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Tbesis rit,le

Nane

Degree

Thesis Superv.isory

Date of Graduation

Anxiety, Need and Receipt of Needs' Response of

Critically Itl Fanilies

Aree BoonbarwornratLanakul

Haster of Nursing Science (Adult Nursing)

Connitbee

Yauualuk Lauhachinda, B. Sc.(Nursing), }{. Ed.

Panuadee Putwatana,B.Sc. (Nursing),M.S. (Trop.Hed.. )

19 ilay B.E. 2538 (1995)

Abstract

The purpose of this descriptive research uas Lo d,eternine the

level of anxiety, needs and receipt of needs respotrse of the

cribically ill fanilies. The conceptual franework for this study isaguilera's crisis Theory. The study was cond,ucted. in the surgicalintensive care unit of Ranathibodi hospital, during the period ofDecenber 1994 to February 1995. Ninety purposive sanpres consisted,

of parents, spouses, .and children of the cribically ilI pabients.

Anxiely level rJas neasured by the stat,e-Traib Anxieiy rnventory fornx-1 developed by spielberger. The reliability,test,ed, by cronbach alpha

coefficient was .88. The need,s and the receipt of needs response

uere assessed by The Cribieal Care Fanily Needs Inventory (CCFNI)

developed by Holter. Content validity uas establish by subnitting thequestionaire to three clinical nursing experLists. Their reliabilitytested by cronbach alpha coefficient uere .94 and, .92 respecbively.

The resulL of the sbudy shou bhat the anxiety level ofthe critically ill fanilies w&s high il{ = s9.69 + g.sz) and .uas

signifieantly positive related uith needs (p (.01). The parents,

spouses and children report'ed no significent differences for all sixCopyright by Mahidol University

't

categories of needs. The nosb inporbanb needs was t,o reduce anxiety,

t'he secondly uas to obtain infornation, and the least inportanb need

was the for support and ventilation. The nost of the receipb of needs

response uas to be helpful to the patient and f,be tr,east uas support

and vent,ilation. The result of this study can guide bhe nurse toprovide bhe care plan for the critically ill fanilies to seet bheir

real needs.


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lunrrilnrru *tfi rtnurfi onqrfinrr r fi anrrsinqnn a tanifi dr t aeui rera 1eB9 )

r dsrfi r trtsfrstan rdn r r r fi nnr r vinqnu asn.lrila.rfiunr r r fi e

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sdr dnqrnnrrfrunna I a,trufru

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eddr'r t rarudlsr u'iurraf,udu rirlfiuneo r taduao ,fiuurri, uiaauarinnfi,rrarsu

lur"ra'irsdfi.rlrirtnrnufiilrur,trrfr ,rr{fiAuHonrirrir nrr"inqalsri.rlfitrrurinlu

ntaunTr'tddurrnrirufirdrfradr.rfiurrininru , drru'rilntunraunirfra's r ilriunrrintrlu1r.rua'luraodr{nrcfiufiu 'trirfia'rude" r fiunrroinqnna.,rffrhs r drfiu usifi.rfi$,a

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Inluil 3 CC ,- * - d.i.rriduariiluite{addrlfirfrnnrudraa (Balancing factor) g rlrynTrfiaCopyright by Mahidol University

(Aguilera & l{essick 19893A84)s D. f{ r 3

1. fl 'l TTUInA I nnn,l l$fi t do t-u (Realistic percepbion of the event)!----{.-'- o .----.} { r eu-e a n l Tn$ a ac ua a n run T.lufl \i g'l'lll t tjus i.t [ 0 u q 1 1 1 1gu r { n a ir I t4ts n 1 Taifru"lqtt

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unoa ddtet 1 rnfi .ru.r't fflun.t ru frilrga.tu

Tviludfiuduufiecdr alfiunnfl fi n ? 1u r tlu fi ,rlld gr.l g

uac t uIa 1'ltl T6fftlua \t nu

3.nalfl rru?qfiunrrilrnisn (Coping Hechanisms)

<laa

DqT6TNft

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4t4I r aR'llvdr0an1 {a 1 rrdlnn run ruuiadra r all

drunanarnulT6.rrfi' TaatasnrrrilTuilqi'afitdruadrrrfiauuo

aeJounnaq $B0itn'lTnqc Tfl rlfl 'l ?cq

nrrrinqnudraonrflu z rfia (aquilera & llessick 1989:zBB)

t. nrroinqndrfiafrunlrn'lrrq;surfiuln (r{aturabionat crises) rtunrry

r fiunurunrrrnaindrfin

raialfrindrfin il r fiunaidinnlrfiua?1r r nian rdanrnrrrdranna rnur a {r il

inqne r nn r r r lirg r fiutnuarfieurn 1?n a\iiltsna q"ilnr r r ildauurja,-r n a.s i r rn r auaytnlqIo ' q :-rr--.g 3 r d e u . 'un3rfll{u'l1tR0n?'lrdannuatn-u tdu rysclirfruna$isudtdrr ?{frnqcuudrrfianru

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a"rq r fludr rfiaaa\in1T tfienrrcinqnlff

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l da.rcrn r fiur Hqnr:dd'rrirfffin rrnrns'a'l T6i?.rfiil.l r. 4 ?' , u o1q.3 t lJuR'l'tvnfl fl 1t n,tn a B 1$1il? 8t] fl s

9!

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gTOURT?

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ri'rlfiunna rilnnirtlunlrEariilnrrdra r nfia dralfiqnnnd?r -rna'tnlurilunrr r alirufru

ilrurar rfitnrruufitund.! uacnl'ud'lr1rntun'lrnillrur.rdni.rur ttrrluilin (Bametl

tsr4 ilrsludilin fiurqtruna zslur{7I -l /A


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fi un tddru rinnr,nfiolun raun ir r fi a r iurlr aufin qufr a'r r fr r iun r r inmluudr stt

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rirfreE r dr na r ilurunnrrrftfinrcnusianrrsdroana{su.lfi Tas ror{,lcad.r.ri,rrurfiA.lEnrii

dfiorrruf,lfiuflntilpfiuflrha dauriarfiriqa?1r r sianuacnrrlrinnfi.rraasu rirrfirurfirri

gtr r znrjifiBrfi.do.ornulnu a {tsu r a.rtfi a ri r'rr'iltvinf;n rs rurfi t{fia sn r rdesIfi iuilc {a

drrtrirunrrrdroaf;r g drsnlradrrrfiaruar 6a nrrlfriuirdariluarruriurlrena.r./\ |d - ,

t o- s eusa0frnilinodrsufici{ d',*lsrnrt nrruarnrdTrn Tanrdaatnrr:aoilin nianrrurs

q'lnTrn rdadc"auttnilrcriuua"rniailiufiunrrlqt.sdqorfiausurfi nrrrfiiuurr

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3.

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r u anr r ud.l n'l ta a udua gei a n lu 6 a.,ln r rilsurfi fi rh aI fr iu{qqot.-ou

tuaflnBln? lltGnnNltflTylt?'l {n?'lI'lBnflit ?a nl.lIaa itn 1T$avnl TB audua {u d qur

n x 1r;a {n'l rfisurfi ilrJr ar fr iu

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rir.,lilgraiatri

B . n x 1rfra {n 1 ? n a {g1fi ffrh sf fr ?un 1 TB aildua,rtr rnfi a e r fi a.tl eCopyright by Mahidol University

I

a- n'nruf,lfiufrsn'irtnruinnfilra nruta.snrr Basnlrnaurua.rdurfitt

r,rialriarir.rlr

IAr|[ [nnA\rntrflnrr

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" u nrnu. n, iiuiltrfiuduun r rto".,,

na.,rfrrlra't6

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narau.lnolil

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n1 r r iurhasuila,0 r tr ?unrr?nurluTrtusruro

uncru'lfiildra

Ta a r osr ulurarir arirfro0 r cr

Iavfrq 11rfra rn r rlufrrutdr,rtt fudodrl.rfirurfi frrJr a r ian r u r o isau arn r rlinn fi trrno8

I nanu


ilaurHrurtr

nrruisnfi'sranasqrfi raurafr.f errufflntri{nnfuranrrarrudunoinlc fin'ldIfr urrn.! s o a

t ^.t^'^

uTuinnn.0 r niss nf,rflrnrrrludnrunrrdilsqilu r fiaq.lniu?

fiiailrc riufi,rilunr.rorododu.unu.udruu, ri 6urdroo.,..,i

unnalunroun Tr r iurhsufin o'o f,ufirn, t,riunrrinrllufidr s

' ririla$rgr TnTnalffuuuianrrlinnfrrraass rwiruna.r drd{-It

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STAI Forn-1) ncutrullRuda.r,irfisrrpisnfi.rrod.l

nrrutatnlrnasqtfi nurafrt nrlufrasnrrna$Brfifrdraufinlurnriraf.rfiafirdr lur*otr{rtt firnr.rffrudrrRrauastnf,.rau ,drdu"uuuiaurr r nr

r-do.sruinnfr.,rrafrdari ilrcrfiuTealffuuudrrrqnruffarn.lra0it

qrfilun'rr"inou "

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Need Inventory, ccFNI) nyuullillnudnr.i,rfinrufrarnrrurn

nrrnaudua{nrrilts,0nrr*urdrfriu urlaA{ nT rdrurfiilrharafinlunrirarirfinfir*u'tfi?u

nrrnaudua,,rriasrrrtfrotnrr'lur*a.rtdrr1 f;-rcrnrirufird

rca'lu'raf unrirarirfrnfi r cruila q rnuuou drt ilrq{ fi uro al tuuu

drrrcerrllfia.rnrraa.rru.fi{rlrrn.rrinqn naoraarna{ Taa

fri{arfrrihrfiudrudrtienrrnauaruar$ru.rfirfiiu luudauta

rirnu Buuuuylnttrerdrltiunrrnailduartrn


dunn 2

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qo 394 q . s en'lT? 1 8n T{u r Uufl 1 lfine1a x 1[iBnfi ,s ra n r un a iifl IT uasnlTa0uduo tnru

u d .u | ..es 3 - ..:'..:. !- - .:' ,rfirrfr' rdalfrrfiasrrlA A rln 1TnfU1Bl,lul8l A tU T ?llnilf,nt10 \iA'l'lll6ftlUtlfrn a { A ?$ il

r ilrlqlu r {a.ldrirnrrfinpr ili6a'tfrdruunnau r nafl'lryrunrwrrrrun:rild, dr rilaofrof,fia

sruinnfi.rrn ilaflrcnunaoir.u r 6urlrainqndarurfr a?'lrffa{n'lrna.isu1Bild?ER'l?c

inqn Iacn 1TB oudua rdan r ruffa.rn r r n a,rrurfifrrlr a

nrruienfrrra

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4sq.r uunx'lI T6fn0nflnn'lt|q 0n'l1llrtl

frunsilaaofis uacdidfinrwnarnu (Robinson 19zT3BB) rfiudruufisna.rnrrlnfirdfi

frunatrqrninlq arqrfiorsuqi,'rraiarfiurda.rnrriunurnrrfrurrn rirtfirfran,rsr{.- rallxdfrIdruurvdn (rlrufiu

Truna{ ASZo:BB ; tader and, }Iark tgTl3t, uan

q1nfiH{il41fl1rn'1,li'l,inlsrdu ufiria rqdu I'rndu nrvdunrvdla (drdr rilafiiru

aszg:61) nruinnfi,,rraisriurflllaudrurursrfiaulfrnrru.ir finrT lrdtrleu,fialsunrr

inle$aoarrud

tgrfid rdsrfr.rufrr

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I

2527.187'.

r dainvrnr rvdraanrtaT rrdti

(tsrsorasuuailutuana'l?0ir6['r]unna{a?'llr?Bflnit'la?'ltflaqlfl 1) 0?'lt|tausitn'lElu

unna 2)n'llann1lnr.rtnf,'rar 3)nrzriurhsnrtfrruir.rnra +llffiunrrriranon99

?1nuaaadu sl frilfriufud.,ldffatnrr (canpbett 19Bs:5Bs)I

(ttrualuoTlqaT (sprelberger L972 al{-tu flTa tnufnT{ufla 2532310)

nrrlianfrtra r fiudnrrcnliialTrdnt r fial rnn.rilrc r iudnrunrrdn'r..rr d rfia

7972 ar's1uIa rnudni.rfrnad;d'lila riloi r cai (Spielberger !

tlne'l'l'l'l

lsutudrrIxa1fifi,l.1 6urf,unalrq1nilTcu?nn1rn'l{a?,luAa{{d. t e

I I AUil.l I T'lll'ln TsnUA 1rlI

rf,uqiruia riurfisoaT aflvru uac'tfrud{nrrruinnfisreaan rfiu z uuun{aCopyright by Mahidol University

.!do8 ) zuuacil? 1afi ?$n r na nuilxn T'r xlud01m'r lfifi$1

(B1udn1iln1Tg

n? 1l|TUlr r{ !a {n? 1r {arl9||

. -3,

S a o . . e o { a rls . o -tqlvnaIn I nAts ?'ll|?Bnfi\i 1nl| 1flfl'l'ln lTgJ 180 A'l A ls AU'l a81rllltl8ll1nfln1{6f$n

z. nrrrdlfiaarunna tiluriilq{srd'rsr di*unrununiafiiniunsionrrrliufir

fiqnn rra o\rusno r&nrrc uuuus,unl Trf r r iluilia naanirnlruds{ aiinnr.rnrT niflndad,,rt9l|

yYnTcnuuu

t

3tt-uanl1ntltrlaraaT[ast|'lls (Lader and l{arks 1971 :3u-36) s.tuu

'irrud o1s nrrrfiud ilrvdunrtdluadn uav!$urrrrrfisrilrcrufi finedarsfrunrrrutlqol-r,,adqolinnnsrae rE f tsBuu'irfruil.rilnruinnntrauav['lsuuundurnn'irdra qlnn'lrfinp'ld'na,tulr (Crahan t97t ; ltathew 1981 and fells 1986 cited in Donar 1989 :

1. a?rttisnfitraaucreriru(stete anxiety or A state) rflunrrufr,trntaa

qc r ildaulil

e. n'l'utinnfillraud.t (Treit Anxiety or A Trait) rfiudnrarctourvluilr

unnad'lridsa r ildsuuila.r ilrerianlrBaudua{ra\russadadnrunrrddu.unu'ruuao r iuf,r

r dilnrrlinnfi.ornuuu r nriq

{-d.l D o qul|1Bn I nA2[ a{nufl ?'l||lnnn {14

rv f,ua o,rn r uinnfi .rradsfi nfrufiuueaa qcr 1nuiafi a afrua ifiuilq ia z ilrsnT rn'atl|

oC(nrxtsn1l drrrarTen 2527.417,9

t. fiTrrdlfinatdtdlrnr"fru 1riuri nr'ruuulB e?rrtdlfriu n'r'lurunrt39

-q d u d er vtrUABAil6tllflTunU lvEYl'lfl1nI'lnTcnU fl11X0'lilfif1

l9{{q{

q T {uT a I uu I t{E {n'l TB'10tsr t ll

d'sdrnartrodurrdau nx'lrl

q 1nn1 rAnbr r da rfrun r rliufiudn a{ zsf;untuinnfitrafiunrrr ruur t ! a iirrn

su'ir {rhaoi,rfiadrfiuuc r i.,rfinrrlinnfi.,rra{rndrfirhadriladrrirfirfiuuJr iotuoir."{' o n & Cox lgll.cibed ,o"oorri et a1.19893?63) rdtrCa{uastdalfitr (Chanprnan & Cox tg??,cibed in Donan et a I

rei6f (l{olfer & Davis rgzo ilr'rtu nilrgr u1f,c 2534:18 i Grahau 1971 cit,ed

in Donar eb al.teog:zGB) uu'ilnlrsirfiaaiar"drfludsUfine$ raiardarfiunrnfinrd

zB4) uu'irfir,tfir.rfireduna.rnrrlinnfitrariaudT fine.rn'irdrat-9

I&sef itnT\inufl11$fnplna$Copyright by Mahidol University

10

.l?0 T'lull nE?fiuTrarJrcdrnrfioinnil''rrana.rfrrlrauanuaruntn r rd su.irilnrrdrunarfrufr.r

irilr.r,,i''fiuro.rdarafii, racnu,,i., ;; ;;;;;;;;;"irn.,un"ruavrdrr5fiq nrn'(woodruff rgzz trtlu dinur ariurrn zsz4zsoz, ilrrulTrfrufinilerrlinnfi.rra

rl 4!urnn'irdrtoraau $asq'1flfl'lrfinrruarura'tttrfiuncnrtrrurrr uuir erruinnfi.rra

inlrlfrrfiudniouufrru.E (Nyanathi & Kashiwabara 19BB:168) lunraun?rdil

frrha rf,urrnilrudrn

qvfiTanrdr firorn

uuuisnfirra raioriurlorriturfiarfiu rfiuTrnrlrvdrnuuuinnfrrra!f

uacqlnn'lrfinrraatunu (Tan 1g68 cibed in Lader & Hark

fi.rnr'rffrudr{n1a inlq rrrud

173-776 ; Stuart & Sundeen

19772g+l uu'irlunr\trnu'r unvfirnrffrrla{fiu ra{nutul"ilnrrlinnfrrradr uds,01fi9ga.-!---,^- d -- , .r d . o qt fiux1auufl'ITlt t uEttIaciltv t r{su ttc|nn tsnusia rv6'uer ruinnfi,rrn na $uana

sata{flr'rrinnfi,rrn

n r r l i n n fi .r r a ri a 1fr r n' e n r r r ild auu rl a .r td r .r 1

d'ruaenflff,f,u + ilrufia rrrfid rdari.rufir zszr z9t

1983 : 212-279,

1. n'lrr rjdauuilawrrilr rni qriltra{tru a firdr0rasulunrcudrioa6o

dfirudiu (Epinephrine) ua{6firurliu (Norepinephrine) unr ranairuna{finaad(ad,renocortical Hornone) ri'r1firfianrrd.mo'rTdrdsr ,fiun.r,r.flarfllu.irsnrarfirunrrriraT andarnrcu lufiuunrnffru,fi, rfiuffu

-.d..drq2. ntt t ilanuuila.inrrd.iryna{tyuusirt .l rios fl_.._ o y_-.,{ I - .l 4 g1) Tcuuflalt|tuouacnryafl ssdna,ltrfran,r frrfru nrsan tl'oafrt

niaurufie ldfrurs ilrona rlraufr.,r

rsurfirlqraofiaon r a'aq frarn'r:?qdu ffrls r frur ir r iuufiran

rsuuuralq uralsur.rrir uou uralqiluuas'lriil i.rriau uuuufiran

ralrlqldoan r fiuuu

4) r"uunr.rrfi$a'ru'lr $rrnrrndurfiarriau rdorrnrr fiarrfiu

rcuuiludra ilderrsriaa nfurriad

rouufuurrnfin tsynpathetic) iarnrruilrun,,ruiar,rfirfie rr$.runTnarourgrhfa uar'ldniluniaufrur dur ilu?ra ua,riu,ira rrndrri

2'

3)

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11

s. nlrrddaurila{n1{firuarrl$ rdu nnte.i'la ulautadre lnrn',ira

nrcf,unrsd'ra TffnrCir rtals iattfi.irs nranrudutqdadluredau iluira

a. n.rrrrldauuilssnr{frrun'rriui nrrlfio a?'lgri1 rlri rirtfinrrTu?

rsua{ar1r{rlrid nrrfiolutsldd uundu unqtfinile ravuanlonuurirnoi.'l (Lader

and Harks 19?1 : tl8-121.) 0'l1rd'Iil'rin'lunrrtiauiana'rdra lddrnTrntfffinrc

dilrdtun.tufitnitqur'lfr tcanpbell 1eE5 : 60-61)

rcf,unatnruinnfrlrn

nruinnfirraurittfrrfiu 4 rvdu (Peplau cibed in Jiuerson 1982:440-

442 , Stuart & Sundeen 1983:Z0B-U09 ; Greeae 1989:35? ; 4tfi6 tdttfi.rufrr

z5?T z tro-rrt) udasrsf,uqoilarnrruaonrrrddauuilasnatiron.rdnundr.rfiufia

1. nxlrisnfirrarfinfias (rild anxiety) ilafidurtf,qru"rfiufru rfilnrtTu!doD

uflcn'lraunl!0\iB'lE?riuf,lffAfit s adrtniT ,cl finrr rUdauurlotnlt'irnnrr rf nfirl

z. nrruinnfirrailrunal'! c{oderabe anxietyl dfif,urjilruruuttn.radudrvfiu

nrriu{nataiarsf,ufidfio s riuuuao adtunautnodont"f,udnudTi.rdut. dsnr"fru

dur qnfriftiunrTuEu'tnuavtdiu! n',r,idr*ilatnrt'irtntron,iiuf;u r6fuon',u*o

dru as rirfi cn r rrdr tt i a {r ru r nf;uiuu, turun unf;u nuu

g. nrtrinnfirrad.r (severe anxieby) dfiilrlilqrusua"ntriuidrt"l aoa.t

$'ln unB0rrssnatilunrrlndr finrrufierlrnfinatnrufio tfieiunurnrrlriqttfiunru

ci.r nrodunrsdra unXunuo,fiulfiilo finrrufiarjrnfirdarfrunrruo ria.r*uTr

c. nrrruinnfioruu.n (panic ), frunrrlinniltrad r fi ao**;.rrirAiunrtufi't n

xsillEaan rirlfinrrlfinf,rnd'rr, fiuo*ur {ut.l quuana'lddurtnnudalrllfr scf rlfirnnafinrrufisrtrnfinrsiirfi finrufinrtrnfif;on',our.ufio ,',rur$uaosqfinrtsdudo.raan

rri iu?d a r run'trddou roilarlot

s" rfiutd'irn r ruinnfit rafifi.ra,aduarila t ila n luinnfi r ra'tursf,uiltr rud

ua rfirluqv r fruffrriaffirfioufi.ruasu r',raalq r[r1firfianrr r ldauurtntttu raf arirlfinu

rrrilrynarfiqnrrrueirtr tfrdrrie trrfid rilsri.rufir 262rztET , Eobinson 197?


72

: B5z) fiilrcrarrlsianrriu?uasnrrrliufir uoiaruinnfi'rra1utcfiutr'rfrucqi1lfrnrr1|!l

Tu?aeas,{trr rrirfion'rrriauiuoonrrutrnflrurar uarqufiarnrrnrtirtnrairrtfrra

in Nyanathi & Kashirabara uul'ln ?'lu ?nnn,s tanrlfinr runr.rti "trv BvIhi & Kashirabara 1988s168) t{Ul'ln?'ltl?nnn\l1an11fla'l'l

- ,{n 1ra auduarn adru rofraruocn r rl fiefiilrFurlun r ruff'l nilrura'la0a {

||

(Canpbell 1985 : 80-61)

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d ^ oD , d e Inudu.l lunraunirfirerdra (Gilliss 1988:5) Tasrourcas'lrs{0'r'lsrqulnBna{rl.|to.ttaeerl

RTTE'lnlaI'lTe'l IVIHAITcnUAAATAilnl?HAUA1{I',ln q',lflfl1Tgflr'l'tqgts'lit .l INUX1

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u 9l D a <a - u a 9l o Inuilu'18 $n?u [ fl0n'l'lI I a T8a$ ass't'lll ?Fflfl it'Ifl na ?'119,U? Iisa'l E nfl 1'l'19 ? 1elt9

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innfi.,rrauriqrfi nasriatfirfionrrrinqnfrurfrt.]noal'lrlruB\rIa{9Tau0Tr tHeise] 1991: 20)

e I C 1 4d.0 1t41fl I A {',l 1A ?'llt I q Uil ? E r Uilfl{ n n n 1t

n'lr r e,truiludo runr rdna.rilrurar du

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nrrl r iurhBna.idulilnlusrauairqc r fiufrrnrsfrulfir fian?'lr r n;ao rnc0'l'ul

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13

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t u"n,.ud, fiururfradr$dr,o zo-so r

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TtlruTu (nooatrno 19?6 cited in llargalith 198?351) ailrati.irretnc"rfinnru?iniT ru'i ru.sr e.rda'irfrrtnnrarurarilJnu Tnrr snlsailr uuru.oufrofifinfio{ , .Ha idssir {1 r radrfr r dnqcuda.,iaannrtuqfi nrr.t


14

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.., { . o e _ id , 4{,d ,tautra nan?'lr?nnn{?n fl?1ilnal ntrilfnrs rl,ufrnrrarlorirriludrrfrnnnrttsianu.f.{-4a{{d-.2v.,!a a n r:dq t rlarrilr,tia n r rdru t iladanrun a.rdrfi n r rnfiu r fiudr na.rTrn n r rulrifrun.l

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rln rurfiqsrfiif,nrrurundturvralrldrrrrrnsiadrufiuarurnirafiu rdu nrrunnafiu

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I


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77

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u B n 0i'r { 1'l n 0 ? 1 r fr a,,i n 1 I n a {a1A fr ilr a dr rir fr iu a fiB r unttt

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1984:238-249)

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1992 : 592-606) uudrnr.ufra{fl1raa\tjurfiilrhaA.rallt

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18

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24

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r datrirurrorl r dslffrlrarH

r ilrrueffrhattriaar

3.92 .ZT

3.90 .30

3.83 .97

3.80 .43

3.79 .46

3.78 .54

?.77 .45

3.73 .58

3.84 .61

3.61 .68

3.59 .89

3.59

3. 56

3.54

3.53

3.52

3. 50

3. 48

3.47

.78 11

.64 13

.86 t4

.TZ 15

.71 16

.69 17

.80 18

.93 19

1

2

3

4

5

I7

II

10

11

3.47 . 86 .19

.70 27

1.10 22

.78 23

ltiunrruan r eiruiauusdrfr{unaailtfinrrudrs rufrarilrdafiilrgur a. +o

-!, o d dyr o r1OflnRA0 il I T A.lnHil?EA lqtl {ufl fl TZIttt

-?q- { u v Dl I1olunT'lu t n E1nuufl unltats$ilraaanq 1nuu?sI

3.42

3. 40Copyright by Mahidol University

38

all'l{n 3 (aa)

v9n11l|80{n11T'l8nA sD iluHuil

-?rr.._. . d - i, d . { .e {. Dl'l0lUn'lUUcU'l t fl8?nuif\inBlTn1[ r|AAAA1{ t n8{9,il?8

rffildrudr a r r,rfi aau ofrrh ail'rrt|ld - , e s {d Dr

RT',tUI nE?nUUTc rRnXA{ | l2UU1nnnUflerillE

firnrf,urltnfrdfinru dru

-D o a o10u0n 8nu$E'r u'la nu I aInfl ?utlr-Do . . d -1 a rua't afl u1 I r a a ?nudn'luu tafr a rtur,lrir a f rfia0 r CrI D d .r 4 3naut 0'l l aalflil'I8 t uual{BTn

il rdaua rirnfrr r dadr a r r,rfi ouastfiri'rfi.-rtc

fi nudul sdnnls n a {ru'Ifi il'l.t

ila rrar rfit n lstu1r{rrE'lu'lo

r ilr r Carfrdr artnn r ra r

Ifr iun r rlan r eiruucdrfr .rrru a ad*u'r rnlfin ? 1ldr s r nia

ilrgurnraunir

ilnuadrfiurdrurdr r ilr rCar<rD?r-u{-dIU0{U'lA81flA3l nUnT0 t 88tl

"rd- "l .^ eiifrfin zo r iiara dtndt nriraririia0 r cr

fid.r ii'rur a n'r'ur dc0 r nut r rsddn ra r Cap

fi nulfin r trdr a r uia ilrura'rn 1 r r i$ilen ruda rin rrld rfi { nrucda ritutr.,ruE.ru'1fl

liliun r rn r"frulfi t"ur an llr ?flnTa an r r ia.r'tfi

tfforinur darfirtrrr r rar

1 ff iun rr u d r s c d rfi fr n r 1r n'l \i rf 'l dur a sI 11 dilr r aru" a dr r tu a 1 u 1 a

3.39

3. 36

3.32

3. 28

3.27

3.22

.79 24

.77 Z5

.80 26

.96 27

.93 28

.82 29

3.16 .95 30

3.13 .78 31

3.09 .88 32

3.07 1.03 33

2.99 .97 34

2.94 1.0e 35

2.94 1.01 35

2.92 7.07 37

2.90 1.03 38

2.86 1.09 39

2.60 1.07 40

e.59 7.74 41

2.52 .97 42

2.28 1.16 43

2.28 1.04

2.02 1.11

44

45

rfruonarculsn?'uiindrddna.rnurdu ifinfiq rnratttr4a { .-.IUTelt'l I E6lt[fl sn1sfrn rrunr,rdrdurlfr


B1r1{$ 4

39

.rdrdr,teuic{nllgaE uacnlIua{ltnu1nt5lute{o8u$$9?1||na{n1ll'lEn1uc

na{fB'ln

Ito--{n?"lr6asn1rf 1a;'lB H SD iu5ufr

aenxlrianfi{1a

fre.rn1rilnuc

lfinrrrldrarn6auriilrlra

0dlnilioilil?a

e?1||fra{n'}tdruunna

fra lnT rririrlquas rcu'rBn ?1rfin

3.84

3.58

3.3?

3.38

2.98

2.03

.84

.43

.61

.54

.48

.62

1

2

3

4

5

6

3. a8 .38nx1lfrarnlr1eBfrt


40

. ao l,n1$1I?18!A 3 qT fi$iunurna r T l srfudu n n d r r fiuin r u fr a s n r rri.r,r fiuuiat d

,den 1 [ oaa na {a x 1rB a {n'l TT1 Eff 1$UAcTn s r rru

inurrnt drlre uasunr ldfinrrultl

d(A'lT1.tn 5)

ernn'rri r n rroritottauui'r

a a.rrurddiunulnn ?'lrArufiudfiuilrjrsta a r iiu

unneirrfiuair{fifiadrf;sun.orfii (p ). 0E)

u.r.nd s --,!-.. -! r d u ,,I ur gu I ngun ?'llunnal { na {ncuutl I sfl Enl lrna itnl TT,l86 ru uacf aattr

n a.rr[rfi dfi unu1nts 1 lrf,rfiuddunnd r.rfiu

unu'lnn?1ilfilrfiufa9

n?'lrna {n'lTT180'tu

ualr'lT0'r

usDdeura

usDUBTt

trsD

ao00n111lnnn{laoan0itnlTIala

!l

ad'tnffinfrdlE

lfinrudra rniaurifrrlra

drd{lqunc r"uranruiln

nrufratnrrdruunna

3.64 .4L

3.52 .48

3.36 .63

3.52 .82

e.89 .62

?.96 .52

3.64 .42

3.53 .48

3.33 .52

3.18 .64

2.84 . B8

2.88 .35

.23 .01",36 1.16"

.47 .03"

.66 1.99"

.61 .29"

.51 .?9"

9.65

3.66

3.36

3.36

2.78

3.04

Tnaru 3.28 .43 3.23 .40 3.30 .34 .19"

"p ). os


47

.qudB1$1r|?rt8n 4 ft ?'luna {n'l rra{rU1nililraIfi iun'rrn0ud$a{l|'lnilaa rfio\rle

n?,rrrda {n'lrnn ilailryrfi r iansau'irtfrTln rrBaud$atn'rn uacs?'lufis{nlrdtfriunrrnauaua.rurndan6a rfrr tr r Calildranr,,r r rar

c{ = B.?2, sD =.4s} iluHura.la.rtrua"idrr*dar.nnd. s.as fia iindrr,i.rufi.d

aa{1r{us'lurnlfinrruautcnuafiil'lg (}I = 8.69r sD =.49) dufo'i.firjraec1ffiunrr

auaad'rtdddn (u = 8.62, sD =.53) lfriudrnoucrnrtrfifirdnr,rffunlurfiuqi{ rtt=

,.nr, so i,zsl fflnl'arrlui.r tu = 8.42, sD =.ral fiarurrn'trraluTzirsalula

(lt = 8.g2, sD =.r0, lHiunrraauiucrnrirufirdnartr{ualula (l' = B.?61 s]=

dTdurld (M = 1.62, sD =.Be) iludufra#urrjua"firirr*dmirn'ir z 6a 1friunrru'ir

qcd'l0dnrrrnrrdrduraclr'tfrilr{auuadlurr{ua1u10 (}t = 1.69, sD =.99) Ifr$ena

- ttt .ilan1f1tn11c$naIa flu?1tt

Tculaffl1rffindfrifina{n$tdu ilnfie fnrfi (u = 1.84r sD =.8?) rnrf;sfrui.rfr.r

a'rnrrrrldauuilatnasfrrharudilru (!{ = 1.sl, sD = t.z0) ,r.rrod e,

r niafi r r zorn l te audua,!n'rlrfr s.rn r r r r afi T urui r fr rufrryrfi rfr iun r rn audua,,rd. c - o

r1nn6[nna acnrruinnil.rrattt = 3.04, SD =.54) ra{a.rlr;ialfinrrndrarufiaurifrrha

(H = 2.9?, sD =.?!r drufiTudrurilfiiun'rrnaurfua,'rfiar$rr;i, e?'uta{nlrdriofq

uacTsulasrrltin c{ = z.B4r sD =.60) au'rraod z,


42

{n'lT'l\tn 6

,rdrdufla{n'l r 0aE [acn1 t ilas t uurrnrt'tuna{ncBllunlTBEUdUarnrrne u d o--o-a 0 $n'l TT1 a a anfH'laIqTU

n'r rn audua.oa x 1rffa {fl 'l rrls ta u sD 6u6ud

rffr tt darfrrjranr$ r.ra1

?fi n i r r trufi r da o {T r \ru E 1 u.l a lfi n r rrr duh e u a fi rh e

frurq'iT frrJraqclff iun r reuaa rir.rfiddo

lfrirrirn auq rn r irufi rda r,rfiun r ru r fiusi,r

ifinfinrrlraTs{dIAlU1TA.l A'lAlUTTiiuElUlA

Iffiunrraariusrn r iT ufirdaa {rr{sE.ru.rn

n r rtt'i 1T r n n a,,r ff rh a d r il 1 T n in p 1 u r e't ffu i o't li

r 1sls'irnn a ril.rqc r isu{a a n$rdfru orrnu.lnTT{uE.rurnIildrn rr r

nr ru'i rfrrlr aIff iun r r inrl o i 1 {'l rtfriuriraiur affr afra nrird r ilrtq.ir a

seg g C s ol o { a ,Ia iu[a r nsq i,,r r na rfiuarn r rfiuufirna.rffrh a

rfrfrdrudr a r ufi aau affrh ailrs

-eo d -{.d . d ,s1 6 iud r uucri r r n a r fi ui.r fi n r rri'r r ii o o ri ilr.,r r fi a.r ffrh s

r trlilaffrha'tffrjasr

-uo u d u g, I1a iua ara r n-a rfluFrJr a iuacn ff

't

firorfrodtnfidanru dro

tffiunrrufr{ r uq&,a n a {d.rdn rrrird afrrh a.adrêdril rfi auadlnffr rfi adre r ufi auaslfirirfr,,rlq

fi nudul s dan'ru n o {il'rA fi 'r.rt-

lffarinur frerilr.rur{ r ra'l

1fr fiunr r ua ri r.r fla r qufi sfi qn r rrudn r"ri.rd o fr rJ r e.r ,C d d u {ilnua8 r ilutuaul Ia I n'l I gErl

3.72 .45 1

3.69 .49 2

3.82 .53 3

3. 43 .75 4

3.42 .72 5

3.32 .70 6

3.26 .73 7

9.22 1.01 B

3.20 .86 9

3.14 1.02 10

3.13 .85 11

3.10 .95 t2

3.04 .86 13

2.89 .95 14

2.86 .99 15

3.84 .89 16

2.83 1.15 77

2.79 1.01 18

2.78 .95 19

2.73 .92 20

2.73 1.04 20

2.72 .97 22

2.67 .91 23

2.59 1.16 24r rjdsuuila s r rar r darrfr r fiun rdfi r gr r dafin r rl,ir r fiuCopyright by Mahidol University

43

dln'111{n I (Ba)

a9n 1 1A AU6IUA itn 11IB A itnl I T',l E n A SD

o-dau0un

-.eo..d-1 e riln 1 afi u 1 E r n E ?nudRlrru 1 a ila rluurir ad r fiafi r dt. u ,ol .t 4 3naut a1t EalHU'tg tilual{u1n

|l--9 tl o.l0gqnEnuuunEnfl?u

tt9--9o d - u ul I1 e 1 iln rr il r n E l n u[ Hun 1 T B'1 8 $t U'l B a B n q'lnuu'I 8

-v a { dur $ r

Io$en a0 r 1 1 e {nilil'la a'lq0 {unn 11l|t9 I

1 ffuas afiusE'ru1a au r Arnn ir!|tI

ru'nutfin r r l d r n r ufi a ilrun'ln 1 T t iu.ri.d-{[fl {a'lu?8n11rflsa?nuT t ?flnsn1a t EStl

.e{rrudnrlui'lcsn1iln aua r iarla[ur iru[rilauln

!|

r fr iun r ruan r ei ruia uuurirfr runnadtfrn r rudr a r uiol fr r dafi iftun1

qd-d,ûiiilfinra r Ealo rilnir urirarirfie0 r cr

lI

firn rudo in ruri1fi {nssda dtut r.rus 1u1a

d'u 1 Tn da u$'lr a 1fl 'r I r asfrilrac rn r irrafi rdf dnr rlnrHudI

r dalriarlr rnr 1 r dnuffrlrarfr

nrru r darfiurjr" rnnnlt r irrafirddauailrlra

r tr l dauilrjrarfrnn r rardD | ,^ u d- dilUA'iU1A8'1fl41 nUfl 10t 88U

r fi iun r ria n r d ruuvdrfi .r uen adcT ul rnlfifl x'lldr a r ufi o

iluurnraunir

l6iun r rn :sfrutfi rvur 6ax'u iinrn an r r ia'rIfi

r n r fi u fr u {.rfr r a r n r r r rJdauu rja.r n a'r ffd r a'l ildilru

rffuan a rvu'r sn ?'ril iindrriiln a.rnu r iu {finfr a rn rot9

2.58 1.09 25

2.56 1.01 28

2.56 1.20 28

2.54 t.tz 29

2.54 .93 29

2.54 1.16 29

e.53 .99 31

2.43 1.02 ?2

2.37 1.13 33

2.33 1.04 34

2.33 1.15 34

u.30 1.16 36

2.29 1.08 37

2.28 1.09 38

2.18 1.00 39

2.09 .98 40

2.07

1..91

1.84

1.04 41

t.20 42

.87 43

.99 44

.89 45

t ff iunr ru'i r q "

riT 0dn r rrnl irc'l dur osl 11 ffilr ii 00lc s riluT I {u B 1 u'l a 1 . 69

.r d .quurrn'l I B Eiluasn'lufr nr rttnlsdrdurlfr 1.87

I


44

dB'lrr{n 7 utrasdr r oda ua"dr r dru r ruu.urrluna{nc[urnlTaaudua.rnrtrDedq6a {n r r rrsdrufrruT d'tfriu

======== ==================================== ====5i============= ====== =

-u9fl 1 1B AUflUA {n'l 1[n A {n 1 I T1 80 1U lt sD ilufruil

toatsn?1il'tafln{'la

lfin r rl dr a r uf, aurifrrJr a!|

9Aaa{n1T?aIa

I

ailnd?aildlEtl

utn'l'lItsa{n1Trf?uilnnfl

I9.uagqn 0 {fl 'l 1fl 'ta {-l itunc Tcul En?'lI ldn

3.04

z.9T

2.78

2.78

2.57

2.94

.54

.77

.65

.65

.55

.60

1

2

3

3

5

6

Taatrn 2.70 .45


45

.{-{eaaetr-oDn10'l[?1an 5 l|B?'url||0u8Tcl|l1itnsu$$n'l1r?Bnn{'la H?'lu9ailnlf unsnlf

n audus r C{rfir fr iuniar ri

- I t a o a, q- / c1'lnD'111!nl1unsg'11 ns8$$B?1U?nnn{1arn?1IC||truEnl{U',lnnufis$$s

a?rrrfra{nlrfcarrrairrilfiadrdqnl.rdiA r = 0.258, p (.01 urtnrirqrfidilor.o

innfitradtqoitnrrrfre{nlt1eErtrdsfrrs drunouusnrlrfra{o'liTaarrsfiunEuuun'lt

neud$a{*lrfiliiuTnaz?uud1liiisrufll6uf,fiu r = .0s9, p >.05 r*.r'rod o,

9111'!n E-qojaoa,Id0,!Brluifufirsgarn rrrinnfl {?a o?1$na {n1r Iasn'lrnsttd$a {lc ar?r

furf,firlrartiu

frrurlr nrruianfilra n?rufra{n'r? nlraauauar$Itiu

-sH?'trlnnn{la 1.000

n?1rfr8{n'rr

n1rnBu6tua.rdrffiu

. e58' 1.000

.059-.090 1.000

l ?rf n1P r. vr


46

airlnaso

nruionfrrra

slnnrrilnrruu'ir rurfifrrlratuuriraflfiafirdrfraacrdn{ nuruunacren{

Tttuarurarurdufi finrrnienfiii?an$urHirudauilrtdt (t{ = F9.09, sD = 9.EZ)

aiuratf ir nrr t triunrrinmluurirarirfiafi r grfiurirrfirfianruinnfirra $nvq11s

nilrurinufir'|il tnayes 1ee0325) rnnaTaafir'lrliuiirurirarirfinfirgr rfiuenrudgua

ilrlrarafinnrr"inqndfia'rn.rruurou.n' firhsffarrfiiunrrauainrrarir,slnfiiuu'',nnin{

racua'ru10 d.rnr.rfrufraladfinrrrfrqrnfinrssnilf,rarirtrurBfrrha. u.r'rod r l f,uuir

?aaao zs.s iuinrrlriurhaaarfrrhairfinr'rrruuriruln f,nfi.,rn.rdffrortriunrr

inprluudraf rfin0rgpfrnq" riunrdiudru 'lrinrafia 'trinrrurir,,rrafirlrriau dofinu

' - '' !r -t 3i' l'ladfinr,llun?ofiirru" sz.z 'lrinrrudruailrna{n'lrrilriunrrinn11flAilA1A81{ru'lBilll

lurariraririin0 r dr urnu.nfiuunafirrilfirfinrriutdararirarirfiafi r drluilr.rau rra\i

nrr t ffriunrrinntunrirarirfini r gr r fiuirudnrdiron.rfir.nlrrrnrir aunrranr.,r

dr.rora 'ua"rda{sion'l1rB'lB (Robert 19?6:BEg) t.,rrfiufirnr"fiurfrriuururniaa3 . o u t {firdafrrfrrhauesrurfi (f,aln 19983444) nrrnlriuriuau ua"illanrrtnatn'r.rffgrlamnad - 4 t . t c3. rr r ^rinuin uastiludrtdauilrtd.,r o'nfirdnruurailardrr.l luurirarirfia0rcr alnlrrac

rrnratilrht dofinu'irfrrhaioaa" 48. B rhsrfiutrnrdarfiurfiurfiaauasfirtq-raaa, z+.+ rlraffratrnu"rio urnu'rnilHoilildradrfriuafifirns uacfrdrarru,dm

fiuel a.,rd,ir r fiuff a..rrttun r rci rfiai , r Sr, | -u . d qfl {n 1 {"1 r ua'lua run alfi r fi on r u r niaauaoa 1'llr 1a n

fisranrirurfirfffisfru frtuil'irrudnu.irlrlnfi.r rtrrfievratnrrrffriunrrinrT tur,rrirarirfio

fi r cyi r r f,urn rudln aefi adrn ,ur."ire{o.,riiadfiurfraunou?oln'ir uaoHrfiuundua"

nr.u.udfiurudrurrnnaalfinrrauafrrhaadl rrniiln d.rri{uanfrsTanrdtunrrroatiacnqlr

sfonrrflnmt{nfifid't,odruu,ruunrruinnfisradrn'irranrrfinrrna.r fina99!'-'a----- d'v" s ' o fifirha luuriradrilnfircrauBflTTlr (2533:38) nlan'ln'lTf,nr1n't'lt?ann{?an8{Ju1 r

r(qdarardrdni r0{R&rcu$nndrdni Trluaruraruriiun (il = EE.EB, sD = 1s.s9)t Copyright by Mahidol University

47

uaufllTilnr'lnatal{fitea{ uosrRlB ?1Q;Idd (chartier and coutu-t{ekulezyk

leae:14) ilrtrirnrrfinrrnrruiniilorunu"uruffatnrrnaffu'rfifiilraRrr"inqn ru =

47.g,sD = 12.02) t.u,fiu,otrcdnrocnosnduHrarirtifnrtuunnd'r.rfiu lunrr

finrrnot fina dufisrrl nriuHrai,rdrurndriiururfiaa.rfrrlradrrirfiiunrrd'rf;a ril'riu

nt:inurdrsTreuaastfiaefirtqfiuuasTrnfirtcrfiufiai{nr" frrhaCrurr,rdifinf,rd tu

nrrfinrraat nr{firsa{ uaornrn mndrtd niudrarir.rdruludioaar zo rfiururfina.r

frrJr adau r rndr a t rafi afrr r a,,rrff lunso dnduf, r a i r'r dfinrrn i.rfidrurusir fiuurfi n a rfrrh a

drfffunrtrirfin d.ruurrfitiaaas 95., 'ou"{urau

46.s rfiufidradilnrrl8ortnfino,r

rflurioauasfirtq iaaa" ae.a rhafiraTrnuuri,,r n.lui.frdrfiiudruurnrfiunt

rirdo'trad uassirffoaTarcdrf;rm lfirrartunrzqirfrauru ua"rlarlannnnrrairdsrrn

,rn u.nfi Hoisurfi firlrafi r nTrenrrafra { u acsu'rfi ffilr adrdiuafifi r una"nffra dtn T r r iurlra

6raTrnnrsafuo.,l uacn'lrlfriunrrdrf,nadrsnrsfiufiulda{crnilrsduafifi rnq qgdrtfi

rurfi rianru t cianraoinnfi,,rradr r da.rcrntdrfrfin'rr r niaudr rdaiufiurnrunrrdri

eir.rrafir errlriurhauacn'lrinrr itanTrrfisnrTllrifrulcfirnrrroailinua"nrr

too., r fiuunfi rT uf;.'rrdatilurfiudnrsna.rilrlra $fruonunn{nrrluqlnnrrinrr 1.rntl

nrrsirfro nrrlilrnda{drau1alc ou",u{atiiadr.rt n'r{n'rrusnd uoonrrnnsns'elu

nadrrirfinrudruiia u0sualB'urdrcfi{rradlrt aancrndrrnra do,",i.illrurliu

nrrrnfir uaonruinnfi'rratfrurir['tfirt (Haln 1998:443)

nrruHe.rnrrnaqrifrdra

nrufrarnrrrrailadrurfilfinrrudrilwrnrtuiluffuurnfia ?fininrrrnit rH =

dg.9e, sD =.zz) f{daenfia'rfiunT rfinrrnarua.roa{ (Holter rnirrrrn, dffffinrr

nruffo.snrrna.rrurn'ffrhaufinnrrcinqs co r1E uacnlrfinrrnaruaid tNor"is 1986:

198) drfifinerrrJiaurfiaunrriu{na.rrgrfi z0 rla uasua'lula z0 rra danrrufrar- ft?l s q 3 { ) v a o q

0'lTnA{a!'lqb,U?ER'l'tu'lflqn n'116flP1n.I 2 t TA{Ullx1 e?1l|40$tl'llSUOUUtnAatrgrnDl s 4{ D .a eilrhanrrvin0nfrfia narnrrdnruuTt aiuratfir nrrrtriunrrinrrlunrirarirfioo.34.r-dev.{.uldpuu til$ifr[aflEflra{fl'rrua'rnlTTu]rr.r auntlanrri'r.0ntauacrila,0siaarrunra

(Robert 19?6:3ss) ru"rfiqrTfinnnlq u'r.rrTafrrilufan fiufidnrru'irfirlrarilriuCopyright by Mahidol University

48

n'lr?nr.llufirirarirfiafir gr dourndrurfifro.rnrrfi6a fra.rn'rrficrruTr ni.rrfifrrhs,{q{roadin ilaaafra dluursddnr$rfir uaccrnilrsdunrrdnrrrit.rrulugruuwnrura lufidra

ririia0 r ctflaagrtrn{ frnuu r dua'ir rurfifrnqroruunnduarua rurnfrsTanrdnrrronilin

d'ruluni (Hc Gee t9B4:84) rfrndrlir nruuisrfiuro6,.lrrnruntd.rnruoo\inrsr?u

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49

tris{audlrsenafrtnrru?finfrnr naitnr , d, ou rnuorirlfin r ruui.rdila daoiloso.lril

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\,59

.dd a D o v Idi6ur r1a'1. Blurinnd$la n?1rahtt,rrnlun'rrnlueldxra{ ts?1il6a{n'lrtalatlat9tt

n r r1fr iuilolaluflrh au", iodri'rdotdiui.rlinrr. ina rfisuf liryuina rgren {usto{aoqoqlul[snts drntnrrualx'l0d'ldni. fomninaraaru'rinardauraaa, e594.

qrrur u.r6fisurr&. nrrrtfra'rnlrna{ilrBilrlranrrcinqn.' o'rEr{ur.f*fin drnrnrrssrurarfrdni. frfininarda

a - t.a a?n81uuufiulqa'I1n81-

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66

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