould be another year withless than ideal conditions,Elmore recommendedfarmers consider beingconservative in plantingpopulation and plant adap-tive hybrids for dry condi-tions.

Additional informationon farming during droughtconditions can be obtainedon any ISU Extension of-fice website. Click on thelinks under Dealing withDrought.

Farming dryTaking 2012’s lessons into 2013’s growing season

-Messenger/Farm News photos by Clayton Rye

ROGER ELMORE used this chart to show the difference between corn and soybean rotation and continuous corn on the research farms inKanawha and Nashua. The Kanawha farm had a 22 percent penalty with continuous corn and the Nashua farm showed a 13 yield penaltyunder continuous corn during the last five years.

ROGER ELMORE used a large pad of paper and an easel in his presentation onlessons learned from the 2012 crop year to ask those in attendance about whatfactors determinerow crops’ final yield.

JOHNSTON (ICGA) — Iowa’s bridges and roads are es-sential to corn production, as rural roads make up nearly90,000 miles of Iowa’s 114,000 mile road system.

The agricultural sector is a vital part of Iowa’s economy, yetIowa’s farm-to-market roads and rural bridges are in greatdisrepair.

The Iowa Corn Growers Association policy supports a fueltax increase to fund transportation improvements to existinginfrastructure in the state.

A fuel tax increase was the ICGA’s top priority in 2012

and will continue to be an issue in the 2013 legislative ses-sion.

An increased fuel tax would act as a user fee as it is the wayto collect funding from out-of-state drivers who use and alsocontribute to the deterioration of Iowa’s roads.

The Iowa Department of Transportation has estimated to be15 percent of passenger travel.

Funding to support Iowa’s roads and bridges is currentlynot sufficient to meet the maintenance demands of Iowa’sroad system.

Iowa’s fuel tax has not been increased since 1989; whilerepair and construction costs have continuously increased formore than 20 years.

Although, no one wants to pay higher taxes, Iowa mustmake this investment as infrastructure repair costs will onlybecome greater in the future.

The ICGA is urging the legislature to support a fuel tax in-crease to improve Iowa’s road infrastructure.

It asks Iowans to support a fuel tax increase. For more information visit: https://governor.iowa.gov/wp-

content/uploads/2012/01/Road-Use-Tax-Fund-Efficiency-Report-FINAL1.pdf

ICGA seeks fuel tax increase to maintain roads

Says farm-to-market roads, rural bridges need costly upgrades

2D Farm News / THe messeNger, ForT DoDge, Iowa www.farm-news.com FrIDay, JaN. 25, 2013

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2013 Corn Edition

Huge scientificdiscoveriesstart with tinytechnology

URBANA — JozefKokini’s description of theways nanotechnology canbe utilized in food scienceand agriculture is reminis-cent of the 1966 sciencefiction film Fantastic Voy-age in which a specially de-signed nuclear submarineand a team of researchersare miniaturized and inject-ed into a patient’s blood-stream. But Kokini is talk-ing about real science, notfiction.

“Nanotechnology has al-ready found applications inpharmaceutical deliverysystems and building betterIT chips,” said Kokini, Uni-versity of Illinois associatedean of research in the Col-

lege of Agricultural, Con-sumer and EnvironmentalSciences.

“Now we’re bringingagriculture into the arena.”

Instead of a mini-subma-rine sailing through a hu-man vein, Kokini describeshow nanoparticles carry nu-trients through the roots of acorn plant.

“Corn growers will beable to encapsulate nutrientsin nanoparticles,” he said.“The particles can be taggedwith molecules that attachto the root system and re-ceive signals from the plantto release nitrogen as it isneeded in the plant’s lifespan.

“So, instead of applyingnitrogen and phosphorus ina brute-force sort of way, inusing nanotechnology moreof the nitrogen added to thesoil is released when theplant needs it, avoidingover-fertilizing and reduc-ing the cost of the applica-

tions while increasing theeffectiveness of the nutri-ents.”

Kokini served as one ofthe USDA’s advisors onnanotechnology. He is par-ticularly excited about therecently created researchcenter at the University ofIllinois in partnership withthe National Science Foun-dation called the Center forAgricultural, Biomedical,and Pharmaceutical Nan-otechnology.

The center is actually anindustry-university cooper-ative research center grant.

At least 12 companiescommit to a $25,000 annu-al membership fee, and theNational Science Founda-tion adds an additional$125,000.

“Normally, you need aminimum of two universi-ties to establish a center, butIllinois managed to getcommitments from 14 com-panies on its own,” Kokini

said. “So the University ofIllinois is the only universi-ty to have a center on itsown.”

Kaustubh Bhalerao, anassistant professor inACES’ Department of Agri-cultural and Biological En-gineering, is anticipatingpotential research projectsin CABPN.

“We have current pro-jects using nanotechnologyto develop the next genera-tion of agricultural chemi-cals,” Bhalerao said.

“We’ve also been workingin the area of understandingthe environmental impact ofnanotechnology, which willbe important in determiningjudicious use in the future.

“As we continue to un-derstand living systems atthe scale of the biologicalmolecule, it makes sensethat any desire to manipu-late these tiny systemswould require tools that arecorrespondingly small.

“This intersection be-tween nanoscale devices

and living systems will befoundational to revolutionsin bio-based technologies.”

Kokini described exam-ples of how nanotechnologycan be utilized in animal di-gestion for livestock andhow nanosensors might beused in a corn or soybeanfield.

“Microfluidic devices arealready being used to locatea single cancer cell in hu-mans,” he said. “With a labon a chip, you can take theDNA and RNA out of thatcell and diagnose cancer.

“In agricultural research,we want to be able to isolatethe RNA and DNA from acell of a leaf. Using a grid ofmicro-fluidity devices in afield, famers will be able tomonitor the health of theplants and make correctionsduring the plants’ develop-ment.

“The key will be to makeit producible and afford-able.”

Nanotech to improve corn nutrition?“The particles can be tagged with

molecules that attach to the root systemand receive signals from the plant

to release nitrogen as it is needed in theplant’s life span.”

—Jozef Kokini

University of Illinois associate dean of researchin the College of Agricultural, Consumer

and Environmental Sciences.

friday, Jan. 25, 2013 www.farm-news.com farm news / The messenger, forT dodge, iowa 3d

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2013 Corn Edition

BROOKINGS, S.D. —When it comes to selectinga corn silage inoculant,growers may be a bit over-whelmed.

Ron Dodds, a SouthDakota State University Ex-tension agronomist, offeredclarity to the topic by ex-plaining the various types ofcorn inoculants and whichto use depending on the sit-uation.

MicrobialSilage fermentation can be

made more efficient by us-ing microbial inoculants, re-duce dry matter lost to un-wanted or prolonged micro-bial respiration and preservenutrients.

Sometimes inoculants useimproves palatability to thepoint that dry matter intakeand improve animal perfor-mance increase.

A large portion of in-si-lo/in-bunker dry matter lossoccurs due to aerobic fer-mentation, which convertsthe carbon and hydrogenfrom the sugars into carbondioxide and water vapor.

Some silage inoculantscontain microbes designedto promote both rapid fer-mentation, and to extendboth storage/shelf life aswell as limiting in feed

bunk spoilage.

EnzymesMany silage inoculants al-

so contain enzymes to helpwith the rapid liberation ofsugars for use by the fer-mentation bacteria.

The goal of both types ofthese products is to rapidlylower the pH silage so thatit's low enough that neithermold producing fungi norbacteria can survive.

Ideally corn silage shouldreach a pH of 3.8 to 4.2within 21 days of being har-vested.

In emergency situations,fermentation can be slightlyaccelerated by the additionof regular (not protein en-hanced) molasses or sugar tothe corn silage, but doing sois laborious and expensive.

ForageForage inoculations work

best if they are applied inliquid form thoroughlymixed into the silage. Forthis reason chopper mount-ed inoculants applicationequipment, with applicationnozzles mounted either justprior to the intake roller(s)or spraying into the dis-charge throat, is preferred.

Inoculants application isnot as precise as herbicide

spraying, but it doesn't needto be. Make sure that thereis always enough for theheavy yielding corn and cutback a little when yields arebelow full machine capaci-ty.

Excessively high over ap-plications can be rather ex-pensive and should beavoided whenever possible.

When conditions for fer-mentation are ideal, silageinoculation may be merelycheap insurance that was

not needed.But, conditions don't have

to be very far from ideal tomake silage inoculationpay. Ideal silage harvest,storage and feed bunk con-ditions are uncommon.

There is almost alwayssomething to be gained byusing a quality silage inocu-lants.

Bacteria useThere are several different

bacteria used for corn silage

fermentation. Most qualitysilage inoculants contain acombination of bacteria,and some contain enzymes,which help convert morecomplex carbohydrates intosimple sugars, which thebacteria can more easilyconvert into lactic, acetic orpropionic acid.

Generally, most goodquality silage inoculants aresufficient to properly fer-ment corn silage that is atthe proper moisture.

However, like legume in-oculants, silage inoculantsmust be stored in a verycool and dry environment.

Concentrated inoculantsare particularly heat sensi-tive and should be protectedfrom heat sources and directsunlight on the packaginguntil mixing, which shouldbe no more than severalhours prior to application.

ApplicationApplication rates for

silage inoculants vary ac-cording to the formulation,so it is very important toread and follow the manu-facturer's directions careful-ly.

Powered concentrates ap-plied as liquids typically goon the silage at rates arounda few quarts of solution per

ton. Regardless of the typeof inoculants used, the goalis to get as many colonyforming units of bacteriaper gram of silage as possi-ble applied quickly andevenly.

Liquid inoculants, madefrom powdered concentrateare easier to apply in a moreuniform manner, but do re-quire some prep time andthe support of a clean, lowchlorine water supply.

Apply as recommendedSilage inoculants are gen-

erally cheap enough that ap-plying below the recom-mend rate to save money israrely worth the effort; part-ly because poor qualitysilage can be on the sameload as low quality silageand there is no reliable wayto adjust application ratesbased on a load of pre-fer-mentation corn silage be-fore it is unloaded andstored.

Silage inoculants will notcure poor harvest timing,storage management, badweather or long down timeperiods.

They can only help pre-serve the potential of theforage that was present atharvest; they can't fix poormanagement or bad luck.

Agronomist offers insight on silage inoculants


There are numerous types of inoculants farm-ers can use for efficient fermentation of silage.

By LARRY [email protected]

JOHNSTON — As PO-ET nears completion of itsProject LIBERTY plant inEmmetsburg later this year,and DuPont has initiatedconstruction of a cellulosicethanol plant in Nevada inlate 2012,research isunderwayto deter-mine theproper wayto pricecorn stoveras well asthe rightamount toremovefrom fields.

AndrewHeggenstaller, a Pioneeragronomic research manag-er, based in Johnston, hastaken a leading role for hiscompany in conducting re-search with Iowa State Uni-versity.

The real questions to ask,Heggenstaller said, “is howmuch (residue) is there andhow much should be left be-hind?”

Unlike POET, whichcontracts with producers tobale and haul stover for de-livery to the plant site,DuPont is contracting with

producers for access to har-vested fields, and hiringcustom balers to harveststover.

Heggenstaller said thisapproach allows farmers totry the program without anadditional chore betweengrain harvest and falltillage, and without pur-chasing or renting the need-ed baling equipment.

The price for stover willbe based on nutrient content

of the stover, Heggenstallersaid, to compensate produc-ers for the nutrients that arebeing removed from fields.

However, he said, thecompany has developed a“rule of thumb” of roughly2 tons of stover per acre.“On average, there is 5 tonsof stover per acre on fields,”Heggenstaller said.

And there’s a lot of it outthere. He said annuallythere is 800,000 acres ofcorn fields in a 30-mile ra-dius around Nevada and thenew plant will need the

stover from just 20 percentof those acres annually.

Therefore, he said, not allfields will always be har-vested.

DuPont is developing apolicy to not harvest stoverfrom low-yielding fields,preferring to take stoverfrom fields with historicyields of 175 to 180bushels per acre or more.

In addition, DuPont plansto harvest stover from qual-ifying continuous cornfields three out of fouryears, and from two of four

years from fields with corn-soybean rotations,.

The difference, Heggen-staller said, is that althoughsoybeans are credited withimproving soil nutrients andtilth, bean stubble adds littleorganic matter back intosoil, compared to stover.

Harvest a benefitHeggenstaller said his re-

search shows a benefit tosome fields where stover isharvested including less dis-ease pressure, earlier plantemergence and requiring

less fall or spring tillage.DuPont conducted multi-year research at eight sitesaround the Nevada region,testing the yield advantage,if any, on continuous cornfields with partial stover re-moval, compared to nostover harvest. The testplots were near Ames, Colo,Hubbard, Nevada, Kamrar,McCallsburg, Maxwell andStanhope.

He said field characteris-tics such as greater than a 4percent slope, combinedwith a lower historic yieldwould be less preferable forstover baling.

The vast majority of theground in the Nevadaplant’s target area for sourc-ing stover is fairly levelground, Heggenstaller said.

“We also look at the(field) management prac-tices,” Heggenstaller said,preferring fields with con-servation or reduced tillage.In fact, he said, takingstover off can allow the pro-ducer to employ less ag-gressive tillage becausethere will be fewer stalks,leaves and cobs to breakdown.

New cellulosic ethanolmarkets, rising feed costsand increasing residue man-agement challenges are dri-ving interest in corn stoverharvest. According toHeggenstaller’s research:

∫ While some stoverneeds to be retained in the

4D Farm News / The messeNger, ForT DoDge, Iowa www.farm-news.com FrIDay, JaN. 25, 2013

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2013 Corn Edition

Stover: Another cash crop?Pioneer studies how much to leave on the field

-Contributed photo

DUPONT IS STUDYING the ideal amount of stover that can sustainably removed from corn fields, while it isbuilding a cellulosic ethanol plant in Nevada. The plant will annually need roughly 20 percent of the stoverthat can be found on 800,000 acres of corn in a 30-mile radius from Nevada.

See STOVER, Page 5D

AndrewHeggen-staller

fRIDaY, Jan. 25, 2013 www.farm-news.com faRm nEwS / ThE mESSEngER, fORT DODgE, IOwa 5D

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© 2012 PHII.

2013 Corn Edition

field to protect soil from erosionand sustain soil organic matter, re-moving excess material has thepotential to benefit a subsequentcrop.

∫ A subsequent corn crop maybenefit from improved stand es-tablishment and early growth, re-duced nitrogen immobilizationand lower disease pressure whenexcess stover is removed.

∫ Partial stover harvest re-moves additional nutrients, whichmust be accounted for in fertilitymanagement.

∫ The objective of this researchwas to assess the agronomic valueof partial stover harvest for contin-uous corn, including the potentialfor crop production and yield ben-efits, as well as additional fertilityrequirements.

Heggenstaller said the amountof stover to be left behind must begreater than what is needed to pro-tect soil against erosion.

The primary advantage in re-ducing surface residue is prevent-ing its interference with plantingand stand establishment of thesubsequent crop.

According to a report Heggen-staller co-penned in late-2012, “Inmany high-yielding areas of theU.S. corn belt, residue accumula-tion has become an increasingproblem. To counter this problem,many growers are chopping stalksduring or after harvest and/or in-corporating stalks into the soilthrough more aggressive tillage.

“Both practices increase micro-bial degradation of stalks with re-sulting loss of carbon throughCO2 release. From a carbon se-questration standpoint, managingexcess residue by removing a por-tion for ethanol production is not

substantially different than tillingthe soil to increase decomposi-tion.”

In cases where management ofexcess residue is a driving factorin management decisions, partialstover harvest could potentiallyexpand rotation and managementoptions, Heggenstaller siad. Forexample, a reduction in excessresidue could allow for increasedproduction of corn following corn,particularly in the northern cornbelt where residue decompositiontends to be slower.

Tillage or other field operations

currently done specifically tomanage residue could potentiallybe eliminated, providing substan-tial production cost savings.

Partial stover harvest couldhave secondary benefits as well,he said, including reduction in in-oculum levels for corn pathogensthat overwinter in corn residue,such as anthracnose, gray leafspot, Goss’ wilt and northern leafblight, as well as reduced nitrogenimmobilization.

Lignan is co-productUnlike corn-based ethanol, with

a co-product that retails as a primelivestock feed, cellulosic ethanolleaves behind lignan. Heggen-staller said there are no long-termdefinitive plans for how Pioneerwill market the lignan, but the im-mediate plan is to form it intocakes and burn it.

Lignan cake has a similarBritish thermal unit content ascoal, he said. Some of it will beused to power the Nevada plan,and other out-sources maybe thenearby corn-based ethanol plant,or Ames which has a coal-burningmunicipal utility.

Stover Continued from Page 4D

At a glance∫ Corn stover is the most

plentiful source of lignocellu-losic biomass in the U.S.Sustainable utilization ofcorn stover as a feedstockfor ethanol and other biofuelscould help meet energyneeds while delivering agro-nomic benefits.

∫ In fields where excessresidue interferes with planti-ng, impedes stand establish-ment, and ties up nitrogen,partial stover harvest can in-crease corn yields and po-tentially reduce productioncosts.

∫ Sustainable corn stoverharvest requires that only aportion is removed from thefield, leaving a sufficientamount behind to meet othercritical needs, including miti-gation of soil erosion, main-tenance of soil organic mat-ter and sustained soil fertility.

∫ The amount of stoverthat can be sustainably har-vested is generally most lim-ited by the amount that mustbe left in the field to maintainsoil organic matter levels.

∫ Crop nutrients, most no-tably potassium, are re-moved from the field whenstover is harvested. Specificremoval rates will vary ac-cording to soil nutrient levels,growing conditions, hybrid,and the time and method ofharvest.

∫ DuPont expects to ini-tially create 75 gallons ofethanol per ton of stover, butwill fine-tune the process toeventually distill 80 gallons ofethanol per ton of stover.


POET IS IN its third year of its own stover study by learning to handle, store and process the thou-sands of bales, both square and round, that producers around Emmetsburg will deliver to POETwhen Project LIBERTY goes on line later this year.

6D Farm News / The messeNger, ForT DoDge, Iowa www.farm-news.com FrIDay, JaN. 25, 2013

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