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Copyright ©2020 AID Conference
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eISBN 978-967-18661-0-8
Bandar Baru Nilai,
Negeri Sembilan.
SECTION 1 – EXTENDED ABSTRACT
TABLE OF CONTENT
NO.
PAPER TITLE EA
PAGE
1.
PERSEPSI PENGGUNA TERHADAP PRODUK CHOCOLATE JACKAVONIA HASIL
DARIPADA BIJI NANGKA (305006)
Haslina Abu Hassan, Aznur Fazlin Che Abu Bakar, Nurul Fazila Abd Rahman
1-5
2.
EXPERT SYSTEM OF HEART ATTACK PREDICTION (305007)
Kayalvily Tabianan, Chew Lian Wei
6-8
3.
(MOBILE APP) THUNKABLE: ALL ABOUT DUE5012 COMMUNICATIVE ENGLISH 3
(305010)
Arnie Chiah Liling, Shammine Dharmalingam
9-12
4. IMPLEMENTATION OF INTERNET OF THINGS (IOT) BASED RAINWATER SENSOR
SYSTEM CONTROLLED THROUGH MOBILE APPLICATION USING ARDUINO (305011)
Malathy Batumalay Rubinyaa Sekar
13-14
5.
APLIKASI INTERAKTIF ‘SMARTSOLVER’ BAGI KURSUS KEJURUTERAAN BEKALAN
AIR DAN AIR SISA (305072)
Suzan binti Impak, Mohd Nazrulhisham bin Mohd Amin, Helly Halen, Abdull Sulaiman bin Ismil,
Rukinah@Nanang binti Samuing
15-18
6.
INTEGRATING THE COMMUNICATION INTO QUALITY OF LIFE AMONGST
ACADEMICIAN SANDWICH GENERATION (305012)
Masilah Mohamad, Mumtaz Ahmad, Sitinorazura Jamal
19-23
7.
EMPLOYEE GREEN BEHAVIOUR (EGB) MODEL TOWARDS ORGANISATIONAL
ENVIRONMENTAL (305014)
Siti Norashikin Bashirun, Nurhafizah Mohd Zolkapli, Farah Shazlin Johari, Nor Maslia Rasli,
Samudin, Nur Idayu Badrolhisam
24-27
8.
A STUDY ON RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN CUSTOMERS DEMAND AND CUSTOMERS
PERCEPTION ON TRANSITION OF SOCSO AS SHARIAH COMPLIANCE
ORGANIZATION (305004)
Mohd Shafiz Saharan, Masilah Mohamad, Mohd Fazil Jamaludin, Khairul Azfar Adzahar, Siti Fairuza
Hassam
28-30
9.
DOKUMEN PDF INTERACTIVE- EASY TUTOR (305074)
Amirudin bin Mohd Salim, Hamidah binti Abd. Latiff, Mohd Rakime bin Shaffai
31-33
10.
KAJIAN AWAL PENILAIAN SENSORI DALAM PENGHASILAN PES BELIMBING
BULUH (AVERRHOA BILIMBI) (305020)
Hafizol Bin Abu Hassan, Hanisah Binti Ahmad, Siti Salmah Binti Mohd Pilus
34-36
11.
3MS@STATISTICS (305075)
Siti Najdah binti Mohd Nor, Zuraini binti Zainal Abidin, Hamidah binti Abd. Latiff
37-38
12.
I – BMC BLOCKS (305022)
Siti Mahani Binti Shaik Ismail, Wan Ajrul Asward bin Wan Hashim, Nurul Ridwah binti Iwan
39-40
13.
V-BOOK (305023)
Wan Ajrul Asward Bin Wan Hashim, Siti Mahani Binti Shaik Ismail, Syazwani Nur Al Wani Binti
Arman, Muhammad Azrie Hakimie Bin Minggu
41-42
14.
SISTEM PEMANTAUAN KUALITI AIR BERASASKAN IOT (305080)
Mohd Adil Bin Mat Ti @ Mokti, Mohd Amirul Helmi Bin Ismail, Mohd Assidiq Bin Che Ahmad
42-43
15.
COPTOCIDE EXPLOITING EGGSHELLS: PRODUCTION OF TERMITES CONTROLLER
FROM EGGSHELLS (305024)
Shashmitha Mohan, Siti Rosmaria Abdul Razak, Cheng Xin Ru, Aliff Haqem Bin Mohd Redzwan,
Vinisha A/P Manimaran
44-57
16.
COGON-OSE (305025)
Tan Zi Shan, Yogarajan A/L Rammudo, Sow Xin Yi, Pem Zhi Xuan, Teo Min Ru
58-59
17.
ISLAMIC VALUE ON EMPLOYEE GREEN BEHAVIOUR (EGB) MODEL (305085)
Siti Norashikin Bashirun, Afrah Hayati Abdul Rahman, Masliza Mohd Razali, Siti Nurul Akma
Ahmad, Nur Faithzah Jamian
60-63
18.
BACADOL (305030)
Zakiul Human Mahamud
64-65
19.
DIMANA SAHAJA TAK KIRA MASA: PEMBANGUNAN QR KOD SUBJEK
KEUSAHAWANAN (ENT300) (305046)
Asiah Ali, Raja Mayang Delima Mohd Beta, Nordayana Zulkifli, Nabilah Abdul Syukur, Masilah
Mohamad
66-67
20.
APLIKASI GROUNDWATER CONTAMINATION (305056)
Wan Nurhazirah binti Kamaruzaman, Mohd Zamri bin Jamaludin, Nor Suhaili binti Mohamad Zin,
Noor Farahin binti Bain
68-70
21.
EFFECT ON SENSORY QUALITY WITH DIFFERENT FORMULATION OF FROZEN
CUCURBITA PURI BREAD (305066)
Nur Hawa binti Thaharuddin, Siti Nor Shidah binti Kostor, Azwin binti Ahmad,
Dewi Nilam Rupa’a binti Razali
71-75
22.
AUGMENTED REALITY (AR) THROUGH ONLINE LEARNING: BUILDING WORKS
MEASUREMENT FOR THE ELEMENT OF PAD FOUNDATION (305069)
Norazmi bin Fadilah, Nurul Aqilah binti Ibrahim, Samlisman A/L Choi Weng
76-78
23.
DEVELOPMENT OF NOA (NOMENCLATURE ASSISTANT) APPLICATION AS A
LEARNING SUPPORT TOOL IN ORGANIC CHEMISTRY COURSE (305070)
Azierah Zawiyyah binti Azmi, Muhammad Habibullah bin Yahaya
79-82
24.
LEARNING KIT FOR TYPES OF CRYSTALLINE STRUCTURE (305087)
Khairul Nizad Bin Panior, Zanidah Bt Ithnin
83-85
25.
PEMBANGUNAN APLIKASI MOBIL PENGAJARAN DAN PEMBELAJARAN KURSUS
PROGRAMMING FUNDAMENTALS: LEARN C++ (305089)
Norhasliza bt Muhamad Nor, Nur Syuhada bt Mohamad, Azrahayu bt Abdul Aziz
86-87
26.
SPORT ASSIST SYSTEM (SAS) (305092)
Mohd Assidiq Che Ahmad, Ikmal Hisyam M. Paris, Munirah Binti Abdullah
88-90
27.
SMART INTERNET OF THINGS BASED SMART CHICKEN FEEDING POULTRY
SYSTEM (305015) Sarasvathi Nagalingham, Rajermani Thinakaran, Lavanya Kerisnan
91-95
28.
WATERPROOF BIOPLASTIC
Nurin Najwa Rohidi, Siti Amira Othman
96-98
29.
COGON GRASS NATURAL FIBRE AS A CONCRETE FOR GAMMA RADIATION
SHIELDING PERFORMANCE
Yusrina Mohd Yusof, Siti Amira Othman
99-103
30.
COMBINATION OF COBALT FERRITE AS FILLER IN SUGARCANE BAGASSE PAPER
VIA EXPOSURE OF RADIATION
Annur Azlin Azmi, Siti Amira Othman
104-110
31.
THE PREPARATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF IRRADIATED PEANUT BEAN INK
FOR CONSUMER PRODUCT
Noraisyah Hafizan Sabturo, Siti Amira Othman
111-115
32.
JOB RESOURCES DETERMINING EMPLOYEE ENGAGEMENT IN POLYTECHNIC
MALAYSIA
T. S. Irene, D. S. Caroline, J. Cosward
116-122
EXTENDED ABSTRACT
1
PERSEPSI PENGGUNA TERHADAP PRODUK CHOCOLATE JACKAVONIA HASIL DARIPADA
BIJI NANGKA
Haslina Abu Hasan
Unit Kulinari
Kolej Komuniti Sungai Petani,
Sungai Petani, Kedah,
Malaysiae
Aznur Fazlin Che Abu Bakar
Unit Kulinari
Kolej Komuniti Sungai Petani,
Sungai Petani, Kedah,
Malaysiae
Nurul Fazila Abd Rahman Unit
Operasi Perhotelan Kolej Komuniti
Sungai Petani, Sungai Petani,Kedah,
Malaysia
Abstrak
Tujuan produk ini dihasilkan adalah untuk mempel-
bagaikan produk yang boleh dihasilkan daripada buah-
buahan tempatan Malaysia iaitu nangka selain dapat me-
nyokong amalan hijau. Ini kerana masyarakat kurang
kepekaan terhadap makanan Malaysia terutamanya buah-
buahan tempatan apatah lagi nangka. Seringkali hanya isi
nangka sahaja yang dimakan dan bijinya dibuang begitu
sahaja. Ramai yang tidak mengetahui tentang khasiat biji
nangka. Idea ini tercetus selepas mendapati tiada lagi
produk sebegini di pasaran. Ianya mempunyai nilai komer-
sial yang amat tinggi. Produk ini menyokong Amalan
Mesra Alam kerana menggunakan semula biji nangka ter-
buang yang tidak bernilai untuk dijadikan satu produk
yang lebih bernilai dan ianya juga mempunyai nilai komer-
sial yang amat tinggi. Produk ini dijangka mempunyai po-
tensi pasaran yang tinggi kerana tiada lagi produk se-
umpama ini dipasaran. Nama produk Chocolate Jackavo-
nia ini terhasil daripada perkataan Jack Fruit iaitu buah
nangka. Produk ini adalah sejenis Chocolate Praline iaitu
coklat mewah yang sering kali dihidang bersama kopi bagi
menu barat. Manakala bagi kita penduduk Asia, ianya
enak dimakan sebagai pengganti pencuci mulut atau di-
makan oleh kanak-kanak begitu sahaja. Chocolate Jack-
avonia ini mengandungi 3 jenis Chocolate Praline be-
rasaskan biji nangka yang di campur bersama isi nangka
dan kurma. Satu kajian telah diadakan untuk melihat po-
tensi pasaran dan penerimaan pengguna terhadap produk
inovasi ini Seramai 32 responden telah dipilih secara
rawak dalam kajian ini. Soal selidik telah diedarkan untuk
pengumpulan data. Hasil dapatan menunjukkan bahawa
hampir kesemua reponden iaitu sebanyak 87.5% merupa-
kan penggemar coklat. Seramai 18 orang responden
pernah makan biji nangka dan selebihnya seramai 14
orang tidak pernah makan biji nangka sebelum ini.
Sebanyak 59.4% responden mengatakan tidak mempunyai
persepsi negatif tentang biji nangka terhadap kesihatan.
Kesemua responden tidak pernah mendengar tentang biji
nangka yang diinovasikan bersama coklat. Kesemua re-
sponden juga bersetuju bahawa produk Chocolate Jack-
avoniamemenuhikehendakpenggunadanbolehdikomer-
sialkan. Majoriti respondan iaitu 97% menyatakan rasa
Chocolate Jackavonia memuaskan. Dari aspek rupa Choc-
olate Jackavonia pula, sebanyak 53% respondan menya-
takan sangat memuaskan. Seterusnya dari aspek tekstur
pula, hampir keseluruhan respondan iaitu sebanyak 72%
menyatakan sangat memuaskan dan 28% menyatakan
memuaskan. Manakala dari aspek pembungkusan,
sebanyak 58% menyatakan sangat memuaskan dan 41%
menyatakan memuaskan. Sebanyak 56% respondan menya-
takan harga produk Chocolate Jackavonia sangat
memuaskan, 41% menyatakan memuaskan dan 3% menya-
takan tidak memuaskan. Kesimpulannya, Chocolate Jack-
cavonia ini didapati amat diterima baik oleh responden
dan berpotensi untuk dipasarkan. Ianya boleh berada jauh
dalam pasaran sekiranya mempunyai jumlah buah nangka
yang mencukupi oleh kerana buah nangka merupakan se-
jenis buah-buahan yang tidak bermusim dan pengeluaran
buah adalah sepanjang tahun. Oleh yang demikian, krite-
ria tersebut perlu dipertimbangkan untuk lebih memberi
saingan kepada produk yang sedia ada. Selain itu jenis
pilihan coklat juga bolehditambahbaik.
Keywords
Persepsi, Chocolate Jackavonia, Biji Nangka, Nangka,
Kurma
1. Pengenalan
Buah nangka (Artocarpus heterophyllus Lamk) merupa-
kan sejenis buah-buahan tropika dari keluarga Moraceae
yang mempunyai banyak khasiat [1] . Nangka adalah tana-
man buah-buahan tempatan yang sederhana besar dengan
ketinggian pokok di antara 20 hingga 30 meter. Bentuk
buah nangka berbentuk bulat memanjang yang berukuran
30 hingga 100 cm panjang dengan ukur lilit 25 hingga 30
cm bergantung kepada jenis buah nangka tersebut. Bau
buah nangka sangat kuat dan wangi apabila masak dan
isinya yang berwarna kuning sangat manis [2]. Nangka
ialah sejenis buah-buahan yang tidak bermusim dan penge-
luaran buah ialah sepanjang tahun. Musim utama ialah pada
2
Oktober-November. Buah nangka mempunyai banyak
khasiat yang berguna kepada tubuh badan manusia dan di-
antaranya ialah sebagai salah satu makanan anti-kanser se-
terusnya dapat melambatkan kedutan. Biji buah nangka
mempunyai kandungan vitamin A yang sangat tinggi dan ia
merupakan khasiat utama yang diperlukan oleh rambut
sekaligus mampu menyuburkan rambut [3]. Selain itu
khasiat perubatan biji nangka sangat unik dimana jika biji
buah nangka direbus dan dimakan, ia akan dapat mengatasi
masalah kelebihan hempedu badan dan boleh membantu
melancarkan edaran darah pada kulit.
Pokok kurma atau tamar adalah sejenis tumbuhan (Pal-
ma) atau dikenali dalam dalam bahasa saintifiknya sebagai
Phonex dactylifera. Kurma segar mempunyai warna keme-
rah-merahan atau kuning dan apabila dipetik, buah ini agak
keras, mempunyai kandungan air yang tinggi dan gula ring-
kas seperti fruktosa dan dekstros. Ia merupakan makanan
sunnah yang mempunyai banyak khasiat [4]. Di antara
khasiat kurma ialah dapat mengurangi risiko kanser usus
besar, memberi tenaga, sistem pencernaan yang baik,
kecerdasan minda, mengatasi masalah buasir dan mening-
katkan kesihatankardiovaskular.
Dalam projek inovasi ini, penyelidik telah memilihbuah
nangka kerana buah ini mudah diperoleh selain jarang dik-
omersialkan untuk menjadi produk yang lebih pelbagai.
Produk Chocolate Jackavonia ini dihasilkan daripada biji
buah nangka bersama coklat dan kurma. Ia memberi dimen-
si baru kepada industri makanan dan pertanian tempatan
kerana mampu mengubah persepsi negatif masyarakat ter-
hadap nangka khususnyabijinya.
2. Tujuan & LatarBelakang
Kajian ini dijalankan untuk menilai potensi pasaran
produk Chocolate Jackavonia, satu produk coklat yang
dihasilkan daripada nangka. Penerimaan pengguna terhadap
buah nangka dan produk coklat juga merupakan faktor ter-
penting terhadap hasil kajian ini. Daripada penerimaan
pengguna terhadap kedua-dua produk ini, produk Choco-
late Jackavonia yang menyokong amalan hijau melalui
penggunaan biji nangka ini dilihat mampu untuk menarik
minat masyarakat terhadap buah nangka yang telah dit-
ambah kepelbagaiannya mengikut citarasa semasa.
Di Malaysia, buah nangka sebenarnya tidak asing lagidi
kalangan orang tempatan terutama warga tua di kampung-
kampung, namun bagi orang-orang muda terutamanya di
bandar, mereka tidak begitu terdedah kepada buah nangka
ini. Melalui inovasi ini, buah nangka khususnya biji nangka
yang merupakan bahan buangan dapat diperkenalkan kepa-
da golongan sebegini kerana mereka amat menggemari
coklat [5]. Tanaman nangka banyak ditanam secara meluas
di Johor, Pahang, Kedah dan Terengganu. Secara komer-
sialnya di Negeri Kedah terdapat banyak pengusaha ladang
nangka dan seramai enam (6) orang pengusaha ladang
nangka dari Negeri Kedah telah menerima PensijilanSkim
Amalan Baik Malaysia atau Malaysian Good Agricultural
Practice (myGAP). Ini menunjukkan bahawa penanaman
nangka di Kedah juga meluas dan potensi pasarannya juga
besar. Skim pensijilan oleh Jabatan Pertanian, Kementerian
Pertanian dan Industri Makanan diadakan ini bertujuan bagi
mengiktiraf peladang-peladang yang mengamalkan APB
berkonsepkan mesra alam sekitar, menjaga kebajikan dan
keselamatan pekerja bagi menghasilkan produk yang
berkualiti, selamat dan sesuai dimakan. Ini satu kajian
telah dilaksanakan oleh seorang penyelidik di India yang
mendapati bahawa terdapat banyak produk yang boleh
dihasilkan oleh buah nangka[6].
Rajah 1: Buah nangka
Pengeluaran hasil koko seperti coklat pula didapati
meningkat dari tahun ke tahun dan memberi kesan jangka
panjang kepada ekonomi Negara [7]. Produk coklat buatan
Malaysia dilihat mempunyai daya saing yang tinggi setand-
ing negara luar kerana kandungan kokonya yang berkualiti
tinggi [8]. Tingkah laku pengguna terhadap kelestarian
coklat juga memainkan peranan yang penting [5].
2.1. Produk ChocolateJackavonia
Produk Chocolate Jackcavonia ini memberi dimensi
baru kepada industri makanan dan pertanian tempatan. Ia
mengubah persepsi masyarakat tentang biji nangka khu-
susnya kepada penggemar kekacang dan coklatterutamanya
kanak-kanak. Produk ini mempunyai potensi yang besar
untuk dipasarkan kerana rasa biji nangka ini yang sama
enak seperti kekacang yang lain. Biji nangka juga berpoten-
si untuk dijadikan sebagai satu produk Signature kekacang
Malaysia.
Selain itu, gabungan coklat dan kurma dalam penghasi-
lan produk ini menjadikan Chocolate Jackavonia bukan
sahaja enak dimakan malahan mengandungi khasiat yang
sangat diperlukan oleh tubuh badan. Menurut [9]komponen
utama dalam kurma adalah karbohidrat (terutamanya
sukrosa, glukosa, dan fruktosa). Ini menjadikan kurma ada-
lah sangat penting sebagai makanan tambahan bagimenjana
tubuh badan yangsihat.
Produk ini telah dipasarkan secara kecil-kecilan dengan
dengan kadar harga yang sangat berpatutan iaitu sebanyak
RM9.90 sekotak. Kos bagi pengeluaran sekotak diang-
3
garkan sebanyak RM6.00. Kos ini dijangkakan akan
berkurangan sekiranya kadar permintaan dan
pengeluarannya dalam kuantiti yang lebih banyak.
Rajah 2: Coklat Jackavonia
Rajah 3: 3 jenis coklat yang dihasilkan
3. KaedahKajian
Seramai 32 orang responden telah dipilih secara rawak
dalam kajian ini. Soal selidik telah diedarkan untuk
pengumpulan data di sekitar Pulau Langkawi. Pemilihan
Pulau Langkawi sebagai lokasi kaji selidik adalah kerana
pulau ini terkenal sebagai pusat penjualan coklat terbesar di
Malaysia. Menurut Menteri Perusahaan Perladangan dan
Komoditi, Datuk Dr Mohd Khairuddin Aman Razali,
“Langkawi menerima masuk sejumlah besar pelancong dari
seluruh dunia dan ia sesuai untuk menjadi pemangkin kepa-
da promosi produk coklat buatan tempatan.”. Selain itu,
kerajaan turut bersetuju mengisytiharkan pulau peranginan
ini sebagai hab coklat negara, selaras dengan hasrat men-
jadikan Malaysia sebagai 'Raja Coklat' di rantau Asia [10].
Oleh itu, pemilihan Pulau Langkawi sebagai lokasi kaji
selidik ini sangatlah bersesuaian memandangkan Langkawi
merupakan tempat peranginan utama di Malaysia yang ter-
pilih sebagai Hab Coklat Negara.
3.1. HasilDapatan
Rajah 4: Jantina
Daripada kaji selidik yang dijalankan responden adalah
terdiri daripada 16 orang lelaki dan 16 orang perempu-
an.
Rajah 5: Umur
Separuh daripada bilangan responden berumur di antara
21 – 30 tahun. Responden yang berumur di antara 31-40
tahun pula seramai 7 orang diikuti oleh responden
berumur di antara 41-50 tahun seramai 4 orang. Mana-
kala 3 daripada responden berumur lebih dari 51 tahun
dan 2 daripada responden berumur 11-20 tahun.
Rajah 6: Bangsa
4
Majoriti responden adalah berbangsa Melayu seramai
22 orang atau 68.8%, diikuti oleh Cina seramai 5
orang atau 15.6%, warganegara Chile seramai 2 orang
atau 6.3% dan selebihnya seorang warganegara Bang-
ladeshi, bangsa Bidayuh dan warganegara Brunei mem-
bawa kepada3.1%.
Rajah 7: Pekerjaan
Sebanyak 53% daripada responden bekerja dalamsektor
swasta, manakala sebanyak 31% responden bekerja da-
lam sektor kerajaan. Selebihnya adalah pelajar sebanyak
13% dan sebanyak 3% responden adalah bekerja
sendiri.
Rajah 8: Responden penggemar coklat
Hampir kesemua reponden iaitu sebanyak 87.5% meru-
pakan penggemar coklat manakala 12.5% bukan
penggemar coklat.
Berikut merupakan hasil dapatan daripada beberapa soalan
yang ditanyakan mengenai minat dan persepsi responden
tentang coklat dan biji nangka.
Rajah 9: Rosponden makan biji nangka
Seramai 18 orang responden pernah makan biji nangka
dan selebihnya iaitu seramai 14 orang tidak pernah
makan biji nangka sebelum ini.
Rajah 10: Persepsi responden tentang biji nangka
Sebanyak 59.4% responden mengatakan tidak mempu-
nyai persepsi negatif tentang biji nangka terhadap
kesihatan.
Rajah 11: Inovasi biji nangka
Kesemua responden tidak pernah mendengar tentang biji
5
nangka yang diinovasikan bersama coklat.
Rajah 12: Memenuhi kehendak pengguna
Kesemua responden juga bersetuju bahawa produk Chocolate
Jackavonia memenuhi kehendak pengguna.
Rajah 13: Potensi untuk dikomersialkan
Kesemua responden juga bersetuju bahawa produk Choco-
late Jackavonia boleh dikomersialkan.
4. Kesimpulan
Kesimpulannya, inovasi buah nangka dapat memperke-
nalkan semula kehebatan buah nangka kepada golongan
orang muda serta meningkatkan tahap komersial buah
nangka melangkaui sempadan Negara. Chocolate Jack-
cavonia bukan sahaja memberi manfaat kepada penggemar
coklat bagi menikmati keenakan coklat dengan kepel-
bagaian rasa malahan ia turut membawa imej Asia yang
kaya dengan buah-buahan tempatan.
Selain itu, Chocolate Jackcavonia turut mengeten-
gahkan aspek kesihatan dengan gabungan makanan sunnah
seperti kurma yang kaya dengan khasiat dan manfaat kepa-
da tubuh badan. Berdasarkan dapatan kajian yang telah
dianalisa Chocolate Jackcavonia pastinya menjadi pilihan
utama penggemar coklat bukan hanya pada rasa namun
kehebatannya dari segi rupa dan tekstur yang berbeza dari
produk yang laiJusteru itu, adalah menjadi harapan kami
agar Choco- late Jackcavonia dapat dikomersialkan secara
meluas se- bagai nilai tambah kepada pasaran coklat
Negara. Kejayaan ini bukan sahaja membuka peluang
pekerjaan malahan mewujudkan peluang perniagaan kepada
masyarakat tem-
patanyangberminatuntukmenceburibidangkeusahawanan
demi memartabatkan produk buatanMalaysia dimata dunia.
Rujukan
[1] A. Anggriana, Muhardi, and Rostiati,
“KARAKTERISTIK BUAH NANGKA (Artocarpus
heterophyllus Lamk) SIAP SAJI YANG
DIPASARKAN DI KOTA PALU,” Agrotekbis, vol.
5, no. 3, pp. 278– 283, 2017.
[2] E. Widarti, B. Wardani, M. Lutfi, and W. A.
Nugroho, “Identifikasi Sifat Fisik Buah Nangka (
Artocarpus heterophyllus ) Physical Properties
[3] Identifikation of Jack Fruit ( Artocarpus heterophyllus
),” vol. 1, no. 3, pp. 224–230, 2013.
[4] S. B. Swami, N. J. Thakor, P. M. Haldankar, and S. B.
Kalse, “Jackfruit and Its Many Functional
Components as Related to Human Health: A
Review,” Compr. Rev. Food Sci. Food Saf., vol. 11,
no. 6, pp. 565–576,2012.
[5] A. M. Mydin, W. Anisha, W. Mohammad, and R.
Kechil, “Kajian Literatur : Nutrisi Makanan Sunnah
dalam Penyediaan Sapuan Coklat Ar ’ Rizs,” vol. 3,
no. 1, pp. 226–231, 2017.
[6] M. Del Prete and A. Samoggia, “Chocolate
consumption and purchasing behaviour review:
Research issues and insights for future research,”
Sustain., vol. 12, no. 14, 2020.
[7] A. Region, “Jackfruit Improvement in the Asia-
Pacific Region A Status Report,”2012.
[8] S. Taasim and R. Yusoff, “An Empirical Study of The
Cocoa, Rubber and Economic Growth in Malaysia,”
J. Techno Soc., vol. 11, no. 1,2019.
[9] M. H. Z. dan N. A. H. Nik Rozana Nik Mohd
Masdek, Rawaida Rusli, Mohd Zaffrie Mat Amin,
Suhana Safari, “16.0 Kajian Potensi Pasaran Produk
Pertanian Dan Industri Asas Tani Di Negara Asean
Yang Menganggotai Tpp,” pp. 225–242,2018.
[10] W. I. W. I. Siti Aisyah Yusof, Muhammad Saiful
Islami Mohd Taher, Noor Hidayah Kasim, “Khasiat
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[11] H.Osman,“Langkawidiisytiharhabcoklatnegara,”
Berita Harian Online, 16-Aug-2020.
6
EXPERT SYSTEM OF HEART ATTACK PREDICTION
Kayalvily Tabianan
Faculty of Information Technology,
INTI International
University Malaysia
Chew Lian Wei
Faculty of Information Technology,
INTI International University Malaysia
Abstract
Nowadays, heart attack become most common deadly
disease in modern era. More than 80% of heart attack
deaths happening in low-income and middle-income
countries. The reason why these two income countries have
the highest rates of heart attack deaths that is due to their
financial constraints. This led some of them die of heart
attack because they did not know their condition in
advance. In order to prevent heart attack death rate
increasing, the author develop an expert system that allow
users to check their heart status with their mobile phone.
By using this system, they can early know about their heart
status and can early know if they are having a heart attack
risk. The system was develop using Android technology and
decision table to analyze the result.
Keywords
Expert System, Diagnosis Heart Attack, Android
Technology
1. Introduction
Heart attack become top cause of deaths in Malaysia. The
most common risk factors for heart attack are obesity 77%
(Chin, 2016). A heart attack occurs when the death of the
heart muscle caused the supply of blood to the heart muscle
is interrupted or reduced. If the blood is blocked in the
heart for a long time, the risk of damage to the heart is
greater. It also called Myocardial Infarction (MI), coronary
thrombosis and cardiac infraction (Nordqvist, 2017). The
early diagnosis methods use in hospital is blood test,
electrocardiogram, coronary angiogram and chest X-ray
(Foundation, 2015). The hospital will use those diagnosis
methods to determine the best treatment for the patient.
Blood test is using to test the level of damaged in your
blood. Electrocardiogram is a process of recording the
electrical impulses of the heart. Heart abnormalities can be
detected through the electrocardiogram signals. Coronary
angiogram actual is use for deciding the best treatment to
the patient. Next, chest X-ray is using to prove whether
there are signs of heart failure. The diagnosis of heart
attack is a difficult task in medical field. Thus, to develop
an effective heart attack prediction system is needed for
early stage detection of heart attack. If the patient can early
know they have heart attack, they can quickly get through
treatment for prevent the diseases from continued to
deteriorate. Next, it also can be prevented heart attack death
rate increase in low-income and middle-income countries.
2. Method
One of the research methodologies be use on the proposed
project is prototyping model. Prototyping methodology also
known as incremental development and evolutionary
design (Volchko, 2017). The author uses this methodology
to research is because the error can be detected earlier, the
missing features can be easy identify, the users can involve
in the development and they can better understand of the
proposed system. The prototyping model having six stages.
Stage 1 requirement gathering. The proposed system
requirements are defined in as much details as possible in
this stage. The author will through questionnaires and
interview to gather information about the proposed system.
Stage 2 quick design. In this stage, the author will create an
initial design that involves only important aspects. The
author will just simple design the proposed system in this
stage. Stage 3 building prototype. In this stage, the author
through the second stage quick design to collect the data,
then modify to form a prototype. Stage 4 customer
evaluation. The next stage is user giving the evaluates of
the first prototype. The user will identify the advantages
and disadvantages of the proposed system, what else thing
should be added, and what else thing should be removed.
Stage 5 refining prototype. In this stage, modify the first
prototype based on the user evaluates and develop a second
prototype of the new system. Stage 6 engineer product. The
final proposed system will be tested and evaluated as a final
test event for prevent identification of system problems
early in system development. Next, the daily maintenance
continuing is important to prevent the large-scale failures
and minimize the downtime.
3. Decision Table
Decision tables are very useful in test design
techniques. Decision tables helps testers search for the
effects of software state combinations. Besides, decision
table also provides a general way of stating complex rules,
which is very helpful for testers and developers. Table 1
show the decision table case of the basic prediction.
7
Table 1. Decision tree of heart attack prediction
4. Results and Discussions
Acceptance Testing
Figure 1. Bar chart to evaluate user interface design
This bar chart shows the evaluation of the user interface
design. From the chart we can saw that most of the user
satisfy with the design of the proposed system UI.
Figure 2. Pie chart to evaluate the user friendly of the
proposed system
This pie chart shows the evaluation the user friendly of
the proposed system. From the chart we can saw that
90% of the responses think the proposed system is user
friendly, while has 10% of responses think the proposed
system is not user friendly.
Figure 3. Bar chart to evaluate the proposed system
convenient user check heart status
This bar chart shows the evaluation of the proposed
system easier for user check their heart status or not.
From the chart we can saw that 60% of responses agree
the proposed system is easy for they check their heart
status, while 10% of responses did not agree, and 30%
of responses select neutral.
5. Graphical User Interface Design
Basic Prediction
First, the system will display start button. After click
the start button, the system will directly to the question
page, then start answer the question given by system.
The system will display question, number of questions,
and the selection of answer. After user select the
answer, the system will automatic looping to next
question. Until the end of the question, the system will
display the prediction result. Next, the result will be
displaying the percentage risk of having heart attack,
risk level, recommended, find doctor button, and try
again prediction button. Figure 4 show the start button,
example of question will be display on the screen, and
the prediction result.
Figure 4. Basic prediction
8
6. Advanced Prediction
This prediction will collect the user’s data about their
gender, age, bmi, total cholesterol value, systolic blood
pressure value, and blood sugar value to diagnosis the risk
of heart attack. The upper layout is calculation of BMI for
someone don’t know their BMI, they can enter their height
and weight to get the BMI result. The bottom layout is use
to collect the user data for diagnosis heart attack risk level.
First, select the gender, input the age and bmi. Next, for the
cholesterol, blood pressure, and blood sugar value just click
the box, it will display a drop-down list for user select the
value. After fill up all the details, then click submit button,
it will bring to the result interface. The result will display
the percentage risk, risk level, weight status, and
recommended. Figure 5 show the advanced prediction
interface and result.
Figure 5. Advanced Prediction
7. Conclusion
The proposed system described in this paper has
been successfully designed and tested by author. Next, the
three objectives listed in the project have been successfully
achieved. Firstly, investigate the current system and how to
improve the system by using Android Technology. This
objective has been achieved by author, the author already
conducts investigate on the current system. Second
objective is developing the proposed system to allow
patient to check their heart status. This objective has been
achieved by author, the author already successful develop
the system. The last objective is conducting a suitable
testing for the proposed system to ensure the effectiveness
of the system. This objective has been successful achieved,
the author already conducts a testing on this project. The
heart attack prediction system is a great system for us early
know the risk of heart attack. Moreover, this proposed
system also can prevented heart attack death rate increase
in low-income and middle-income countries.
References
Chin, T. S. (2016, August 7). More young Malaysians are
getting heart disease - Star2.com. Retrieved from
Star2.com: https://www.star2.com/health/wellness/
Foundation, T. (2015). Heart attack. Retrieved from The
Heart Foundation:
https://www.heartfoundation.org.au/your-heart/heart-
conditions/heart-attack
Nordqvist, C. (2017, July 26). Heart attack: Causes,
symptoms, and treatments.
Retrieved from Medical News Today:
https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/151444.p
hp
Singh, R. (2017, December 4). The Core Components of an
Expert System in
AI. Retrieved October 20, 2018, from
Oodlestechnologies.com:
https://www.oodlestechnologies.com/blogs/The-Core-
Components-of-an-Expert-System-in-AI
Volchko, J. (2017, June 1). Prototyping Methodology:
Steps on How to Use It
Correctly. Retrieved from Lumitex.com:
https://www.lumitex.com/blog/prototyping-
methodology
9
( MO BILE APP) T H UNK ABLE: A L L ABO U T DU E50 12 CO MMUNICA TIV E
ENG LIS H 3
Arnie Chiah Liling
General Studies Department, Nilai Polytechnic
Kompleks Pendidikan Bandar Enstek,
Nilai Negeri Sembilan
Shammine Dharmalingam General Studies Department, Nilai Polytechnic
Kompleks Pendidikan Bandar Enstek,
Nilai, Negeri Sembilan
Abstract
In the state of our nation facing Covid-19 pandemic, the
Ministry of Education, Malaysia has urged higher learning
institutions to use the online learning application. The use
of technology is one of the teaching and learning media
and the use of ' Mobile App ' is popular amongst students.
A multimedia-based interactive website using mobile apps
was designed and developed. This application is specially
designed for DUE5012 Communicative English 3 students
to suit their needs accordingly. Thunkable is designed to
attract and facilitate the students to obtain notes and
information related to the subject, as well as to help them
to enhance their knowledge in answering questions and
quizzes. The development of Mobile apps (Thunkable) is
also a step to help lecturers facilitate the teaching process
as well as to increase students' achievement in the learning
processes and thinking patterns. In addition, Mobile app
(Thunkable), is an alternative resolution for the
Polytechnic CIDOS platform if students are having
problems accessing it. With this Mobile app (Thunkable),
all lecture notes and materials regarding the subject can be
downloaded and can be access out anywhere and at any
time using the mobile phone.
Keyword: Mobile App, Interactive Website
1. Introduction
This mobile app is designed for producing new teaching
strategies and has features in accordance with the
requirements of the curriculum as well as the teaching
learning process. It is cost effective, has attractive features
and motivates learning and at the same time, promotes
active engagement which combines the use of interactive
network-based materials. This mobile app is developed to
attract and aid the understanding of students in topics
related to the subject. The development of this website is
also a step to help facilitate the teaching process of
lecturers as well as to enhance learning accomplishments
together with thinking patterns in improving their English
language.
2. Problem Statement
Prior to this, lecturers and students were required to use
the CIDOS as their e-learning platform. However, many
students expressed their problems that the CIDOS platform
often slow and sometimes they cannot access it, as the
result they could not enjoy using the CIDOS platform. The
students often complained that CIDOS were difficult to
access because of the Wi-Fi limitation around polytechnic.
Therefore, this mobile app is created to overcome such
problems. This mobile app is created as an alternative
solution, as it can be the additional platform for students,
when the CIDOS platform has problem. Students can use
this mobile app to get notes, do exercises/quiz or even
communicate with the lecturers. This mobile app is easy to
download in any mobile phone.
3. Objectives The main purpose this mobile app was developed:
3.1. To use multimedia technology application out-of-class
teaching and learning.
3.2. To create and implement more attractive and effective
teaching and learning process.
3.3. To facilitate the teaching and learning process
compared to traditional methods.
4. Characteristics of the Innovation
4.1 Some of the roles that have been implemented are
to prepare material for the topics and contents that will be
10
included in the mobile app. In addition, it acts as an editor
that inserts images and other elements into the mobile app
pages used. This website is suitable for the students outside
the campus because it is easy to use and it is not heavy to
be downloaded on to mobile phones. It is also saves time
and effective to use.
4.2 The ability to quickly prototype your mobile
applications with Thunkable, plus literally zero code
written. It is also great for educators, because it introduces
to programming without having them go through the syntax
errors and other difficulties which arise when you write
everything from scratch.
4.3 Mobile Apps Make Learning Easier
According to Cakir (2015), he explored the current use
of mobile phones in a foreign language teaching from the
prospective teachers' opinions and attitudes on exploiting
the mobile phone as an instructional tool for foreign
language learning purposes in the educational and
instructional setting of foreign language teaching
classrooms. Results showed that most of the participants
liked to use their mobiles as instructional to help them in
learning English. The results also gave some insights as to
how foreign language teachers could employ suitable
approaches to make the process of learning and teaching
English meaningful and communicative. They suggested
that the participants would like to make use of mobile
phones for educational purposes when they become
teachers of English. Alfaki and Alharthy (2014) studied the
influence of using social networks to promote learners’
English language. Their results disclosed that learning
through social networks was more operative than old-style
learning which looked to the classroom as a place of
acquiring information. Besides, they discovered that
teamwork was a useful learning strategy in improving one’s
foreign language, and WhatsApp encourages collaboration
among students.
4.4 Criteria for English Learning Apps
It is important to encourage students on how to best use
Mobile Apps to learn English. As we know that the easy
availability of apps on mobile devices means students will
obviously using online resources to learn. It’s also worth
considering the benefits of Apps that can help students to
organize and compare different sources as part of projects
and revision. When using information online as an English
learning resource, there are some criteria about the online
English learning resources that need to be mentioned.
Tomlinson (2010) stated the design of practical criteria for
English resources. Some of them are as follows:
1.English materials should contain enough spoken and
written text.
2.Language input in materials should be contextualized.
3.Learners should be exposed sufficient samples of
language in authentic use.
4.English materials should include activities that provide
critical thinking and encourage learners to visualize.
5.English materials should include interesting and engaging
tasks.
According to Howard and Major (2004), a series of
specific guidelines was listed for online English resources.
1. Online English resources should be stimulated
interaction and be generative.
2. Learners are encouraged to develop learning skills
and strategies when they use online English
resources.
3. Online English resources should link to each other to
develop a progression of skills, understandings and
language items.
4. Online English resources have appropriate
instructions.
5. Online English resources should be attractive and
flexible.
Ahmet (2013) mentioned that the updatability of Apps
is one of the most important criteria. In terms of
updatability, if students think there is a need for a change in
the material depending on the needs and level of what they
have learned, they can easily adapt the material. Moreover,
when self-regulated students use their smartphones or iPads
to learn English, updatability becomes more important,
because English resources keep continuously updating
every day. It means that high updatability can save their
time, money, and energy in the progress of learning
English.
5. Methodology 5.1 How to use the mobile app
i) the lecturer will give the link of apk
file (through WhatsApp group, telegram, or email) for students to
download. Then, students will need to install it and allow
permission.
ii) or go to link given https://sites.google.com/view/all-
about-due5012-arniepns/home
iii) The mobile app installed (refer to the icon)
11
iv) The main page of the mobile app
v) Students can access to all the listed menu for instance, the
Course Information, Notes and Videos, Assignment, Quizzes and
Forum to interact for Topic 1- Mini Project, and Topic 2 – Job
Hunting Mechanics. Besides that, there are Gmail, Whatsapp and
Cidos 3.5 which can be accessed too.
The list of pages
iv) Students can click on the page that they want to refer for
example, Notes for Topic 1 – Mini Project or Topic 2 – Job
Hunting Mechanics. Besides that, students can carry out
assignments and quizzes given by the lecturer. Forum is for
interaction purposes, where lecturers can use WhatsApp/Email to
interact with students to give and receive feedbacks.
6. Impact
The use of Thunkable has been identified to have
positive impact among the students. Based on the research
done, students can easily understand topics that need to be
learned because of content which is simple and accurate. It
also develops students’ interest to learn as they are using
their own mobile phones to discover.
In addition, the impact of this mobile app usage among
students is in accordance with the Generic Student
Attributes (GSA) that students need to acquire:
• Ability to use technology in presentation.
• Ability to communicate ideas clearly, effectively and with
confidence in both oral and written forms.
• Ability to apply active listening skills and responding
skills.
• Ability to communicate with others from different
cultural background.
The Thunkable mobile app is cost-free, the lecturer gives
the link and students need to download from Google
12
Playstore (android) or iOS Appstore (i phone) using
internet. Thunkable (thunkable.com) is a free drag and drop
platform where anyone can build their own mobile
applications according to their needs. Past years, many
first-time mobile app developers had built thousands of
awesome apps using Thunkable.
7. Findings
Around 90.0% students agreed that Thunkable (mobile
app) is effective in helping them to learn the subject and
only 10.0% students disagreed because they do not want to
install the app.
8. Recommendation
Due to the increasing e-learning scenarios in Malaysia
the finding of this study suggested that e-learning (using
mobile apps) must offer courses according to students’
demand. In particular, the e-learning must be offer in
various language this because Malaysia is a multicultural
country. In other hand the e-learning field need to improve
the adaptive nature of the student because the effectiveness
of e-learning (using mobile apps) which not depending on
normal class environment should have a perfect activity
will lead to knowledge base society. Moreover, the
researcher of this study personally recommended that e-
learning instructor and developer should collaborate with
developed countries that used e-learning (using mobile
apps) in variety ways that will help to improve learners
understanding by addressing critical e-learning factors.
Using mobile apps in e-learning environment need to be
collaborate with the several improvements such as
adaptive, hyper Media, Intelligent Tutoring Systems, and
advance solution. The enhancement process on this mobile
app will be carried out from time to time as there are still
room for improvement, which are unnoticed during
development. Moreover, students prefer to use this mobile
app offline in their smartphones to save cost in terms of
internet data.
9. Conclusion
In conclusion, the Thunkable mobile app, is an
alternative resolution for lecturers as well as students. This
mobile app (Thunkable), serves as a platform to distribute
lecture notes and materials on the subject, which can be
downloaded and accessed anywhere and anytime using the
mobile phone. As we know that, all teaching and learning
processes need cope with the new norm, as such the use of
mobile app Thunkable, is needed saves time and ease the
teaching and learning process too.
Acknowledgments
We would like to express our special gratitude to Dr
Mohd Siri Muslimin for his valuable and constructive
ideas, advice, patience, and support during the development
of the mobile application (Thunkable). His willingness to
give his time is much appreciated. We would like to thank
Haji Sahalani Bin Basar for his technical expertisefor
helping with the video editing. Thank you to all the
lecturers and students who had used this mobile application
in their respective classes.
References
Ahmet, B. 2013, “ELT Teachers as Online Material
Developers”,from:
http://www.tojdel.net/pdf/v01i02/v01i02-02.pdf
Alfaki and Alharthy Towards a Digital World: Using Social
Networks to Promote Learners' Language. (2014).
Cakir Language learning strategies of language e-learners
in Turkey (2015).
Howard and Major Guidelines for Designing Effective
English Language Teaching Materials (2004).
Son, J. B. Selecting and evaluating mobile apps for
language learning. (2016).
Tomlinson, B. 2010, “Principles of effective materials
development”, In N. Harwood (ed.), English language
teaching materials, pp. 81-108, NY: CUP.
Polytechnic e-learning platform – cidos.edu.my
https://thunkable.com
13
IMPLEMENTATION OF INTERNET OF THINGS (IoT) BASED RAINWATER SENSOR
SYSTEM CONTROLLED THROUGH MOBILE APPLICATION USING ARDUINO
Malathy Batumalay
Faculty of Information Technology
INTI International University
71800 Nilai, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia
Rubinyaa Sekar
Faculty of Information Technology
INTI International University
71800 Nilai, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia
Abstract The rainfall that Malaysia experiences throughout
the year especially during the year end, worries Malaysian
to leave their home and go on a vacation as their house will
be in total darkness when it rains heavily. Malaysia is
located near the equator where even its climate is
categorised as equatorial which is being hot and humid
throughout the year.Therefore, this study aims to develop
an interoperability between the system and mobile
application which provides controls to the user to take
action accordingly to the situation by providing them
sufficient information in a timely manner.
Keywords
Internet of Things(IoT), Rainwater sensor, Rain detector
1. Introduction
Water is a precious resource in our environment and it
is very essential to conserve water as growing populations,
urban and suburban sprawl and ongoing droughts are
impacting our water resources, resulting in natural habitat
degradation and impacting the amount of water that is
available for everyday use (Bangalore, V. L. (2011).
Several research was done to detect responses to rainfall to
protect (Wohlfahrt, K. H., & Ebner, T., 2011) or make use
of this water (Hosoya, M., 2003; Zaizen, M. et al., 2000).
Rainwater sensor system is mainly used to detect the
changes in weather due to rainfall. For example, this rain
sensor can be implemented in cars, so that when it’s raining
the wipers are activated automatically (Wohlfahrt, K. H., &
Ebner, T., 2011). Similarly, it can also be integrated at
homes where buzzers are activated to indicate raining and
in complex connection, it can be linked together with the
lighting system of the house. So, when it’s raining, the
lights are on automatically. Most importantly, the rainwater
sensor can be controlled by a simple mobile application
that allows users to perform simple tasks in a timely
manner. For example, having a buzzer connected to the
system helps a sleeping person in the house to wake up and
collect the drying clothes. Actually, it is quite common to
see people in Malaysia drying their clothes under the hot
sun even though we have clothes dryers available. Besides
that, Malaysia is surprisingly a very warm and friendly
country in southeast Asia where the rainy season usually
comes in around August up to December. Moreover, many
people in Malaysia travel during this period of time as we
have vast public holidays, festival seasons, and not
forgetting the long school holidays. Thus, parents tend to
get off from work in order to have a small vacation with
their family members as their kids are on school break as
well during the year end. This is where parents are reluctant
to go for a holiday since its raining season and some are
probably even worried about their homes. It is quite often
to see parents are too worried about home instead of
enjoying our fun-filled trip. So, here comes a solution
where lights are on when it’s raining.
2. Project Objectives
The proposed system outlines its benefit mostly to
Malaysian citizens as the research and discussion focus
majorly in Malaysia. Therefore, the rainwater sensor
system enables the user to operate the system by taking
actions according to the situation and monitor the state of
the rainfall in a convenient way using mobile application.
3. Methodology
To study further on the proposed system, both
quantitative and qualitative were carried out. Quantitative
method using questionnaires where a form of feedback was
gathered from various users of a particular field of interest.
This questionnaire is a feedback from a group of people
which was further used to analyse the results. Secondly, a
qualitative method using interview was conducted by face-
to-face communication to collect the data and information.
The main purpose of the methodology is to collect data
from the general public and to have deep understanding on
what people think about rainwater sensors. Moreover, the
data collected can be analysed further in order to improvise
the system.
4. Results & Discussions
Based on the quantitative and qualitative methods
carried out, it was surprising that quite a number of the
respondents were not aware of IoT and Arduino platform as
they might have not been exposed towards it. In short, they
are not a multidisciplinary group of people where they only
14
focus on field and career that evolves between them.
For example, the people in business background they are
likely to look into business transformation, process,
requirements and needs rather than information technology
field.
Figure 1 shows the intial model of rainwater
sensor system
Figure 2 shows the output of rainwater sensor
system controlled using mobile application.
Figure 3 shows the interface of the mobile application
to control the rainwater sensor system.
5. Conclusion
In conclusion, the proposed system is designed to serve
the public in reserving rain water. This system integrates an
Arduino microcontroller, rainwater sensor and mobile
application to help alert people when it is raining and take
the necessary steps. Furthermore, the ideas conveyed
through the system would inspire more authorities to look
into the related concerns and take an initiative to implement
this in real-life as it is highly beneficial to the public. For
future enhancement, this rainwater sensor system can adapt
to more features and functions where a more user-friendly
mobile app can be built.
Acknowledgments
The author would like to express special thanks to INTI
International University and Faculty of IT for supporting
the author's project and the submission of this work.
References
[1] Bangalore, V. L. U.S. Patent No. 7,966,153.
Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark
Office.(2011).
[2] Doukas, C. Building Internet of Things with the
ARDUINO. CreateSpace Independent Publishing
Platform (2012).
[3] Gubbi, J., Buyya, R., Marusic, S., & Palaniswami, M.
(2013). Internet of Things (IoT): A vision, architectural
elements, and future directions. Future generation
computer systems, 29(7), 1645-1660.
[4] Hosoya, M. U.S. Patent No. 6,663,769. Washington,
DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office.(2003).
[5] Lee, S., Jo, J., Kim, Y., & Stephen, H.). A framework
for environmental monitoring with Arduino-based
sensors using Restful web service. In 2014 IEEE
International Conference on Services Computing (pp.
275-282). IEEE.(2014, June)
[6] Wohlfahrt, K. H., & Ebner, T. (2011). U.S. Patent No.
7,911,356. Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and
Trademark Office.
[7] Xia, F., Yang, L.T., Wang, L. and Vinel, A., 2012.
Internet of things. International journal of
communication systems, 25(9), p.1101.
15
APLIKASI INTERAKTIF ‘SMARTSOLVER’ BAGI KURSUS KEJURUTERAAN BEKALAN
AIR DAN AIR SISA
Suzan Binti Impak
Politeknik Kota Kinabalu
Helly Halen
Politeknik Kota Kinabalu
Mohd Nazrulhisham Bin Mohd Amin
Politeknik Kota Kinabalu
Abdull Sulaiman Bin Ismil
Politeknik Kota Kinabalu
Rukinah@Nanang Binti Samuing
Politeknik Kota Kinabalu
Abstrak
Memandangkan tahap kefahaman pelajar adalah berbeza-
beza, maka tugas menyampaikan isi pelajaran bukanlah
sesuatu yang mudah . Justeru, penggunaan multimedia
dalam pengajaran dan pembelajaran dapat
mengintegerasikan corak pebelajaran dengan
menggabungkan teks, grafik audio dan video. Menyedari
keupayaan multimedia serta kesan positifnya terhadap
proses penyampaian maklumat maka, aplikasiinteraktif
‘SmartSolver’ dibangunkan bagi membantu pelajar
meningkatkan kefahaman pelajar. Aplikasi ini bersifat
mesra pengguna dan boleh dimuaturun dalam telefon
bimbit melalui aplikasi playstore. Memuatkan nota pegun,
video dan aktiviti cubajaya, smartsolver direkabentuk
dengan membolehkan pelajar berhenti dan menjelajah
sekerap yang diperlukan untuk bahagian yang lemah atau
ke bahagian seterusnya. Aplikasi ini turut memuatkan
soalan-soalan kuiz sebagai pengukuhan kefahaman
pelajar. Peratus CLO bagi sesi Disember 2018 dan sesi
Jun 2019 dibandingkan untuk melihat keberksanan
penggunaan aplikasi ini. Analisis menunjukkan terdapat
peningkatan sebanyak 10.2% terhadap prestasi bagi CLO
yang diukur
Kata Kunci : Multimedia, bahan bantu mengajar, smartsolver
1. Pengenalan
Seiring dengan era Revolusi Industri 4.0 dan gagasan
Pendidikan 4.0, penghasilan bahan bantu mengajar (BBM)
yang menarik dan interaktif dilihat sebagai amalan terbaik
dalam mengintegrasian teknologi dalam pembelajaran dan
pengajaran (PdP) di dalam bilik kuliah. Usaha kearah
mewujudkan ekosistem pembelajaran dan pengajaran
berbantukan teknologi ini perlu agar keadaan bilik kuliah
menjadi lebih kondusif dan menyeronokkan bagi pelajar
dan warga pendidik. Sehubungan itu, penggunaan
pendekatan pembelajaran dan pengajaran terkini yang
interaktif, teradun dan menggunakan aplikasi teknologi
canggih mudahalih amatlah digalakkan. Jesteru, aplikasi
atau peranti mesra pengguna perlu dibangunkan untuk
memudahkan pengajaran dan pembelajaran.
2. Penyataan Masalah
Laporan pencapaian kursus DCC 5152-Water Supply
and Waste Water Engineering bagi sesi Jun 2018 untuk
CLO2 menunjukkan nilai capaian markah pelajar yang
agak membimbangkan dengan jumlah peratusan markah
sebanyak 47.3%. CLO 2 merujuk kepada kebolehan
menyelesaikan masalah. Antara aspek penyelesaian
masalah yang diambilkira ialah kebolehan pelajar dalam
menyelesaikan masalah yang melibatkan pengiraan. Oleh
itu, satu bentuk pendekatan pengajaran dan pembelajaran
baru
perlu dibangunkan untuk menarik minat pelajar dalam
memahami dan menguasai topik-topik berunsurkan
pengiraan.
3. Objektif
Pensyarah masih terikat dengan kaedah penggunaan
paparan slide power point dalam pelaksanaan proses
pengajaran dan pembelajaran di dalam bilik kuliah. Kaedah
ini bukan sahaja mengakibatkan pelajar menjadi bosan
malah turut menjadikan pensyarah terikat dengan teknik
pengajaran berbentuk kuliah sahaja selain mengundang
suasana pasif di dalam kelas. Justeru itu, inovasi
penghasilan aplikasi “SmartSolver” ini bertujuan untuk
mewujudkan satu kaedah yang boleh menarik minat pelajar
selain memudahkan dan memastikan pelaksanaan
pengajaran dan pembelajaran dapat mencapai objektif yang
telah ditetapkan.
16
4.0 Metodologi
Model rekabentuk merangkumi analisis pembelajaran
dan pencapaian, reka bentuk aplikasi, pembangunan,
implementasi, dan penilaian (Reiser & Dempsey,
2007).Proses pembangunan aplikasi ini melibatkan lima
fasa utama yang diadaptasi daripada Model ADDIE.
Rekabentuk Model ADDIE melibatkan pengulangan
fasa.Setiap fasa SmartSolver saling berkait antara satu sama
lain. Sekiranya fasa tersebut tidak dapat dilaksanakan
dengan baik proses tersebut boleh diulang sehingga ia dapat
disiapkan dengan lengkap.Model reka bentuk instruksional
ADDIE merupakan model yang terawal dan menjadi asas
kepada model-model reka bentuk sistem instruksional yang
lain (Gustafson & Branch, 2001; Jamaludin & Zaidatun,
2003). Model ADDIE merupakan singkatan daripada
Analysis (analisis), Design (reka bentuk), Development
(pembangunan), Implementation (perlaksanaan) dan
Evaluation (penilaian).
Aplikasi SmartSolver dibangunkan untuk sub topik
yang melibatkan pengiraan sahaja. Kelebihan aplikasi ini
ialah, pelajar boleh berhenti dan menjelajah sekerap yang
diperlukan untuk bahagian yang lemah atau ke bahagian
seterusnya. Melalui kaedah ulangan, pelajar akan dapat
mengingati langkah kerja dan berpeluang meneliti
kesilapan-kesilapan yang berlaku semasa membuat
pengiraan.
Aplikasi ini mudah dan mesra pengguna serta boleh
dicapai dengan memuaturun dari aplikasi playstore.
Rekabentuk aplikasi ini menggunakan warna-warna yang
menarik agar dapat menarik perhatian pengguna dan tidak
bosan menggunakannya.
Kandungan utama aplikasi terdiri dari Info, Nota dan
Quiz, dan SmartSolver. Pengguna boleh memilih salah satu
butang berkenaan untuk melihat isi kandungannya.
Rajah 1:Paparan Umum
Sekiranya pengguna menekan butang Info, paparan berikut
akan dipaparkan.
Rajah 2:Paparan Info
Sekiranya pengguna menekan butang Nota, paparan
berikut dipaparkan. Nota berbentuk pegun dan video.
Rajah 3:Paparan Nota
Aplikasi ini turut memuatkan video untuk Bab 2, Bab 3 dan Bab
5.
Rajah 4:Paparan Video
Paparan ini akan keluar apabila pengguna menekan butang nota
bab 2.
17
Rajah 5:Paparan Nota Bab 2
Pengguna boleh memilih mana-mana butang untuk melihat contoh
soalan.
Rajah 6:Paparan Soalan Pengiraan
Untuk Kuiz, aplikasi akan menunjukkan ‘CORRECT’ sekiranya
jawapan betul dan ‘WRONG’ sekiranya jawapan salah.
Rajah 7:Paparan Kuiz
Berikut adalah merupakan aplikasi untuk SmartSolver. Aplikasi
ini akan membuat kiraan secara automatik sekiranya butang solve
ditekan.
Rajah 8:Paparan SmartSolver
Berikut merupakan paparan bagaimana susunatur program dibuat.
Setiap item dilabelkan dan dipasangkan bersama aktiviti yang
hendak dirangkaikan untuk membentuk satu rangkaian penuh.
Rajah 9:Pengaturcaraan Rangkaian
5.0 Dapatan
Penggunaan aplikasi ‘SmartSolver’ ini menunjukkan
peningkatan kefahaman yang memberansangkan dalam
kalangan pelajar. Bukti peningkatan kefahaman pelajar
dapat dilihat melalui perbandingan Laporan pencapaian
kursus bagi sesi Jun 2018 berbanding sesi Disember 2018.
Sesi Jun 2018 menunjukkan nilai capaian markah
sebanyak 47.3%. Namun demikian, selepas penggunaan
aplikasi ini, nilai capaian markah pelajar bagi CLO 2
meningkat kepada 57.5% pada sesi Disember 2018. Ini
bermakna penggunaan aplikasi interaktif ‘SmartSolver’
berjaya menunjukkan peningkatan kefahaman pelajar.
Rajah 10: Laporan Pencapaian Sesi Jun 2018
18
Rajah 11: Laporan Pencapaian Sesi Disember 2018
6.0 Kesimpulan
Penggunaan bahan bantu mengajar (BBM) dalam
proses pengajaran dan pembelajaran (PdP) merupakan
salah satu faktor yang menentukan kebolehcapaian objektif
dalam pengajaran dan pembelajaran. Penggunaan
teknologi multimedia perlu diadun bersama dalam
menjadikan bahan bantu mengajar bersifat interaktif dan
mampu menarik minat pelajar disamping meransang sikap
ingin tahu pelajar. Jesteru, penghasilan aplikasi atau lebih
dikenali sebagai peranti mesra pengguna adalah wajar
dibangunkan.
Rujukan:
Reiser, R.A & Dempsey, J.V. (2007). Trends and Issues in
Instructional Desing and Technology (2nd Edition). Upper
Saddle River, New Jersey: Merill Prentice Hall
Gustafson, K.L. & Branch, R. M. (2001). Survey of
Instructional Development Models. New York: ERIC
Clearinghouse on Information & Technology.
.
Jamaludin Harun & Zaidatun Tasir. (2003). Multimedia
dalam Pendidikan. Pahang: PTS Publications &
Distributors Sdn. Bhd.
19
INTEGRATING THE COMMUNICATION INTO QUALITY OF LIFE AMONGST
ACADEMICIAN SANDWICH GENERATION
Masilah Mohamad
Faculty of Business & Management,
Universiti Teknologi MARA, Negeri
Sembilan Branch, Kuala Pilah Campus
Mumtaz Ahmad
Faculty of Business & Management,
Universiti Teknologi MARA, Negeri
Sembilan Branch, Kuala Pilah Campus
Sitinorazura Jamal
Faculty of Business & Management,
Universiti Teknologi MARA, Negeri
Sembilan Branch, Kuala Pilah Campus
Abstract
This study attempts to examine customer's demand and its
relationship on customer's perceptions of the transition of
SOCSO (Social Security Organization of Malaysia) as a
Shariah compliance organization. The objective of this paper
is to determine whether customer demand has a significant
relationship with the customer's perception. Data were
collected using a questionnaire survey method and a total of
132 questionnaires distributed to SOCSO contributors at
Alor Setar, Kedah. Data were analyzed by the use of
descriptive analysis and correlation analysis presented in a
table. The result shows a significant positive relationship
between the independent variable and the dependent
variable. Therefore, it is essential to look into extensive
efforts on the Islamization of SOCSO so that the demand
from the Muslim employees to have an Islamic social security
program can be achieved. Keywords— SOCSO; Social
Security; Islamization of Social Security; Customers Demand
and Customers Perception.
Keywords
SOCSO; Social Security; Islamization of Social Security;
Customers Demand and Customers Perception
1. Introduction
The general well-being of individuals and societies which
outline the positive and negative features of life is known as
Quality of Life (QOL). As defined by the World Health
Organization (WHO), the definition of quality of life is
covers everything from physical health, family, education,
employment, wealth, religious beliefs, finance, and the
environment. Someone's quality of life is the extent to which
their life is comfortable or satisfying. In Malaysia's scenario,
young people who are genetic and active always seek the
high quality of their work-life such as the balance of their
work, career, and social life with their family. When they fail
to get the balance of their work and life, they potentially risk
with work-life conflicts such as family conflict. The result
can affect their level of quality of life. Ideally, when people
are, the low family conflict they able to obtain the result in
high quality of life, but the high family conflict will result in
decreased quality of life.
Quality of life is also subjective from each and everyone
points of view. From the point of World Health
Organization, the definition of quality of life is, as 'An
individual's perceptions of their position in life, in the context
of the culture and value systems in which they live, and with
their goals, expectations, standards, and concerns [1]. Work-
life conflict remains challenges to achieve a high quality of
work-life, particularly to the young generation. A young
generation nowadays needs to struggle and strive towards
work and family. The sandwich generation is referring to the
generation of people, typically in their thirties or forties,
responsible for raising their children and, at the same time
have to take care of their aging parents [3]. This sandwich
generation phenomenon happened all around the globe, and
this no exception to the Malaysian population too. In
Malaysia, the persons that face this problem are men and
women, but the higher number will go to women. They have
a responsibility to take care of family and, at the same time,
maintain to build up their career. Failure in managing work-
life conflict can turn them to stress and depression. More than
that, they feel the pressure of their role. Hence this studied
aims to investigate the significant relationship between work-
life conflict and social support towards the quality of work
life. A group of 150 academicians has been selected in one of
the local universities in Malaysia. The data further 1.
Introduction
The general well-being of individuals and societies which
outline the positive and negative features of life is known as
Quality of Life (QOL). As defined by the World Health
Organization (WHO), the definition of quality of life is
covers everything from physical health, family, education,
employment, wealth, religious beliefs, finance, and the
environment. Someone's quality of life is the extent to which
their life is comfortable or satisfying. In Malaysia's scenario,
young people who are genetic and active always seek the
high quality of their work-life such as the balance of their
work, career, and social life with their family. When they fail
to get the balance of their work and life, they potentially risk
with work-life conflicts such as family conflict. The result
can affect their level of quality of life. Ideally, when people
are, the low family conflict they able to obtain the result in
high quality of life, but the high family conflict will result in
decreased quality of life.
Quality of life is also subjective from each and everyone
points of view. From the point of World Health
Organization, the definition of quality of life is, as 'An
individual's perceptions of their position in life, in the context
of the culture and value systems in which they live, and with
20
their goals, expectations, standards, and concerns [1]. Work-
life conflict remains challenges to achieve a high quality of
work-life, particularly to the young generation. A young
generation nowadays needs to struggle and strive towards
work and family. The sandwich generation is referring to the
generation of people, typically in their thirties or forties,
responsible for raising their children and, at the same time
have to take care of their aging parents [3]. This sandwich
generation phenomenon happened all around the globe, and
this no exception to the Malaysian population too. In
Malaysia, the persons that face this problem are men and
women, but the higher number will go to women. They have
a responsibility to take care of family and, at the same time,
maintain to build up their career. Failure in managing work-
life conflict can turn them to stress and depression. More than
that, they feel the pressure of their role. Hence this studied
aims to investigate the significant relationship between work-
life conflict and social support towards the quality of work
life. A group of 150 academicians has been selected in one of
the local universities in Malaysia. The data further analyzed
using SPSS, and the result revealed that work-life conflict.
2. Literature Review
2.1 Work-life conflict
The conflict between work and life would adversely affect the workplace and family, and the welfare of the community [4]. The conflict usually happens to young women who have responsibility for workplace and roles at home. Besides, young women with multiple roles will have a negative impact on physical and mental well-being rather than women with fewer roles contribution [5]. The stress that comes from roles in home and family extend into adverse effects held by individuals in the workplace. People tend to depression and fear of multiple roles and responsibilities. Based on the research, work-life conflicts have two components, among which are work-family conflict and family-work conflict. Work-family conflict and family-work conflict are related to married women who have multiple responsibilities towards their job and the roles of family. Therefore, the age of the children is linked to more work-family conflict and family-work conflict among married women employees [6]. Work-family conflict (WFC) happens when business-related requests interfere with home duties. This conflict occurs when there are opposing demands between the work and family roles of an individual that makes the work more difficult for both. More than that, increasing the employees' control over time, employees working lives, and family and personal lives support from the supervisor will reduce by the workplace interfere [7]. Then, the supervisor should give support to employees who need to balance their employee's different roles simultaneously to enhance their job performance and family roles throughout their lives.
In contrast to the family-work conflict (FWC), defined family responsibilities obstruct the work activities. It is a type of interrole conflict in which family and work responsibilities are not compatible. Based on the research, the family-work conflict has a negative influence at home that can cause lower self-esteem, lower life satisfaction, and the caregiver will experience internal family conflict. Therefore, the family-work conflict also related to attitudes about the job or workplace [8]. The negative attitudes such as lazy, lack of discipline, and lack of self-esteem will lead to poor job performance and resulting to lower life satisfaction.
2.2 Social Support
A network that involves an individual's family, friends and spouse who can support the person psychologically and emotionally is called a social support network. Psychologists say that a strong social support network leads to a better coping experience with stress. The job or task can be more productive and successful if the person who has support with his or her awareness may be the most beneficial to achieve the goals. Studies have found that low support from others is associated with an increased risk of mortality for women or caregiver. However, in some studies, results indicate that for specific age groups, women with high social support also have an increased risk of mortality because people tend to experience higher blood pressure and heart rates at stressful times. It does also depend on the presence of friends or family members to reduce these rates among people during painful periods and stressful times. There are two components of social support, which are non-work domain support and work-domain support.
Non-work-domain support has two elements; there are family support and spouse support. The support of family and friends during a crisis has long been seen to have a positive emotional effect on people. During stressful times, people tend to experience higher blood pressure and heart rates, and the presence of friends or family members have been shown to reduce these problems to them. According to [9], home support and family members are essential to work to support one another instrumentally and emotionally through interdependent interactions and empathic awareness. They manage a wide range of responsibilities to care about their life, children, parents, and their job as well. Therefore, the social support network from their family can reduce distress, depression, or anxiety and also have low rates of clinical depression to the caregivers because the family members are closer to them.
On the other hand, supervisor support and employer support may reduce their stress by motivation and encouragement from supervisors to remain the workers or staffs perform well in the organization. The expectation from the workers is support from supervisors in helping to carry out the task and solving the problem. According to [10], supervisor support is significant importance concerning health and well-being at work, at least in case of absence of such support and in case of problems at work. This shows that supervisory support really helps the workers at work and also to maintain their good health while working. Supervisor support affected individual improvisation through the mechanisms of empowerment and self-efficacy [11]. It has been noted that supervisors are a key figure in different phases of work-related stress interventions directed to employees. Empirical studies show conclusively that evaluation of supervisor support is an essential determinant of job satisfaction [12]. Furthermore, the supervisor can give some advice to the workers about handling problems related to works. For the sandwich generation, this advice is the most important to them in managing their working life and home life.
21
Furthermore, mostly organization has several small teams to work to achieve organizational goals, for example, the team to market the organization, the team of the sales process, and so on. With emotional support from their supervisors, these teams will be more productive and more focused. Supervisor support at the group-level extends beyond the norm of reciprocity in that high supervisor support provides employees with additional resources to better accomplish their goals and facilitates cooperation among group members [13]. It can also help the workers to have more information and foster a spirit of collaboration within a team by applying the proper way to communicate with and help each other. This can give job satisfaction to the workers. The relationship between work engagement and job satisfaction at the individual level was buffered by supervisor emotional support at the group level [14].
2.3 Communication
Effective communication within the family can lead to better
relationships between the members of the family. It must be built on
a foundation of trust, listening, and understanding. The more
effectively the family can communicate together, is better. The
communications allow share thoughts and feelings, coax expression
towards children, and foster a safe home environment in which all
family members can feel comfortable and secure in their
relationships [17]. Communication is a "god" term in our society
because it is viewed as a panacea for ailing human relationships.
Communication has moved from the periphery to center stage as the
sine qua non of family life. Communication is central to family life
today because the expectations for personal relationships have
changed slowly but inexorably in this century. Although many of
the traditional functions of the family have been delegated to other
social agencies (e.g., care of the aged, education of the children, and
so forth), the nurturance function remains. And, the nurturance of
family members takes place primarily through the exchange of
verbal and nonverbal messages [16].
Although the centrality of communication in the modern family
is acknowledged across the social sciences, a great deal of the
research that such a position inspires has an evident applied focus.
Researchers seek to uncover the set of communication skills that
lead to healthy family functioning, or conversely, those that are
correlated to distress or abuse. Though not without practical value,
much of the research on communication in the family is theoretical.
Consequently, this work is unlikely to lead to advances in our
understanding of communication processes within the family. Anger
subsides when a child learns to communicate her feelings
effectively, says the University of Florida. Learning how to express
feelings adequately can reduce the arguing and yell in a household
as well as increase satisfaction and the sharing of opinions. When a
family knows how to communicate effectively, then all of the
members of the household learn conflict management, problem-
solving skills, and the sharing of thoughts and idea [17]. Effective
communication in the home will stay with children as they move
through their lives. The communication skills of expression,
listening, and conflict resolution will affect their school, social, and
eventual professional life. They'll learn how to listen effectively,
reserving judgment, and showing empathy. They'll learn the right
words to use when communicating with others. And most of all,
they'll develop skills that will affect all of their future relationships;
professional, educational, and personal.
3. Methodology The research design that been used for this study was a
non - experimental method. This method includes descriptive and correlation research. According to [15], the descriptive analysis describes the characteristic of the real phenomenon. Correlational study neither descriptive nor historical research does; it was to provide some indication as to how to or more things are related to one another. Correlational research also examines the relationship between variables. A survey was conducted to 150 fellow lecturer, from a local university in Malaysia. All the items measurement used five Likert scales, which 1= strongly disagree, and 5= strongly agree.
4. Finding / Discussion
4.1 Profile of respondents
The demographic backgrounds are people age, gender, hours they spend caring for their parents per week, hours they spend caring for their children per week, the time frame of their career, and education level. Based on Table 1, the age of respondent that participate in this study consists of three categories which are from groups were 30 – 39 years old (n=28), aged of 40 -49 years old (n= 61) and more than 50 and above (n=61). This result interpreted that the respondent's age 30-39 years old and 40-49 years old are the same with 40.7%. Meanwhile, the lowest were respondents at the age of 30-39 years old were about 18.7%. Next was hours spend caring per week and found that most respondents spend caring for a parent for 41-50 hours with 21.3%. Meanwhile, the moderate hours respondent scoring for their parents were 31-40 hours with 16.7%, and the lowest was 11-20 hours with 2.7%. On the other hand, the respondents spend caring for children for 61-70 hours, with 26%. Meanwhile, the moderate hours respondent caring for their children were more than 70 hours with 16%, and the lowest was 21-30 hours with 0.7%. Finally, a working experience, which results found 3.3% of the respondents had been in their career with less than 1 year, 18% had been a career in 1-5 years, 48% had been a career in 6-10 years, and 30% had been a career in more than 10 years.
Table 1. Demographic Factors
No Demographic Factors Frequency Percent
1. Age
30-39 years
40-49 years
50 and above
28
61
61
18.7
40.7
40.7
2. Gender
Male
Female
73
77
48.7
51.3
3. Hours spend caring
parent per week
11-20 hours
4
28
2.7
18.7
22
21-30 hours
31-40 hours
41-50 hours
51-60 hours
61-70 hours
More than 70 hours
25
32
30
24
7
16.7
21.3
20.0
16.0
4.7
4. Hours spend caring
children per week
21-30 hours
31-40 hours
41-50 hours
51-60 hours
61-70 hours
More than 70 hours
1
16
34
36
39
24
0.7
10.7
22.7
24.0
26.0
16.0
5 Working Experience
Less than 1 year
1-5 years
6-10 years
More than 10 years
5
28
72
45
3.3
18.7
48.0
30.0
4.2 Normality and Reliability Analysis
Normality has been accessed by using the Kolmogorov-
Smirnov statistic with a Lilliefors. The significance level
defined as the data is normal or not normal is produced with
the normal probability and detrended probability plots. If the
significance level is higher than 0.05, then the normality is
assumed. Based on the table above shows the normality
results variables involved in this study. For work-life
conflict, social support and quality of life all the data
presented were not normal as the significance values were
less than 0.00
Next was the assessment reliability of the items
measurement of this study. The Cronbach's alpha values
should are more than 0.7; then, the items were the high
internal consistency of the study. The result revealed work-
life conflict is below 0.6, and Cronbach's alpha for social
support, communication, and quality of life factors were
large and have exceeded the minimum value of 0.6.
Therefore, an item of work-life conflict, which was item 3,
item 7and item 6, has been deleting, so then the Cronbach
alpha increase to 0.709. Therefore, all the components are
reliable to represent the factor, as depicted in Table 2.
TABLE 2: Normality and Reliability
No Variables No of
Items
Cronbach
Alpha Sig.values
1. Work Life
Conflict (WLC) 12 0.555
0.000
2. Social Support
(SS) 13 0.760
0.000
3. Communication 13 0.865 0.000
4. Quality of Life
(QoL) 8 0.709
0.000
4.3 Descriptive Analysis
The Table 3 discussed the mean score for the variables used in this study. Results show that the mean score for work-life conflict is 2.95. It means that most of the respondents answer 2, Probably False in the questionnaire given. Although the mean score for variable social support is 3.13 and communication is 3.20, which is most the respondent often answer 3, Probably True in this study. Lastly, the mean score for the variable quality of life, the table shows the result is 3.01. Often of the respondents who contribute to this study, answer 3, Probably True.
TABLE 3: Descriptive Analysis
No Variables Mean Standard
Deviation
1. Work Life Conflict 2.95 0.215
2. Social Support 3.13 0.289
3. Communication 3.20 0.312
4. Quality of Life 3.01 0.352
4.4 Correlational Analysis
Table 4 presented relationship results for work-life conflict and quality of life reported by the respondent. The Spearman correlation is used to determine both relationships. The findings result show there is a positive relationship between work-life conflict and quality of life (p= <0.05 and r= 0.58). The strength of the relationship between both variables is moderate (r=0.58). Next was the relationship results for social support and quality of life reported by the respondent. The Spearman correlation is used to determine both relationships. The findings results show there is a positive relationship between social support and quality of life (p= <0.05 and r= 0.74). The strength of the relationship between both variables is strong (r= -0.74). A comparison studied with Hassan., Ma'amor, Razak, and Lapok (2013) supported that the work environment and job facet significance to influence the high quality of life. The strength of the relationship between communication and quality of life is also strong (r= -0.81). Finally, hypothesis 1, hypothesis 2, and hypothesis 3 were supported by this study.
TABLE 4: Correlation Analysis
No Variables
Correlation
Coefficient
®
Sig.
Values Hypotheses
1. WLC- 0.581 p<0.00 H1:
23
QoL Supported
2. SS- QoL 0.740 p<0.00
H2:
Supported
3. Com- QoL 0.810 p<0.00
H3:
Supported
5. Conclusion & Recommendation
As a conclusion to the discussion above, this studied
aimed to study the relationship between work-life conflict,
social support, and communication among 150 of an
academician from a local university in Malaysia. The finding
revealed that most of the academicians spending more time
taking care of parents and children, and at the same time,
they need to fulfill their duty, task, and responsibilities. Most
of the respondents did agree that social support able to
minimize the stress and conflict either work or family
conflict. The engagement and encouragement between family
and work relationships may strengthen their motivation and
enhance satisfaction in their life. Besides that, with the proper
communication has increased the excellent relationship
between the family. Therefore, they able to maintain a
healthy life, bonding relationship between family and work,
and ultimately achieve a high quality of work life.
The implication of this studied, the managerial level has
to recommend and review the flexibility and facilities
provided to the employee. This could help the employee to
feel comfortable and convenient at their workplace. The peer
to peer also needs to support each other so that they may
maintain and retain good interpersonal relationships in the
workplace. For an individual, may enhance their awareness
of the strategies to preserve their ties at the workplace and
balance with their family and social life. An individual not
just to be aware of the strategy but able knowledgeable about
balancing and maintaining their schedule and activities to the
high quality of life.
Acknowledgments
The work in this paper was funded by Excellence Fund
UiTM Kedah 600-UiTMKDH(PJI.5/4/1) (30/2017)
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24
EMPLOYEE GREEN BEHAVIOUR (EGB) MODEL TOWARDS ORGANISATIONAL
ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY
Siti NorashikinBashirun
Faculty of Business Management,
UiTMMelaka,
Alor Gajah Campus, Melaka
Nurhafizah Mohd Zolkapli
Faculty of Business Management,
UiTM Melaka, City Campus
Farah SyazrinJohari
Faculty of Business Management,
UiTMMelaka,
Alor Gajah Campus,Melaka,
Nor Maslia Rasli Samudin
Faculty of Business Management,
UiTM Melaka, City Campus
Nur IdayuBadrolhisam Faculty of Business Management,
UiTM Selangor, Puncak Alam
Abstract Environmental sustainability issues are one of the signifi-
cant topics that should be concerned by the organisations.
Encouraging pro-environmental or green behaviour will
increase the responsibility in reducing the environmental
problems. Statistics from SWCorp Malaysia in 2017 high-
lighted that Malaysians generated about 37500 tons solid
waste per day and spent RM 2.0 billion a year for its man-
agement. These critical indicators means there is a need for
the community to focus on this matter, particularly to the
young generation. Although government regulations have
been imposed to reduce the environmental impact however
the environmental problems keep on increasing. Therefore,
there is a demand to highlight on the study of individual
behaviour toward sustainability. Moreover, this indicator
aligns with the Sustainability Development Goal (SDG)
objective which to reduce the environmental prob- lems,
hence, delivering the safe and healthy environment. This
model is to propose the green behaviour among em- ployee
that will enhance the body of knowledge of green practices
and it will give benefit to the organisations. Im- plications
of this study are useful for the government and employers,
as a guideline to encourage pro-environmental behaviour
at the workplace, whilst, achieving the environ- mental
sustainability goals. This model will also enhance the body
of knowledge in environmental behaviour area that the
organisations will benefits from with a more com-
prehensiveunderstanding.
Keywords
Employee Green behaviour, Environmentalsustainability
1. Introduction Sustainability and environmental issue are being caught
as headlines around the world. Environmental issues re-
ceive the global attention due to the increasing environmen-
tal damages like global warming, environmental degrada-
tion and ozone depletion. People can no longer ignore the
issues and it is part of our responsibility to overcome it. As
stated by [1], minimising the environmental pollutioneffect
is considered as an environmental action that will lead to
economics benefits, which align with shareholder and
stakeholder’sinterest.
As part of the Paris Agreement 2015 and the United Na-
tions Sustainable Development Goals (SDG), all countries
should put in place the appropriate policies and regulatory
frameworks to drive and expedite the shift towards green or
environmentally friendly lifestyle. This SDG is more holis-
tic, in which this new concept of sustainable development
that are focusing on sustainable living and environmentally
friendly. SDG triggers sustainability with proactive, global,
social goals, as well as keep us away from the ‘do nothing
today’ paradigm to promoting the concept of sustainability,
which is based on human activity [2]. Therefore, organisa-
tions should align their performance with SDG in order to
contribute to thesustainability.
Previous scholars expressed that
environmentalproblems are the most important and recent
global issuesand becomes the greatest challenge for future
civilizations [3,4,5,6]. With that, it resulted into the climate
change and it has become the most prominent
environmental health risk and most crucial issue for the
21st century [7]. Many organisations are facing with this
critical issue in their daily operation and because of that,
one of Malaysian government objectives is to reduce the
environmental problems. In the Eleven Malaysia Plan
(2016 - 2020), the rule has been outlined to pursue green
growth for sustainability and resilience that represent
commitment to the environment. However, the commitment
by the government alone would not be sufficient and the
long- term commitment must have involvment of all
stakeholders, businesses, andsocieties.
2. Objective of thestudy In order to respond with this objective, one of the strat-
egies to greening the organisation is changing employees’ behaviours and as suggested by [8], changing employees’ behaviours at workplace may influence their behaviours
outside the workplace, and ultimately become an effective
driver in achieving sustainable socialchange.
25
Hence, the objectives of this study are:
(a) To determine the importance of employee green behav-
iour (EGB) practices for the organisations inMalaysia.
(b) To identify factors that motivate employee green behav-
iour.
3. Problem statement Data from Department of Statistics, Malaysia (DOSM)
shows the increasing expenditure on environmental protec-
tion. The manufacturing sector dominated the overall ex-
penditure on environmental protection expenditure in 2017,
which was RM1,734.9 million with 66.9 percent contribu-
tion. The majority of manufacturing companies emphasized
on sustainability and environmentally friendly activities in
the workplace but green behaviour of the employees has
been reduced with the tenancy of the organisation and this
indicates that the management of the service sector and the
manufacturing sector should motivate employees and de-
velop training program to initiate green behaviour especial-
ly to the new employees [9]. Pro-environmental voluntarily
behaviours are studied in households and it has rarely been
studied in the workplace setting[10,11].
To deal with this issue, the responsibility cannot solely
be put on the government, and organisations should also
show their commitment as well. Hence, it is essential to
study green behaviour, as organisations are the major con-
tributors towards environmental problems [12]. As em-
ployees in general spends one third in a day in the work-
place, pro-environmental behaviour can be studied in the
workplace setting [13]. A number of studies have found
that the individual’s employee green behaviour would sig-
nificantly contribute to wider outcomes of environmental
sustainability, mainly when it is combined with established
environmental management systems (EMS) and innova-
tions[14,15].
4. Overview of EnvironmentalBehaviour Pro-environmental behaviour (PEB) is referred to a
kind of behaviour that consciously seeks to minimise the
negative impact of one's actions on the natural & built envi-
ronment [16]. Meanwhile [13] described PEB as behaviour
that intentionally pursues reductions of the negative impact
of people's actions on the natural world. Study on environ-
mental behaviour at work have the potential to provide sig-
nificant implications for the environment protection be-
cause human activity within organisations is a major cause
of ecological problems[17].
5. Employee Green Behaviour(EGB) EGB can also be practiced outside of formal duties and
responsibilities in work settings and are not part of core
task performance, but may help organisational operation
[18]. Modern organisations have increasingly experience
pressure to be more environmentally friendly. Apart from
that, some extent studies show that employees’ engagement
enhance organisational outcomes regarding environmental
sustainability. In addition, previous scholars [14,19] the need to
explore environmentally friendly behaviour among employee as
it is an important aspect to reach sustainability for the
organisation. Furthermore, organisational research- ers and
practitioners have taken an interest in pro- environmental
behaviour or “green behaviour” at work due to the
overwhelming issue on climate change and environ- mental
sustainability. Moreover, green behaviour should be a part of
employees’ behaviour and culture as mentioned by [20]. when
pro-environmental behaviour is carrying out in relation to
individuals’ jobs, employees become more pro- environmental
behaviour at workplaces and be an organisa- tional culture in
environmentalawareness.
EGB is the scalable actions and behaviours that em-
ployees engage in, which are linked with and contribute or
detract from environmental sustainability [11]. Thus, fos-
tering EGB at work could be one of the factors that can
help to deal with environmental issue [21]. Recently, re-
searchers have emphasised the need to examine EGB and
its individual and contextual predictors from a multilevel
perspective [22,23]. [24] stated that when people have posi-
tive perception towards green concept and they will agree
that going green could improve human health as the envi-
ronment has a direct impact on the humanlife.
In the meantime, the fast movement of the climate
change offers a competitive advantage to the firms that are
effective in managing their operations towards environmen-
tal sustainability agenda. Some of the examples of green
initiative activities are introducing business conducts that
aims to conserving the environment, and implementing
‘green office concept’ in its daily operations. These can
lead employees to perform greener behaviours (e.g. recy-
cling, energy conservation, etc.). Consequently, EGB is one
of the strategies adopted by organisations to improve their
environment sustainability performance [25]. This context
study will investigate the environmental behaviour among
employees because they are the change agents who normal-
ly perform on tacit knowledge that might influence their
attitudes and behaviours at work[26].
However, understanding how and why employees in
the workplace are difference in terms of behaviours with an
environmental impact should be one of the focus to the
organizations, which aiming to operate in environmentally
sustainable ways. On the other hand, OCB are not part of
core task performance, but may help to organisational op-
eration [18]. Likewise, [27] has outlined that environmental
awareness and behaviour do not seem positively correlated
in their study. This result denotes that a strong environmen-
tal awareness level does not indicate greater environmental
behaviour level. Therefore, EGB will promote not only cost
efficient but also to portray good image through corporate
social responsibility (CSR) and positive environmental
attitude directly influencing low-cost pro-environmental
behaviour [16,19]. However, there is lack of research-
related organisations has been highlighted by some schol-
ars, especially regarding workplaces and their behaviours
[17].
26
Practically, since the concept of EGB is still relatively
new in Malaysia, the initiatives and implementation should
be properly proposed. This could optimally affect the em-
ployee behaviour and accepted by the organisation. Apart
from that it is important to understand the reasons for em-
ployees’ green initiatives towards the organisation. Thus,
this study gives opportunity for the researchers to develop a
new model that would encourage EGB voluntarily at work-
place.
5.1 Importance ofEGB This study is able to make a significant contribution to
the literature of pro-environmental behaviours, which em-
phasises on EGB at work. EGB is important factor to over-
all job performance. By understanding these behaviours, it
can will help organisations to promote a culture of opera-
tional efficiency and resource conservation [28]. Under-
standing how and why employees in the workplace are dif-
ference in terms of behaviours with an environmental im-
pact should be one of the focus to the organisations, aiming
to operate in environmentally sustainableways.
Study on EGB also serves to support the government’s
efforts of ensuring to protect and conserving the environ-
mental through the alignment of Sustainable Development
Goal (SDG). As environmental policies were developed,
and rules and regulations established, it was natural that
organizations would focus on corporate sustainable devel-
opment [28]. Business organization should set the efforts
in enhancing the pro-environmental behaviour in workplace
setting by conducting robust research on this area. Equally
important, this study is expected to provide recommenda-
tion for any organization in strengthening and increasing
their pro-environmental behaviour at work. Additionally,
this study could facilitate the decision making of policy
maker to continue their efforts in enhancing pro-
environmental behaviour amongemployee.
6. Model for Greening Behaviour The study of EGB can be started by the organization since
it can be part of employee’s evaluation that may contrib-
ute to the overall job performance [23]. Thus, EGB will
assist in minimising the environmental pollution & lead to
economics benefits, which can be aligned with sharehold-
er and stakeholder interest [1]. Rresearchers have empha-
sised the need to examine EGB and its individual and con-
textual predictors from a multilevel perspective [22,23]
The combination of individual factors and contextual fac-
tors can lead to different motivational states [23] need to
study the impact onEGB.
Figure 1: EGB Model
7. Conclusion This study will enhance the body of knowledge of em-
ployees’ green practices that the organisations will also
receive the benefits from it, with a more comprehensive
understanding of the relationship. Moreover, it is to fit the
current government policies on pursuing sustainable devel-
opment goals (SDG), mainly the objective goal 13 (Climate
action) that has become main agenda of ASEAN Vision
2025.
Acknowledgments We would like to take this opportunity to thank all who
involved in contributing the ideas and the process of writ-
ing this paper. The encouragement we received along the
way from several people kept us going strong to complete
thisjourney.
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28
A STUDY ON RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN CUSTOMERS DEMAND AND CUSTOMERS
PERCEPTION ON TRANSITION OF SOCSO AS SHARIAH COMPLIANCE
ORGANIZATION
Mohd Shafiz Saharan1 1Faculty of Business &
Management, Universiti Teknologi
MARA, Kedah
Masilah Mohamad2 2Faculty of Business &
Management, Universiti Teknologi
MARA, Negeri Sembilan Branch,
Kuala Pilah Campus
Mohd Fazil Jamaludin3 3Faculty of Business
&Management, Universiti
Teknologi
MARA, Kedah
Khairul Azfar Adzahar4
4Faculty of Business &
Management, Universiti Teknologi
MARA, Kedah
Siti Fairuza Hassam5 Faculty of Business & Management,
5Faculty of Business &
Management, Universiti Teknologi
MARA, Kedah
Abstract
This study attempts to examine customer's demand and its
relationship on customer's perceptions of the transition of
SOCSO (Social Security Organization of Malaysia) as a
Shariah compliance organization. The objective of this
paper is to determine whether customer demand has a
significant relationship with the customer's perception.
Data were collected using a questionnaire survey method
and a total of 132 questionnaires distributed to SOCSO
contributors at Alor Setar, Kedah. Data were analyzed by
the use of descriptive analysis and correlation analysis
presented in a table. The result shows a significant positive
relationship between the independent variable and the
dependent variable. Therefore, it is essential to look into
extensive efforts on the Islamization of SOCSO so that the
demand from the Muslim employees to have an Islamic
social security program can be achieved. Keywords—
SOCSO; Social Security; Islamization of Social Security;
Customers Demand and Customers Perception.
Keywords
SOCSO; Social Security; Islamization of Social Security;
Customers Demand and Customers Perception
1. Introduction
Malaysia, as one of the Muslim dominated countries, has over
33 years of vast experienced in Islamic finance and has shown
remarkable achievement in developing the financial system based
on shariah and a leader in the global market. Through the
implementation of the Islamic Financial Services Act (IFSA) in
2013, it is expected to strengthen the system and create a
conducive legal system to facilitate the enhancement of Islamic
finance. The government provides its commitment in this area by
highlighting the industry under the National Key Economic Area
(NKEA) number five, which is Financial Services EPP 10 to
become the indisputable global hub for Islamic finance. As
Malaysia is moving in this positive direction, organizations of
social security (SOCSO) need to strengthen their system by
applying the shariah standard in their service. Employees'
Provident Fund of Malaysia took one remarkable step in 2016 by
introducing a shariah saving scheme where the fund was managed
and invested according to shariah. Hence, it is a useful model for
SOCSO to follow the initial lead and gives benefits particularly to
the Muslims. SOCSO is one of the non-bank financial
intermediaries that act as a body that provides social insurance to
the employees in Malaysia, and it is a compulsory contribution by
law for those with a salary below RM4,000. The organization
established under the Ministry of Human Resources by applying
Employees' Social Security Act, 1969, and Employees' Social
Security (General) Regulations 1971. Also, SOCSO provides
numerous insurance benefits to employees like medical,
disablement rehabilitation, funeral, education, and so on. In
reality, according to the Department of Statistics Malaysia, the
mean income of Malaysian is RM2,312, with the total number of
paid employees is 10.2 million people. It shows, SOCSO received
a significant accumulated amount of contribution over time, in
which the majority comes from the Muslim employees. However,
SOCSO is using conventional insurance practice, which is not fit
and against Islamic teaching. As a good Muslim, it is crucial to
look for halal perspectives on this matter. As Malaysia has an
advanced and excellent infrastructure on Islamic finance, the
realization of Islamization of SOCSO shouldn't be impossible.
This is about the time Malaysia becoming an international finance
center that combining all organizations to compliance with
Syariah. Therefore, it is needed and essential to study the
perception of the extension of shariah compliance standards in
SOCSO and to measure the correlation of customer awareness and
customer understanding of the Islamization of SOCSO.
2. Literature Review
The operational dimension of perception includes the
customer opinion, observation, assessment, experience, and
dominantly identified based on their satisfaction towards the
product or service [1]. Also, an indicator of positive and negative
perception is through the support of the organization [2]. In
Malaysia, almost 100 percent of Muslims and 75 percent of non-
Muslims know about Islamic banks and wish to have a banking
29
relationship. Also, [2] mentioned that customer perception might
be influenced when they know about Islamic finance. Therefore,
these elements are an essential consideration to identify customer
perception of the Islamization of SOCSO.
Nevertheless, there is a lack of literature to investigate the
factors of the Islamization of SOCSO. This gap also considered
missing or inadequate research literature for this study.
Employees provident fund also has taken an exemplarily unusual
step by introducing shariah-compliant investment savings option
to their members, and 71 percent of the respondent agreed on the
implementation based on the outcome of member's consultation of
EPF scheme Enhancement held in April 2015.
This shows a positive perception of the shariah investment
implementation to fulfill the need of Muslims. Hence, SOCSO
needs to serve Muslim society and adhere to the maqasid shariah
as a foundation for their services, and positive perception will lead
to the satisfaction of the members [3]. Also, it was found that
primary users of Islamic financial products are from a group of
pious Muslims, and this is considered as a new untapped market
segment that they should explore. Thus, the existence of this
group will create new demand for Islamic banking products [4].
Moreover, the prohibition of interest by Islam has resulted in the
awareness of Syariah compliance financial products and services
[5]. Previous literature has suggested that customer demand can
be constructed based on social influence and attitude. Besides,
customer's demand can also be influenced by interaction and
characteristics. Hence, Islamic financial institutions need to study
their attitudes, behavior, and perceptions of Islamic financial
products and services to meet the customer's demand.
3. Methodology
The data from this study was collected using a questionnaire.
One hundred thirty-two respondents in Alor Setar, Kedah were
asked to answer the survey.
4. FINDING/DISCUSSION
In this study, there was 64.9 percent (85) female, and 35.1
percent (46) were males. In addition, most of the respondents
were between 23 - 27 years old (39.7 percent) and followed by
respondents between 28 - 32 years old (28.2 percent). In terms of
the level of education, the majority of respondents were at the
diploma level (32.8 percent). As for monthly income, most of the
respondent was in level RM1001 – RM2000 (34.4 percent)
followed by income level at RM1000 below (29.0 percent).
Table 2. Description of Demographic Profile
Variables (n=132) Percent (%)
Gender Male 46 35.1
Female 85 64.9
Age 18 - 22 years 18 13.7
23 - 27 years 52 39.7
28 - 32 years 33 25.2
33 and above 28 21.4
Level of PMR 10 7.6
education SPM 20 15.3
Diploma/STPM 43 32.8
Bachelor Degree 28 21.4
Master Degree 26 19.8
PhD 4 3.1
Monthly RM 0 - RM1000 38 29.0
Income RM1001 - RM 2000 45 34.4
RM 2001- RM 3000 28 21.4
RM3001 - RM4000 18 13.7
RM4001 - RM 5000 1 8.8
RM5000> 1 8.8
In this study, the relationship between customers' demands and
customers perception were examined. In Table 2, the result
showed that there was a significant positive relationship between
the independent variable and the dependent variable. Therefore,
the hypothesis is accepted where there is a substantial relationship
between customer demand and customer perception. The table
below shows the result of the correlation analysis.
Table 2. Correlation Analysis
Mode R R2
Adjusted
R2
Std
Error Burbin
1
of
Estimate Watson
1 0.80 0.64 0.633 0.297 2.112
1 1
Table 3.Regression Analysis
The result from regression analysis (Table 3) indicates that the
value of R2 is 64.1 percent. This value can be interpreted as the
changes of 64.1 percent in the dependent variable can be
explained by an independent variable, which is customer demand.
5. Conclusion & Recommendation
In conclusion, Muslims must follow the Syariah principle not
limited to our activities but inclusive of our business and
management activities as a whole. With the vast experience of
Islamic finance, Malaysia should take a brave step to implement
Syariah compliance social and security of Malaysian can be
achieved. With positive and significant responses from customers'
demands in this study, it is time for the organization to revise the
structure by implementing a comprehensive syariah contract in the
modus operandi of insurance protection and investment activities.
Initiatives and cooperation by the government, legislative body,
Customer
Custome
r
Compensatio
n
Investmen
t
Perceptio
n Demand
Customer
Perceptio
n 1
Customer
Demand .763*** 1
**. Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed).
*. Correlation is significant at the 0.05 level (2-tailed).
30
and SOCSO should be together to give rise to the effort to ensure
the success of these expectations. Hence, this will become the
innovation in the introduction of Islamic social security and drive
a vital growth in the development of Islamic finance in Malaysia.
Acknowledgments
The work in this paper was funded by Excellence Fund
UiTM Kedah 600-UiTMKDH(PJI.5/4/1) (30/2017)
References
[1] K. J. Ringim and I. M. Yussof, "ASSESSING THE INSIGHT OF
MUSLIM ACCOUNT HOLDERS' IN CONVENTIONAL BANK
TO PURCHASE ISLAMIC BANK PRODUCTS," Journal of
Emerging Economies and Islamic Research, 2014, [Online].
Available: www.jeeir.com.
[2] N. Ahmad and S. Haron, "PERCEPTIONS OF MALAYSIAN
CORPORATE CUSTOMERS TOWARDS ISLAMIC BANKING
PRODUCTS & SERVICES," International Journal of Islamic
Financial Services, vol. 3, no. 4, 2002.
[3] L. Saqib, M. A. Farooq, and A. M. Zafar, "Customer perception
regarding Sharī‘ah compliance of Islamic banking sector of
Pakistan," Journal of Islamic Accounting and Business Research,
vol. 7, no. 4, pp. 282–303, 2016, doi: 10.1108/JIABR-08-2013-
0031.
[4] T. B. Pepinsky, "The Demand for Islamic Banking: Piety, Class,
and Global Identity * The Demand for Islamic Banking: Piety,
Class, and Global Identity," Nov. 2010.
[5] F. M. Taib, T. Ramayah, and D. Abdul Razak, "Factors influencing
intention to use diminishing partnership home financing,"
International Journal of Islamic and Middle Eastern Finance and
Management, vol. 1, no. 3, pp. 235–248, Aug. 2008, doi:
10.1108/17538390810901168.
31
DOKUMEN PDF INTERACTIVE- EASYTUTOR
Amirudin bin Mohd Salim
Jabatan Perdagangan,
PoliteknikMerlimau.
Merlimau, Melaka, Malaysia
Hamidah binti Abd.Latiff
Jabatan Perdagangan,
PoliteknikMerlimau.
Merlimau, Melaka, Malaysia
Mohd Rakime bin Shaffai
Jabatan Perdagangan,
PoliteknikMerlimau.
Merlimau, Melaka, Malaysia
Abstract
Kemajuan teknologi era digital masa kini, telah memberi
kesan kepada kaedah pengajaran dan pembelajaran di
Malaysia terutama sekali dalam menghadapi cabaran
norma baharu krisis pandemik COVID-19. Pelbagai pen-
dekatan berlandaskan dalam talian diketengahkan oleh
para pengajar bagi memastikan proses pengajaran dan
pembelajaran dalam talian (PdPDT) dapat disampaikan
dengan lebih efisien. Terdapat banyak portal pendidikan
digunakan secara rasmi seperti Learning Management
System (LMS) bagi tujuan PdPDT ini. Nilai tambah dari
masa ke semasa terhadap platform ini perlu diteruskan
dengan penghasilan produk inovasi dunia pendidikan.
Management Information System (MIS) merupakan subjek
teras bagi program Diploma Pengajian Perniagaan di
Politeknik Malaysia. Sukatan kursus berlandaskan teori
serta melibatkan banyak terma teknikal memerlukan pen-
dekatan pengukuhan secara berterusan. Menyedari kepent-
ingan ini, pembinaan bahan bantu mengajar berbentuk
Portable Document Format (PDF) interaktif dihasilkan
dimana ianya mudah dibawa serta digunakan bila-bila
masa oleh pelajar terutamanya bagi pembelajaran kendiri.
Objektif utama Dokumen PDF interaktif ini dihasilkan
adalah sebagai salah satu usaha mempelbagaikan bahan
PdP agar lebih menarik, meningkatkan keberkesanan
pengajaran dimana ianya boleh dilaksanakan secara
bersemuka atau dalam talian (PdPDT). Bahan inovasi ini
turut boleh meningkatkan daya pemahaman pelajar dengan
lebih cepat kerana pelajar boleh mengulangkaji secara
berulang kali dan pada bila-bila masa. Dokumen PDF
Interaktif: Easy Tutor dibangunkan menggunakan perisian
adobe indesign (Id) serta gabungan pautan luar (hyperlink)
yang menghubungkan bahan kursus seperti nota kursus,
latihan pengukuhan serta video berkaitan. Medium pen-
yampaian berasaskan sosial dan capaian yang lebih ter-
buka menerusi penggunaan dokumen PDF interaktif mam-
pu memberikan impak positif melahirkan pelajar yang
lebih berdikari dan bersedia sebelum sesi perkuliahan
bermula.
Kata kunci: Pendekatan Pembelajaran; Dokumen PDF
Interaktif; Portable Document Format(PDF)
1. Pengenalan
Perkembangan pesat teknologi pada masa kini telah
memberi perubahan terhadap sistem pengajaran terutama
dalam memudahkan proses pengajaran dan pembelajaran
(P&P). Bermula dari kaedah P&P secara konvensional
dengan hanya menggunakan papan hitam dan kapur, telah
bertukar kepada kaedah yang seiring dengan perkembangan
teknologi seperti penggunaan komputer, bahan elektronik,
liquid crystal display (LCD), dan kamera video digital. Da-
lam menyampaikan sesuatu maklumat, kaedah yang
digunakan perlulah bersesuaian agar maklumat yang diberi
dapat diterima dengan baik dan berkesan. Penggunaan
teknologi merupakan kaedah yang sesuai dalam menyam-
paikan sesuatu maklumat dengan efisien terutama untuk
meningkatkan sistempendidikan negara (Noriyani,2017)
Penggunaan ICT dalam bidang pengajaran dapat
meningkatkan kualiti dalam sistem pendidikan di negara
kerana dapat meningkatkan minat dan motivasi untuk bela-
jar, di samping mempercepatkan proses belajar (Johari &
Fazliana, 2012). Pengetahuan dalam bidang ICT oleh
seseorang pengajar adalah menjadi keutamaan sekiranya
ingindiaplikasikandalamP&Pdanperlubersesuaiandengan
mata pelajaran yang diajar. Menurut Robiah dan Nor Sa-
kinah (2009), dalam era globalisasi yang berpaksikan
perkembangan ICT, pembangunan pengajaran adalah me-
mentingkan pembudayaan dan penguasaan ICT dalam ka-
langan pelajar. Bagi mencapai aspirasi wawasan 2020 iaitu
melahirkan tenaga kerja yang mampu menghadapi cabaran
era maklumat serta ekonomi yang berasaskan pengetahuan
global. Kementerian Pelajaran Malaysia (KPM) telah men-
gukuhkan kemahiran ICT para pelajar dengan memperke-
nalkan subjek Teknologi Maklumat pada tahun 1999. ICT
membantu dalam P&P dan dapat dilaksanakan seiring
dengan perkembangan pembelajaran abad ke 21 (PAK21).
PAK21merupakanpendekatanyangditekankandiMalaysia
untuk dilaksanakan dalam P&P. PAK21 berasaskan kepada
konsep 4C iaitu communication, collaboration, critical
thinking, dan creativity. Secara umumnya, perlaksanaan
PAK21 adalah menjurus kepada proses pembelajaran ber-
pusatkan pelajar seperti pembelajaran koperatif. Kaedah
pembelajaran koperatif banyak memberi peluang kepada
pelaksanaan pembelajaran berpusatkan pelajar (Umi & Ah-
mad,2014).
32
2. Pernyataan Masalah Penggunaan ICT dalam pendidikan dapat menjadikan
pelajar tidak hanya perlu bergantung kepada pembelajaran
dalam kelas sahaja, malah pelajar masih boleh berhubung
dengan guru di luar waktu kelas melalui forum-forum perb-
incangan, e-mail, laman sembang dan sebagainya. Pelajar
juga mudah untuk menghubungi rakan sekelas serta
membincangkan masalah serta kekeliruan yang mereka
hadapi.
Reka bentuk dan pembangunan Dokumen PDF Interac-
tive-Easy Tutor bagi MIS ini dapat membantu pensyarah dan
pelajar dalam proses pengajaran dan pembelajaranyang di
lakukan samada secara F2F atau atas talian. Ini kerana PDF
interactive mengandungi elemen-elemen multimedia iaitu
teks, grafik, audio, animasi dan video yang dapat men-
jadikan proses pengajaran dan pembelajaran lebih berkesan
danmenyeronokkan.
Kepelbagaian kaedah mengajar yang diterapkan di
sesuatu institusi pendidikan akan mengubah corak penyam-
paian serta memberi impak terhadap prestasi atau perkem-
bangan bukan hanya kepada para pelajar malahan turut
mempengaruhi inovasi dan kreativiti penyampaian tenaga
pengajar itu sendiri. Pengajaran dan pembelajaran tidak se-
takat dipraktikkan secara konvensional dimana tenaga
pengajar memfokuskan aktiviti ini di bilik kuliah semata-
matamalahansepatutnyaselarasdenganarusperkembangan
fasiliti teknologi maklumat itusendiri.
4. InovasiPengajaran
4.1 Pengenalan
Document PDF Interactive-Easy Tutor bertindak se-
bagai agen penyampaian pedagogi yang boleh digambarkan
sebagai suatu karektor animasi membantu proses dalam
sesebuah persekitaran pembelajaran secara atas talian. Ramai
dikalangan pendidik memilih bagi menggunakan ap- likasi
web dan telefon bagi tujuan pengajaran dan pembela- jaran.
Penggunaan media sosial seperti telegram, whatsapp,
facebook dan lain-lain turut digunakan bagi tujuan pengaja-
ran dan pembelajaran ini. Dokumen berbentuk Portable
Document Format (PDF) telah digunakan secara meluas
dalam urusan kehidupan seharian masa kini. Penggunaan
dokumen PDF kini lebih dinamik dimana kandungan doku-
men boleh dihubungkan dengan pautan luar, seperti youtube,
prezi serta lain-lain pautan berasaskan web yang lain.
Penggunaan PDF interaktif ini juga dapat menggantikan
tugas pensyarah sebagai pengajar melalui sesi pembelajaran
kendiri.Olehhalyangsedemikian,pelajarmasihdapatmene-
ruskan sesi pembelajaran dan masih mempunyai pengajar
melalui penerapan unsur agen pedagogi dalam PDF inter-
aktif yangdibekalkan.
Bagimencapaisesuatukecerdasan,pensyarahperlubersedia
dengan pelbagai teknik mahupun strategi pendekatan
pengajaran agar memberi ruang kepada pelajar untuk mem-
peroleh ilmu dengan cara berbeza dan tidak membosankan.
Melalui penggunaan PDF interaktif dalam proses P&P,
pembelajaran koperatif dan kolaboratif, kaedah inkuiri,
dapat digabungjalinkan bagi mencerna pelajar mahir dalam
perbincangan, mengeluarkan idea dan saling bekerjasama
melaluibimbinganpensyarah.PDFinteraktifbolehmemban- tu
pensyarah semasa pengajaran, memudahkan menghabis-
kan sukatan pelajaran, lebih baik daripada kaedah pengaja-
ran tradisional, tidak membosankan dan penggunaannya
memberikan banyakfaedah.
4.2 Pembangunan BahanInovasi
Aplikasi Adobe Indesign (Id 2020) merupakan perisian
yang digunakan bagi menghasilkan dokumen PDF Interac-
tive-Easy Tutor ini. Pembentukan hala tuju (storyboard)
bagi sesuatu bahan PdP yang dihasilkan amat penting bagi
memastikanpelajarmemahamikonseppembelajarankendiri
sedemikian, Nota, bahan rujukan, video, latihan, dan peta
minda yang dihasilkan disusun serta disimpan didalam
google drive khusus bagi tujuan perkongsian kepada
pengguna.
Berbanding penggunaan dokumen PDF biasa sebelum
ini, pengguna boleh mencetak ataupun membaca maklumat
statik (tetap) yang terkandung didalam dokumen berkenaan
menerusi komputer atau telefon pintar yangdimiliki.
Kini, dokumen inovasi mengandungi pelabagai bahan
pengajaran dan pembelajaran yang boleh dihubungkan
secaralangsungpadadokumenpdfinteraktifini.Kandungan
bagi dokumen PDF Interactive meliputi capaian youtube,
nota pensyarah, latihan pengukuhan, peta minda dan lain-
lain berkaitan sukatan kursus Management Information
System di Politeknik, Justeru, pengguna tidak perlu lagi
membuat carian luar kerana dokumen ini telah disediakan
pautan berkaitan bagi memudahkan urusanpelajar.
Bagi membolehkan pautan luar dihubungkan,bahan-
nahanpengajaransepertinota,videodanlain-laindisediakan
dan disimpan di ruang cloud storage terlebih dahulu
kemudian tersedia untuk duhubungkan pada dokumeninter-
aktif ini. Dokumen yang telah lengkap akan di eksport
kepada PDF interactive serta sedia diedarkan kepada pela-
jar.
4.3 Kelebihan Bahan Inovasi
Dokumen ini dibangunkan khusus buat pelajar yang
mengambil kursus Management Information Systemdimana
para pelajar boleh membuat pilihan sama ada untuk mence-
tak dokumen ataupun menggunakan dokumen ini secara
dalam talian tanpa perlumencetaknya.
Bagi dokumen bercetak, pelajar hanya perlu mengimbas
kod QR yang disediakan didalam dokumen berkenaan.
33
Sekiranya pelajar menggunakan komputer ataupun telefon
pintar, pelajar hanya perlu menekan butang ataupun tajuk
yang akan dihubungkan secara terus pada pautan yang dise-
diakan.
Bahan inovasi ini mudah diedarkan kepada para pelajar
tanpa memerlukan aplikasi khusus ataupun platform web
berbayar yang lain. Penggunaan media sosial seperti aplikasi
whatsapp amat sesuai digunakan bagi tujuanedaran.
5. ImpakInovasi
Penghasilan bahan bantu mengajar berbentuk Portable
Document (PDF) Interactive-Easy Tutor dihasilkan dimana
ianya mudah dibawa serta digunakan bila-bila masa oleh
pelajar terutamanya bagi pembelajaran kendiri. Objektif
utamaDokumenPDFinteraktifinidihasilkanadalahsebagai
salah satu usaha mempelbagaikan bahan PdP agar lebih
menarik, meningkatkan keberkesanan pengajaran dimana
ianya boleh dilaksanakan secara bersemuka atau dalam talian
(PdPDT). Bahan inovasi ini turut bolehmeningkatkan daya
pemahaman pelajar dengan lebih cepat kerana pelajar boleh
mengulangkaji secara berulang kali dan padabila-bila masa.
PDF interaktif ini juga mam-pu membantu pelajar dalam
meningkatkan tahap minat, tumpuan dan seterusnya
mendorong mereka untuk memahami sesuatu bidang yang
dipelajari.
Penggunaan perisan ini bertujuan untuk menghasilkan
elemen-elemenmultimediayangmenariksepertiteks,audio,
video, grafik dan animasi. Diharapkan, dengan terhasilnya
laman web ini dapat membantu pelajar membina penge-
tahuansediaadadalammengukuhkankefahamansertamen-
jadikan proses pengajaran dan pembelajaran lebihbermakna
lagi.
Document PDF Interactive-Easy Tutor berupaya mem-
bantu Pensyarah Politeknik Merlimau dalam melaksanakan
gaya pembelajaran secara atas talian secara konsisten dan
bukanhanyasecarabermusimapabiladiarahkansahaja.
Selain dari itu, aplikasi ini boleh dijadikan sumber rujukan
oleh pihak Jabatan Pengajian Politeknik sekiranyaberhasrat
untuk menjadikan budaya m-learning ini sebagai satu plat-
form untuk melahirkan graduan/pelajar yang sentiasa
mengikut arus pengajaran dan pembelajaran yang terkini
sesuai dengan perkembangan teknologi yang semakin pesat
sekarang ini.
Apa yang lebih penting impak ini seharusnya diperolehi
oleh pelajar Politeknik Merlimau sendiri apabila sebahagian
besar pelajar memberikan tindakbalas yang positif dan
menyatakanaplikasiinimembantudanmemudahkanmereka
dalam meningkatkan pemahaman kursus. Ia bukan sahaja
memenuhi kuikulum bagi kursus tersebut malah ianya juga
secara tidak langsung akan dapat memudahkan danmening-
katkan minat pelajar untuk mengikuti pembelajaran yang
lebihberkesan.
References
[1] Ahmad Bin Esa, Umi Kalthom Bte Mahbib, “Kaedah
Koperatif Sebagai Pilihan Kelas Abad 21:Sorotan Lit-
eratur,” International seminar on Technical and voca-
tional Education 2014 (TVEIS 2014), Fakulti Pendidi-
kan, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn.(2014)
[2] Johari, Hassan and Fazliana, Rashida, “Penggunaan
ICT Dalam Proses Pengajaran dan Pembelajaran di Ka-
langanPendidikFakultiPendidikanUniversitiTeknolo- gi
Malaysia Skudai,” Johor, (2011), Journal of tech- nical,
vocational & engineering education, 4 . pp. 22- 37.
ISSN2231-7376
[3] NoriyaniBintiDoman,“ImplikasiGoogleAppsDalam
Pengajaran Dan Pembelajaran Pelajar Pesisir Uthm,”
UniversitiTunHusseinOnnMalaysia,(Julai2017).
[4] Robiah Sidin, and Nor Sakinah Mohamad, “ICT Dalam
Pendidikan: Prospek dan Cabaran Dalam Pembaharuan
Pedagogi.JurnalPendidikanMalaysia,”(2007),32.pp.
139-152. ISSN 0126-6020 /2180-0782
34
KAJIAN AWAL PENILAIAN SENSORI DALAM PENGHASILAN PES BELIMBING BULUH
(Averrhoa bilimbi)
Hafizol Bin Abu Hassan Kolej
Komuniti Sungai Petani Sungai
Petani, Kedah, Malaysia
Hanisah Binti Ahmad
Kolej Komuniti Sungai Petani
Sungai Petani, Kedah, Malaysia
Siti Salmah Binti Mohd Pilus
Kolej Komuniti Sungai Petani
Sungai Petani, Kedah, Malaysia
Abstrak
Pes Belimbing Buluh (“Bilimbi Paste”), adalah inovasi
makanan dari belimbing buluh atau nama botanik dikenali
sebagai Averrhoa bilimbi yang dihasilkan dalam bentuk
pepejal (pes) dan mempunyai pelbagai kegunaan dalam
bidang kulinari di Malaysia. Buah belimbing buluh ber-
bentuk tiub kecil yang panjang. Buah ini jarang dimakan
segar kerana rasanya terlalu masam. Buah yang hampir
masak biasanya digunakan sebagai penyedap rasa, dan
sebagai ramuan sambal pencecah untuk ulaman, serta
masakan seperti kari, asam pedas ikan dan udang lemak
kuning. Buah belimbing buluh dipercayai dapat
menghilangkan bau hanyir makanan laut dan darat (ikan
air tawar). Buah ini sering digunakan untuk masakan Me-
layu dan Cina. Namun begitu, masih belum terdapat
produk pes berasaskan belimbing buluh yang dikomersial-
kan di pasaran. Oleh yang demikian, satu kajian awal
penilaian sensori bagi pes belimbing buluh telah dijalan-
kan bagi menentukan tahap penerimaan pengguna ter-
hadap produk ini. Dua formulasi pes belimbing buluh te-
lah dihasilkan bagi kajian ini. Kaedah penilaian sensori
adalah menggunakan skala 9 hedonik bagi menilai tahap
penerimaan komuniti untuk pes belimbing buluh yang
dihasilkan. Sebanyak 20 orang awam dipilih untuk men-
jalankan penilaian sensori ini. Atribut yang dinilai adalah
rasa masam, tekstur, warna, tahap kelikatan dan tahap
penerimaan keseluruhan. Hasil daripada ujian hedonik
yang dijalankan didapati bahawa, komuniti memilih For-
mulasi A yang menunjukkan rasa masam, tekstur, warna,
kelikatan dan penerimaan keseluruhan pes belimbing buluh
adalah lebih baik berbanding Formulasi B. Sebagai kes-
impulan, pes belimbing buluh yang dihasilkan mempunyai
ciri-ciri yang menepati kehendak pengguna dan mempu-
nyai peluang yang cerah untuk dikomersialkan.
Kata kunci
belimbing buluh, pes, penilaian sensori
1. Pengenalan Belimbing buluh atau nama saintifiknya Averrhoa
bilimbi memang tidak asing lagi oleh masyarakat Malaysia.
Ia mempunyai bentuk tiub yang kecil dan panjang. Buah ini
jarang dimakan terus kerana rasanya yang terlalu masam.
Biasanya ia digunakan dalam penghasilan cuka, arak, jeruk
dan penyediaan masakan India (Zainol et al., 2020) (de
Lima et al., 2001). Buah belimbing buluh sering digunakan
sebagai bahan penambah rasa dan sebagai ramuan sambal
pencicah untuk ulaman. Selain itu, ia digunakan dalam
masakan seperti kari, asam pedas dan udang masak lemak
kuning. Buah ini juga bermanfaat untuk menghilangkan
bau hanyir ikan ketika membersihkannya terutama ikan air
tawar. Kajian yang dijalankan oleh Ismail, Chong & Ismail-
Fitry (2018), menunjukkan bahawa belimbing buluh berke-
san sebagai bahan pelembutdaging.
Malah, kajian terhadap belimbing buluh menunjukkan
buah ini mengandungi bahan pengawet semulajadi dalam
proses masakan dan boleh bertindak sebagai antibiotik
semulajadi kerana mengandungi ciri antimikrobial yang
sangat bermanfaat kepada pengguna (Aziz, 2016).
Belimbing buluh kaya dengan flavonoid, fenolik dan
antioksidan. Sebatian polifenol seperti sebatian flavonoid,
tanin dan fenolik adalah kumpulan antioksidan utama di
dalam tumbuhan. Terdapat bukti yang kuat dari kajian yang
menunjukkan bahawa buah yang mengandungi serat ma-
kanan dan polifenol dapat meningkatkan metabolisme lipid
dan mengelakkan pengoksidaan kolesterol lipoprotein ber-
ketumpatan rendah (LDL-C) serta dapat menghambat per-
tumbuhan aterosklerosis (Gorinstein et al., 1998).
Belimbing buluh biasanya tidak diolah menjadi pel-
bagai produk untuk dinikmati oleh semua peringkat
masyarakat. Oleh yang demikian, produk penghasilan pes
belimbing buluh diinovasikan bagi mengelakkan buah ini
terbiar dan dapat dimanfaatkan sebaiknya oleh masyarakat.
Sebelum ini, penyelidik telah menghasilkan produk Bilimbi
Spicy Sauce. Namun demikian, memandangkan
penggunaan produk yang terhad, maka produk inovasi ini
ditambahbaik dengan menghasilkan pes belimbing buluh
untuk memberi lebih banyak manfaat dan kepelbagaian
penggunaannya. Antara fungsi pes belimbing buluh ini
adalah agen pencucian ikan bagi menghilangkan rasa
hanyir, boleh diolah menjadi sambal, jus, aiskrim, masak
lemak, kerabu dansebagainya.
1.1 Pernyataanmasalah
Buah belimbing buluh sering terbiar jatuh tanpa digunakan atau
diolah menjadi produk yang berguna di kampung-kampung.
Namun, terdapat juga masyarakat mengutip buah ini untuk
dijadikan sambal hitam. Namun demikian, kepelbagaian produk
35
belimbing buluh yang lain di dalam pasaran komersial
belum ditemui. Masyarakat juga mungkin tidak dapat
memikirkan menu masakan yang sesuai dengan
menggunakan buah ini selain rasanya yang masam
menjadikan ia kurang digemari. Jadi, buah berke- naan
sering buruk dan rosak begitusahaja.
1.2 ObjektifKajian
Kajian ini dijalankan bagi menentukan tahap pen-
erimaan masyarakat terhadap pes belimbing buluh
2. Bahan danKaedah
2.1 Peralatan • Pengisar (foodprocessor)
• PortableStove
2.2 Bahanmentah • Buah belimbingbuluh
• Air • Asid sitrik
• Pewarna makanan yangdibenarkan
2.3 Kaedah Ujian Penilaian SensoriAwal
Ujian dijalankan berdasarkan formulasi seperti Jadual
3.1. Sebanyak 20 orang awam yang terdiri daripada bangsa
Melayu, Cina dan India telah dipilih untuk menjalankan
penilaian sensori ini iaitu 4 orang lelaki dan 16 orang per-
empuan berumur lingkungan umur 35 hingga 55 tahun.
Penggunaan kaedah skala 9 hedonik digunakan bagi tujuan
penilaian sensori ini.
Skor “1” menunjukkan sifat paling tidak mencerminkan
kehendak sebenar yang dirasa manakala skor “9” menun-
jukkan sifat paling mencerminkan kehendak sebenar. Con-
tohnya, bagi skor masam, skor “9” diberikan kepada “ter-
sangat masam” manakala skor “1” diberikan kepada “ter-
sangat tidak masam”. Penilaian sensori adalah berdasarkan
rasa masam, tekstur, warna, tahap kelikatan dan tahap pen-
erimaan keseluruhan pes belimbing buluh tersebut.
2.4 Kaedah penghasilan pes belimbingbuluh 1. Sebanyak 1000 g buah belimbing buluhdicuci
sehinggabersih.
2. Buah dimasukkan ke dalam mesin pengisar dan
kisar belimbing buluh dengan 100 ml air(bagi
Formulasi A) dan 200 ml air (bagi Formulasi B) hingga
lumat.
3. Pes dimasak dengan api yang perlahan
menggunakan portable stove selama 2jam.
4. Tambah pewarna makanan yang
dibenarkan danasid sitrik.
Jadual 1. Bahan yang digunakan dalam penghasilan pes
belimbing buluh
Bahan Formulasi A Formulasi B
Belimbing buluh 1000 g 1000 g
Air 100 ml 200 ml
Pewarna makanan ½ tsp ½ tsp
Asid sitrik 1 tsp 1 tsp
3. Keputusan danPerbincangan
Penilaian sensori dilakukan berdasarkan dua formulasi
yang berbeza. Graf 1 menunjukkan skor purata bagi 2
formulasi pes belimbing buluh yang berbeza.
I.Graf 1. Penilaian Sensori Awal Pes Belimbing Buluh
bagi mengenalpasti tahap penerimaan pes bilimbing
buluh yang dihasilkan
Jadual 2. Purata skor bagi 2 formulasi pes belimbing
buluh
Parameter Formulasi A Formulasi B
Masam 7.10 6.60
Tekstur 8.00 7.10
Warna 7.25 6.55
Tahap kelikatan 8.60 7.20
Penilaian keseluruhan 8.55 6.40
Jadual 4.1 dan Graf 4.1 menunjukkan keputusan
penilaian sensori bagi pes belimbing buluh pada 2 formu-
lasi yang berbeza. Keputusan menunjukkan bagi parameter
masam, pengguna memberikan skor purata yang berbeza
iaitu 7.10 bagi Formulasi A dan 6.60 bagi Formulasi B. Ini
disebabkan kuantiti air yang ditambah adalah berbeza dan
mempengaruhi rasa pes yang dihasilkan.
36
Bagi skor tekstur pula, Formulasi A menunjukkan
tekstur yang sedikit kasar berbanding Formulasi B. Hal ini
disebabkan apabila kuantiti air dimasukkan adalah berbeza,
ia akan mempengaruhi keupayaan mesin pengisar untuk
menghasilkan teksur pes yang lebih halus. Semakin banyak
kuantiti air, semakin mudah buah belimbing buluh dikisar
walaupun tempoh masa pengisaran adalah sama. Skor mas-
ing-masing menunjukkan Formulasi A (8.00) dan Formu-
lasi B (7.10). Pengguna lebih menyukai tekstur Fomulasi B
yang lebih halus.
Bagi skor warna pula, terdapat sedikit perbezaan bagi
kedua-dua formulasi. Penilaian skor yang diberikan adalah
7.25 (Formulasi A) dan 6.55 (Formulasi B) menunjukkan
warna hijau yang terkandung di dalam pes belimbing buluh
berupaya menarik minat pengguna. Warna hijau pes
belimbing buluh ini banyak dipengaruhi oleh kandungan
klorofil yang tinggi dan sedikit penambahan warna aditif
yang dibenarkan. Warna pada makanan merupakan kriteria
yang ditentukan sama ada makanan boleh diterima atau
tidak oleh pengguna.
Bagi skor tahap kelikatan, Formulasi A menunjukkan
skor 8.60 dan 7.20 bagi Formulasi B. Ini disebabkan
penggunaan kuantiti air yang berbeza. Namun begitu,
pengguna lebih menyukai formulasi A kerana lebih likat
dan boleh menjimatkan penggunaan pes tersebut. Secara
keseluruhannya pengguna memilih Formulasi A disebab-
kan rasa masam yang lebih tinggi, tekstur yang boleh
diterima, warna yang menarik, tahap kelikatan yang lebih
tinggi yang lebihmenjimatkan.
Penghasilan pes belimbing buluh ini dilihat mampu un-
tuk dikomersialkan dan dapat memberi saingan terhadap
pes yang ada dipasaran.
4. Kesimpulan
Kesimpulannya, hasil kajian penilaian sensori terhadap
produk pes belimbing buluh ini menunjukan kesan
keefisienan dan kesignifikanan seperti berikut:
4.1 Keefisienanproduk
Inovasi ini menunjukkan bahawa formulasi produk pes
belimbing buluh dapat menghasilkan variasi produk ma-
kanan, dapat digunapakai sepenuhnya tanpa pembaziran
serta dapat dikomersialkan di masa akan datang.
4.2 Signifikan produk
Penghasilan produk ini besesuaian kerana belimbing
buluh mengandungi khasiat dan nutrisi yang tinggi dan
diperkaya dengan sumber nutrisi seperti flavonoid, fenolik
dan antioksidan. Ia juga merupakan buah-buahan yang
mengandungi oxalate. Selain itu, terdapat rekod yang
menunjukkan bahawa dengan meminum jus dari belimbing
buluh secara berterusan mampu untuk merawat penyakit
kolesterol tinggi.
Oleh itu, belimbing buluh berpotensi untuk diolah men- jadi pes
belimbing buluh yang dapat dikomersialkan serta diterima dengan
baik dalam pasaran.
Penghargaan Terima kasih kepada semua pihak yang terlibat secara langsung
atau tidak langsung dalam penghasilan produk Pes
BelimbingBuluh.
Rujukan [1] Aziz, N.A. (2016). A review of the antimicrobial prop- erties
of three selected underutilized fruits ofMalaysia.
International Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical
Research, 8(9),1278–1283.
[2] de Lima, V., Galvao, L.A., Mélo de almeida, E. and Santos,
L.D. (2001) Physiochemical charcteristicsof Bilimbii
(Averrhoa bilimbi L.). Revista Brasileirade Fruticultura,
23(2), 421–423. https:// doi.org/10.1590/S0100-
29452001000200045
[3] Gorinstein, S., Bartnikowska, E., Kulasek, G.,Zemser, M., &
Trakhtenberg, S. (1998). Dietary persimmon improves lipid
metabolism in rats fed diets containing cholesterol. The
Journal of nutrition, 128(11), 2023- 2027.
[4] Ismail, M. A., Chong, G. H., & Ismail-Fitry, M. R. (2018).
Potential Effect of Averrhoa bilimbi (belimb- ing buluh)
Marinades on Tenderizing the BuffaloMeat Compared to
Actinidia chinensis (kiwifruit), Citrus limon (lemon) and
Commercial Bromelain. Journal of Science and Technology,
10(2).
[5] Zainol, M. K., Esa, N. S., Azlin-Hasim, S., Zamri, A. I., &
Mohd Zin, Z. (2020). The ramification ofArabic gum and
gelatine incorporation on the physicochemi- cal properties of
Belimbing Buluh (Averhoa belimbi) fruits pastilles. Food
Research, 4(2),532-5
37
3MS@STATISTICS
Siti Najdah binti Mohd Nor
Jabatan Perdagangan,
Politeknik Merlimau.
Merlimau, Melaka, Malaysia
Zuraini binti Zainal Abidin
Jabatan Perdagangan,
Politeknik Merlimau.
Merlimau, Melaka, Malaysia
Hamidah binti Abd. Latiff
Jabatan Perdagangan,
Politeknik Merlimau.
Merlimau, Melaka,
Abstrak
Dunia hari ini menyaksikan perkembangan tekonologi yang
sangat pantas melalui persaingan yang sihat dalam
pembinaan gajet dan koswer yang interaktif. Seiring dengan
lanskap pendidikan masakini, teknik pengajaran dan
pembelajaran turut mengalami perubahan besar yang
menuntut kreativiti para pendidik. Justeru, satu inovasi
berkaitan dengan teknik pengajaran Statistik khususnya bagi
topik Ukuran Kecenderungan Memusat yang terdiri
daripada Min, Median dan Mod diperkenalkan kerana ianya
merupakan salah satu asas penting dalam proses
menganalisis data dan membuat sesuatu kesimpulan.
Inovasi yang dibangunkan ini dinamakan sebagai
3Ms@Statistics yang menggunakan platform ‘google sheet’
sebagai alat bantu mengajar Setiap lembaran dalam ‘google
sheet’ tersebut telah diformulasikan berdasarkan langkah-
langkah yang perlu diikuti bagi mencari nilai min, median
dan mod. Inovasi ini terhasil setelah analisis perbandingan
dijalankan ke atas pencapaian pelajar Jabatan Perdagangan
bagi kursus Statistics (DPB 30063) selepas Peperiksaan
Akhir sesi Disember 2018 dan Sesi Jun 2019. Analisis
tersebut masing-masing menunjukkan sebanyak 66.7% dan
55% pelajar Diploma Pemasaran gagal menjawab soalan
berkaitan min, median dan mod dalam Peperiksaan Akhir
Sesi Disember 2018 dan Sesi Jun 2019. Selain daripada itu,
rentetan daripada masalah ketidakfahaman dalam kalangan
pelajar terhadap topik ini dan masa menjawab latihan yang
diberi tidak menepati waktu yang ditetapkan, maka inisiatif
membangunkan 3Ms@Statistics telahdihasilkan. Impak
daripada inovasi ini adalah perkongsian latihan latih tubi
antara ahli kumpulan lebih mudah dicapai. Selain daripada
itu, templat ini juga dapat membantu pelajar mengingati
langkah yang perlu diambil bagi mendapatkan nilai dengan
lebih cepat dan tepat. Interaksi secara langsung melalui
fungsi ‘built-in chat’ antara pelajar dan pengajar juga dapat
menyelesaikan ketidakfahaman dengan lebih berkesan.
Kelebihan 3Ms@Statistics ialah pelajar dapat mengakses
latihan pada bila-bila masa dan di mana jua. Ia juga dapat
membantu pelajar untuk belajar secara kendiri dengan
meneliti formula yang telah diberikan dalam templat yang
dibangunkan. Idea membangunkan 3Ms@Statistics telah
berjaya dihasilkan untuk kegunaan pelajar dan pengajar
khususnya di Jabatan Perdagangan, Politeknik Malaysia.
1. Pengenalan Perkembangan tekonologi yang pantas kini menyaksikan
persaingan yang sangat sihat dalam pembinaan gajet dan koswer
yang interaktif. Justeru, elemen mesra pengguna sangat penting
kerana tanpa perlu menghadiri kelas atau kursus yang profesional,
pengguna masih mampu mengolahnya kepada hasil yang lebih
menarik dan berkesan, sama ada konsep pembelajaran dan
pengajaran, seni kreatif ataupun bidang teknikal yang dihasilkan
secara atas talian.
Perubahan mendadak dalam kaedah pengajaran dan pembelajaran
setelah dunia dilanda pandemik COVID-19 menuntut para pendidik
yang telah terbiasa dengan kaedah ‘chalk and talk’ mengemaskini
pengetahuan mereka berkaitan penggunaan teknologi yang dapat
memudahkan penyampaian ilmu secara atas talian. Walau
bagaimanapun perubahan yang terlalu drastik ini perlu ditangani
dengan melihat kepada isu prasarana berkaitan pembelajaran secara
atas talian. Kemudahan seperti komputer serta capaian internet yang
pantas menjadi isu penting dalam memastikan pembelajaran secara
atas talian berjalan lancar.
Oleh yang demikian, demi memastikan pelajar-pelajar khususnya
pelajar Diploma Pemasaran (DPR), Jabatan Perdagangan, di
Politeknik Merlimau (PMM) yang mengambil kursus Statistik dapat
memahami topik Ukuran Kecenderungan Memusat yang terdiri
daripada Min, Median dan Mod dengan jelas, inovasi yang
dinamakan sebagai 3Ms@Statistics telah dibangunkan. Inovasi ini
menggunakan platform ‘google sheet’ sebagai alat bantu mengajar
yang mempunyai pelbagai kelebihan yang dapat dimanfaatkan oleh
pensyarah serta pelajar dalam sesi kelas sama ada diadakan secara
bersemuka atau secara atas talian.
3Ms@Statistics yang dibangunkan dalam ‘google sheet’
mempunyai lembaran nota khususnya formula serta langkah-
langkah untuk menyelesaikan masalah, lembaran contoh yang telah
diformulasikan serta lembaran latihan untuk dijawab oleh pelajar.
Apabila para pelajar membuka lembaran contoh, mereka dengan
mudah dapat memahami kaedah penyelesaian untuk mencari Min,
Median dan Mod kerana setiap sel telah diformulasikan. Oleh itu,
apabila mereka mencuba sendiri untuk menjawab latihan dalam
lembaran seterusnya, pelajar boleh merujuk kembali kepada
lembaran contoh bagi memahami jalan kerja yang sepatutnya
dilaksanakan. Dengan ini seseorang pelajar boleh mengakses nota
serta latihan pada bila-bila masa dan di mana jua. Walaupun pelajar
berada di kawasan yang tiada capaian internet, sesi pembelajaran
masih tetap dapat diteruskan kerana ‘google sheet’ boleh dimuat
turun dan disimpan. Apabila pelajar dapat membuat capaian
internet, beliau boleh terus memuatnaik jawapan yang telah
dilaksanakan semasa ‘off-line’ untuk disemak oleh pensyarah serta
rakan-rakan dalam kumpulan. Secara tidak langsung, kaedah
pembelajaran ini telah memenuhi aspirasi politeknik agar
pelaksanaan pengajaran dibuat secara ‘Outcome-based learning’
kerana mereka boleh berbincang terus dengan rakan-rakan dalam
kumpulan melalui fungsi ‘chat’.
38
Bagi pihak pensyarah pula, 3Ms@Statistics yang dibangunkan
ini menjadi ruang pertemuan secara maya yang dapat
melengkapkan kaedah pengajaran dan pembelajaran yang
digunakan semasa aplikasi pertemuan antara pensyarah dan
pelajar yang lain. Oleh itu inovasi ini menjadi satu medan
penting untuk memeriksa latihan yang dibuat oleh pelajar
setelah penerangan dibuat dalam kelas atas talian.
2. Pernyataan Masalah Rentetan daripada masalah ketidakfahaman dalam kalangan
pelajar terhadap topik min, median dan mod serta masa
menjawab latihan yang diberi tidak menepati waktu yang
ditetapkan, maka inisiatif membangunkan 3Ms@Statistics
telahdihasilkan. Selain daripada itu, jadual dan Rajah 1 turut
menunjukkan Analisis peratus pelajar yang gagal menjawab
soalan berkaitan min, median dan mod dalam Peperiksaan Akhir
Semester Sesi Disember 2018 dan Sesi Jun 2019. Berdasarkan
rajah tersebut, didapati peratusan pelajar DPR gagal mencapai
markah lulus bagi soalan min, median dan mod sangat tinggi
iaitu 66.7% bagi Sesi Dis 2018, manakala 55% bagi Sesi Jun
2019. Justeru bagi mengatasi masalah kegagalan pelajar DPR
khususnya, maka templat 3Ms@Statistics dibangunkan dengan
harapan agar kegagalan ini dapat dikurangkan.
Jadual 1. Peratus Pelajar Gagal
Program Dis 18 Jun-19
Diploma Akauntansi (DAT) 9.50% 0
Diploma Pemasaran (DPR) 66.70% 55%
Diploma Pengajian Perniagaan
(DPM) 41.40% 3.30%
3. Impak
Penghasilan templat google sheet 3Ms@Statistics ini memberi
impak positif dari aspek perkongsian latihan latih tubi antara
ahli kumpulan yang lebih mudah dicapai. Selain daripada itu,
templat ini juga dapat membantu pelajar mengingati langkah
yang perlu diambil bagi mendapatkan nilai dengan lebih cepat
dan tepat. Di samping itu, interaksi secara langsung melalui
fungsi ‘built-in chat’ antara pelajar dan pengajar juga dapat
menyelesaikan ketidakfahaman dengan lebih berkesan. Impak
lain seperti akses kepada google sheet yang mudah dicapai
sangat memberi kesan khususnya pelajar Gen Y kini yang lebih
gemar menggunakan peranti mudah alih atau gajet dalam
segenap aspek terutamanya dalam pembelajaran. Melalui
inovasi ini, kepekaan dan keprihatinan pengajar terhadap tahap
kefahaman pelajar dapat ditingkatkan, di samping meningkatkan
psikomotor pelajar terhadap 3Ms.
Rajah 1. Analisis Peratus Pelajar Gagal
4. Novelty (Pembaharuan) Melalui 3Ms@Statisticsini, pelajar dapat menyimpan berbagai
fail dalam satu tempat. Oleh yang demikian, banyak data dapat
disusun dalam satu tempat dengan lebih bersistematik. Di
samping itu, pelajar dapat membina folder secara offline untuk
fail-fail yang tersedia, sekaligus pelajar boleh mengaksesnya
semula ketika tiada kemudahan internet dan menjadi tempat
untuk backup data secara online. Kebolehan pelajar membuat
dan mengedit dokumen Google dengan format file ‘rich text’
dan melakukan perubahan pada lembaran secara cepat juga
merupakan ciri luar biasa yang ada pada inovasi ini. Ciri
formulasi yang terbentuk dalam templat ini memudahkan serta
mempercepatkan pelajar dalam menyiapkan latihan dan tugasan
yang diberi. Selain itu, templat yang dibangunkan ini juga turut
bertindak sebagai salah satu alat bantu mengajar yang berupaya
menarik minat dan tumpuan pelajar terhadap topik min, median
dan mod yang menjadi nadi dalam subjek Statistik ini.
5. Pengiktirafan Idea membangunkan 3Ms@Statistics telah berjaya dihasilkan
untuk kegunaan pelajar dan pengajar khususnya di Jabatan
Perdagangan, Politeknik Malaysia. Menjadi harapan kami agar
ianya dapat disebarluaskan lagi ke institusi pengajian tinggi lain
dan dapat membantu pelajar meningkatkan kefahaman dalam
topik min, median dan mod.
6. Kesimpulan Secara kesimpulannya, idea inovasi PdPDT ini disesuaikan
dengan paparan yang dapat menarik perhatian pelajar untuk
memudahkan pemahaman dan tumpuan terhadap topik min,
median dan mod. Di samping itu, pelajar mempunyai tahap
kebolehan yang berbeza-beza, justeru dengan 3Ms@Statistics
ini, pelajar yang kurang faham semasa kelas berlangsung dan
juga pelajar yang lemah boleh membuat latih tubi berulang kali
secara kendiri. Selain itu, pelajar juga mempunyai lebih banyak
peluang untuk berinteraksi, melalui ruangan chatting yang
disediakan.
Rujukan
Faizah Omar, Lau Too Kya, Phang Yook Ngor and Zainudin
Awang, Statistics, Fourth Edition. Oxford Fajar (2019)
https://tlt.cofc.edu/2016/10/28/6-reasons-you-should-be-using-
google-sheets-instead-of-excel/
39
i – BMC BlOCKS
Siti Mahani Binti Shaik Ismail
Kolej Komuniti Pasir Gudang,
Pasir Gudang, Johor Bahru
Wan Ajrul Asward Bin Wan Hashim
Kolej Komuniti Pasir Gudang,
Pasir Gudang, Johor Bahru
Nurul Ridwah Binti Iwan
Kolej Komuniti Pasir Gudang,
Pasir Gudang, Johor Bahru
Nur Auni Balqis Binti Jawi
Kolej Komuniti Pasir Gudang,
Pasir Gudang, Johor Bahru
Abstrak
Inovasi dalam pembelajaran dan pengajaran (PdP) penting
bagi membolehkan seseorang lebih berimaginasi dan berfikiran
lebih kreatif dalam mewujudkan suasana kelas yang lebih ceria
dan berkesan. Oleh itu sebagai pelajar, kami mengambil
langkah untuk melaksanakan inovasi dengan bimbingan
pensyarah berkaitan dengan pembelajaran dan pengajaran bagi
subtopik “Business Model Canvas (BMC)” bagi pelajar-pelajar
Kolej Komuniti Pasir Gudang, Program Pengoperasian
Perniagaan (SPP) khususnya. Inovasi yang dilakukan adalah
dengan menghasilkan bahan bantu pembelajaran yang
berkaitan dengan topik tersebut. Inovasi ini dikenali sebagai i -
BMC Blocks. Objektif utama penghasilan inovasi ini adalah
untuk membantu meningkatkan keberkesanan sesi PdP
terutamanya apabila perlaksanaan aktiviti secara berkumpulan.
Selain itu, ia juga boleh digunakan untuk komuniti setempat
yang menyertai kursus berkaitan Business Model Canvas
(BMC) daripada pihak kolej. Antara komuniti yang pernah
menyertai kursus ini adalah Persatuan Peniaga & Perniagaan
Melayu Pasir Gudang, Persatuan Penjaja Pasar Malam
Kawasan Pasir Gudang dan Kolej Vokasional Perdagangan
Johor Bahru. Diharapkan inovasi ini dapat memberikan impak
yang lebih baik kepada para pelajar seterusnya memudahkan
lagi pemahaman dan meningkatkan pengetahuan serta
kemahiran peniaga-peniaga di kawasan Pasir Gudang
berkenaan dengan BMC. Pada pertandingan inovasi tahun
2019, kami telah mendapat pingat emas dalam peringkat
kebangsaan dan pingat perak di peringkat international. Juri
memberi pendapat bahawa sekiranya BMC dapat diaplikasikan
melalui tablet adalah lebih sesuai pada zaman yang serba
moden ini. Oleh itu, kami mendapat idea untuk memperbaharui
EZ BMC Blocks kepada satu versi inovasi yang baru iaitu i -
BMC Blocks yang membawa maksud ‘Idea Business Model
Canvas Blocks”. Objektif produk ini dihasilkan adalah untuk
membantu meningkatkan keberkesanan sesi PdP serta
membantu dalam proses perlaksanaan kursus pendek. Selain
itu, produk inovasi ini juga diharapkan dapat meningkatkan
kemahiran dan kefahaman bagi memulakan, menjalankan dan
menguruskan perniagaan dengan lebih baik disamping dapat
mengurangkan kos percetakan dan menjimatkan masa. Ke arah
revolusi IR 4.0, topik BMC ini juga boleh dipelajari melalui
Google Classroom yang mana kami semua sebagai pelajar
telah didaftarkan dibawah kelas pensyarah yang terlibat.
Pembelajaran bagi BMC ini akan lebih
peredaran masa kini. Ini juga adalah merupakan faktor yang
mendorong kepada penghasilan inovasi ini selaras dengan era
teknologi yang kian modern ini yang menjadikan segalanya
berada di hujung jari sahaja.
mantap sekiranya dilengkapi dengan BMC Bloks semasa sesi
latihan dalam kumpulan seperti yang diterangkan tadi.Kata
Kunci: i - BMC Blocks, Pembelajaran & Pengajaran, Business
Model Canvas (BMC), Persatuan Peniaga & Perniagaan Melayu
Pasir Gudang, Persatuan Penjaja Pasar Malam Kawasan Pasir
Gudang, Kolej Vokasional Perdagangan Johor Bahru.
1.0 Pernyataan Masalah
Inovasi boleh ditafsirkan sebagai cetusan idea-idea kreatif yang
dapat meningkatkan kualiti dan produktiviti. Inovasi yang
dihasilkan hendaklah berupaya menambah nilai output semasa
serta membawa transformasi dan perubahan kepada amalan sedia
ada. Inovasi boleh terdiri daripada sistem dan prosedur, kaedah
dan cara bekerja mahupun pengenalan teknologi.
Dalam perlaksanaan proses PdP dan juga perlaksanaan kurus
pendek, inovasi dan kreativiti juga penting bagi membolehkan
maklumat yang disampaikan kepada pelajar atau peserta berkesan
dan menepati topik yang diajar.
Bagi modul Keusahawanan, sub topik Business Model Canvas,
hasil pemerhatian dan pembelajaran, kami sebagai pelajar
mendapati cara pembelajaran i-BMC Blocks akan jadi lebih
mudah dan menarik selaras dengan era globalisasi ini yang rata-
ratanya merupakan anak kelahiran Generasi Z. Contohnya semasa
pensyarah membuat latihan atau aktiviti di dalam kumpulan, i-
BMC Blocks telah tersedia dan pelajar hanya melaksanakan
perbincangan, bertukar-tukar pendapat dan hanya mengisi
maklumat di dalam i-BMC Blocks yang telah disediakan. Oleh itu,
hasil temubual dan edaran soal selidik terhadap semua rakan-
rakan, mereka memberikan maklumbalas agar satu kaedah baru
yang lebih moden dan mudah dibawa kemana saja diwujudkan
bagi membolehkan i-BMC Blocks dipelajari secara berkumpulan
dengan lebih mudah dan efektif.
Selain itu, hasil daripada maklumbalas peserta-peserta kursus
pendek yang terdiri daripada Persatuan Peniaga & Perniagaan
Melayu Pasir Gudang, Persatuan Penjaja Pasar Malam Kawasan
Pasir Gudang dan Kolej Vokasional Perdagangan Johor Bahru.
Mereka juga berpendapat agar i-BMC Blocks boleh diwujudkan /
diaplikasikan dengan cara yang lebih menarik dan mengikut
5.0 Kesimpulan
Secara keseluruhannya, i- BMC Blocks yang dihasilkan ini
diharapkan dapat membantu golongan sasaran yang dinyatakan.
Seterusnya inovasi ini dapat memberikan impak yang lebih baik
40
2.0 Objektif
Produk ini telah direka untuk mencapai objektif
berikut :
a) Untuk membantu meningkatkan keberkesanan sesi PdP.
b) Untuk membantu dalam proses perlaksanaan kursus
pendek.
c) Membantu meningkatkan kemahiran dan kefahaman
bagi memulakan, menjalankan dan menguruskan
perniagaan dengan lebih baik.
d) Dapat mengurangkan kos percetakan dan menjimatkan
masa.
e) Lebih mudah untuk dibawa ke mana-mana.
f) Lebih sesuai dengan peredaran masa pada masa kini.
3.0 Deskripsi Produk
i-BMC Blocks akan dihasilkan menggunakan tablet khas untuk
BMC Blocks. Ia akan dilengkapi dengan pen elektronik ,
charger bersama Micro USB . Tablet ini akan dimasukkan
dalam satu beg kecil bagi memudahkan ia untuk dibawa dan
digunakan samada bagi tujuan pengajaran dan pembelajaran
kepada pelajar atau kursus pendek kepada golongan sasaran
yang dinyatakan iaitu Persatuan Peniaga & Perniagaan Orang
Melayu di Pasir Gudang, Persatuan Penjaja Pasar Malam
Kawasan Pasir Gudang dan Kolej Vokasional Perdagangan
Johor Bahru. Inovasi ini diharapkan dapat memudahkan dan
memberikan impak yang lebih baik dan berkesan bagi semua
golongan sasaran yang berkaitan.
4.0 Gambar Produk
Gambar Hanyalah Gambaran / Prototaip
kepada para pelajar seterusnya memudahkan lagi pemahaman dan
meningkatkan pengetahuan serta kemahiran peniaga-peniaga di
kawasan Pasir Gudang berkenaan dengan BMC bagi memulakan,
menjalankan dan menguruskan perniagaan dengan lebih baik.
Penghasilan inovasi ini juga merupakan satu permulaan ke arah
menghasilkan satu kajian keberkesanan bagi melihat tahap
penggunaan produk yang dihasilkan. Umum mengetahui bahawa
terdapat segelintir para peniaga yang agak berumur yang ingin
memulakan perniagaan sememangnya kurang mahir akan
teknologi yang semakin canggih ini, tiada sebarang masalah bagi
mereka yang berumur kerana i-BMC Blocks dicipta khas tanpa
mengira usia kerana tablet tersebut amatlah mudah untuk
digunakan dan boleh dibawa kemana-mana sahaja. Tablet i-BMC
Blocks ini dapat memudahkan semua peniaga untuk mereka
mengendalikan dan mempelajari berkenaan dengan BMC bagi
memastikan perniagaan mereka lebih efektif.
6.0 Kepentingan Produk
a) Meningkatkan keberkesanan sesi PdP.
b) Membantu dalam proses perlaksanaan kursus pendek.
c) Meningkatkan kemahiran dan kefahaman bagi
memulakan, menjalankan dan menguruskan
perniagaan dengan lebih baik.
d) Mengurangkan kos percetakan dan menjimatkan masa.
7.0 Rujukan
[1] Azilahwati, Syaharizad, SitiNorazian, IntanShazila,
Muhammad Helmi. (2012). Modul Asas Kemahiran
Keusahawanan Kolej Komuniti. Jabatan Pengajian Kolej
Komuniti.
[2] Tam Yin Ling Adeline; Chiew Tung Moi (2013). Asas
Keusahawanan (Edisi Kedua) Penerbitan. Multimedia ISBN
9789673742776
[3] Wan Nong Muzafar (2016) Kuasai formula. perniagaan. Alaf
21 @ Grup Buku Karangkraf.
[4] https://board.tuzzit.com/try/idea_monopoly_ canvas?LNG=en_
US#/popup/free
41
V-BOOK
Wan Ajrul Asward Bin Wan Hashim
Kolej Komuniti Pasir Gudang,
Pasir Gudang, Johor Bahru
Siti Mahani Binti Shaik Ismail
Kolej Komuniti Pasir Gudang,
Pasir Gudang, Johor Bahru
Syazwani Nur Al Wani Binti
Arman Kolej Komuniti Pasir
Gudang,
Pasir Gudang, Johor Bahru
Muhammad Azrie Hakimie Bin
MingguKolej Komuniti Pasir Gudang,
Pasir Gudang, Johor Bahru
Abstrak
Inovasi dalam pembelajaran dan pengajaran (PdP)
penting bagi membolehkan seseorang lebih berimaginasi
dan berfikiran lebih kreatif dalam mewujudkan suasana
kelas yang lebih ceria dan berkesan.Namun begitu ,
dunia kita telah dilanda pandemik Covid-19 yang
menyebabkan aktiviti PdP tergendala bagi mengelakkan
virus merebak. Oleh itu sebagai pelajar, kami
mengambil langkah untuk melaksanakan inovasi dengan
bimbingan pensyarah berkaitan dengan koleksi latihan
menggunakan alam maya menerusi video yang perlu
diimbas menggunakan ‘Qr Code’ . Inovasi yang
dilakukan adalah dengan menghasilkan video cara
menjawab soalan dan latihan dalam sesuatu bahan
bantuan pembelajaran. Inovasi ini dikenali sebagai v -
BOOK. Objektif utama penghasilan inovasi ini adalah
untuk membantu meningkatkan keberkesanan para
pelajar untuk menjawab soalan menerusi alam maya .
Para pelajar dapat mengekalkan prestasi mereka
walaupun sesi PdP tidak dapat dilaksanakan. Ia juga
dapat menghidupkan gaya pembelajaran pelajar iaitu
visual , audiotori dan kinestetik para pelajar . Justeru ,
ibu bapa juga turut dapat memahami serta bantu anak-
anak di rumah dengan hanya menonton video berulang
kali. Selain itu, ia juga boleh digunakan untuk komuniti
setempat yang memerlukan bahan alat bantuan untuk
menilai penguasaan pelajar sepanjang tempoh Perintah
Kawalan Pergerakan (PKP). Antara kategori pelajar
yang sesuai untuk memiliki v- Book ini ialah pelajar
tadika (5 – 6 tahun) , pelajar sekolah rendah (7 – 12
tahun) dan pelajar sekolah menengah (13 –17 tahun).
Selain daripada pelajar , guru – guru atau tenaga
pengajar juga sesuai memiliki v-Book ini bagi bahan
bantuan mengajar. Diharapkan inovasi ini dapat
memberikan impak yang
lebih baik kepada para pelajar seterusnya memudahkan
lagi pemahaman dan meningkatkan pengetahuan serta
penguasaan para pelajar dalam pembelajaran sepanjang
pandemik Covid-19 ini. Objektif produk ini dihasilkan adalah
untuk membantu menguatkan penguasaan peajar dalam
akademik sepanjang pandemik ini walau sesi PdP tidak dapat
dilaksanakan secara fizikalnya. Selain itu, produk inovasi ini
juga diharapkan dapat meningkatkan kemahiran dan
kefahaman bagi mengekalkan prestasi pelajar dalam
akademik.
Kata Kunci : v - Book, Pembelajaran & Pengajaran, Alam
maya, Pandemik Covid - 19, Pelajar tadika , Pelajar Sekolah
Rendah , Pelajar Sekolah Menengah.
1.0 Pernyataan Masalah
Inovasi boleh ditafsirkan sebagai cetusan idea-idea kreatif yang
dapat meningkatkan kualiti dan produktiviti. Inovasi yang
dihasilkan hendaklah berupaya menambah nilai output semasa
serta membawa transformasi dan perubahan kepada amalan
sedia ada. Inovasi boleh terdiri daripada sistem dan prosedur,
kaedah dan cara bekerja mahupun pengenalan teknologi.
Dalam perlaksanaan proses PdP inovasi dan kreativiti juga
penting bagi membolehkan maklumat yang disampaikan
kepada pelajar berkesan dan menepati topik yang diajar.
Hasil penilaian dan pemerhatian sebagai tutor di pusat tuisyen,
didapati prestasi pelajar-pelajar merosot semasa waktu
pendamik covid 19. Ini berlaku kerana pelajar-pelajar tidak
boleh hadir ke dalam kelas untuk belajar secara teori dan amali
bersama cikgu dan tutor. Selain itu, pelajar tidak dapat
berkomunikasi secara dua hala dengan berkesan.
42
2.0 Objektif
Produk ini telah direka untuk mencapai objektif berikut :
2.0 Untuk membantu pembelajaran pelajar sepanjang tempoh
pandemik Covid - 19.
3.0 Untuk membantu meningkatkan gaya pembelajaran
pelajar.
4.0 Membantu meningkatkan kemahiran dan kefahaman
menerusi alam maya.
5.0 Dapat mengurangkan risiko terjebak wabak Covid - 19.
3.0 Deskripsi Produk
v-Book akan dihasilkan menggunakan Microsoft Word lalu
ditukar kepada format PDF. Ia akan dilengkapi dengan set
soalan serta grafik menarik. Ia akan dimuat turun oleh pelajar
melalui telefon pintar. Pelajar boleh cetak bahan tersebut
untuk membuat latihan dirumah atau menulis jawapan dalam
kertas yang lain. Pelajar dibekalkan satu ‘Qr Code’ pada setiap
muka surat untuk diimbas bagi menonton video cara menjawab
soalan yang kurang difahami . Di sini pelajar dapat
mengaplikasikan pembelajaran dua hala secara alam maya.
6.0 Kesimpulan
Secara keseluruhannya, v-BOOK yang dihasilkan ini
diharapkan dapat membantu golongan sasaran yang dinyatakan.
Seterusnya inovasi ini dapat memberikan impak yang lebih
baik kepada para pelajar seterusnya memudahkan lagi
pemahaman dan meningkatkan pengetahuan serta kemahiran
mereka. Penghasilan inovasi ini juga merupakan satu
permulaan ke arah menghasilkan satu kajian keberkesanan bagi
melihat tahap penggunaan produk yang dihasilkan.
7.0 Rujukan
[1] https://videodalampendidikan.weebly.com/kelebihan-
penggunaan-video-di-dalam-pendidikan.html
[2] https://videodalampendidikan.weebly.com/kelebihan-
penggunaan-video-di-dalam-pendidikan.html
[3] Salina binti Othman : Pengasas MathsCatch JDT
4.0 Kepentingan Produk e) Meningkatkan keberkesanan sesi PdP secara alam
maya.
f) Membantu dalam proses pembelajaran dua hala.
g) Meningkatkan kemahiran menjawab soalan
menggunakan teknik yang ditunjukkan.
h) Mengurangkan risiko penularan penyakit berjangkit.
5.0 Gambar Produk
GAMBAR DIATAS HANYALAH GAMBARAN /
PROTOTAIP
43
SISTEM PEMANTAUAN KUALITI AIR BERASASKAN IOT
Mohd Adil Bin Mat Ti @ Mokti
Politeknik Ungku Omar
Ipoh, Perak, Malaysia
Mohd Amirul Helmi Bin Ismail
Politeknik Ungku Omar
Ipoh, Perak, Malaysia
Mohd Assidiq Bin Che Ahmad
Politeknik Ungku Omar
Ipoh, Perak, Malaysia
Abstrak
Sungai merupakan antara salah satu punca sumber air
bagi memastikan kelangsungan hidup manusia dan alam
sekitar. Justeru itu, adalah sangat penting untuk
memastikan sumber air kita sentiasa berada dalam
keadaan baik dan tidak tercemar. Berdasarkan kajian,
hampir 40% daripada jumlah kematian di dunia ini adalah
disebabkan oleh sumber air yang tercemar. Dalam konteks
Malaysia, terdapat juga beberapa isu kebelakangan ini di
mana sumber air sungai tercemar disebabkan oleh
kecuaian pihak-pihak tertentu. Walaupun langkah-langkah
penguatkuasan telah dilaksanakan, namun isu ini masih
lagi tidak berkesudahan. Bagi memastikan isu-isu tersebut
dapat ditangani dengan lebih berkesan, sistem pemantauan
kualiti air berasaskan Internet of Things (IOT) ini
dibangunkan. Sistem ini akan digunakan untuk memantau
kualiti air secara masa nyata. Bagi memastikan kelestarian
sistem ini, sistem ini akan menggunapakai sebuah
mikropengawal Arduino yang dikuasakan oleh sistem
bateri solar. Mikropengawal tersebut akan disambungkan
dengan sensor paras pH yang akan digunakan untuk
mengesan sebarang perubahan pada kualiti air. Manakala,
modul GSM yang bersambung dengan mikropengawal ini
pula akan digunakan untuk menghantar data pemantauan
tersebut secara berterusan ke pelayan Telegram. Sekiranya
terdapat sebarang perubahan kualiti air secara mendadak,
satu notifikasi akan terus dihantar kepada pihak berwajib
bagi tujuan tindakan awal. Tindakan awal ini akan dapat
memastikan sebarang kerja-kerja berkaitan dapat
dilaksanakan pada kadar segera serta dapat meminimakan
kesan langsung dan impak terhadap alam sekitar. Dengan
penggunaan sistem pemantauan kualiti air berasaskan IOT
ini diharap akan dapat menjadi alternatif terbaik dalam
menambahbaik proses sedia ada.
Kata kunci
Pemantauan kualiti air, iot.
1. Pengenalan Sumber air merupakan satu khazanah alam yang tidak ternilai
dan merupakan sumber penting untuk menjana pelbagai bidang
ekonomi [4]. Salah satu sumber air yang senang didapati adalah
sungai. Namun, sumber air tersebut kerapkali dicemari dan ianya
merupakan satu ketakutan besar bagi globalisasi hijau [5,6].
Pada masa kini, proses pengesanan kualiti air dilakukan
secara manual di mana sampel air diperoleh dan dihantar
untuk diperiksa ke makmal [2,3]. Proses tersebut sangat
tidak efisyen dan data tidak diperolehi dalam masa nyata. Antara
jalan penyelesaian yang dicadangkan adalah dengan
menggunakan sains dan teknologi untuk menangani masalah
tersebut [2]. Integrasi IOT dalam isu alam sekitar sedikit sebanyak
dilihat dapat membantu proses-proses pemantauan, pencegahan
dan pemuliharaan alam sekitar dilaksanakan dengan lebih
berkesan dan sistematik. Perkhidmatan awan digunakan untuk
mengumpulkan, menyimpan dan menganalisis data yang dihantar
oleh sensor dan membolehkan pihak terlibat membuat keputusan
dengan sewajarnya [5].
Terdapat beberapa kajian telah dilaksanakan berkaitan dengan
pemantauan kualiti air berasaskan IOT ini. Objektif kajian-kajian
tersebut kebanyakkannya sama, iaitu dibangunkan untuk
mengukur kualiti air. Perbezaan yang didapati dari kajian-kajian
tersebut adalah dari segi metodologi dan pendekatan yang
digunakan.
Melalui kajian-kajian tersebut, beberapa jenis sensor telah
dikenalpasti digunakan untuk mengukur kualiti air antaranya
sensor paras pH [1,5,6,7], sensor kekeruhan [1,7], sendor DHT-11
[1,7], sensor CO2 [6], sensor paras air [1, 6], sensor EC [5] dan
juga sensor suhu [6,7]. Didapati sensor paras pH merupakan salah
satu komponen penting yang digunakan untuk mengukur kualiti
air dengan dibantu oleh sensor-sensor yang lain.
Beberapa modul penghantaran data juga digunakan antaranya
modul ZigBee [5], modul WIFI ESP8266 [5,6], nodeMCU [1] dan
modul GSM [5]. Modul-modul tersebut digunakan untuk
menghantar data terus ke komputer ataupun ke pelayan bagi
tujuan analisa. Kebanyakan pelayan yang digunakan bagi tujuan
simpanan dan analisa data ialah pelayan ThingSpeak [1,5].
2. Penyataan Masalah Berdasarkan kajian, hampir 40% daripada jumlah ke-matian
di dunia ini adalah disebabkan oleh sumber air yang tercemar [1].
Dalam konteks Malaysia, terdapat juga beberapa isu kebelakangan
ini di mana sumber air sungai tercemar disebabkan oleh kecuaian
pihak-pihak tertentu. Walaupun langkah-langkah penguatkuasan
telah dilaksanakan, namun isu ini masih lagi tidak berkesudahan.
Selain itu, proses analisa sampel air sungai buat masa ini tidak
dilaksanakan secara konsisten [2]. Bagi memastikan isu-isu
tersebut dapat ditangani dengan lebih berkesan, sistem
pemantauan kualiti air berasaskan Internet of Things (IOT) ini
dibangunkan.
3. Objektif Kajian Membangunkan sebuah sistem pemantauan kualiti air
berasaskan IOT.
4. Persoalan Kajian Adakah sistem pemantauan kualiti air berasaskan IOT ini
boleh dibangunkan?
44
5. Metodologi
5.1. Kajian Eksperimental Kajian eksperimental yang dirangka untuk sistem ini
melibatkan 3 fasa iaitu pembangunan, pelaksanaan dan
pengesahan seperti dalam Jadual 1 di bawah.
Jadual 1. Fasa kajian eksperimental
Bil. Fasa Keterangan
1 Pembangunan
Proses pembangunan sistem
mengikut keperluan yang telah
dikenalpasti.
2 Pelaksanaan Pelaksanaan sistem secara ujicuba
lapangan dan menyeluruh.
3 Pengesahan Mendapatkan maklumbalas dari
kumpulan terlibat.
Tujuan sistem ini dibangunkan adalah untuk memantau
bacaan kualiti air secara konsisten serta menyimpan data tersebut
ke pelayan Telegram bagi tujuan analisa. Sistem ini juga direka
supaya ianya menghantar notifikasi sekiranya bacaan kualiti air
berubah secara mendadak. Rajah 1 di bawah menunjukkan carta
alir sistem yang akan dibangunkan.
Rajah 1. Carta alir sistem
Sewaktu dalam mod pemantauan, sistem akan mengukur
bacaan kualiti air secara konsisten dan berterusan mengikut sela
masa yang ditetapkan. Bacaan normal paras pH adalah di antara
6.5 – 9 [3]. Sekiranya bacaan kualiti air adalah normal, sistem
akan terus menghantar dan menyimpan data tersebut ke pelayan
Telegram. Manakala, sekiranya bacaan kualiti air tidak normal,
sistem akan mengukur semula bacaan sebagai pengesahan
sebelum menghantar notifikasi kepada pihak yang terlibat.
6. Pembangunan Kajian ini dihasilkan untuk menerangkan tentang proses
pembangunan sistem pemantauan kualiti air berasaskan IOT.
Keputusan adalah berdasarkan pelaksanaan sistem yang akan
dibangunkan.
6.1. Gambarajah sistem Rajah 2 di bawah menunjukkan rekabentuk logikal sistem
pemantauan kualiti air berasaskan IOT.
Rajah 2. Rekabentuk logikal sistem
Jadual 2 di bawah menerangkan fungsi bagi setiap modul
yang digunakan dalam sistem ini.
Jadual 2. Penerangan fungsi modul
Bil. Modul Keterangan
1 Panel solar
bersama bateri
Membekalkan kuasa kepada sistem
teras secara berterusan. Merupakan
sistem lestari kerana proses
pengecasan semula menggunakan
panel solar.
2 Mikropengaw
al Arduino
Sistem teras yang mengawal modul
lain.
3 Sensor paras
pH
Digunakan untuk mengukur bacaan
kualiti air.
4 Modul GSM Menyediakan penyambungan ke
Internet.
5 Pelayan
Telegram
Pusat penyimpanan data yang
dihantar oleh sistem. Modul ini juga
berfungsi untuk menghantar
notifikasi kepada pihak tertentu.
7. Kesimpulan Pembangunan sistem pemantauan kualiti air berasaskan IOT
ini direka untuk memantau bacaan kualiti air secara konsisten dan
menghantar serta menyimpan data pemantauan tersebut ke
pelayan Telegram. Sistem ini juga direka untuk menghantar
notifikasi sebagai peringatan awal sekiranya terdapat perubahan
bacaan kualiti air secara mendadak.Tindakan awal ini akan dapat
memastikan sebarang kerja-kerja berkaitan dapat dilaksanakan
pada kadar segera serta dapat meminimakan kesan langsung dan
impak terhadap alam sekitar. Dengan penggunaan sistem
pemantauan kualiti air berasaskan IOT ini diharap akan dapat
menjadi alternatif terbaik dalam menambahbaik proses sedia ada.
Rujukan Pasika, S., & Gandla, S. T. (2020). Smart water quality
monitoring system with cost-effective using IoT.
Heliyon,6(7). doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e04096
Junus, L. (2020, September 24). Sains tangani pencemaran sungai.
Retrieved October 01, 2020, from
https://www.utusan.com.my/gaya/2020/09/sains-tangani-
pencemaran-sungai/
45
Al-Badaii, F., Shuhaimi-Othman, M., & Gasim, M. B. (2013).
Water Quality Assessment of the Semenyih River, Selangor,
Malaysia. Journal of Chemistry,2013, 1-10.
doi:10.1155/2013/871056
PKPKL, P. (2016, January 17). Air sebagai sumber kehidupan.
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5197/air-sebagai-sumber-kehidupan
Das, B., & Jain, P. (2017). Real-time water quality monitoring
system using Internet of Things. 2017 International
Conference on Computer, Communications and Electronics
(Comptelix). doi:10.1109/comptelix.2017.8003942
Madhavireddy, V., & Koteswarrao, B. (2018). Smart Water
Quality Monitoring System Using Iot Technology.
International Journal of Engineering & Technology,7(4.36),
636. doi:10.14419/ijet.v7i4.36.24214
Mukta, M., Islam, S., Barman, S. D., Reza, A. W., & Khan, M. S.
(2019). Iot based Smart Water Quality Monitoring System.
2019 IEEE 4th International Conference on Computer and
Communication Systems (ICCCS).
doi:10.1109/ccoms.2019.8821742
46
Coptocide Exploiting Eggshells: Production of Termites Controller from Eggshells
Shashmitha Mohan
Smk Dato’ Bentara Dalam, Segamat
Siti Rosmaria Abdul Razak
Smk Dato’ Bentara Dalam, Segamat
Cheng Xin Ru
SMK Dato’ Bentara Dalam,
Segamat
Aliff Haqem Bin Mohd Redzwan
SMK Dato’ Bentara Dalam,
Segamat
Vinisha A/P Manimaran
SMK Dato’ Bentara Dalam,
Segamat
Gan Bee Kean
SMK Dato’ Bentara Dalam,
Segamat
ABSTRACT
Eggs are very commonly used in daily lives for many uses
especially as food. Every part of an egg can be used but the
shells are always thrown away. Almost 96% of eggshells
are always thrown away with the perception of no use [6].
Based on the International Journal of Poultry Science, it
states that eggshells bring many negative impact to the
environment and society such as causes abrasiveness,
causes bad odour, attracts pest and brings high cost for the
preparation of disposal site [1]. We believe that throwing
away eggshells is just a big waste because it actually gives
us numerous of benefits. This is the reason why we decide
to start this project, COPTOCIDE. In this project, we will
be able to reduce the negative impact of thrown eggshells
by washing the used eggshells and drying them. Later on,
the dried eggshells will be burned at 150 degrees Celsius
for 30 minutes and crushed into tiny bits until it turns into
powdered form. The main objective of this project is to
produce a substance that will get rid of termites. Termites
are becoming a major problem to the society nowadays. It
causes destruction of wood equipment and wood made
house appliances and furniture. This actually causes the
society to create terms to chase away the termite from the
environment. Do they know that without termites, there will
be many problem arising? Yes, it is true. Termites give a
big contribution in the food chain and help decompose
dead trees which will fertilise the soil and help the forest to
regrow faster. Additionally, termite help aerates the soil
which helps the soil water and nutrition to reach the
plants’ roots faster. To be simple termites help increase the
soil quality. So, how to get rid of termites instead of
destroying them? Our project is the answer. The powder
from the burnt eggshells produces a strong stench that
irritates the termites and other pests too [5]. This project is
also 100% environmental friendly. Instead of using
pesticides that contain chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) that
causes pollution and damages the ozone layer, why not use
a substance that is super cheap and very easily afforded
which doesn’t harm the environment and our health [5].
The eggshells powder can also help produce nutrients for
the growth of plants [7].
INTRODUCTION
Termites are known as one of the most despised insects
among the community. Several hundred species are
economically significant as pests that can cause serious
damage to buildings, crops, or plantation forest [5].
However, termites are major detritivores, particularly in the
subtropical and tropical regions, and the recycling of wood
and plant matter is considered an ecological importance.
Most of the community today have very less knowledge
about the benefits of eggshells. To them, eggshells are just
waste products. The US food industry generates 150,000
tons of shell waste per year [2,3]. Many landfills are
unwilling to take the waste because the shells and the
attached membrane attracts vermin. Together with the
calcium carbonate eggshell and protein-rich membrane are
useless. The eggshell is mostly made up of calcium
carbonate and the membrane is valuable protein. When
separated both products have an array of uses.
We do believe throwing eggshells is a waste of natural
resource. By carrying out this COPTOCIDE project, we
can turn the unwanted resource into something useful. In
our project, we decided to blend the eggshells into powder.
Eggshells are made almost entirely by calcium carbonate.
A study in isolated cells found that calcium absorption was
up to 64% greater from eggshell powder compared to pure
calcium carbonate. Researchers attributed these effects to
certain proteins found in eggshells. In addition to calcium
and protein, eggshells also contain small amount of other
minerals, including strontium, fluoride, magnesium and
selenium [2,5].
Our aim is to vanish termites from damaging houses
without giving any harm for the termites and environment.
We also did some survey around school compound and
nearest housing area to get more information for our
project. We gained eggshells by collecting them from
students’ houses and restaurants nearby along with termites
that we managed to trap and catch them. We failed to find
such product in the neither store nor internet. Therefore, we
claim this to be our own original idea.
47
Figure 1: Chicken eggshells
Name:
Chicken
eggshells
TERMITE LIFE CYCLE
Figure 2: Termite life cycle
Scientific classification
Kingdom Animalia
Phylum Arthropoda
Class Insecta
Order Blattodea
Infraorder Isopetra
Family Rhinotermitae
Subfamily Amitermitinae
Genus Coptotermes
Figure 3
Figure 4
RATIONALE
If you had read the International Journal of Poultry Science
about the uses of chicken eggshells one of your sentences
would read something like this, “Eggshell calcium is the
best natural source of calcium and it is about 90%
absorbable. It is a much better source of calcium than
limestone or coral sources” [1]. This shows that chicken
eggshells are made of entirely calcium carbonate. It has
been proven that most of the Malaysians are keen to
throwing the eggshells after being used. This is a waste
48
because eggshells contain substances that are able to get rid
of termites and other pests. Termites are keen to eating
woods and this is dangerous to houses which are made of
wood and contains furniture made by wood [4]. Therefore,
getting rid of termites with eggshell is crucial because it
does not kill or destroy the termites whereas it only avoid
termites from getting into people’s house. Thus, it does not
make the ecosystem imbalance because termites are
important in decomposition. Other than that, termite
controller will kill the termites and destroy their
population. The chemical substances will also cause
pollution to the environment. Eggshell is a dairy product
mostly used by Malaysians in their life. Therefore, using
eggshell to get rid of termites could reduce wastage. It
could also be founded very easily. Besides, chicken
eggshell powder could also reduce problems and diseases
caused by flies and so on.
Research Question:
1. Can we repel the termites by using the chicken
eggshells?
2. Is it useful to repel termites by using chicken
eggshell?
3. Is COPTOCIDE research useful for human’s health
and environment?
Objective:
1. To repel the existing of termites by using the chicken
eggshell.
2. To reduce the cost of buying termite controller.
3. To multiply the usage of eggshell in our daily life.
Expected Outcome:
1. To reduce the use of termite controller.
2. To reduce the money spend on termite controller.
3. To reduce the waste of chicken eggshell.
Engineering Goals:
We hope by introducing the usage of chicken eggshells,
everyone can use the eggshells to replace the termite
controller when there is existence of termites in their home
or workplace. This, undoubtedly, not only can save the
environment but also can create a world with less rubbish
as everyone can reuse the wastage such as chicken
eggshells.
Chart 1
Chart 2
Chart 3
80%
4%6%
10%
EGG USAGE PER FAMILY PER DAY
1 to 5 6 to 9 More than 10 None
66…
34%
IS EGGSHELL USEFUL
No Yes
37%54%
8%1%
DISADVANTAGES OF EGGSHELLS
Causes of occuring injurious insect
Causes foul smell
Causes fungus which brings diseases
Pollution
49
Chart 4
Chart 5
Chart 6
Chart 7
74%20%
4%2%
STEPS OF HANDLING EGGSHELLS
Throw away Use as fertilizer
Use as decoration Others
89%
11%
HAVE TERMITES BRING PROBLEMS TO YOUR
HOUSE?
Yes No
11%
27%62%
DISADVANTAGES OF TEMITES
Effect Agriculture
Causes of destruction buildings andhouses
Causes of destruction furniture
Others
8%
30%
42%
18%2%
WAYS TO SOLVE TERMITES' PROBLEMS
Using tobacco
Spraying pesticide
Putting medicine of termites
Hiring company to eliminate termites
Others
50
Chart 8
Mind map 1
PROCESS
ACTIVITY 1
Aim: To collect and remove membranes from the eggshells
Apparatus: Container, gloves
Materials: Tap water, chicken eggshells
1. Collect the
chicken
eggshells.
Figure 6
2. Clean and
remove
membrane
from the
chicken
eggshells.
Figure 7
RESULT OF ACTIVITY 1
45%
44%
10%1%
THE APPEARANCE OF TERMITES
Wooden furniture
Wooden frame of house
Books
Others
51
Figure 7: Cleaned chicken eggshells
ANALYSIS
The cleaned chicken eggshells do not contain membrane.
ACTIVITY 2
Aim: To produce COPTOCIDE from burnt chicken
eggshell powder
Apparatus: Blender, strainer, beaker, oven
Materials: Chicken eggshells
1. Burn the
chicken
eggshells in
the oven at
150 degrees
Celsius for
30 minutes.
Figure 8
2. Crush the
burnt
chicken
eggshell into
small pieces.
Figure 9
3. Blend the
crushed
chicken
eggshells.
Figure 10
4. Sift the
blended
chicken
eggshell
powder.
Figure 11
RESULT OF ACTIVITY 2
Figure 12: Sifted chicken eggshell powder
ANALYSIS
Burnt eggshell powder is produced.
ACTIVITY 3
Aim: To gather termites
Apparatus: Container, gloves, hoe, spatula
Materials: -
52
1. Collect
termites
from the
termite
mound
Figure 13
2. Gather
termites
into a
container
.
Figure 14
RESULT OF ACTIVITY 3
Figure 15: Termites gathered with its mound
SAFETY PRECAUTION
Aim: To wrap the termites’ container to reduce lighting
Apparatus: Container, garbage bag, scissors, hot glue gun
1. Cut
the
garbag
e bag
Figure 16
2. Stick
the
garbag
e bag
to the
contai
ner.
Figure 17
QUALITATIVE EXPERIMENT
EXPERIMENT 1
Aim: To observe the movement of the termites.
Apparatus: Container, wooden sticks
Materials: Termites, distilled water, burnt eggshell solution
PROCEDURE
53
1. Collect two
sticks
2. Soak the
wooden
sticks in
burnt
eggshell
solution
and water
3. Let it dry
4. Place the
sticks at
the left and
right side
of the
container.
5. Place the
termites in
the middle
of the
container.
6. Observe
the
movement
of the
termites.
Figure 18
RESULT OF EXPERIMENT 1
Figure 19
EXPERIMENT 2
Aim: To observe the movement of the termites.
Apparatus: Container, sugar paper, brush
Materials: Termites
PROCEDURE
1. Cut the
sugar paper.
2. Apply the
sugar paper
with burnt
eggshell
solution and
water.
3. Let it dry.
4. Place the
sticks at the
left and
right side of
the
container.
5. Place the
termites in
the middle
of the
container.
6. Observe the
movement
of the
termites.
Figure 20
RESULT OF EXPERIMENT 2
Figure 21
54
Figure 22
EXPERIMENT 3
Aim: To observe the movement of the termites.
Apparatus: Container, cardboard
Materials: Termites
PROCEDURE
1. Cut the cardboard
2. Soak the cardboard
in burnt eggshell
solution and water.
3. Let it dry
4. Place the cardboard
at the left and right
side of the
container.
5. Place the termites in
the middle of the
container.
6. Observe the
movement of the
termites.
Figure 23
RESULT OF EXPERIMENT 3
Figure 24
Figure 25
EXPERIMENT 4
Aim: To observe the movement of the termites.
Apparatus: Container, burnt eggshell powder
Materials: Termites
PROCEDURE
1. Put the burnt eggshell
powder at
one side of the
container
2. Place the termites in
the middle
of the container.
3. Observe the movement
of the
termites.
Figure 26
RESULT OF EXPERIMENT 4
55
Figure 27
Mind map 2
CONCLUSION
By carrying out this research, we found that COPTOCIDE
is extremely beneficial to the society nowadays. Using
chicken eggshells as termite controller can reduce the
expenses needed to dispose the chicken eggshells waste. In
addition, using chicken eggshells to produce termite
controller can help to reduce the cost of hiring contractor to
get rid of termites at home or working place without
polluting the environment and totally demolishing its
population. Production of termite controller using chicken
eggshell also can be said as an eco-friendly research and it
can reduce the usage of termite controller which pollutes
the environment. In order to produce termite controller
from chicken eggshell, we can solve the problems of
wastage of chicken eggshells in which it affects the
environment. Besides, we believe that this product is
creative where we turn an unwanted resource useful.
Figure 28 Figure 29
FUTURE DEVELOPMENT OF COPTOCIDE
Based on our project, we believe that the product of
COPTOCIDE is possible to be commercialized in various
form in the future. It is not only as an eco-friendly product
but also provide a number of benefits for the users.
COPTOCIDE had proven that it has the ability to demolish
termites without harming them as they play such a role in
our decomposition system. This is to protect the
environment on one side and on the other side to obtain
value added products while establishing a zero waste
standard. Other than that, we believe that we can produce
woods which are coated with eggshell solution. This
product can function as an eco-friendly pesticide. Another
product is selling egg shell powder which is bottled in
bottle. This way, the user can just drizzle the powder at the
termites’ habitat.
56
Figure 30: Wooden roof frame of a house
Figure 31: Wood for furniture
Figure 32: Product of COPTOCIDE
BIBLIOGRAPHY
[1] The International Journal of Poultry Science, Volume
70, Issue 3, July 2000, Pages 467–513. Resource:
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8312.2000.tb01235.x
[2] Wei Z; B; XUC (2009) “Application of waste eggshell
as low-cost solid catalyst for biodiesel production.”
Bioresource Technology 100(100):2883-2885. Resource:
https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Sampa_Chakrabarti/p
ublication
[3] The Benefits and Risks of Eggshells. Resource:
https://www.healthline.com/nutrition/eggshells-benefits-
and-risks#section2
[4] Termite – Wikipedia. Resource:
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termite
[5] William J.Zielinski, Neil P.Duncan,Journal of
Mammalogy, Volume 85, Issue, June 2004, Pages 470-
477,
Resource:
https://academic.oup.com/biolinnean/article/70/3/467/2638
667
[6] FROM GARBAGE TO BIOMATERIALS: AN
OVERVIEW ON EGG SHELL
BASEDHYDROXYAPATITE RESOURSE:
HTTPS://WWW.HINDAWI.COM/JOURNALS/JMA/2014
/802467/
[7] CHICKEN EGGSHELLS – DR. JOHN AXE, DOCTOR
OF NATURAL MEDICINE RESOURCE:
HTTPS://DRAXE.COM/EGGSHELL/
[8] The Royal Society of Biology – The use of modern and
fossil eggshells Resource:
https://royalsocietypublising.org/doi/full/10.1098/rsif.2014.
1210
Brette Sember,” Ways to Use Leftover Eggshells”
Resource: https://mentalfloss.com/article/94301/12-ways-
use-leftover-eggshells
Grasshopper Lawns Inc. – Uses of Eggshells in the Garden
Resource: https://grasshopperlawns.com/tips-and-
resourses/eggshells-in-the-garden
Amy Andrychowicz,” Using eggshell as organic pest
control. Resource: https://getbusygardening.com/eggshells-
as-organic-pest-control/
Ways to Keep Them Out! -Cummings Termite and Pest.
Resource: https://cummingpest.com/5-ways-deal-termite-
infection-home/
Valleywide Service; Are Termite Harmful To Human? -
Action Termite Control. Resource:
https://actiontermitecontrol.com/are-termite-harmful-to-
human/
General Information for Calcium Carbonate. Resource:
https://sitem.herts.ac.uk/aeru/ppdb/en/Reports/108.htm
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
57
We would like to express our deepest appreciation to those
who had provided us the possibilities to complete this
project. A special gratitude we give to our advisors Madam
Gan Bee Kean and Mr. Ibrahim Taigo, whose contributions
in stimulating ideas, suggestions and encouragement,
helped us to coordinate our project. Furthermore, we would
also like to acknowledge with much appreciation the
crucial role of our school, Sekolah Menengah Kebangsaan
Dato’ Bentara Dalam, which gave the permission and
opportunity to use all required equipment and the necessary
materials to complete the project COPTOCIDE. A special
thanks goes to the laboratory assistants who helped us to
prepare all the required apparatus and materials in the
laboratory. We also really appreciate the indirect guidance
given by other supervisors. Last but not least, we would
like to thank our family and friends who had supported us
in all ways and encouraged us in doing this project whole
heartedly.
APPARATUS AND MATERIALS
NO. LIST
1. CHICKEN EGGSHELLS
2. TERMITES
3. CONTAINER
4. BEAKER
5. HOE
6. SCISSORS
7. GLUE
8. SELEPHONETAPE
9. ELECTRICITY
10. GLOVES
11. STICK
12. WOOD
13. SPATULA
14. SHOVEL
15. HAMMER
16. SUGAR PAPER
17. HOT GLUE GUN
18. CARDBOARD
19. GARBAGE BAG
20. BRUSH
COST FOR PRODUCT (1kg)
COST
EGGSHELLS RM0.35
WATER RM0.10
ELECTRICITY RM0.40
TOTAL RM0.85
58
COGON-OSE
Tan Zi Shan
Smk Dato’ Bentara Dalam, Segamat
Yogarajan A/L Rammudo
Smk Dato’ Bentara Dalam, Segamat
Sow Xin Yi
Smk Dato’ Bentara Dalam, Segamat
Pem Zhi Xuan
Smk Dato’ Bentara Dalam, Segamat
Teo Min Ru
Smk Dato’ Bentara Dalam, Segamat
Cogon grass is known as an invasive, non-native plant.
Its rapid production of seeds can spread throughout a large
area quickly. Nowadays, the overgrown cogon grass affects
the appearance of the environment. This is because the
biomass of cogon grass accounts for 60% of the total
biomass of the plant. Due to this characteristic, cogon grass
provides a very high fuel load, enabling wildfires to burn
faster, higher, and much hotter , and has brought negative
impacts to the local agricultural activities since its
extensive rhizome system can literally chocks nearby
plants when it sprouts from the ground. However, we do
believe that throwing away cogon grass is a waste of
natural resource. That is why we decided to run out this
project, COGON-OSE. In this project, we extract sugar
from the rhizomes of the cogon grass. The objective of our
project is to produce sugar (non-crystalline) from cogon
grass. In this project, we want to know the possibility to
produce sugar from the rhizomes of cogon grass and is this
sugar possible to overcome the negative impacts to society?
It is expected that this research will reduce the cost of sugar
production and save the removal cost of cogon grass which
will bring negative impacts to local agricultural activities.
Based on the analysis on our product in Faculty of
Agriculture, University Putra Malaysia, we found out that
our product contains terpenoids and terpenes which give
positive impacts towards our health. Both terpenoids and
terpenes can act as anti-bacterial and anti-inflammatory
factors in human body. Thus, the sugar is suitable for
diabetic patient in since it has an antibacterial action
against Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus dysenteriae, which
is the main cause of diabetic foot. We will blend the
rhizomes and filter them. After that, we will heat it until it
turns into saturated solution. After cooling it down, we
perform Benedict’s test on the solution to indicate the
presence of sugar. We can also get the observation under
the microscope in which there will have tiny sugar crystal
formed, that indicates the presence of sugar. Besides the
production of sugar from the rhizomes of cogon grass, we
also managed to utilise the by-product of cogon-grass,
which is the fibre. We use the fibre of its rhizomes to
absorb oil in water. We packed the fibre with cotton cloth
and sink it into the mixture of water and oil. After 1
minute, we take out the fibre pack and observe the amount
of oil left in the mixture. The fibre is able to absorb a
plenty of oil in the mixture. The mixture of oil and water is
a cause of water pollution nowadays. So, this product can
help us to clean water sources that are contaminated with a
low cost.
COMPARISON AFTER RESEARCH
Most of the people think that cogon grass is just a wild
plant which mars the environment beauty. However, some
of us have already know that cogon grass is a wild plant
which contains sugar and a lot of nutrition in its root.
Moreover, after doing a lot of research and study, we found
out that cogon grass’s root has a lot of benefits as it
contains a lot of minerals. Based on the experiment we
have done it is clearly proven that the root of cogon grass is
really beneficial and has a really high potential to replace
the production of sugar from sugarcane .We believe that if
further studies were done on cogon grass, we can prove all
of the medical benefits in cogon grass
COMPARISON BETWEEN THEORY AND
PRACTICAL
Based on the research we have done, cogon grass is said to
contain starch and sugar. After we managed to get the
cogon grass, we tasted the root and found that the root is
edible and sweet. Also, one of the journal by Chris Miller
which is about cogon grass that we have studied said that
the root is edible. To prove this, we managed to get the
safety result of our product from MY TEST LAB which is
safety. Moreover, the research we have done also said that
the flowers and the roots are antibacterial, diuretic,
febrifuge, sialagogue, styptic and tonic. Later, we found out
that the root has been used medically in China and also
used by some of the Chinese in Malaysia as the root of
cogon grass were sold at most of traditional medical shop.
Other than that, the benedict test we have made on the
“COGON-OSE” syrup shows a positive result（brick-red
precipitate formed）which indicates the presence of
reducing sugars in the “COGON-OSE” syrup
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We would like to express our deepest appreciation to
those who had provided us the possibilities to complete this
project. A special gratitude I give to our advisors Madam
Gan Bee Kean, whose contributions in stimulating
suggestions and encouragement, helped us to coordinate
59
our project. Furthermore, we would also like to
acknowledge with much appreciation the crucial role of our
school, Sekolah Menengah Kebangsaan Dato’ Bentara
Dalam,Segamat, which gave the permission and
opportunity to use all required equipment and the necessary
materials to complete the project “COGON-OSE. A special
thanks goes to the laboratory assistant, Mrs Sharifah
Amirah binti Syed Amirah who helped us to prepare all the
required apparatus and materials in the laboratory. We also
really appreciate the indirect guidance given by other
supervisors. Last but not least, we would like to thank our
family and friends who had supported us in all ways and
encouraged us in doing this project whole heartedly.
References
[1] Imperata cylindrica – (L.) Raeusch. from Plants For A
Future
<https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Imperata+cyl
indrical>
[2] “Imperata cylindrica (cogon grass)” From Centre for
Agriculture and Bioscience
International, March 27, 2018
<https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/28580>
[3] Allelopathic interference of sweet potato with
cogongrass and relevant species
< https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11258-012-
0136-z>
60
ISLAMIC VALUE ON EMPLOYEE GREEN BEHAVIOUR (EGB)MODEL
Siti NorashikinBashirun
Faculty of Business Management,
UiTMMelaka,
Alor Gajah Campus, Melaka,
Afrah Hayati Abdul Rahman
Faculty of Business Management,
UiTMMelaka, Alor Gajah Campus,
Melaka, [email protected]
Masliza MohdRazali
Faculty of BusinessManagement,
UiTMMelaka, Alor Gajah
Campus, Melaka,
Siti Nurul AkmaAhmad
Faculty of Business Management,
UiTMMelaka,
Alor Gajah Campus, Melaka
Nur Faithzah Jamian
Faculty of Business Management,
UiTM Melaka, Alor GajahCam-
pusMelaka,[email protected].
my
Abstract Environmental sustainability issues are one of the major
concerns to be addressed by many organizations. As one of
the options is by encouraging green behaviour at
workplace which could result to an employee responsibility
towards reducing environmental problems. Likewise,
Islamic thought also emphasized on the importance of
protecting the envi- ronment and preserving nature. In fact,
elements found in green practices are coherent with the
explanation of Allah in the Quran. Nevertheless, the
Muslim is less aware of the relationship between
environmental behaviour and Islam. Hence, this model is to
propose Islamic value elements on the green behaviour
among employees that will enhance the body of knowledge
of green practices and beneficial for most organisations.
Implications of this study are useful for the government and
employers, as a guideline to encourage pro environmental
behaviour at the workplace, whilst, achieving the
environmental sustainability goals in Islamic perspective.
Keywords
Employee Green behaviour, Islamic Value, Environmental
Knowledge, Environmental Attitude,Sustainability
1. Introduction As part of the Paris Agreement 2015 and the United Na-
tions Sustainable Development Goals (SDG), all countries
should put in place the appropriate policies and regulatory
frameworks to drive and expedite the shift towards green or
environmentally friendly lifestyle [1]. In 2017, SWCorp
Malaysia highlighted that Malaysians generated about
37500 tons solid waste perday and involving RM2.0 billion
a year for its management. This critical indicator
demonstrates that, there is a need for community to
seriously investigated this matter particularly to the young
generation.
On top of that, Islamic lifestyle encourages people to save
the environment as according to the Al-Quran and Sun-
nah. It is Creation of Allah “Glory to Allah, Who created
in pairs all things that the earth produces, as well as
theirown (human) kind and (other) things of which they
have no knowledge.” (Quran 36:36). [2] discovered that
Environmental aspect definitely deserves priority from the
perspectives of Maqasid Shariah. In addition, for Muslims,
it is time to strengthen hablumminal’alam or there la-
tionship with nature through sustainable consumption.
While there is a good theoretical understanding of these
Islamic concepts and approaches, the reality is that many
still do not practice what they know in their individual daily
lives as well as in policy formulation. Besides, to encourage
peo- ple embedding green lifestyle it requires change in
values, attitude, habits, behaviour and culture. These
changes can be achieved through the eco shift which is
thorough changes that involves transformation in people
thinking, corporate policies and also changes in individual
culture [3].
2. Objective of thestudy The interrelation between employee environmental
knowledge and employee green behaviour (EGB) for
organization environmental sustainability is beingdiscussed
from an Islamic viewpoint, where Islamic values plays a
significantrole.
Hence, the objectives of this studyare:
(a) To identify the environmental knowledge
andattitude on employee greenbehaviour.
(b) To identify Islamic values factors that motivate em-
ployee greenbehaviour.
3. Problemstatement To deal with this issue, the responsibility cannot solely
be put on the government, and organisations should also
show their commitment as well. Hence, it is essential to
study green behaviour, as organisations are the major con-
tributors towards environmental problems [4]. As employ-
ees in general spends one third in a day in the workplace,
pro-environmental behaviour can be studied in the work-
place setting [5]. A number of studies have found that the
individual’s employee green behaviour would significantly
contribute to wider outcomes of environmental sustainabil-
ity, mainly when it is combined with established environ-
mental management systems (EMS) and innovations [6,7].
61
Al-Quran has stated that environmental conservationis a
re- ligious duty as well as social obligation and not an
optional matter [8].
4. Employee GreenBehaviour EGB is the scalable actions and behaviours that
employees engage in, which are linked with and contribute
or detract from environmental sustainability [7]. Thus,
fostering EGB at work could be one of the factors that can
help to deal with environmental issue [9]. Recently,
researchers have emphasised the need to examine EGB and
its individual and contextual predictors from a multilevel
perspective [10,11]. [12] stated that when people have
positive perception towards green concept and they will
agree that going green could improve human health as the
environment has a direct impact on the humanlife.
According to [7] there are two ways employee green be-
haviour can be studied which depending on the type of in-
dustry where employees work and it is a reflection of em-
ployee willingness to protect the environment by avoiding
wasteorbyimplementingrecyclingintheworkplace.Itwas
found that employee is more committed and satisfied to en-
gage in OBCEs when organization supported them [13] this
indicated that perceived organizational support and job sat-
isfaction have an indirect effect on OCBE. Therefore, in or-
dertoencourageemployeetoperformgreenactivitiesinthe
workplace, the management and leader role aret aking
place. Practically, since the concept of EGB is still
relatively new in Malaysia, the initiatives and
implementation should be properly proposed. This could
optimally affect the em- ployee behaviour and accepted by
the organisation. Apart from that it is important to
understand the reasons for em- ployees’ green initiatives
towards the organisation. Thus, this study gives opportunity
for the researchers to developa
new model that would encourage EGB at workplace.
5.1 Environmental Knowledge and Attitude [14] found that knowledge is closely related to behav-
iour. Employees with environmental awareness would dis-
play more positive behaviour about their environment and
they would be inclined to behave in an environmentally
friendly manner in both their work and personal lives.
strengthening employees’ awareness and knowledge
towards the existence of the organisation’s corporate
environmental strategy would positively predicts EGB [15].
[16] describe environmental attitudes (EA) as the mental
propensity that is expressed by people evaluative responses
to the environment with some degree of favour or
disfavour. Environmental knowledge and positive attitude
of employee are not sufficient to influence the employee to
put them to practice, similar with findings from [17].
5.2 IslamicValue Islamic values are mostly referred to as Islamic ethics
[18,19] while the English term is defined as ‘morality’ [19].
It has divided into three main kinds of values: (a) akhlaq,
which refers to the duties and responsibilities set out in the
shari‘ah and Islamic teaching generally; (b) adab, which re-
fers to the manners associated with good breeding; and (c)
the qualities of character possessed by a good Muslim,
following the example of the Prophet Muhammad [19].
Islamic work ethics is rooted based on Al-Qur’an and
Sunnah which concern with Islamic values, belief and
practices [20] which defined as the set of moral principles
that differentiate what is right from what is wrong [21].
According to [22], those people who are practicing Islamic
work ethics in theorgani- zations are also likely to feel more
attached and responsible for the organizational success.
Therefore, it is important for organizations to implement
green practices by practicing Is- lamic work ethics in
sustaining theorganization.
In Islam we are encouraged to use effectively the
natural resources and waste minimization. “And do not
cause corruption in the earth, when it has been set
inorder”, Al-A'raf 7:56. A great way to minimize the
pollution and misuse of wild-life environments that are
mainly accountable forplant and animal destructions, is to
obey another verse of the Qur’an, “Eat and drink, but waste
not by excess; “He”loves not the excessive”, Al-A'raf 7:31.
This means that as employee also we need to practice waste
minimization for example through 3R (reuse, reduce,
recycle) activities. Additionally, management and leader
roles are to create policy and guideline to ensure the green
practice are being implement and be a part of
organizationalculture.
6. EGB Model and IslamicValues The study of EGB can be started by the organization
since it can be part of employee’s evaluation that may
contribute to the overall job performance [11]. Thus, EGB
will assist in minimising the environmental polution &
lead to economics benefits, which can be aligned with
share holder and stakeholder interest [23]. [24] majority of
Muslim practice recycling activity as compared to others
however the practice of environmentally ethical behaviour
(EEB) among Muslims in Malaysia does not motivated by
the values promoted by Islam but by other factors like
economic, social factors, level of education and regulation
enforcement. Therefore, environmental problems among
Muslim need an ethical solution, and it is suggested that
Muslim should follow the Islamic values and make a
positive change in behaviour towards theenvironment.
62
Figure 1: Islamic Value on EGBModel
6. Conclusion Although, the research on employee
environmentally friendly in developing countries is
gaining momentum, very little research attention has
been given to the strength of Islamic values in studying
the green consciousness and behaviour of employee in
Malaysia. Moreover, it is to fit the current government
policies on pursuing sustainable development goals
(SDG), mainly the objective goal 13 (Climateation) that
has become main agenda of ASEAN Vision2025.
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triggering of UN sustainable development goals
and regenerative sustainability in higher
education. Sustainability (Switzerland), (2019).
[2] Suzana Md. Samsudi. Islam and Sustainable
Consumption. Retrieved from:
https://www.thestar.com.my/opinion/columnists/ikim
-views/2017/05/09/islam-and-sustainable-
consumption-if-we-recognise-that-the-ecological-
crisis-is-a-reflec-tion-of-a-sp/(2017).
[3] Ujang, Z. Eco-Shift: Holistic transformation
towards Environmental Sustainability. Institut
Terjemahan & Buku Malaysia. Malaysia: ITBM.
(2018).
[4] Lo, S. H., Peters, G. J. Y., van Breukelen, G. J., &
Kok, G. Only reasoned action? An interorgani-
zational study of energy-saving behaviors in office
buildings. Energy efficiency, 7(5),761-775. (2014).
[5] Stern, P. C. Toward a Coherent Theory of
Environmentally Significant Behavior: EBSC
Ohost. Journal of Social Issues. (2000).
https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00640994
[6] Norton, T. A., Zacher, H., & Ashkanasy, N. M.
Organisational sustainability policies and employee
green behaviour: The mediating role of work climate
perceptions. Journal of Environmental Psychology,
38, 49–54. (2014).
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[7] Ones, D. S., & Dilchert, S. Environmental
Sustainability at Work: A Call to Action.
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466. (2012). https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1754-
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lam. November 9, 2015. Retrieved
http://www.ecomena.org/sustainability-
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[9] Lamm, E., Tosti-Kharas, J., & Williams, E. G. Read
This Article, but Don’t Print It: Organizational
Citizenship Behavior Toward the Environment.
Group and Organization Management. (2013).
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Ashkanasy, N. M. Employee Green Behavior: A
Theoretical Framework, Multilevel Review,
andFuture Research Agenda. Organization and
Environment. (2015).
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[11] Rezai. G, Teng. P. K., Mohamed. Zainalabidin and
Shamsudin M. N. Is it Easy to Go Green? Consumer
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Applied Sciences10(2013).
[12] Paille, P. & Boiral, O. Pro-environmental be- havior
at work: Construct validity and determinants. Journal
of Environmental Psychology 36 (2013) 118e128.
[13] Levine, D. S., & Strube, M. J. Environmental
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attitudes, knowledge, intentions and behaviors among
college students. (2012). The Journal of social
psychology, 152(3),308-326.
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M.Organisational sustainability policies and
employee green behaviour: The mediating role of
work climate perceptions. Journal of Environmental
Psychology,38 (2014).
[15] Milfont, T. L., & Duckitt, J. Theenvironmental
attitudes inventory: A valid and reliable measure to
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[16] Sadik, F., & Sadik, S. A study on environmen- tal
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[17] Ahmad Rafiki & Kalsom Abdul Wahab. Is- lamic
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view of Literature. Asian Social Science; Vol. 10,9,
(2014).
[18] Halstead, J.M. Islamic values: a distinctive
framework for moral education? Journal of Moral Edu- cation, 36:3, 283-296. (2007)
[19] Arslan, M. Is ve Meslek Ahlaki (Businessand
Professional Ethics). Ankara: Siyasalyayinevi.
(2005).
[20] Beekun, R. Islamic Business Ethics.Herndon, VA:
The International Institute of IslamicThought. (1997).
[21] Ali, A. J. (2005). Islamic perspectives on
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Wealth: Evidence from Taiwanese Manufacturing
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Environmental Management, (2017).
[23] Mashitoh Yaacob, Zubaidah Mohd Nasir, W.
Syairah Hazwani W. Petera, Hassan Basri,
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IzharAriff Mohd Kashim, Azami Zaharim& Mazlin
Mokhtar, Transfor- mation of Muslim Behaviour
towards Sustainable En- vironment: Perspectives of
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Valley. Akademika 87(2), Ogos 2017:19-3. (2017).
[24] Kim, A. Multilevel Influences on Voluntary
Workplace Green Behavior. September. (2014).
https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206314547386
64
BACADOL2.0
Zakiul HumanMahamud
Jabatan Pendidikan Politeknik dan KolejKomuniti.
Kolej Komuniti Padang Terap,
Kuala Nerang, Kedah,Malaysia
Abstrak
BACADOL 2.0 adalah satu alat bantu mengajar (PdP)
kawalan penghidup motor elektrik yang dinaik taraf ap-
likasinya menggunakan komponen Timer Relay. Alat ini
diinovasikan untuk memudahkan aktiviti pengajaran dan
pembelajaran (PdP) serta sebagai alat pengujian & trou-
bleshooting. Disamping itu, menjimatkan kos kerana bana-
na cable yang digunakan tidak rosak dan boleh digunakan
berulang kali. Tambahan lagi kos membuatnya yang murah
kerana menggunakan bahan-bahan di dalam bengkel.
Selain itu, tidak memerlukan alatan untuk melakukan pen-
dawaian kerana pendawaian adalah “plug and play” yang
menyebabkan sesiapa sahaja boleh mencuba (try and er-
ror) kerana ia adalah sepertipermainan.
KataKunci
Kawalan penghidup motor menggunakan timerrelay
1. PENGENALAN BACADOL 2.0 diinovasikan sebagai alat bantu
mengajar PdP amali kawalan motor aplikasi timer relay
bagi memudahkan pemahaman pelajar mengenai kompo-
nen kawalan sebenar, lukisan simbol, pendawaian litar
skematik, pengujian dan troubleshooting (Nurhanim,
Suhaimi, & Ramlan, 2010)[1]. Selain itu, ia juga boleh
dijadikan alat pameran untuk meningkatkan minat belajar
pelajar (Mohd Bakhir & Zamri, 2016)[2] (Abdulahim, Mat,
& Bacho, 2019).
2. LATARBELAKANG
BACADOL adalah singkatan daripada alat bantu
mengajar Banana Cable Direct Online dibangunkan se-
bagai alat bantu mengajar (PdP) penghidup kawalan motor
elektrik. BACADOL 2.0 adalah kesinambungan dengan
projek inovasi BACADOL sebelum ini dimana telah dinaik
taraf aplikasinya kepada penghidup kawalan dengan ap-
likasi timerrelay.
BACADOL 2.0 ini secara asasnya dinovasikan dengan
menggunakan komponen kawalan motor yang diinovasikan
susunan komponen diatas papan pendawaian. Selain itu,
lukisan simbol komponen dan penomboran terminal kom-
ponen juga dipaparkan berdekatan komponen kawalanun-
tuk memudahkan pengajaran dan pembelajaran. Komponen
timer relay ditambah didalam inovasi ini untuk memu-
dahkan PdP amali kawalan motor elektrik mempelajari
kawalan komponen timer relay (Abdulahim, Mat, & Bacho,
2019)[3].
3. KAEDAH PELAKSANAANINOVASI
Komponen kawalan timer relay dipasang diatas papan
pendawaian lengkap dengan pendawaian. Banana cable
digunakan sebagai kabel penyambungan antara komponen
kawalan dengan hanya plug and play diatas papan
pendawaian. Pengujian BACADOL 2.0 ialah dengan
menghidupkan lampu pandu secara automatik dengan
mengunakan timer relay. Demontrasi penyambungan
dilakukan secara live dengan melakukan penyambungan
pada terminal komponen kawalan menggunakan banana
cable langkah demi langkah sehingga lengkap litar
skematik. Demontrasi kefungsian litar juga dilakukan
secara live untuk menunjukkan cara-cara untuk menjalan-
kan ujian kefungsian kepada pelajar.
4. RASIONAL MEMBANGUNKANINOVASI
Alat inovasi BACADOL 2.0 membantu memudahkan
pemahaman pelajar dalam mengenal komponen kawalan
sebenar, terminal masukan dan keluaran komponen, simbol
komponen, penyambungan litar skematik, dan melakukan
ujian kefungsian. Selain itu, membantu dalam melakukan
ujian keterusan dan penebatan litar skematik. Disamping
itu, membantu menunjukan ujian kefungsian litar skematik
dan troubleshooting. Akhir sekali, membantu mengatasi
masalah skru komponen hilang dan loose serta
mewujudkan aktiviti pengajaran dan pembelajaran 2 hala
iaitu pelajar boleh datang mencuba melakukan pendawaian
litar skematik try anderror.
5. PERBEZAAN ANTARA PROSESYANG
SEBELUM DANSEKARANG
5.1 SEBELUM
Pensyarah hanya menerangkan secara lisan dan teori
semata-mata untuk mengenal komponen kawalan, simbol,
terminal masukan dan keluaran kawalan serta bagaimana
litar kawalan timer relay berfungsitanpa demontrasi alatan
65
sebenar. Selain itu, pensyarah perlu menerangkan berulang
kali kepada setiap pelajar cara-cara melakukan penyam-
bungan dan membuat ujian kefungsian yang sudah tentu
memerlukan masa yang banyak dan meletihkan. Disamping
itu Teknik troubleshooting tidak diajar dan tidak ditunjuk
secara live.
5.2 SELEPAS
Pensyarah membuat demontrasi penyambungan litar
skematik secara live menggunakan banana cable langkah
demi langkah sehingga lengkap. Selain itu, pensyarah
membuat demontrasi kefungsian litar secara live untuk
menunjukan cara-cara untuk menjalankan ujian kefungsian
litar skematik kepada pelajar menggunakanBACADOL
2.0. Justeru itu, pelajar boleh membuat ujian kefungsian
litar sendiri tanpa banyak bimbingan daripada pensyarah.
Selain itu, pensyarah membuat demontrasi teknik trouble-
shooting litar secara live dan menyelesaikan masalah terse-
but langkah demi langkah. Disamping itu, inovasi
BACADOL 2.0 boleh menarik perhatian pelajar untuk ber-
lajar untuk mencuba menyiapkan amali litar kawalan timer
relay sepertidilihat.
6. IMPAK ATAU KEBERKESANAN
PROJEKINOVASI
Keberkesanan BACADOL 2.0 terbukti mendapat respon
positif oleh pelajar tentang kefahaman mereka didalam
mengenal komponen kawalan, lukisan simbol, penom-
boran, pendawaian litar skematik, pengujian keterusan dan
penebat litar skematik serta melakukan ujian kefungsian
litar. Selain itu, Teknik troubleshooting litar dapat dipela-
jari dengan cepat dan mudah. Disamping itu, boleh juga
dijadikan alat pengujian komponen kawalan untuk menge-
tahui sama ada dalam keadaan baik atau rosak.. Tambahan
lagi mudah digunakan pendawaian litar skematik hanya
plug andplay.
7. GAMBAR ALAT INOVASI BACADOL2.0
8. CADANGANPENAMBAHBAIKAN
BACADOL 2.0 boleh ditambahbaik lagi dengan
penambahan aplikasi kepada penghidup Jog, soft starter
dan penghidup star delta. Selain itu, rekabentuk boleh di-
cantikan lagi. Disamping itu, penyediaan penampilan lebih
mudah untuk buka dan pasang komponenkawalan.
RUJUKAN
[1] Saadah, N., Mohamad, S., & Abidin, R. Kesan
penggunaan kit pengajaran bersepadu magnetik-PLC
(programmable logic controller) terhadap kefahaman
konsep asas kawalan magnet dan PLC . World
Congress on Teacher Education for TVET in
conjunction with World Teachers Day Celebration.
Johor, Malaysia, .(2010)
[2] Mohd Bakhir, N., & Zamri, M. Z. Penggunaan Bahan
Bantu Mengajar Berasaskan Papan Pelbagai Sentuh
Untuk Pembelajaran Sains Tahun Tiga. 2nd
International Conference On Creative Media, Design
& Technology, (2016).
[3] Abdulahim, M. A., Mat, M. Z., & Bacho, F.
Penggunaan Penguji Komponen Litar Kawalan Motor
bagi Pelajar Program Sijil Teknologi Elektrik di Kolej
Komuniti Tawau. Politeknik & Kolej Komuniti Journal
of Social Sciences andHumanities, (2019).
.
Rajah 1. Gambaran alatinovasi BACADOL2.0
66
DIMANA SAHAJA TAK KIRA MASA: PEMBANGUNAN QR KOD SUBJEK
KEUSAHAWANAN (ENT300)
Asiah Ali
Faculty of Business & Management,
Universiti Teknologi MARA, Negeri
Sembilan Branch, Kuala Pilah Campus
Masilah Mohamad
Faculty of Business & Management,
Universiti Teknologi MARA, Negeri
Sembilan Branch, Kuala Pilah Campus
Nabilah Abdul Syukur
Faculty of Business & Management,
Universiti Teknologi MARA, Negeri
Sembilan Branch, Kuala Pilah Campus
Raja Mayang Delima Mohd Beta Faculty
of Business & Management, Universiti
Teknologi MARA, Negeri Sembilan
Branch, Kuala Pilah Campus
Nordayana Zulkifli
Faculty of Business & Management,
Universiti Teknologi MARA, Negeri
Sembilan Branch, Kuala Pilah Campus
Abstrak
Quick Response (QR) Code merupakan aplikasi yang dilihat
berkembang pesat penggunaanya serta mempunyai nilai
komersial. Aplikasi ini memberikan impak yang positif
dalam proses pembelajaran dan pengajaran khususnya pada
subjek elektif. QR kod merupakan satu inovasi yang diguna
pakai kepada para pelajar untuk keadaan normal baharu
semasa pendamik covid 19 dewasa ini. Kementerian
pendidikan Malaysia telah menyarankan semua pusat
pengajian untuk melaksanakan pembelajaran secara terbuka
iaitu atas talian (ODL) bagi mencegah penularan virus ini.
Situasi ini memberikan inspirasi kepada kumpulan ini untuk
mencipta QR kod bagi subjek ENT300 supaya pelajar dapat
memuat turun semua bahan pembelajaran secara mudah dan
senang dengan menggunakan alat peranti mudah alih
mereka..Inovasi ini akan dimulakan oleh Fakulti Pengurusan
Perniagaan, Universiti Teknologi Mara Kampus Kuala Pilah
Negeri Sembilan. Subjek pada permulaanya adalah subjek
keusahawanan (ENT300) dan akan diikuti oleh subjek
Keusahawanan Teknologi (ENT600), Ekonomi (ECO 415),
dan Pengenalan Pengurusan (MGT162). QR kod mempunyai
kebaikan dan kelebihan tersendiri. Pertama, ianya adalah
cara cekap terhadap penggunaan kertas dan juga
menjimatkan kos. Ini kerana dengan penggunaan QR kod,
tidak memerlukan kertas untuk cetak, dan tidak memerlukan
sebarang wang untuk memuat turun segala bahan bacaan
serta nota kuliah. Kedua adalah, QR kod boleh menyimpan
kapasiti data yang besar dengan hanya menggunakan
cetakan saiz yang kecil, imbasan pantas melalui alat-alat
peranti sediada. Ketiga, QR kod boleh digunakan dimana
sahaja anda berada pada bila-bila masa sahaja proses
pembelajaran supaya dapat adaptasi perubahan era
teknologi terkini.
Pengenalan
QR kod atau “Quick Response Code” merupakan salah satu
teknologi yang berkembang dan digunapakai secara global
serta mempunyai nilai komersial. QR kod memberikan
impak positif yang amat besar dalam pelbagai bidang
termasuklah dalam bidang pembelajaran dan pengajaran.
Ianya mudah, menarik dan hanya dihujung jari anda.
Terjadinya pendamik covid 19 ini memberikan peluang
kepada para pensyarah untuk penghasilan QR kod untuk
proses pembeljaran dan pengajaran. Ini adalah mengikut
saranan Kementerian Penedidikan Malaysia untuk
melaksanakan penghajian secara pembelajaran terbuaka atau
atas talian (ODL). Manusia boleh menggugunakan QR kod
melalui telefon bimbit atau alat telekomunikasi dimana
sahaja anda berada dan pada bila bila masa sahaja [1]. QR
kod membenarkan para pensyarah mengadaptasikan
penggunaannya dalam pembelajaran dan pengajaran semasa
di kelas secara maya atau secara fizikal. QR kod mempunyai
sistem operasi penyimpanan yang mudah dan cepat serta
ianya menjadikan satu platform yang ideal digunakan dalam
pembelajaran [2]. Inovasi terhadap subjek ENT 300
Keusahawanan khusunya bagi Fakulti Pengurusan dan
Perniagaan di Universiti Teknologi Mara Kampus Kuala
Pilah Negeri Sembilan, merupakan subjek pertama kalinya
akan dijadikan permulaan inovasi dalam proses
pembelajaran dan pengajaran kerana subjek ini didaftarrkan
dibawah subjek wajib universiti dan perlu diambil oleh
semua pelajar diperingkat diploma. Ini adalah inovasi
pertama yang dilakukan dalam subjek ENT 300 dengan
menggunakan QR kod. Subjek lain akan diusul setelah
aplikasi pada fasa pertama Berjaya. Subjek lain yang akan
menyusul adalah subjek Keusahawanan Teknologi
(ENT600), Ekonomi (ECO 415) dan juga Asas Pengurusan
(MGT 162).
Kajian Literatur
QR kod merupakan hasil ciptaan pertama oleh syarikat Jepun dan
telah bertapak lebih kurang lima puluh tahun [2]. Ianya memberi
pendedahan baru kepada para pensyarah dan juga pelajar mencapai
objektif pembelajaran dengan pantas dan tepat berbanding pada
masa lampau [3]. Terdahulu, para pensyarah dan para pelajar
memerlukan buku yang tebal dan berat serta memerlukan ruang
yang besar untuk penyimpanan, akan tetapi kini ianya
memudahkan, ringan dan memerlukan ruang yang amat minimum
untuk proses pembelajaran. Semua itu terkandung di dalam memori
telefon pintar dan mempunyai sambungan capaian internet. Selain
67
itu, QR kod mempunyai kebaikan dan kelebihan tersendiri.
Pertama, ianya adalah cara cekap terhadap penggunaan kertas dan
juga menjimatkan kos.[2] Ini kerana dengan penggunaan QR kod,
tidak memerlukan kertas untuk cetak, dan tidak memerlukan
sebarang wang untuk memuat turun segala bahan bacaan serta nota
kuliah. Kedua adalah, QR kod boleh menyimpan kapasiti data yang
besar dengan hanya menggunakan cetakan saiz yang kecil, imbasan
pantas melalui alat-alat peranti sediada [2]. Ketiga, QR kod boleh
digunakan dimana sahaja anda berada pada bila-bila masa sahaja
proses pembelajaran supaya dapat adaptasi perubahan era teknologi
terkini. [2].
Pembangunan QR Kod
Permulaan pembangunan QR kod bagi subjek keusahawanan ini,
pensyarah memerlukan maklumat secara “softcopy” seperti, silibus
pengajaran, penilaian pelajar, kehadiran pelajar, nota-nota kuliah,
contoh hasil kerja pelajar terdahulu dan sebagainya mengikut
relevansi sesuatu subjek. Setelah itu, penyimpanan bahan-bahan ini
di dalam stor awan “cloud” serta menjana pautan untuk digunakan
pada pautan QR kod. Setelah itu, para pensyarah boleh
menggunakan aplikasi sedia ada di platform google untuk
penjanaan QR kod mengikut kesesuaian dan citarasa pensyarah
tersebut. Dalam subjek keusahawan ini boleh dilihat proses imbasan
QR kod kepada bahan pengajaran dan pembelajaran seperti gambar
rajah berikut:
Kesimpulan
Keadaan normal baru tercetus apabila pendamik Covid-19 justeru
memberikan impak yang tinggi dalam proses pembelajaran dan
pengajaran pada masa kini. Perkembangan QR kod membolehkan
tercetusnya inovasi di dalam proses pembelajaran dan pengajaran
yang dilaksanakan secara atas talian (ODL). memberikan nafas
baru dalam dunia pendidikan tinggi serta mengharungi arus
perubahan teknologi moden terkini. QR kod dimana sahaja tak kira
masa.
Penghargaan
Terima kasih kepada AKRAB Team menjayakan inovasi P&P ini.
Semoga menjadi satu langkah pembaharuan kepada Fakulti dan
juga kepada pihak universiti.
Rujukan
[1] Al-Khalifa, H.S. (2011). An M-Learning System Based on
Mobile Phones and Quick Response Codes. Journal of Computer
Science 7 (3): 427-430.
[2] Law, Ching-yin and So, Simon (2010) "QR Codes in
Education,"Journal of Educational Technology Development and
Exchange(JETDE): Vol. 3 : Iss. 1 , Article 7.
[3] Durak, G., OZKESKIN, E. E., & Ataizi, M. (2016). QR codes in
education and communication. Turkish Online Journal of Distance
Education, 17(2).
Aplikasi QR Kod&
Bar Kod
(1)
Imbas QR Kod
(2)
Pautan Di Dalam QR Kod
(3)
Output di dalam
pautan QR Kod
(4)
Gambar Rajah 1: Isi kandungan QR Kod
68
APLIKASI GROUNDWATER CONTAMINATION
Wan Nurhazirah binti
Kamaruzaman1
Politeknik Sultan Idris
Shah
Selangor, Malaysia
Mohd Zamri Bin Jam-
aludin2
Politeknik Sultan Idris
Shah
Selangor, Malaysia
Nor Suhaili Binti Mo-
hamad Zin3
Politeknik Sultan Idris
Shah
Selangor, Malaysia
norsuhailimohamadzin
@gmail.com
Noor Farahin Binti Bain4
Politeknik Sultan Idris
Shah
Selangor, Malaysia
Abstrak
Penggunaan teknologi sangat sinonim dikalangan pelajar
pada masa kini. Justeru, satu aplikasi diwujudkan untuk
membantu pelajar bagi kursus Geo Environmental Engi-
neering, Diploma Kejuruteraan Alam Sekitar di Politeknik
Sultan Idris Shah. Berdasarkan kaji selidik yang
dijalankan, didapati pelajar sukar untuk memahami konsep
pencemaran air di bawah tanah kerana tidak dapat visual
yang jelas. Aplikasi ini dibangunkan untuk membantu
pelajar mening- katkan pemahaman konsep dan proses
pencemaran air bawah tanah serta bagaimana pencemaran
tanah dan air bawah tanah berlaku. Selain daripada itu,
aplikasi ini juga dapat membantu pelajar membuat
anggaran pergerakan pencemaran bersama air bawah
tanah dengan mengetahui kadar aliran dan masa yang
diperlukan oleh pencemaran untuk sampai ke satu tempat
yang di anggarkan. Aplikasi ini dibangunkan untuk
menarik minat pelajar agar lebih tertarik untuk memahami
dengan lebih senang tentang pencemaran air bawah tanah
kerana ia lebih mudah dan menarik. Keberkesanan aplikasi
ini diukur melalui soal selidik pelajar yang telah
menggunakan aplikasi ini. Pela- jar- pelajar yang
menjawab soal selidik ini terdiri daripada pelajar yang
mengambil kursus Geo Environmental Engi- neering.
Melalui soal selidik ini, didapati pelajar sangat
berpuashatidenganaplikasiinikeranaiabanyakmembantu
mereka dalam memahami konsep terutama dalam proses
pengiraan anggaran kelajuan pencemaran bergerak. Selain
daripada itu, pelajar juga memberi maklumbalas yang san-
gat baik tentang penerangan berkaitan pergerakan air atau
pencemaran melalui medium tanah di mana ia sangat ber-
beza dengan medium- mediumlain.
1. Pengenalan
Geo Environmental Engineering merupakan satu kursus yang
ditawarkan dalam program Diploma Kejuruteraan Alam Sekitar.
Program ini ditawarkan di Politeknik Sultan Idris Shah di bawah
Jabatan Kejuruteraan Awam. Program ini menyediakan pelajar
dengan pengetahuan dalam keju- ruteraan alam sekitar dengan
memberi penekanan khusus
kepada aspek Sistem Pengurusan Bekalan Air dan air Sisa,
Pengurusan Pencemaran Bunyi dan Udara, Pengurusan Sisa
Pepejal dan Sisa Berjadual , pengurusan pencemaran tanah dan air
bawah tanag serta Pengurusan Keselamatan dan Kesihatan
pekerjaan.
Kursus Geo Environmental Engineering ditawarkan bagi pelajar
Semester 5 untuk memenuhi syarat bergraduasi Di- ploma
Kejuruteraan Alam Sekitar. Dalam kursus ini ter- dapat 7 bab
utama. Bab yang paling kritikal bagi pelajar adalah bab 3 di mana
ia berkisar tentang air bawah tanah. Topik ini memberi
pendedahan kepada pelajar tentang isu- isu asas yang berkaitan
dengan air bawah tanah. Terdapat 3 Course Learning Outcomes
(CLO) yang perlu dicapai. Di antaranya adalah;
• Identify geo environmental problem and constraints
including health and safety, environmental and
societalissues.
• Select and applies quantitative model and analysis to
solve problem related to geo environmental and
contaminant migrationpathway.
• Perform equitable issues and acts behave with in-
clusively technical, social and environmental re-
quirements trade-offs in geo environmental engi-
neering
Dengan itu, bab 3 ini melibatkan CLO 2 dimana pelajar perlu tahu
tentang bagaimana pencemaran itu berlaku di bawah tanah.
Dengan adanya pengetahuan ini, pelajar dapat membuat analisis
untuk menyelesaikan masalah yang berkaitan dengan pergerakan
atau migrasi pencemaran di bawah permukaan tanah yang boleh
memberi impak secara langsung kepada air bawah tanah.
2. PernyataanMasalah
Pelajar mempunyai pelbagai masalah tentang topik ini. Di antaranya
adalah:
• Sukar menggambarkan pergerakan air bawahtanah
• Sukar memahami pengiraan pergerakan air bawah tanah
• Sukar mengenalpasti punca utama pencemaran air
bawahtanah
69
Seorang pendidik perlulah mengetahui keperluan muridnya kerana
pengetahuan ini dapat membantu merancang dan mengurus
keperluan pelajar yang mempunyai tahapkognitif yang
berbeza.([1] Pendidik perlu untuk membantu pela- jarnya dalam
meningkatkan pengetahuan dalam sesuatu perkara
3. Dapatan danPerbincangan
Kemajuan penggunaan media elektronik dalam pengajaran da
pembelajaran (PdP) boleh menjadikan persekitaran pembelajaran
di sekolah lebih canggih, futuristik dan sesuai dengan perubahan
era teknologi maklumat [2]. Aplikasi Groundwater contamination
merupakan aplikasi yang per- tama dibangunkan bagi membantu
topik Groundwater da- lam kursus Geo Environmental
Engineering. Pilihan Media pembelajaran ini berasaskan aplikasi
Android kerana media ini dapat meningkatkan motovasi pelajar
dalam pembelaja- ran terutamanya dalam Invertebrate
material[2][3]. Sehub- ungan dengan itu, aplikasi ini bolehg
dijadikan satu hub di mana ia memudahkan pelajar memahami
konsep pencema- ran air bawah tanah. Selain daripada itu, melalui
aplikasi ini juga membolehkan pelajar mempelajari tentang
pengiraan yang terlibat bagi mengetahui had laju dan kadar alir air
bawah tanah serta masa yang diperlukan oleh pencemeran
bergerak dari satu tempat ke satu tempat lain.
Gambarajah 1. Aplikasi Groundwater contamination
Bagi mengukur keberkesanan aplikasi ini, satu soal selidik telah
dijalankan pada pelajar semester 5 bagi yang mengambil kursus
Geo Environmental Engineering. Untuk
pengetahuan,aplikasiinidibuatkhususnyauntukmembantu pelajar
dalam pembelajaran atas talian sempena covid19 kerana semua
kelas teori diajalankan secara atas talian. Pelajar diberi
kesempatan memasang aplikasi ini di telefon pintar masing-
masing. Setelah subjek ini dipelajari secara atas talian . Pelajar
dikhendaki menggunakan aplikasi ini bagi meningkatkan
pemahaman pelajar dalam bab 3 ini. Soal selidik telah dibuat
dengan menggunakan googleform
dimana terdapat 2 item untuk mengukur tahap kepuasan pelajar
sebelum wujudnya aplikasi ini. Manakala 5 item pula bagi mengukur
tahap kepuasan pelajar selepas menggunakan aplikasi ini.
Gambarajah 2. Soal selidik sebelum aplikasi Groundwater
contamination dibangunkan
Gambarajah 3. Soal selidik selepas aplikasi Groundwater con-
tamination dibangunkan
Secara keseluruhan, didapati bahawa pelajar memberi re- spon
yang sangat baik kerana majority pelajar sangat ber-
setujuakanpembangunanaplikasiinibagimembantudalam
pembelajaran mereka. Selain daripada itu, majoriti pelajar sangat
bersetuju terhadap aplikasi ini memberi impak yang positif kepada
pelajar. Aplikasi ini juga mampu membantu pelajar dalam
memahami konsep yang terlibat dalam pem- belajaran berkaitan
dengan tanah dan air bawahtanah.
70
4. Kesimpulan
Secara umumnya, aplikasi ini dibangunkan untukmembantu
pelajar semester 5 yang mengambil kursus Geo Environ- mental
Engineering memahami dengan lebih mudahtentang air bawah
tanah. Aplikasi ini dilihat dapat membantu pela- jar dengan
paparan yang menarik dan interikatif. Dengan paparan ini, ia
dapat meningkatkan motivasi pelajar dalam belajar dan menjadi
potensi untuk meningkatkan kesedaran persekitaranpelajar.
Acknowledgments
Aplikasi ini telah dibuat bagi membantu pelajar mengambil subjek
Geo Environmental Engineering. Terima Kasih diucapkan kepada
semua pihak yang membantu dalam penghasilan aplikasi ini terutama
keluarga yang sentiasa berada di sisi.
Rujukan
[1] Haliza Hamzah & Joy Nesamalar Samuel. (2016). Pen-
gurusan Bilik Darjah Dan Tingkah Laku. Shah Alam:
Oxford Fajar Sdn.Bhd.
[2] Syed Ismail Syed Mustapa dan Ahmad Subki Miskon.
(2010). Guru dan Cabaran Semasa. Selangor Darul Ehsan:
Penerbitan Multimedia Sdn.Bhd.
[3] Nofitasari, A., Lisdiana and Marianti, A. (2021) ‘Edu-
cation Development of My Biology App Learning Me- dia
Based On Android Materials of Food Digestion
SystemsasStudentLearningSourceatMA’,Journalof
Innovative Science Education, 10(37), pp. 70–78. Pan-
ther, J. G., Digital Communications, 3rd ed., Addison-
Wesley, San Francisco, CA(1999).
[4] Wulandari, S., Suwondo and Haryanto, R. (2019) ‘Im-
plementation of Environmental Education Based Local
Potential to Increase Environmental Knowledge Stu- dent
Implementation of Environmental Education Based Local
Potential to Increase Environmental Knowledge Student’,
Journal of Physics: Conference Series, pp. 1–7. doi:
10.1088/1742- 6596/1351/1/012054
71
EFFECT ON SENSORY QUALITY WITH DIFFERENT FORMULATION OF FROZEN
CUCURBITA PURI BREAD
Nur Hawa binti Thaharuddin
Politeknik Tun Syed Nasir Syed Ismail.
Hab Pendidikan Tinggi Pagoh
KM 1 Jalan Panchor
84600 Muar
Johor Darul Takzim
Siti Nor Shidah binti Kostor
Politeknik Tun Syed Nasir Syed Ismail.
Hab Pendidikan Tinggi Pagoh
KM 1 Jalan Panchor
84600 Muar
Johor Darul Takzim
Azwin binti Ahmad
Politeknik Tun Syed Nasir Syed Ismail.
Hab Pendidikan Tinggi Pagoh
KM 1 Jalan Panchor
84600 Muar
Johor Darul Takzim
Dewi Nilam Rupa’a binti Razali
Politeknik Tun Syed Nasir Syed Ismail.
Hab Pendidikan Tinggi Pagoh
KM 1 Jalan Panchor
84600 Muar
Johor Darul Takzim
Abstract
Puri bread is traditional Indian food but in Malaysia, this bread has
also been taken as side dish for all race. They are small in size,
round, about 10cm to 12cm in diameter and cooked using hot oil
before serving. Pumpkins are fruits, orange in color, have a high
content of antioxidant, as well as chia seed make it is suit to add in
the puri bread as a key ingredient, to enhance nutritional value.
Premix bread flour is dried in a drying oven with different ratio of
pumpkin, 50%, 60% and 70% for 6 hours. A sensory evaluation with
nine Likert scale was used to see the overall acceptance by mean of
consumption compared to control puri bread, which are not added
with pumpkin and chia seed. Sensory analysis showed that bread
containing 50% of pumpkin powder, is the best formulation selected
by panel, with a score of 7.88±0.84, mean like very much for overall
acceptance by mean of consumption. Eight trained panels give score
of 7.50±0.76 for taste, 5.75±2.44 for appearance and 6.50±0.54 for
color. There were a significant different in color and taste attribute
compare with control formulation. It was found that with the
addition of pumpkin and chia seeds in the puri bread have gained
panel recognition.
Keywords: chia seed, Cucurbita, puri bread, sensory evaluation
1. Introduction
Puri bread is traditional Indian food but in Malaysia, this bread has
also been taken as side dish for all race. The dough pieces are made
into round balls and rolled into circles of varying diameters about
10cm to 12cm. Puri is a deep-fat fried in hot oil before serving.
Pumpkin is a gourd-like squash of the genus Cucurbita and the
family Cucurbitaceae (which also includes gourds). It commonly
refers to cultivars of any one of the species Cucurbita pepo,
Cucurbita mixta, Cucurbita maxima, and Cucurbita moschata.
Pumpkins are fruits, flesh is orange in color, and have a high content
of antioxidant. It is rich with polysaccharides, contains high amounts
of amino acids carotenoids, fatty acids, minerals and vitamin E.
The bright orange color of pumpkin is a dead giveaway that
pumpkin is loaded with an important antioxidant, beta-carotene.
Beta-carotene is one of the plant carotenoids converted to vitamin A
in the body. In the conversion to vitamin A, beta carotene performs
many important functions in overall health as well as chia seed make
it is suit to add in the puri bread as a key ingredient, to enhance
nutritional value. Chia seeds are small, approximately a couple of
millimeters in length, and have an oval and slightly flattened shape
with a width to thickness ratio of about 1.3. Chia seed has a high
content of fiber. Antioxidants present in chia seed are of phenolic
nature and can be in free form or bonded to sugars by glycosidic
linkages, which increases their solubility in water. Therefore,
incorporating pumpkin and chia seed in this product would give a lot
of nutritional value to human body. Cucurbita Puri Bread is made
from the dried pumpkin powder and high protein flour to replace the
usually flour used which is Atta flour. During drying process
temperature and time are the crucial condition and parameter to
indicate the effectiveness of the drying process. After several
research, it is finalized that the raw pumpkin would dried at 50°C for
6 hours to get the moisture content of the pumpkin powder l’’ below
4% to ensure the long and stable shelf life of pumpkin powder. The
color of the powder after dried should be light yellow color so that
the final product would be have a very attractive yellow color and
thus a bright orange color puri bread after deep fried. The dried
pumpkin was grounded into powder and sieved before mixing with
others ingredient and mold it into puri bread.
72
Sensory evaluation is often described like a scientific
method used to evoke, measure, analyze and interpret those
responses to foods as perceived through the senses of sight,
smell, touch, taste and hearing. Sensory characteristics
comprising appearance, odor, flavor and texture are included
within the important attributes that contribute for the
perceived quality of food products. There are two types of
sensory tests, discrimination and descriptive. While the first
are used to determine if a difference exists between two or
more sample, the later characterize the sensory properties
of a product, normally using a hedonic scale to measuring
each attribute. Evaluating food is not the same as eating
for enjoyment. Sensory evaluation takes practice because
the perception of food is complex. Appearance creates the first
impression on customers have on food, and the first
impression is important. Appearance has many aspects
which include color, sheen, opacity, shape, and size where it is
all visual evaluation of texture. Another attributes that is
important in sensory is flavor. Flavor includes the basic taste,
smell and trigeminal effects. These three sensations occur
when food molecules stimulate receptor throughout the nose
and mouth.
Figure 1: Cucurbita Puri Brea
2. Literature Review
2.1 Cucurbita or Pumpkin
The bright orange pumpkin, that distinctive symbol of fall,
belongs to the family of cucurbits (Cucurbitaceace),
trailing vine plants that include squashes, gourds,
zucchini, gherkins, muskmelons, and watermelons. Strictly
speaking, pumpkins are fruits not vegetables. The flesh has a
mild, sweet flavor and is used for both sweet and savory
dishes. The seeds can be toasted to make a crunchy,
nutritious snack or a garnish for soups and salads. Pumpkin
flower are also edible ready to eat. Pumpkin is not really a
native Indonesian plant, but comes from the Americas, Peru
and Mexico. Pumpkin is found in tropical countries such as
Indonesia, Malaysia, Africa and Europe (Spruce, 2014).
The major pumpkin producing states in Malaysia are
Terengganu, Kelantan, Perak and Kedah. The production
of pumpkin in Malaysia as reported by Malaysian
Agricultural Research and Development Institute. About
18,978,328 tons of pumpkins are produced in the world in year
2005 and around 10,224 tons of pumpkins are produced in
Malaysia in year 2007. According to the production of
pumpkin in Malaysia, production of food based on the
pumpkin must be expanded to the market (MARDI, 2007).
The efficacy of pumpkin for health is effected by many
factors as in addition to its natural content. Storing and
cooking technique also need to be considered. A cup of
cooked pumpkin supposedly contains 50 calories and fiber
content of about 3 gram and because of it rich in fibre make it
effective to keep the gastrointestinal system in good
condition (Loreto, 2013).
Table 1: Varieties of Cucurbitaceae Family
C. maxima
C. pepo
C. moshata
1.2 Chia Seed
Chia (Salvia hispanica L.) was originated from Mexico and
Guatemala; it has been the part of human food for about
5500 years. Traditionally, the seeds were used by Aztecs
and Mayas people in the preparation of folk medicines, food
and canvases. In pre-historic times in Columbian societies, it
was the second main crop after beans (Armstrong 2004).
Whole and ground versions of chia along with its oil was
the part of food, ancient cosmetics and the part of religious
rituals in pre-historic times in Aztecs communities (Beltran-
Orozco and Romero 2003). The word chia is derived from a
Spanish word chian which means oily, it is oilseed, with a
power house of omega-3 fatty acids, superior quality
protein, and higher extent of dietary fibre, vitamins,
minerals and wide range of polyphenolic antioxidants which
act as antioxidant and safeguard the seeds from chemical
and microbial breakdown (Cahill 2003).
The protein, fat, carbohydrate, dietary fibre, ash and dry
matter contents of chia seeds ranged from 15 to 25 %, 30–
33 %, 41 %, 18–30 %, 4–5 % and 90–93 % with a wide
73
range of polyphenols (Ixtaina et al. 2008). The heavy metal
content of seeds was within the safe limits with no
potentially toxic mycotoxins and gluten (Peiretti and Gai
2009). Chia seed is considered as a safe food with no
potentially harmful effects and widely used in baked goods,
nutritional supplements, cereal bars, cookies, bread, snacks
etc. (Beltran- Orozco and Romero 2003). Chia seed
contains appreciable amount of fibre, which can absorb up
15 times `water the weight of seed. The presence of higher
extents of fibre help in diabetes mellitus by slowing down
the digestion process and release of glucose, it also
improves the peristaltic movement of intestine and reducing
plasma cholesterol. The biological value of chia is superior
to cereals and higher content of calcium, magnesium and
potassium than milk (De Tucci 2006). US dietary
guidelines recommend consuming chia as a primary source
of food, chia sprouts are used in salads, chia seed is used in
beverages and cereals based foods and it can be consumed
in raw form (Ali et al. 2012).
2. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
The puri bread are produced by mixing several ingredient with
pumpkin powder with designated percentages. There are 3
main stages in the processing of the puri bread which are:
1. Pumpkin Powder Production
2. Premix Flour Production
3. Puri Bread Production
Preparation of Pumpkin Powder
Pumpkin or the Cucurbita moshata species are brought from
local supermarket located at Pagoh, Johor Darul Takzim. The
size of the pumpkin is in the range or 2 – 3 kg per fruit. After
cleaning and peeling, the pumpkin flesh was chopped into big
uniform strips. The pumpkin strips were then cut into uniform
slabs with a thickness of 2 - 4mm using automated slicer
(INEO FV-LVC1). Pumpkin powder is made by dehydration
techniques with temperature of drying was set at 60°C for 6
hours. Then the dried pumpkin was grounded into powder
and sieved using sieve separator and collected powder with
particle size 250 µm. The pumpkin powder then kept in
cold, dark and vacuum packed condition to prevent it from
color changed before further used.
2.2 Premix Flour Production
Premix flour (stage 2) is done by mixing all the dry ingredient
together such as pumpkin powder, wheat flour, salt, sugar,
grounded chia seed and baking powder and then the premix
flour was packed in aluminum plastic sealer air tight
packaging with premix weight around 250 g per pack. The
benefits of this premix flour is to reduce the weighing and
preparation time during production of puri bread as well as can
lower the weighing error risk which commonly happen during
weighing the ingredients.
2.3 Puri Bread Production
The pumpkin powder was incorporated at levels of 50% (1:1), 60%
(3:2), and 70% (7:3) in puri bread by replacing the wheat flour.
The remaining ingredient which is warm water and oil are
added after that. As the dough is mixing, it will form a mass
with nothing left sticking to the sides of the mixing bowl. This
is referred to as clean-up and the kneading process can be stop.
The puri then stored in the deep freezer with temperature
maintain at -18⁰C before further used. Then the puri bread was
fried with deep fried method until it light golden brown or
bright orange in color.
2.4 Sensory Evaluation by Trained Panelist
Descriptive test was used for detection and description of
bread of sensory properties quality. Descriptors for
evaluation of bread sensory properties (appearance, taste,
color and overall acceptance) were determined by consensus
of all panelists. A sensory evaluation with nine Likert scale
was used to see the overall acceptance by mean of
consumption compared to control puri bread, which are not
added with pumpkin and chia seed. The data then being
analysis with ANOVA method using Statistical Package for
The Social Sciences (SPSS) software.
4.0 RESULT AND DISCUSSION
Sensory evaluation is a powerful tool with a broad range
of applications in the bakery industry. An in-house
sensory panel consisting of eight trained panelists was
used for the sensory evaluations. Sensory analysis by
panelist was carried out using a 9-point hedonic scale,
scoring method with 1 is minimum to 9 maximums. Four
attributes were identified, which were used with most
consistency among the panelist. They are appearance,
color, taste and overall acceptance as shown in table
below
Table 2: Sensory Evaluation Attributes with Scales
Sensory attributes Scale
Minimum
(1)
Maximum (9)
Appearance Physical
structure of
puri bread
Weak Strong
Colour Yellowish
colour after
the bread
fried
Light Dark
Taste Sweet taste ; a
basic factor
produced by
pumpkin
Weak Strong
Overall
acceptance
Impression of
frying bread
following
consumption
Low High
74
Table 3: The Mean Value of Sensory Quality of Frozen
Cucurbita
Formulation Appearance Colour Taste Overall
acceptance
Control 5.38 a ± 2.45 1.50 a ±
0.54
5.13 a ±
0.76
3.63 a ± 0.52
50% 5.75 a ± 2.44 6.50 b ±
0.54
7.50 b ±
0.76
7.88 c ± 0.84
60% 5.37 a ± 1.64 7.25 b ±
0.54
7.50 b ±
1.32
6.13 b ± 0.70
70% 4.13 a ± 2.50 8.50 c ±
0.54
5.38 a ±
1.12
4.88 ab ± 0.60
Figure 2: The Mean Value of Sensory Quality of Frozen
Cucurbita
Four attributes were identified, which were used with most
consistency among the panelists as tabulated in Table 2 and
Table 3. They are appearance, color, taste and overall
acceptance as shown in tables above. Appearance is a
physical observation in frozen Cucurbita puri bread after
frying. Appearance of bread with 50% pumpkin powder
give a very soft, crispy and puffier than to 60% and 70%
fried Cucurbita puri bread. This is because when addition
of too much pumpkin powder in the formulation it will
also increase the fiber content that make the bread heavier
and hard.
The higher the point is the best and preferable but the lower
color is better as it is referring to the yellowness of puri
bread. Color of bread with 70% bread are more dark
orange in color which make a significant difference to the
control and other formulations. The intensity of color for has a
score of 4.70 ± 1.02 which means that the respondents like them
moderately and still consider them as still acceptable.
On the other hand, taste is a sweet taste that is produced by
pumpkin. Puri bread with 50% and 60% pumpkin powder
have a same mean value (7.50 b ± 0.54) thus show that there is no
significant difference between both formulations but give a
significant different to control puri bread and puri bread
with 70% pumpkin powder. Nevertheless, overall acceptance
attributes are referred to the overall impression of fried puri
bread. All the attributes give a detailed aspect in terms of quality
of puri bread.
From the above discussions, it is obvious that panels favor
the 50% formulation more compared to others. Even though
statically for overall acceptance, it shows significant
difference to the others, puri breads are assumed to be
acceptable if their mean scores were above 5 (Lazaridou et
al., 2007).
Conclusion From the above discussions, it is obvious that panels favor the
50% formulation more compared to others as shown to the
highest mean value for almost all attributes. Hence, the
controlled formulation too can be assumed as acceptable.
Even though statically, it shows significant difference to the
others, but the difference is not very significant. In terms of
sensory evaluation, all the formulations are acceptable to the
respondents.
Four characteristics was conducted, the results show that
frozen Cucurbita puri bread with chia seed has significant
differences in the sensory evaluation such as appearance,
color, taste and overall liking scores. The finding of this
research indicate that consumer preferred and accepted the
new product of Cucurbita Puri Bread with Chia Seed as their
new food when using Formulation 1 with only 50% of
pumpkin powder in the formulation. The results also indicate
that, by adding Cucurbita or pumpkin powder and chia
seed into the puri bread was affected the consumers’
sensory evaluation of this frozen product.
References
[1] Ayerza, R., & Coates, W. (2001). Chia seeds: New
source of omega-3 fatty acids, natural antioxidants and
dieteticiber. AZ, USA: Southwest Center for Natural
Products Research & Commercialization Office of Arid
Lands Studies, The University of Arizona, (2001).
[2] Bahare, S., Esra, C., Nabil, A., & et, a. A Review
Cucurbits Plants: A Key Emphasis to Its Pharmacological
Potential. MDPI Journal Molecules, 24, 1854: 1-23, (2019).
[3] Dr. Szabo P. Balazs,. Sensory Evaluation in Food Industry. 233-
253, (2012).
[4] Eckardt, J., Ohgren, C., Alp, A., Ekman, S., Astrom, A.,
Chen, G.,Langton, M. Long-term frozen storage of wheat
bread and dough - Effect of time, temperature and fiber on
75
sensory quality, microstructure and state of water. Journal of
Cereal Science, 57(1): 125–133, (2013).
[5] Ersedo, T. L., Chemical and Sensory Evaluations of
Wheat (Triticumaestivum L.) Bread Enriched with Pumpkin
(Cucurbita maxima L.) Flour. International Journal of Food
Science and Nutrition Engineering. 24-30, (2019).
[6] Fu, C., Huan, S., Li, Q. A review on pharmacological
activities and utilization technologies of pumpkin. Plant
Foods for Human Nutrition, 61, 73–80, (2006).
[7] Jedidah, W. K., Dorcas, K. I. and Peninah, N. N., Effect
of Drying Method on Nutrient Integrity of Selected
Components of Pumpkin (Cucurbita Moschata Duch.)
Fruit Flour. ARPN Journal of Agricultural and
Biological Science. 110-116, (2017).
[8] Jedidaj Wanjiku Kiharason, Dorcas Khasungu Isutsa.
Shelf-life of Pumpkin Fruit Slices, Flour and Blended
Products. International Journal of Food Science and
Biotechnology, 4(1): 14-25, (2019).
[9] Kiharason, J.W., Isutsa, D.K. and Ngoda, P.N. (2017).
Nutritive Value of Bakery Products from Wheat and
Pumpkin Composite Flour. Global Journal of
Bioscience and Biotechnology. 96-102, (2017).
[10] K.M., Masood, S.B., Sharif, H.R. and Nasir, M.
Sensory Evaluation and Consumer Acceptability. 362-
385, (2017).
[11] Loreto A. Muñoz ,Angel Cobos,Olga Diaz &José
Miguel Aguilera Chia Seed (Salvia hispanica): An
Ancient Grain and a New Functional Food. Food
Reviews International Volume 29, (2013).
[12] Murzaini, N. M. N., Taip, F. S., Aziz, N. A.,
Rahman, N. A. A. Effect of Pre-treatment in Producing
Pumpkin Powder Using Air Fryer and Its Application in
“Bingka” Baking. Current Research in Nutrition and
Food Science Journal, 8(1): 48–64, (2020).
[13] Munoz, L. A., Cobos, A., Diaz, O., & Aguilera, J.
M. Chia seeds: Microstructure, mucilage extraction and
hydration. Journal of Food Engineering, 108: 216–224,
(2012).
[14] Spruce (2014). Pumpkin. Octopus Publishing
Group. 42-60, (2014).
76
AUGMENTED REALITY (AR) THROUGH ONLINE LEARNING: BUILDING WORKS
MEASUREMENT FOR THE ELEMENT OF PAD FOUNDATION
Norazmi bin Fadilah Politeknik
Sultan Azlan Shah, Jabatan
Kejuruteraan Awam, Behrang
Stesyen, 35950 Behrang, Perak
Nurul Aqilah binti Ibrahim
Politeknik Sultan Azlan Shah,
Jabatan Kejuruteraan Awam,
Behrang Stesyen, 35950 Behrang,
Perak [email protected]
Samlisman A/L Choi Weng
Politeknik Sultan Azlan Shah,
Jabatan Kejuruteraan Awam,
Behrang Stesyen, 35950 Behrang,
Perak [email protected]
Abstract
Augmented Reality (AR) has the ability to improve teaching
and learning experience in building work estimation, which
includes learning the construction processes and under-
standing the building elements. Augmented reality also
provides the ability to change and improve the nature of
education. Taking advantage of augmented reality (AR)
technology, which is capable of enabling the visualisation
and incorporation of information by displaying it directly
to the user. This is due to the possibility of overlaying me-
dia onto the real world for content consumption using
smartphones and tablets device, which enables students to
access information anywhere and anytime. The using of
augmented reality (AR) for the Building Works Measure-
ment especially for the element of pad foundation are the
main invention for the related subject under the Diploma in
Quantity Surveying programme. This method can be used
for the online learning. Through the element of pad founda-
tion, an augmented reality (AR) of the relevant object were
created in the form of 3D and it can be scan by using
smartphone of the students at the related drawing plan. As
a result, augmented reality (AR) for the pad foundation
elements, its helps the students to visualize and understand
the pad foundationelements.
Keywords
Augmented Reality (AR), online learning, building works
measurement and pad foundation.
1. Introduction This presentation focuses on the method of using the
augmented reality (AR) through online learning. The learn- ing
content are design base on the subject DCQ10043 (Building
Works Measurement 1) especially for the Diplo- ma in Quantity
Surveying student and the content are fo- cuses on the element of
Pad Foundation in a building. By using technology based on
augmented reality (AR), stu- dents can understand and visualize
the form of Pad Founda- tion. Indirectly, learning by using the
augmented reality (AR) can attract the student to learn this subject
more effec- tively. Through augmented reality (AR) of Pad
Foundation, the student can understand the items found in the Pad
Foundation, for example the items of concrete, formwork
and reinforcement bar. In addition, through learning by using
augmented reality (AR) technology, students are ex- posed to a
more interactive and interesting approach for this subject. For
instance, the students can see the rein- forcement position in the
pad foundation, the formwork position and the arrangement of
reinforcement bar in the pad foundation. Therefore, by using
augmented reality (AR) in the teaching process its aid the students
to improve his cognitive, psychomotor and affective levels. The
aug- mented reality (AR) can also be use in the online teaching.
By understanding the pad foundation trough augmented reality
(AR) it can help the students in improving the knowledge and
understand the pad foundationelement.
2. ProblemStatement Students cannot visualize the basic position and loca- tion of
the pad foundation for the element of concrete, formwork and
reinforcement bar from 2D shaped drawings in plan drawings to
the 3D shapes. Other than that, student also lack detailed exposure
related to the pad foundation and the design of the padfoundation.
3. Conceptual drawing AR PadFoundation For the augmented reality (AR) of a pad foundation, a sketch
concept was created in order to know the element in the pad
foundation.
Figure 1: Drawing concept for the AR Pad Foundation
77
4. Methodology ofProject The learning method is designed by designing the pro-
duction work of AR ‘Pad Foundation’ and using appropri- ate
‘Augmented Reality’ (AR) software.
.
Figure 2: AR Pad Foundation framework
Base on figure 2, it shows the summary of AR ‘Pad
Foundation production framework and concept drawings
for AR ‘Pad Foundation’ project production. The use of
Vuforia software to form the target image (licensed) and
Unity sofyware to make the editing process on the target
image and 3D model. After that, the use of Android
APK for android smartphones allows the students to
access Unity 3D models in drawing plans.
5. How To Use The AR Pad Foundation First, the student needs to download the Vuforia APK
at play store and install the APK Pad Footing into the
device (Smartphone or tablet). After install the APK Pad
Footing, scan the drawing plan of Pad Foundation using
the device such as smartphone or tablet to generate the
3D form of Pad Foundation. Base on figure 3, it shows
the student ac- cess the AR pad foundation by using
theirsmartphones.
Figure 3: Student access the AR Pad Foundation by
smartphone
6. Impact of Innovation
The impact on the students by using augmented
reality (AR) in the learning process can increase the
cognitive, psychomotor and affective of the students.
Base on the cognitive students can understand the basics
of measure- ment for pad foundation more clearly
without going to the construction site (Site of a project).
Students also can un- derstand the elements that found in
the pad foundation more easily by using this pad
foundation drawing plan based on augmented reality
(AR). Other than that, students can easily understand
and relate to the basic construction process of pad
foundation. Thus, the students can prepare the ‘taking
off list’ and ‘taking off quantity’ (Measuring Quantity)
by using the augmented reality (AR) pad founda- tion.
Through psychomotor, students can create a ‘taking off’
list for each element in the pad foundation. Students also
able to produce Taking off quantity for elements such as
‘concrete’, ‘formwork’ and ‘reinforcement’ in the pad
foundation and it’s also exposed to the students on the
methods, applications and how to use the latest learning
technology equipment that uses augmented reality (AR).
By using augmented reality (AR) the students affective
are enabling the students to think critically and
visualizethe pad foundation that has been naviated
throught the augmented reality (AR). Its also managed
the students to cooperate more with each other in doing
assignments invoving augmented Reality (AR). Other
than that, augmented Reality (AR) increase the learning
process of the students to think more creative.
7. Conclusion As a conclusion, the using of augmented reality (AR) on
either online learning of non-online learning can in- crease the
understanding and help to visualize the related elements.
Acknowledgments The authors would like to thank for the cooperation given by
the Department of Education Politeknik and Kolej Komuniti,
Politeknik Sultan Azlan Shah, Center of E- Learning and
Multimedia, Politeknik Sultan Azlan Shah. We also would like
to express our gratitude to the Civil Engineering Department,
Politeknik Sultan Azlan Shah, AR team colleagues: Ms. Nurul
Aqilah binti Ibrahim & Mr. Samlisman A/L Choi Weng and
Diploma in QuantitySurveying Student, Politeknik Sultan
Azlan Shah (Semester 1, 2 & 3).
78
References [1] Anshari, M., Almunawar, M. N., Shahrill, M., Wicak-
sono, D. K., & Huda, M. (2017). Smartphones usage in
the classrooms: Learning aid or interference? Educa- tion
and Information Technologies, 22(6),3063–3079.
[2] Bower, M., Howe, C., McCredie, N., Robinson, A.,&
Grover, D. (2014). Augmented Reality in education–
cases, places and potentials. Educational Media
International, 51(1), 1–15.
https://doi.org/10.1080/09523987.2014.889400
[3] Emiroğ lu, B. G., & Kurt, A. A. (2018). Use of Aug-
mented Reality in Mobile Devices for Educational
Purposes. Virtual and Augmented Reality:Concepts,
Methodologies, Tools, and Applications: Concepts,
Methodologies, Tools, and Applications,254.
79
DEVELOPMENT OF NoA (NOMENCLATURE ASSISTANT) APPLICATION AS
A LEARNING SUPPORT TOOL IN ORGANIC CHEMISTRY COURSE
Azierah Zawiyyah binti Azmi
Jabatan Teknologi Kimia dan Makanan,
Politeknik Tun Syed Nasir Syeb Ismail
Hab Pendidikan Tinggi Pagoh, Johor Malaysia
Muhammad Habibullah bin Yahaya
Jabatan Teknologi Kimia dan Makanan,
Politeknik Tun Syed Nasir Syeb Ismail,
Hab Pendidikan Tinggi Pagoh, Johor Malaysia
Abstract Rapid growing for the computer based and mobile-aided
teaching and learning applications have become a need in
learning process, especially in learning chemistry. It is a
branch of science which deal with matter. In this
application we focus on organic chemistry which is a part
of chemistry. One of the fundamental knowledge on
organic chemistry is naming the organic compound
according to the International Union of Pure and Applied
Chemistry (IUPAC) nomenclature system. Science students
shown that learning chemical concepts in IUPAC
nomenclature of organic compounds is a difficult task.
Thus, NoA (Nomenclature Assistant) application was
designed mainly to help students in naming organic
compound based on the IUPAC nomenclature rule. There
are three main sections in this application; introduction,
IUPAC rules and name the compound. The highlighted
section in NoA is name the compound. This section can
help students naming the compound step by step based on
the 6 simplified rules of IUPAC nomenclature system. This
application was focus on education purpose by guiding and
training the students in naming organic compound by
emphasizing on the IUPAC Nomenclature rules. Therefore,
it is recommended for teachers to use NoA in teaching
IUPAC nomenclature, specifically on naming the organic
compounds as this application will bring excitement to
students and help them to understand the concept easier.
Lastly, for future upgrade the application needs to add
tutorial questions of different difficulty level to test
student’s ability to the fullest.
Keywords
Mobile-aided teaching and learning application, IUPAC
Nomenclature rules, Organic compound
1. Introduction
In the past decade, students normally made short notes
by handwriting to simplify the knowledge they have
learned. They were also students who carried thick and
heavy book to study. Due to the rapid advance technology,
smartphone has become a need in learning process.
Nowadays, most of the students especially at the higher
education level, possess their own personal smartphone or
tablet device [1]. This gadget becomes an essential
requirement in the teaching and learning system which
often used formally or informally in classes for learning
[2]. For students, they can use the gadget to access lecture
notes and make a short note from it. The students become
more enthusiastic in learning by using gadget and this
mobile technology could improve field-based learning. At
anywhere and anytime, students can access to knowledge
as this type of learning is portable, personalized,
collaborative and interactive compared to traditional
learning [3]. There are some students that love to search
application from the apple store or google play store that
related to their study. It is the easiest way to access short
notes without spending more time to make their own
simplified notes. Owing to the fact, it has become the key
reason for the rapid growing of the computer based and
mobile-aided teaching and learning applications
development.
One of the rapidly developing mobile-aided teaching
and learning application is related to the science field
courses. The main subjects in science stream are physic,
chemistry and biology. In chemistry, there is an Organic
chemistry, in which one of the fundamental knowledge of
organic chemistry is naming the organic compound
according to IUPAC nomenclature system. This
nomenclature skill provides a foundation for learning
advanced chemistry [4]. The IUPAC nomenclature is
considered as the basic chemist's language as it provides
general guidelines for naming organic compounds
systematically. In order to achieve efficient communication
in the chemical sciences, the universal adoption of an
agreed nomenclature based on IUPAC rules being
implemented in the chemical related industry [5]. In
Malaysia, IUPAC nomenclature is being taught in various
education level starting from the secondary school,
matriculation or foundation, diploma and even in
bachelor’s degree. Thus, it become a major need for
students in science stream especially in chemistry courses
to understand the concept.
2. Proposed model
[6] identified that, science students shown that
learning chemical concepts in IUPAC nomenclature of
organic compounds is a difficult task. There are abundant
of researches and approaches have been done to demystify
the concept and enjoy this subject. Among the approaches
are by using a simple puzzle piece approach [7], ball-and-
stick models [6], interactive quizzes [4], computer games
[8] and Game-Based Application [9].
80
It is essential to use the correct chemical nomenclature
as it affect the effectiveness of scientific communication.
The common mistake that contributes to incorrect naming
of organic compound is when students not following the
correct sequence of IUPAC Nomenclature rules.
Furthermore, it will lead students to commit other mistakes
like wrong placement of substituent in prefix, miswrite the
symbols in prefix and suffix, forget to write the position of
prefix and suffix at the parent chain and forget to write di,
tri, tetra, etc for repeating substituents. They are also a few
students spell the name of organic compound incorrectly.
Due to the facts, NoA (Nomenclature Assistant)
application was proposed as learning support tool in
organic chemistry course. This application was designed
mainly to help students in naming organic compound
according to the rules. This application was focus on
education purpose by guiding and training the students in
naming organic compound by emphasizing on the 6
simplified steps of IUPAC nomenclature system. This
application could give advantages to students. It helps the
students to minimize error in naming organic compound
and the students also can do self-checking their naming
when answering IUPAC nomenclature questions. In
addition, this application could help students to memorize
the 6 simple steps in IUPAC nomenclature rule by
frequently using the application. It is portable to student by
installing the application on their smartphone, where it can
be use anywhere and at any time.
3. Applications of the model
Figure 1 shows the icon of NoA application in android
smartphone whereas figure 2 is the main page of the
application. There are three main sections in this
application; introduction, IUPAC rules and name the
compound. Brief description on the application can be read
in the introduction section. Figure 3 shows the display in
the introduction section. In this section, it has stated that the
application was designed for straight chain organic
compound with parent chain up to 10 carbon atoms. In the
local school or institution, the parent chain usually up to 10
carbon atoms only, unless they are taking advance organic
chemistry course that go beyond 10 carbon atoms.
Figure 1: NoA icon in smartphone
Figure 2: NoA main page
81
Figure 3: Introduction section in NoA
Meanwhile, students can access the short notes
regarding on naming of an organic compound in the
IUPAC rules section. This section is imperative for
students to learn about IUPAC nomenclature rule in short,
clear and precise way (Figure 4). The notes consisted in
this section were regarding to the explanation of three main
parts in naming organic compound which were prefix,
parent and suffix. Mainly pictorial notes were used in
designing this application. This could mainly attract the
students to read and see this interactive notes. Apart from
that, the 6 simplified steps of IUPAC nomenclature rules
also been included. The first step is identifying the
functional group. The second step is identifying the longest
carbon chain that associated with the functional group.
Next, when numbering the parent chain make sure to give
the lowest possible number to the carbon associated with
the functional group. The fourth step is to give the lowest
number to the carbon associated with substituents after
fulfilling the requirement in the third step. Next, the
sequence of substituents must follow the alphabetical order.
The sixth step is to add prefix of di, tri, tetra, etc. for
repeating substituents.
Last but not least, the highlighted section of NoA is
name the compound (Figure 5). This section can help
students naming the compound step by step based on the 6
simplified rules of IUPAC nomenclature system. This
section is user friendly where the students and educators
can easily use it by following the steps given in the display.
The compound name will appear at the top of the display
after pressing the submit button. By frequent use of this
section, student will able to memorize the steps in IUPAC
nomenclature rule.
Figure 4: IUPAC rules section in NoA
Figure 5: Name the compound section in NoA
4. Conclusion
NoA is one of a kind. It gives new experience to
students as well as teachers in naming an organic
compound. It focuses on guiding and training the
students in naming an organic compound according
82
to IUPAC nomenclature rules. Therefore, it is
recommended for teachers to use NoA in teaching IUPAC
nomenclature, specifically on naming the organic
compounds as this application will bring excitement to
students and help them to understand the concept easier.
Hopefully, the application will improve the quality of
teaching and learning process, in order to achieve
comprehensive understanding regarding the IUPAC
nomenclature system. Lastly, for future upgrade the
application needs to add tutorial questions of different
difficulty level to test student’s ability to the fullest.
Acknowledgments
Authors wish to thank Mohamad Azim Zaidan bin Azmi
for guiding us in the programming of NoA, without his
help our ideas will come to nothing.
References
[1]
]
K. Welsh and D. France, "Spotlight on... Smartphones
and fieldwork," Geographical, vol. 97, no. Spring
2012, pp. 47-51, 2012.
[2] B. Woodcock, A. Middleton and A. L. Nortcliffe,
"Considering the smartphone learner: An investigation
into student interest in the use of personal technology
to enhance their learning," Student Engagement and
Experience Journal, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 1-15, 2012.
[3] C. Fernández-Lao, I. Cantarero-Villanueva, . N.
Galiano-Castillo, E. Caro-Morán, L. Díaz-Rodríguez
and M. Arroyo-Morales, "The effectiveness of a mobile
application for the development of palpation and
ultrasound imaging skills to supplement the traditional
learning of physiotherapy students," BMC Medical
Education, vol. 16, p. 274, 2016.
[4] N. E. Bode, J. Caron and A. B. Flynn, "Evaluating
students’ learning gains and experiences from using
nomenclature101.com," Chemistry Education Research
and Practice, 2016.
[5] K.-H. Hellwich, R. M. Hartshorn, A. Yerin, T. Damhus
and A. T. Hutton, "Brief Guide to the Nomenclature of
Organic Chemistry," Pure and Applied Chemistry, pp.
1-5, 2020.
[6] P. A. Sarkodie and K. Adu-Gyamfi, "Improving
Students’ Performance In Naming And Writing
Structural Formulae Of Hydrocarbons Using The Ball-
And-Stick Models," Chemistry: Bulgarian Journal of
Science Education, vol. 24, no. 2, pp. 203-219, 2015.
[7] J. Ashenhurst, "Master Organic Chemistry," 14
december 2019. [Online]. Available:
https://www.masterorganicchemistry.com/2014/10/21/
organic-chemistry-iupac-nomenclature-demystified-
with-a-simple-puzzle-piece-approach/.
[8] J. d. S. Junior, D. J. Nobre, R. S. d. Nascimento, G. S.
T. Jr, A. J. M. L. Jr, A. J. Monteiro, F. S. O. Alexandre,
M. T. Rodríguez and M. J. Rojo, "Interactive Computer
Game That Engages Students in Reviewing Organic
Compound Nomenclature," Journal of Chemical
Education, no. 95, p. 899−902, 2018.
[9] M. A. S. Lima, A. C. Monteiro, A. J. M. L. Junior, I. S.
d. A. Matos, F. S. O. Alexandre, D. J. Nobre, A. J.
Monteiro and J. N. d. S. Junior, "Game-Based
Application for Helping Students Review Chemical
Nomenclature in a Fun Way," Journal of Chemical
Education, no. 96, p. 801−805, 2019.
83
LEARNING KIT FOR TYPES OF CRYSTALLINE STRUCTURE
Khairul Nizad bin Panior
Faculty of Business & Management, Universiti
Teknologi MARA, Negeri Sembilan Branch, Kuala
Pilah Campus
Zanidah binti Ithnin
Faculty of Business & Management, Universiti
Teknologi MARA, Negeri Sembilan Branch, Kuala
Pilah Campus
Abstrak
Dalam menyampaikan isi sesuatu pelajaran, penggunaan
bahan yang sesuai dan menarik adalah amat penting
walaupun ia bukan kemestian. Learning Kit ini merupakan
salah satu alat bahan bantu mengajar yang boleh
digunakan untuk mencapai objektif pembelajaran selari
dengan pendekatan pembelajaran politeknik yang baru. Ia
sebagai kemudahan atau pemudahcara kepada pensyarah
untuk menjadikan proses P&P lebih bermakna dan dapat
menjimatkan masa penyampaian kuliah. Alat bantu
mengajar ini berbentuk model 3D dan berwarna warni ini
juga dipraktikkan kepada pelajar dibantu dengan slide
PowerPoint sebagai rujukan dan panduan di dalam kelas.
Dari perihal itu dorongan dan minat serta sikap positif
pelajar dapat dipupuk di dalam kelas. Tugasan susulan
disediakan di akhir pembelajaran bagi mengukur tahap
pencapaian objektif pembelajaran selain digunakan
sebagai penentu aras pemahaman pelajar. Melalui alat
bantu mengajar ini pensyarah dapat memastikan pelajar
mengikuti serta memahami dan menimbulkan minat yang
tinggi terhadap subjek Material Science ini.
1. PENGENALAN
Sembilan, merupakan subjek pertama kalinya akan
dijadikan permulaan inovasi dalam proses
pembelajaran dan pengajaran kerana subjek ini
didaftarrkan dibawah subjek wajib universiti dan perlu
diambil oleh semua pelajar diperingkat diploma. Ini
adalah inovasi pertama yang dilakukan dalam subjek
ENT 300 dengan menggunakan QR kod. Subjek lain
akan diusul setelah aplikasi pada fasa pertama Berjaya.
Subjek lain yang akan menyusul adalah subjek
Keusahawanan Teknologi (ENT600), Ekonomi (ECO
415) dan juga Asas Pengurusan (MGT 162).
2. RASIONAL MEMBANGUNKANINOVASI
Learning kit ini direka bagi memudahkan pelajar
mendapat gambaran dengan lebih jelas lagi tentang jenis-
jenis struktur hablur yang terdapat dalam molekul atom.
Learning Kit ini akan menarik minat pelajar untuk belajar
disamping penggunaan bola warna – warni yang terang
.Didapati pelajar hanya membayangkan sahaja jenis-jenis
struktur atom tanpa mengetahui pengiraan jumlah atom
yang terdapat dalam setiap unit sel.Ini akan menyebabkan
pelajar akan kehilangan markah sewaktu menjawab soalan
dalam ujian dan peperiksaan akhir yang dijalankankan.
Dengan kewujudan inovasi ini, pelajar yang menggunakan
‘Learning Kit ’ ini dapat memahami dengan lebih mudah
dan seterusnya boleh membuat pengiraan bagi setiap jenis
struktur hablur.
3. Kaedah Perlaksanaan
Learning kit ini membolehkan pelajar melihat dengan lebih
jelas dan lebih dekat lagi model-model 3D yang telah
dihasilkan.
Pelajar diberi peluang untuk melihat dan memegang
Learning Kit ini untuk memberi gambaran dengan lebih
dekat dan jelas tentang jenis-jenis struktur molekul atom.
Dengan ini kebosanan pelajar terhadap subjek ini boleh
dikurangkan dan sebaliknya peningkatan sifat ingin tahu
pelajar terhadap subjek ini semakin tinggi.
4. Perbezaan Antara Perkara/Proses Yang Sebelum
Dengan Yang Sekarang
Terdapat beberapa aspek yang diberi tumpuan dalam
menilai keberkesanan inovasi ini. Secara keseluruhan,
nyata terdapat penambahbaikan terhadap Learning Kit yang
di sediakan ini berbanding cara konvensional yang lama.
Perbezaan tersebut telah dirumuskan dalam Jadual 1
dibawah.
Jadual 1: Perbezaan antara sistem sebelum dan selepas
inovasi dijalankan
Aspek Sebelum Sekarang
Penjimatan masa
penyampaian
kuliah
Pensyarah
mengambil masa
yang lama untuk
menamatkan
kuliah
Pensyarah dapat
menjimatkan
masa kuliah
sehingga 90%
dan seterusnya
dapat mencapai
objektif
pembelajaran
Pelajar mudah
memahami dan
jelas dengan
adanya bahan ini
84
sebagai rujukan
dan panduan
Pemahaman isi
pengajaran
Pelajar kurang
jelas dengan
pembelajaran
yang diajar
Pelajar akan
tertarik dan
berminat untuk
mengetahui
dengan lebih
lanjut tentang
tajuk tersebut.
Pelajar mudah
memahami
konsep pengiraan
jumlah atom per
unit sel
Dorongan dan
minat
Pelajar akan
berasa bosan
kerana hanya
mendengar
penerangan
sahaja.
Pelajar akan
berasa bosan
kerana hanya
mendengar
penerangan
sahaja.
Pemahaman
konsep pengiraan
Pelajar kurang
jelas konsep
pengiraan jumlah
atom per unit sel
Pelajar kurang
jelas konsep
pengiraan jumlah
atom per unit sel
7. Metodologi
Kajian yang dilakukan adalah berkaitan dengan
keberkesanan alat bantu mengajar model 3D di kalangan
pelajar-pelajar bagi kursus DJJ3213 Material Science.
Kajian ini adalah untuk mengenalpasti tahap keberkesanan
alat bantu mengajar ini.
Kajian pengukuran keberkesanan ini adalah terdiri daripada
seperti berikut :
i. Borang kaji selidik yang menggunakan perisian
Google Form.
ii. Golongan sasaran adalah pelajar-pelajar yang
mendaftar kursus Material Science iaitu pelajar dari kelas
DKM 3D dan DKM3E.
iii. Menggunakan dua skala pilihan iaitu :
iv. Memberi alamat URL Google Form kepada
pelajar untuk menjawab kaji selidik :-
https://docs.google.com/forms/d/1h3WsteaL_nN1frneWhX
sSDUS8VzZ30AA_1UYzFgy Ezg/viewform
8. Hasil Dapatan
BIL. PERKARA SETUJU
%
TIDAK
SETUJU
1 Nota panduan
bersama alat bantu mengajar
menjadikan pembelajaran lebih menarik,
menjimatkan
masa dan
menyeronokkan
92 8
2 Pendekatan alat
bantu mengajar
ini dapat
membantu
untuk
memahami
konsep
pengiraan lebih
mudah
88 12
3 Alat bantu
mengajar dapat
membantu
proses
Pengajaran dan
Pembelajaran
dalam kuliah
90 10
4 Alat bantu
mengajar ini
memberikan
kesan yang
lebih baik
berbanding
dengan kaedah
tradisional.
86 14
5 Alat bantu
mengajar dapat
menarik minat
pelajar terhadap
P&P
90 10
6 Alat bantu
mengajar ini
meningkatkan
interaksi antara
pelajar dengan
pensyarah
86 14
7 Nota
pembelajaran
menggunakan
aplikasi terkini
menjadikan
P&P lebih
92 8
85
kreatif dan
inovatif
8 Alat bantu
mengajar ini
dapat
meningkatkan
pengetahuan
keberkesanan
terhadap
pelajaran
Material
Science
86 14
Rajah 1
Berdasarkan Rajah 1 yang telah diperolehi, lebih 85%
memberi maklumbalas setuju dimana alat bantu mengajar
ini terbukti berkesan dalam proses pengajaran dan
pembelajaran semasa. Ini membuktikan alat bantu
mengajar ini dapat membantu pelajar dalam memahami
proses pengajaran dan pembelajaran. Terdapat 15% pelajar
tidak bersetuju tentang keberkesanan alat bantu mengajar
ini. Maklumbalas pelajar- pelajar yang mengundi tidak
setuju adalah kerana mereka inginkan alat bantu mengajar
yang mencukupi dan besar untuk mereka menelaah proses
P&P.
9. Kesimpulan
Hasil daripada maklumbalas dapatan kajian, alat bantu
mengajar ini membuktikan ianya mampu menyelesaikan
masalah yang dihadapi pelajar iaitu sifat bosan dalam
subjek teori boleh dihapuskan dengan alat bantu mengajar
ini. Model alat bantu mengajar ini mampu menarik minat
pelajar, menyeronokan dan meningkatkan interaksi dua
hala antara pensyarah dan pelajar.
Semakin banyak pelajar tanya,semakin banyak ilmu
pengetahuan yang diperolehi dan kelas tidak bosan dan
senyap.Pensyarah-pensyarah yang lain juga boleh
menggunakan alat bantu mengajar ini sebagai bahan
tambahan mereka dalam proses P&P selain itu ianya ringan
dan mudah dibawa.
Secara keseluruhannya, didapati alat bantu mengajar ini
sangat membantu pelajar- pelajar secara amnya dalam
rujukan kendiri pelajar. Ianya juga dapat membantu
pensyarah-pensyarah lain khususnya yang mengajar subjek
Material Science
10. Rujukan
1. Askeland, Donald R.. (2013). Essentials Of
Materials Science And Engineering. 3 rd Edition, Cengage
Learning. ( ISBN10: 1111576858 / ISBN13:
9781111576851).
2. Hummel, Rolf E.. (2004). Understanding
materials science . 2nd Edition. New York : Springer-
Verlag.. ( ISBN10: 0387209395).
3. Rajendran, V. (2011). Materials science. 3st
Edition. Mc Graw Hill.. (ISBN13: 9780071328975)
4. Shackelford J.F.. (2008).Introduction To Materials
Sc. For Engineers. 7th Edition.Prentice-Hall.. (ISBN10:
0136012604 / ISBN13: 9780136012603)
5. William D. Callister Jr. and David G. Rethwisch
(2010).Material Science and Engineering-An Introduction.
8 th Edition. John Wiley and Sons. (ISBN10: 0470419970 /
ISBN13: 9780470419977).
6. William F. Hosford. (2006). Materials science an
intermediate text. 1st Edition.Cambridge University Pressl..
(ISBN10: 0521867053 / ISBN13: 9780521867054).
7. William Smith, Javad Hashemi. (2009).
Foundations Of Materials Science And Engineering.
McGraw-Hill.. (ISBN10: 0073529249 / ISBN13:
9780073529240).
86
PEMBANGUNAN APLIKASI MOBIL PENGAJARAN DAN PEMBELAJARAN KURSUS
PROGRAMMING FUNDAMENTALS: LEARN C++
Norhasliza bt Muhamad Nor
Jabatan Teknologi Maklumat dan
Komunikasi,
Politeknik Ungku Omar
Ipoh, Perak
Nur Syuhada bt Mohamad Jabatan
Teknologi Maklumat dan
Komunikasi,
Politeknik Ungku Omar Ipoh,
Perak
Azrahayu bt Abdul Aziz Jabatan
Teknologi Maklumat dan
Komunikasi,
Politeknik Ungku Omar
Ipoh, Perak
Abstrak Perkembangan teknologi telefon pintar telah banyak mem-
beri perubahan kepada gaya hidup manusia termasuklah
dalam bidang pendidikan. Aplikasi menggunakan telefon
pintar kini telah banyak digunakan sebagai alat bantu
mengajar bagi para pendidik kerana cara capaiannya yang
mudah dan ianya juga menjadi satu elemen tarikan bagi
para pelajar yang kini lebih cenderung untuk
menggunakan telefon pintar. Aplikasi Mobil yang akan
dibangunkan ini adalah merupakan Aplikasi Mobil bagi
membantu pelajar untuk mempelajari kursus Programming
Fundamentals di Politeknik. Kursus Programming Funda-
mentals adalah kursus berkaitan bahasa pengaturcaraan
C++. Aplikasi ini mempunyai maklumat berkenaan dengan
kursus Programming Fundamentals, nota, video, kuiz dan
juga soalan-soalan peperiksaaan akhir semester sebe-
lumnya. Ianya akan dibangunkan menggunakan perisisan
MIT Apps Inventor yang akan diguna pakai melalui peranti
mudah alih. Kaedah yang diguna pakai sebelum ini untuk
pelajar mendapatkan nota adalah pelajar perlu memuat
turun nota daripada portal cidos. Ianya menjadi masalah
apabila tiada tempat simpanan khusus pada telefon pintar
dan agak susah untuk mencarinya semula kelak dan
akhirnya pelajar memuat turun nota tersebut sekali lagi
apabila ingin menggunakannya pada telefon pintar. Selain
itu aplikasi mobil pembelajaran c++ sedia ada yang boleh
dimuat turun di play store dan sebagainya mempunyai ba-
han pembelajaran yang tidak selari dengan silibus Pro-
gramming Fundamentals di Politeknik. Pembangunan ap-
likasi ini diharapkan dapat menyelesaikan masalah ca-
paian kepada bahan pengajaran dan pembelajaran yang
dihadapi para pelajar yang mengambil kursus Program-
ming Fundamentals diPoliteknik.
II.Kata kunci
Aplikasi, C++, Programming Fundamentals, pengajaran
danpembelajaran.
1. Pengenalan Aplikasi Mobil yang akan dibangunkan ini adalah
merupakan Aplikasi Mobil bagi membantu pelajar
Politeknik untuk mempelajari kursus Programming Fun-
damentals. Kursus Programming Fundamentals adalah kur-
sus berkaitan bahasa pengaturcaraan C++. Aplikasi ini
mempunyai maklumat berkenaan dengan kursus Program-
ming Fundamentals, nota, video, kuiz dan juga soalan-
soalan peperiksaaan akhir semester sebelumnya. Idea pem-
bangunan aplikasi tercetus kerana beberapa masalah. Ke-
biasaannya di Politeknik pensyarah akan meletakkan nota
kursus yang diajar pada portal cidos. Pelajar perlu memuat
turun nota tersebut menggunakan komputer ataupun telefon
pintar. Malangnya mereka mengalami kesukaran untuk
mencari semula nota yang pernah dimuat turun sebelum ini
daripada portal cidos kerana tiada tempat simpanan yang
khusus pada telefon pintar. Selain dari itu, aplikasi pem-
belajaran c++ yang boleh dimuat turun melalui play store
dan sebagainya mempunyai kandungan yang tidak selari
dengan silibus pembelajaran di Politeknik. Objektif yang
pertama pembangunan aplikasi ini adalah untuk menye-
diakan capaian yang mudah kepada nota dan bahan pem-
belajaran kursus Programming Fundamentals. Objektif
kedua adalah untuk menyediakan aplikasi yang mempunyai
bahan pembelajaran pengaturcaraan C++ yang selari
dengan silibusPoliteknik.
2. KajianLiteratur M-pembelajaran adalah sebahagian daripada e-
pembelajaran. E-pembelajaran adalah konsep makro yang
merangkumi persekitaran pembelajaran atas talian dan mu-
dah alih. M-pembelajaran adalah perkembangan semulajadi
daripada e-pembelajaran dan mempunyai potensi untuk
membuatkan pembelajaran lebih meluas ketersediaanya
dan mudah dicapai daripada penggunaan persekitaran e-
pembelajaran sedia ada. M-pembelajaran juga boleh
ditafsirkan sebagai satu corak e-pembelajaran yang
menyampaikan kandungan pendidikan dan bahan-bahan
sokongan pembelajaran melalui alat komunikasi tanpa
wayar [1]. M-pembelajaran lebih bercorakkan pembelaja-
ran kendiri yang hanya memerlukan peralatan mudah alih
seperti personel data assistants (PDA), Palm Talk,
Smartphone, iPAD dan Pocket PC untuk pengaksesannya
[2]. Peralatan mudah alih ini menjadikan m-pembelajaran
berlaku pada bila-bila masa dan dimana sahaja berbanding
dengan penggunaan buku nota yang mudah rosak[3].
Seperti yang telah dijangkakan telefon bimbit berteras- kan
pelantar Android telah menjadi alat komunikasi yang
amat diperlukan bagi kebanyakan orang, terutatama sekali pelajar [4]. Aplikasi Android adalah satu sumber
87
terbuka bagi sistem operasi telefon bimibit yang
disokong oleh Google Corporation, sebuah syarikat enjin
carian terkemu- ka dunia. Justeru, guru perlu mengambil
peluang untuk menggunakan pelbagai aplikasi Android
percuma yang mudah didapati dan mudah diakses
sebagai persediaan un- tuk menyokong pengajaran
mereka [5]. Aplikasi-aplikasi Android boleh
meningkatkan minat dan motivasi pelajar dan
mempengaruhi pelajar untuk terlibat secara langsung
dalam pembelajaran [6].
Banyak kajian menunjukkan bahawa pelajar meramal-
kan kesan positif daripada m-pembelajaran, yang mana
pelajar berpendapat bahawa telefon bimbit menolong
mereka mendapatkan bahan yang relevan dan meningkat-
kan keyakinan mereka sebagai pelajar [7]. Manakala seba-
hagian kajian pula menunjukkan pelajar menghabiskan
lebih banyak masa menggunakan komputer meja untuk
mendapatkan maklumat yang sama yang mereka boleh
dapat dalam waktu yang singkat jika mereka
menggunakan aplikasi mobil. Kajian yang telah dijalankan
di Al-Maarif Universiti Kolej, Iraq menunjukkan pilihan
utama para pelajar untuk pembelajaran adalah telefon
pintar sebanyak 64%, komputer riba sebanyak 29% dan
iPads sebanyak 6.74%.[8].
3. Prototaip Aplikasi mobil Learn C++ ini mempunyai beberapa
menu seperti menu maklumat kursus, nota, video, kuiz,
tutorial dan juga menu soalan peperiksaan akhir pada se-
mester-semester yang lepas. Adalah lebih baik juga
sekiranya aplikasi ini mempunyai menu compiler yang
membolehkan pelajar untuk menulis aturcara dan melihat
output daripada aturcara tersebut. Cadangan perisian yang
akan digunakan untuk pembangunan aplikasi ini adalah
MIT App Inventor.
III. Rajah 1. Prototaip Aplikasi Learn C++.
4. Kesimpulan Sistem pendidikan hari ini telah banyak berkembang
daripada kaedah penyampaian guru secara bersemuka
saha- ja kepada e-pembelajaran. E-pembelajaran telah
lama wujud, namun selepas penularan Covid-19 pada
penghujung tahun 2019 telah menyebabkan ledakan
kepada e-pembelajaran diseluruh dunia. Pengajaran
dan pembelaja- ran atas talian telah menjadi kaedah
utama khususnya di pusat pengajian tinggi di
Malaysia. M-pembelajaran yang merupakan
sebahagian daripada e-pembelajaran menjadi alternatif
dalam pengajaran dan pembelajaran kerana kaedah
capaiannya yang mudah dan berjaya menarik minat
para pelajar. Pembangunan aplikasi ini diharapkan
akan memberikan manfaat dan impak yang positif
kepada para pelajar yang mengambil kursus
Programming Fundamen- tals diPoliteknik.
Rujukan [1] T. H. Brown, “Towards a model for m-learning
in Africa,” Int. J. E-Learning, vol. 4, no. 3, pp.
299– 315,2005.
[2] E. D. Wagner, “Enabling Mobile Learning,”
Educ. Rev., vol. 40, no. June 2005, pp. 41–
52,2005.
[3] A. S. Shuib, “Reka bentuk kurikulum m-
pembelajaran sekolah menengah: teknik
Delphi,” Proceeding Reg. Conf. Knowl.
Intergration Inf. Commun. Technol., pp. 652–
665,2010.
[4] S. M and D. T. A, “Designing an M-Learning
Application for a Ubiquitous Learning
Environment in the Android Based Mobile,”
Indian J. Comput. Sci. Eng., vol. 2, no. 1, pp.
22–30,2011.
[5] A. Hamdan, R. Din, and S. Zuraida, “Penerimaan
m-Pembelajaran dalam Sistem Pendidikan di
Malaysia melaluiThe Unified Theory of
Acceptance and Use of Technology
(UTAUT): Satu Analisis Literatur,” 2012,
pp.93–97.
[6] H. Fahri and K. Samsudin, “Mobile Learning
Environment System (MLES): The Case of
Android-based Learning Application on
Undergraduates’ Learning,” Int. J. Adv.
Comput. Sci. Appl., vol. 3, no. 3, pp. 1–
5,2012.
[7] J. L. Mueller, E. Wood, D. De Pasquale, and
R. Cruikshank, “Examining Mobile
Technology in Higher Education: Handheld
Devices In and Out of the Classroom,” Int.
J. High. Educ., vol. 1, no. 2, pp. 43–54,2012.
[8] M. A. Al-Mashhadani and M. F. Al-Rawe, “The
future role of mobile learning and
smartphones applications in the Iraqi private
universities,” Smart Learn. Environ., vol. 5,
no. 1,2018.
88
SPORT ASSIST SYSTEM (SAS)
Mohd Assidiq Che Ahmad
Jabatan Teknologi Maklumat
dan Komunikasi,
Komunikasi Politeknik
Ungku Omar, Ipoh
(PUO), Perak,
Malaysia.
Ikmal Hisyam M. Paris
Jabatan Teknologi Maklumat
Dan Komunikasi Politeknik
Ungku Omar (Puo), Ipoh,
Perak Malaysia.
Munirah Binti Abdullah
Jabatan Teknologi
Maklumat dan Komunikasi,
Politeknik Ungku Omar
(PUO), Ipoh Perak,
Malaysia
Abstract
The project titled Sports Assist System is a new way for
Malaysian to learn new sports easily right from their
smartphones. It will give huge benefits not only for lecturer
who handle curriculum sports subject in Polytechnics but
also good for the referee/coaches to record/collect the
score for the certain sports they are handle. The researcher
chooses Rapid Application Development (RAD) method in
order to develop the system from the scratch. There are
several widely known sports selected for students to learn
from their smartphone but for the testing purpose, the re-
searcher only focused on three (3) primary sports which is
Badminton, Football and Ping Pong. Students now can just
learn their favorite sports by only using mobile applica-
tions anywhere and anytime It is not only limited to learn
the favorites sports but also can learn the rules of the game
throughout application. It is more efficient and convenient
way for lecturer and event organizer to manage tourna-
ment and event because the data will be centralizing into a
database server. With this application, we do hope many
peoples and students in Malaysia can learn their favorite
sports and its rules easily so that they can get tons of bene-
fits fromit.
KEYWORDS
Mobile Application, Rapid Application
Development (RAD), Sport Assist System (SAS)
1. Introduction
The sports in Malaysia has become a major
activity in the
localuniversitieswheretheyoftenperformanannual
sports or recreational activities between
universities and colleges merely to inculcate the
spirit of cooperation and the spiritto win a
competition while meet each other, thus
strengthen the relationship between one another.
Sports field inMalay- sia can be considered as a
major sport that is done by peo- ple of multiple
ages. Among the sports fields such as vol- leyball,
badminton and football is the most popular sports in Malaysia. It requires very little equipment and effort
to learn thebasics.
The project titled Sports Assist is a new way for
Malaysian to learn new sports easily from your smartphones or for
referee to calculate score for the selected sports. There are
severalwidely known sports selected for students to learn from the
smartphone. Students now can just learn their new favorite
sports by using smartphones anywhere and anytime because
once the application downloaded students can use it for 24
hours and 7 days a week. Besides learning their new sports,
students also can know latest rules about the sports. So the
function of the application is not only for learning new sports
but give information about rules of the selected sports to
students. It is more efficient and convenient way for students.
With this new way, we hope many students can learn new
sports and their rules so they can get tons of benefits fromit.
2. ProblemStatement
Some peoples who are not actively involved in
sports are lack of knowledge about gameplay of
certain sports com- pare to those who actively
play sports as their hobbies. Re- searcher also
found that, as a lecturer for them, during con-
versation with students, when certain question
has been raised about the sports, they cannot
answer verbally to us. Sometime they ask for
time to answer so that they can do online research
about the sport they not familiar with. The other
thing we might consider as many decades of
sports evolution, there might be some issues with
the latest rules of the sports. In order to avoid the
issues, and to be fair to all students and peoples
who play the sports, we need to develop an
application that contain rules and information so
that everybody can referto.
89
On the top of that, traditional method that
using paper is suspicious and waste of money.
People who play role as a referee may use this
application to record and calculate the score for
the selected sports directly from the
smartphones. This will evade cheating method
and save more money. As application is a
program that can be used simultaneously and real
time, people can evade using paper to count
score. Paper usage have many disadvantages like
easy to get lost and cannot use the same paper
after it fully used. Further- more, with this
application referee/lecturer can refer torules of
the sports before the gamestarts.
3. Objectives
The main objective of the project and innovation is to :
1. To develop mobile application which contain tutorial on all sports inMalaysia
2. To implement voice recognition on theapplication
3. To adapt the system for Curriculum and SportActiv- ity subject inPUO
3.1. METHODOLOGY
Researcher choose Rapid Application Development (RAD) Model in order to develop the system. Rapid Application
Development (RAD) is a form of agile software develop- ment methodology that prioritizes rapid prototype releases and
iterations. Unlike the Waterfall method, RAD empha- sizes the use of software and user feedback over strict plan- ning and
requirements recording.
FIGURE 1. RAPID APPLICATION DEVELOPMENT MODEL
90
3.2. Scope of theProject
The mobile application develops mainly for Sports Curriculum Subjects in Politeknik Ungku Omar according to following char- acteristics.
▪ Provide SportTutorial
▪ Calculate/Record Real-time ScorePoint
▪ Generate Voice Assistantoutput
91
3.3. SYSTEMDESIGN
Once the project is scoped out, it’s time to jump right into devel- opment, building out the user design through various prototype
iterations. This is the meat and potatoes of the RAD methodology and what sets it apart from other project management strategies. During
this phase, students and lecturers work hand in hand with us to ensure their needs are being met at every step in the design process. It’s
almost like customizable software development where the users can test each prototype of the product, at each stage, to ensure it meets
their expectations. All the bugs and kinks are worked out in an iterative process. The developer designs a prototype, the client (user) tests it,
and then they come together to communicate on what worked and what didn’t. This method gives developers the opportunity to tweak the
model as they go until they reach a satisfactory design. Both the software developers and the clients learn from the experience to make sure
there is no po- tential for something to slip through the cracks.
FIGURE 2. SCREENSHOT THE SPLASH SCREEN AND MENU
4. ProjectSignificance
The project was developed to support one the Vsion of Ministry of Youth and Sports that is enliven the number of people towards
improving the quality of life through the ‘Sports For All’ strategy and the introduction of the ‘Malaysia Cergas’ concept by make sure the
Sports Assist application can easily help them to under- stand rules and record scores. There are people that didn't know certain sports but
still insist to give it a try although they never play it before. Many of them complain that they need to go library and do self-study about the
sports they didn’t know but love to give it a try or get a coach to help them to get better view and understanding about thesport.
5.0Conclusion
Sport Assist is finished 100 percent and already been used for curriculum sport subject (Badminton) in PUO.
The app develops using android studio and can be upgrade from time to time by the PUO lecturer. We
suggest that all Poly- technic Institution in Malaysia adapt the app and also will proposed to Majlis Sukan
Politeknik to use the system. Overall the application really helps sport tournament organ- izer in
managing each sport result in one central database. The app can be good starting point to those who are
first time in any game. Students now can just learn their new favorite sports by using smartphones
anywhere and any- time.
92
References
[1] Smyth, N. Android Studio development essen- tials. United States:EBookFrenzy.(2015).
[2] Hanlon, T. The sports rules book.Champaign, Ill: HumanKinetics (1998).
[3] Mcphilomy, A. (2013). Football Rules Simply Stated. City: XlibrisCorp.
[4] Gerantabee, F. Adobe Flash Professional CS6 digital classroom. Indianapolis, IN:Wiley (2012).
[5] Faulkner, A. & Chavez, C. Adobe Photoshop CC 2018 release. San Jose, California: AdobePress(2018).
[6] Developer Guides | Android Developers. (n.d.). Retrieved June 14, 2020, from https://developer.android.com/guide/
93
SMART INTERNET OF THINGS BASED SMART CHICKEN
FEEDING POULTRY SYSTEM
Sarasvathi Nagalingham Rajermani Thinakaran Lavanya Kerisnan
Faculty of Info. Technology, Faculty of Info. Technology, Faculty of Info. Technology,
INTI International University, INTI International University, INTI International University,
Nilai, Negeri Sembilan Nilai, Negeri Sembilan Nilai, Negeri Sembilan [email protected] [email protected] [email protected]
Abstract Currently, technologies are moving forward, which causes
less people to work in the agriculture field and people are
too busy. The poultry farm owners might have hard time to
feed the animals due to their busy schedule. The farmers
might also forget to feed their chickens. In order to over-
come this issue, authors came up with an idea which is an
automatic feeder and a monitoring system which can feed
the animals without anyone manually giving the food to the
animals through mobile application. Arduino is a main
part of the system which used to build the hardware. The
food and water dispenser will dispense the food and water
for each two hours and if the food and water is within the
limit set, the food and water will not be dispensed. This will
help to stop the food wastage. Load cell is used to detect
the weight of the food and the water. The temperature, hu-
midity and the light status will be monitored because these
are the important factors to maximize the chicken produc-
tion and produce good quality eggs. A liquid crystal dis-
play (LCD) is connected to the Arduino to show the data
such as the food weight, water weight, light status, temper-
ature and the humidity that detected in the Arduino. To
show the data in the mobile application that have been
created, a Wi-Fi module was used which helps to store the
data in the database and retrieve the data into the mobile
application. This system able to help the farm owner to
monitor the food weight, water weight, temperature, hu-
midity, and the light status using and same maintain good
health of animals. The system also able to help the farmers
to maintain their large farms due to lack of manpower. Keywords smart chicken farming
1. Introduction A poultry farm is where domesticated birds are raised.
Poultry include chickens, turkey, ducks, and geese. These
animals are raised for their meat and eggs. Chickens are the
most common bird raised for both meat and eggs [1].
Chickens that are raised for their meat are called broilers
[2]. Chickens that are raised for their eggs are called laying
hens or layers [3]. Smart Chicken Poultry system is where
chickens are raised with minimal supervision using both
hardware and software. The automatic feeder will dispense the food for the an-
imal. The amount of the food that will be dispensed will be
set by the owner by using the mobile application. Same
goes to how many times the food will dispense per day. To
do this project both hardware and software will be used.
Arduino Uno will be used as the main part of the system
and a load cell will be used to check whether the food need
to be dispensed. There will also few sensors that will be
used to monitor the lighting, humidity, and the temperature
to check the animal’s health in the farm. Mobile application
using android studio will be created to connect with the
device, so that the farm owner can feed the animal from
anywhere anytime and keep track on their animal’s health. Using the mobile application, the farmer or the farm
owner will receive notification if the temperature of the
poultry farm increase more than the critical temperature or
decrease less than the critical temperature. According to the
issue the farm owner can adjust the temperature back to
normal using heating and ventilation. Other than that, this
application will also give a reminder to the owner to feed
the chickens twice a day. Chickens should eat a lot to be
healthy and lay eggs with good quality. The farm owner
will also receive notification if the relative humidity level
rises above 70% or decreases below 50%.
2. Background Study
2.1 Importance of the system Smart Chicken Poultry System is very important for the
farm owners. Farm owners will always try to maximize the
production of the chickens and the eggs. If they cannot
reach the limit, they might have financial crisis and they
will also pay salary for the workers that works for them.
This system will reduce the cost and also increase the
productivity of the Poultry farm. In another case, Malaysia
currently in Movement Control Order (MCO), in this kind
94
of situation the government ordered the citizens to not go
anywhere and stay at home [6]. It is not possible for the
farm owners; they have to feed the animals they breed in the
farms. By using this proposed system, the farm owners can
monitor their poultry farms from home with minimal super-
vision.
2.2 Problems and Gaps Feeding is an important task in poultry farm. It is
more than just giving the birds feeds. To make the chickens
do well, the farm owner must give them balanced diet [7].
Some farm owners combine or mix full feeds with cheaper
scratch grains [1]. This comes with some disadvantages. It
may reduce the amount of nutrients the chickens in the farm
are getting, and there could be nutrient insufficiencies. The level of production of hens and the growth of
the chickens might be affect adversely if nutrient deficiency
occurs [1]. The level of food a chicken will eat is totally
based on its size, age, rate of egg production, energy level
of the feed and the temperature of the farm. It is depending on the breed of bird, how much feed
do they consume. For an example, Brown egg laying chick-
ens are slightly bigger compare to Leghorn chicken. Thus, it
requires more food, therefore it needs more feeds. On the
other side, Leghorn chickens eats around ¼ pound or 113.2
(g) of food in a day. The class of the eggs is influenced by the food that
the consume, the (amount) of Calcium, Vitamin D and other
minerals in the food determines the quality of the eggshell.
The pigment of the food decides the colour of egg yolk, the
average size of the eggs in development, the protein amount
in the food and the fatty acid [4]. There is a lot of information that is known about the
chicken’s nutritional needs compared to other domestic
animals. It is not unexpected that rations are scientifically
calculated to give, along with optimum quality eggs, at least
cost for layer protection. In another word, quality of food is
important for productive laying birds. Parasites, infections, and disease can trigger loss in
the production of eggs [5]. Some chickens resist some in-
fections which make them superiors to those get infected
easily by diseases. In case, the farm owner have to take
preventive measures to make sure their chicken are not in-
fected by any disease in order to maximize the production
of the laying birds, or else, the farm owner have to treat the
chickens immediately so that it will not spread to other
chickens in the farm or it will affect the production. Moreover, farm owners do not prefer to raise the ill
chickens because it could pass down the infection to the
future generation which the farm owner will have a forever
battle. The farm owner prefers to raise the healthy chickens
because healthy chicken will have more resistance towards
the disease and infections.
3. Experimental Method
3.1 Method and System Design The system that was proposed is the Study and Imple-
mentation of Internet of Things (IoT) based on Smart
Chicken Poultry system interface with Android Technology.
In this system the author will make an automatic feeder that
will allow the end-user to feed their chickens from any-
where with the mobile application. The load cell will be
used to check the weight of the food. If there is food re-
maining in the tray, the food will not be dispensed. Other
than that, this system will allow the end-user to monitor the
chicken with minimal supervision. The end user can moni-
tor the temperature, humidity and the light intensity in the
farm. If any of these parameters goes below or above the
requirement, the farm owner will get notified.
3.2 Hardware Design To develop the smart poultry system hardware, the main
components which used such as personal computer where
the author uses to code Arduino Uno R3, DHT 11 sensor
(temperature and humidity sensor) for capturing the chick-
en’s environment, power supply, LDR Light Sensor Module
for lighting up the light bulb whenever there is dark envi-
ronment, water pump to pump the water in the water feeder,
food dispenser, load cell and HX711 (Weighing Sensor) to
capture the weight of the food and the water as shown in
Figure 1.
Figure 1. Hardware Design
3.3 Software Design
Author used Arduino IDE to code the Arduino Uno R3.
C++ is the language used to code the Arduino. Before cod-
ing, all the sensors are connected to the board so that it will
be convenient for the Author. As for the mobile application Author used Android stu-
dio using Java as the programming language. The user in-
terface was designed in order to get some feedback from
95
some users. Based on the feedback given, the user
interface was improved.
As for the functionality of the mobile application, it will
show notification for the user if the temperature,
humidity, water weight and the food weight is not within
the limit that has been set. If the textbox will switch the
color according to the value that has been set.
a b
c
d e
Figure 2. Software Design
In the Figure 2d, the food is within the limit, so it is
showing green, but the water is lesser than the limit thus
the textbox is showing red. Figure 2e shows the graphical
inter- faces display the temperature and the humidity of
the envi- ronment for the chicken. A notification will
pop up on the top of the screen notifying the user about
the current tem- perature and humidity when the user
signs in the mobile application. The light can be
controlled by switch as shown in Figure 2e. The weight
of the food and water can be moni- tored in mobile
application in Figure 2d. User also can monitor the
current temperature, humidity of the chicken poultry in
the Figure 2d. Each time the user signs in in the mobile
application, a notification will be pop up above the scree
to notify the current weight of the food and water in the
tray. 4. Results and Discussion
Each 20 minutes, the food and water will be
dispensed until it reached 150g and 150g respectively. If
the weighed amount is less than the 20g for food and
20ml for water, the food and water will be dispensed
when the switch is pressed. When the environment
becomes dark, the light is switch on by itself and will be
turned off when the envi- ronment becomes brighter.
There LCD that is connected with the Arduino will show
the current temperature, hu- midity, light status and the
food and the water weight.
The user can use the mobile application in order
check the status. The food weight, water weight,
presence of light, the level of temperature and the level
of humidity will be shown in the mobile application.
5. Conclusion This research has been presented the development of
the smart poultry chicken based on the Arduino. The
system can control food and water dispensed and can be
monitored the temperature, humidity, and light through
the LCD moni- tor and in the mobile application. The
user can be notify when the amount of the food and the
water in the tray is less than the designated amount. The
user also can be notified when the temperature and
humidity is not in the range for a best environment for
the chicken.
References [1] Gunawan, T. S., Sabar, M. F., Nasir, H., Kartiwi, M.,
& Motakabber, S. M. A. (2019, August).
Development of Smart Chicken Poultry Farm using
RTOS on Ar- duino. In 2019 IEEE International
Conference on Smart Instrumentation, Measurement and Application (ICSIMA) (pp. 1-5). IEEE.
[2] González-García, S., Gomez-Fernández, Z., Dias, A. C., Feijoo, G., Moreira, M. T., & Arroja, L. (2014).
Life Cycle Assessment of broiler chicken
production: a Portuguese case study. Journal of
cleaner produc- tion, 74, 125-134.
[3] Prasetijo, A. B., Widianto, E. D., & Nugroho, F. K.
(2017). pOn Implementing Wireless Smart Egg-
Laying Hens Coop Control System. Advanced
Science Let- ters, 23(3), 2254-2256. [4] Panther, J. G., Digital Communications, 3rd ed.,
Addi- son-Wesley, San Francisco, CA (1999). [5] Schneider, M., “Guidelines for Bias-Free
Writing,” PhD Thesis, Indiana University,
Bloomington, IN (1995). [6] Nadzir, M. S. M., Ooi, M. C. G., Alhasa, K. M.,
Bakar, M. A. A., Mohtar, A. A. A., Nor, M. F. F.
M., ... & Anuar, J. (2020). The impact of movement
control or- der (MCO) during pandemic COVID-19
on local air quality in an urban area of Klang valley,
Malay- sia. Aerosol and Air Quality Research, 20(6), 1237- 1248.
[7] Astill, J., Dara, R. A., Fraser, E. D., Roberts, B., &
Sharif, S. (2020). Smart poultry management: Smart
sensors, big data, and the internet of things.
Computers and Electronics in Agriculture, 170,
10529.
96
WATERPROOF BIOPLASTIC
Nurin Najwa Rohidi
Faculty of Applied Sciences and Technology
Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia
Pagoh, Johor, Malaysia
Siti Amira Othman
Faculty of Applied Sciences and Technology
Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia
Pagoh, Johor, Malaysia
Abstract Plastics become one of the products that has been used
for over than half of century. Polypropylene (PP) and
polyethylene (PE) are famous and being invented to
mould into variety of products. Every household and
industries used plastics due to lightweight and flexibility.
Its production at first bring ease to human but later give a
huge burden to all living things due to its characteristics
permanent up to hundreds of years. Bioplastics have been
introduced to replace plastics for keeping environment
clean and educate human to have better choice. Starch
was chosen as a based material as it accessible and
cheap. Degradation process would be no problem for
starch but it will make bioplastics hard to stand out to
public. Food safety will be the most cautious part for
producing bioplastics. Amylose and amylopectin
compositions will affect tensile strength and barrier
properties. Third quarter of most starches were fulfilled
by amylopectin but depend on waxy variety. Right
balance of amorphous and crystalline region responsible
as main role in producing bioplastics. However,
plasticizers needed for helping the starch strengthened
and flexible. Not only that, barrier properties need to be
taken care and permeability of water were studied by
several studies, yet the reading can be high as water that
act as one of the plasticizers can attract other water
molecules to be absorbed. Despite water, plasticizers like
glycerol, citric acid and sorbitol addition will dominate
relative humidity (RH) level which water content will
obey it. For testing its hydrophobicity, moisture content
test and water contact angle test will be done. From 0°to
180°will determine permeability of the bioplastic as the
least number labelled as the most hydrophilic and the
larger the angle tend to be hydrophobic. Crosslinking or
degradation are the only results for exposure of gamma
radiation towards polymer bond. Presence of oxygen will
give tendency forming free radicals. Cobalt 60 mainly
used in pharmaceutical and food industrial for
sterilization purpose and plastic already received
irradiation treatment as well. However, different polymer
shows different result as presence of molecule will give
varies of reaction. Molecular weight will be affected as
the result can be due to either abstraction,
polymerisation, disproportionation or recombination
reaction.
Keywords
Bioplastics, starch, Gamma Irradiation, Water
permeability.
1. Introduction
A long chain polymer of plastics has been introduced
to the world invented from fossil fuel which has long
shelf-life resulting it to be permanent for over century.
Environment became much dirtier than before and earth
labelled as big landfill. It has been used every day and
every second, human will compile lots of waste making
the numbers of used plastic increased year by year
especially in packaging applications (Zoungranan et.
al.,2020) which up to (Zhao Li et. al., 2018) almost 40%
of the production plastics were in packaging sector.
Bioplastics were introduced for human to be less depend
on fossil fuel and green products as a choice. Degradation
is a strong reason to be picked as a desired product.
Unfortunately, some of its characteristics could not defeat
the petroleum plastics. Polypropylene and polyethylene
very popular among public but threatening towards other
living things and environment need to be stop. Starch
were chosen to be main material due to its accessible and
production of it is more than necessities and due to its
natural chain (Marichelvam et. al., 2019), it will be easy
to dispose and less toxicity. With help from plasticizers,
(Chaléat et. al.,2014) water barrier can be manipulate as
permeability can be reduced, ended up relative humidity
(RH) affected as water content also decrease.
2. Experimental
2.1. Material
Corn starch, potato starch, rice starch, glycerol, gelatin,
sorbitol, citric acid, distilled water, PP plastic, PE plastic
and polylactic acid (PLA) plastic. All of the materials will
be purchased from distributors. PP, PE and PLA plastics
will be used for comparison with bioplastic samples.
There will be four different procedures for making
bioplastics. For mixed starches, there will be
combinations of corn-potato, corn-rice and potato-rice
starches inspired by (Marichelvam et. al., 2019) study on
rice and corn starches combination.
• Pure starch with sorbitol:
97
5g of starch, 1.5g glycerol, 1g of sorbitol, 75g of
distilled water, 1g of gelatin
• Pure starch with citric acid:
5g of starch, 1.5g glycerol, 0.5g of citric acid,
75g of distilled water, 1g of gelatin
• Mixed starches with sorbitol:
7g of first starch, 3g of second starch, 3g of
glycerol, 2g of sorbitol, 2g of gelatin, 100g of
distilled water
• Mixed starches with citric acid:
7g of first starch, 3g of second starch, 3g of
glycerol, 1g of citric acid, 2g of gelatin, 100g of
distilled water
All ingredients will be mixed in a beaker for
each type of mixture. Next will be stirring the mixture and
heat until 100⁰C. Temperature should be checked always
to prevent overheating towards the molecules of the
mixtures as it might decrease the function or the
properties of bioplastic. When the mixtures mix well,
pour them into a mold or suitable plate. Dry up the
mixtures using oven at 50°C for 24 hours.
2.2 Water Contact Angle Hydrophilicity has always become a problem for
bioplastic development. By measuring the wettability of a
bioplastic surface, we can determine hydrophilicity of the
bioplastic. Contact angle is the surface analytical
technique that is the most sensitive. This is because
wettability is influenced by the top of the surface
nanometer. By checking intersection angle, contact angle
will be determined (Taylor, 2007). The test will run in a
temperature- and humidity- controlled room to reduce
random error when reading is taken. Also the test will use
sessile droplet to interact with polymer molecules
(Yasuda,1994). In fact, sessile droplet mostly used (Yuan
et. al.,2013) to determine wettability.
2.3 Moisture Content Test In this test, bioplastic samples will be weighted
to get initial weight. Then, the bioplastic samples will be
dry out using oven at 100°C -110°C. This test has similar
aim with contact angle.
Content of moisture = [(𝑊²−𝑊¹) /𝑊¹] x 100% ,
with 𝑊¹ = initial weight , 𝑊² = final weight,
𝑊² can be obtained by dry the bioplastic sample at 100°C
-110°C.
2.4 Test for Biodegradability
Biodegradability will be determined by soil burial
method. This method been chosen for consideration of
landfill condition with duration at least 15 days and can
lengthen the time if necessary. Using weight loss formula
in percentage:
Percentage of lose = [(W⁰−W) /W] x 100%
with W = initial weight, W⁰ = final weight,
W⁰ can be collected after buried in soil for 15 days at
least.
2.5 Tensile Strength Test
For this test, we can figure out mechanical
properties of the samples. here we can collect data for the
flexibility, stiffness and can compare the best effect of
plasticizers. astm-d882 or astm-d638. samples will be put
in grip of the clamp and pull the samples until they break.
2.6 SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPE
(SEM)
Using SEM, morphological study of the
invention bioplastics can be done for investigation of
sample surface and study the difference between pre-
irradiation and post-irradiation to see any changes occur.
Before sample being analyze, it need to be covered with
layer of gold spray (Marichelvam et. al., 2019).
2.7 Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR)
Spectroscopy FTIR were used to detect chemical molecule in
the samples. This is because irradiation might be able to
make the molecular properties change as crosslinking or
degradation can happen on the samples. Functional group
will be revealed in order to understand how the bonds of
molecule work resulting in change of properties.
2.8 Irradiation Treatment Those samples will undergo the gamma radiation
with three different doses, 10 kGy, 25 kGy, 50 kGy. Start
with 10 kGy because perhaps with rice, potato or corn
starches presence in the samples might experience in
change of molecular properties with low exposure dose.
3. Expected Results
Pure starches condition without adding sorbitol or
citric acid were studied by (Daniel et. al.,2019) with water
content 14.4% for potato starch, 10.78% for corn starch
and 12.39% for rice starch but their tensile strength was
6.5 MPa, 7.8 MPa and 4.48MPa each with elongation
90%, 35% and 102% respectively. Study of mixed
starches by (Marichelvam et.al.,2019) adding gelatin and
citric acid produce a sample with moisture content 11.7%,
with tensile strength 6.8 MPa and elongation only 6.8%.
Not only that, water contact angle measured using sessile
droplet resulting around 70° which compared to LDPE
around 90°. A study by (Muhammad et. al.,2015) was
98
reported about the effect of glycerol and sorbitol in starch
bioplastic. There are combination of glycerol-sorbitol
(GS) as well with concentration 15%, 30% and 45%
resulting glycerol low tensile strength were improved by
compromising sorbitol high tensile strength. The best
result was GS-15% with 15.82 MPa. However, elongation
at break was 15.1% due to high tensile strength.
According to (Gonzalez et al, 2009), sterilization
processes with dry heat and moist heat method were used
along with gamma radiation and ethylene oxide. For
irradiation, Co-60 were used with 25 kGy for total dose at
rate 5.56Gys^-1. Reaction of irradiation towards oxygen
studied by (Haji Saied et. al.,2007) can form free radicals.
By the presence of free radical, crosslinking of the
polymer may occur due to the potential possessed by the
attacked chain. Lovaflex CH 130 film (Kim et. al.,2009)
experienced tensile strength at break higher than the non-
irradiated one with gamma irradiation dose up to 15 kGy
and 25 kGy. Effect of improvement on film of rice starch
properties was studied by (Nawapat et. al.,2011) using
UV treatment. The starch film prepared with rice starch
undergo gelatinization for 10 minutes at 85⁰C, added with
glycerol and stirred for 2 minutes followed by sodium
benzoate as photo initiator. However, samples
experienced decrease in transparency and crystallinity at
14.97%, yet swelling degree were the lowest with high
production of gel fraction. Due to the presence of
photosensitizer, the samples were having improvement in
barrier properties
4. Conclusion
For the wettability, pure starch might have higher
possibility with water contact angle lesser rather than
mixed starch, not to forget moisture content might higher
for pure starch than mixed starch. Even for tensile
strength, mixed starch can have better result but cannot
defeat with petroleum-based plastics. Sorbitol might
perform better than citric acid as plasticizers. Compared
to petroleum-based plastics, bioplastic samples have
better biodegradability and polylactic acid plastic as well
but might need more time. With certain dose amount
during irradiation treatment exposed to the samples;
10kGy, 25kGy and 50kGy, bioplastic samples might have
improvement for tensile strength aspect but some of them
can experience degradation as solubility have chance
increase.
Acknowledgement
The authors would like to thank Faculty pf Applied
Sciences and Technology, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn
Malaysia for facilities provided.
References
[1] González, M. E., Lunati, C., Floccari, M., &
Salmoral, E. M. (2009). Effects of Sterilizing Agents
on the Biodegradation of a Bioplastic Material.
International Journal of Polymeric Materials, 58(3),
129-140
[2] Haji-Saeid, M., Sampa, M. H. O., & Chmielewski, A.
G. (2007). Radiation treatment for sterilization of
packaging materials. Radiation Physics and
Chemistry, 76(89), 1535-1541.
[3] Kim, S., & Nho, Y. C. (2009). Controlling of
degradation effects in radiation processing of
polymers. Vienna: IAEA. 2009., 85.
[4] Marichelvam, M. K., Jawaid, M., & Asim, M.
(2019). Corn and rice starch-based bio-plastics as
alternative packaging materials. Fibers, 7(4), 32.
[5] Taylor, M., Urquhart, A. J., Zelzer, M., Davies, M.
C., & Alexander, M. R. (2007). Picoliter water
contact angle measurement on polymers. Langmuir,
23(13), 6875-6878.
[6] Yasuda, T., Okuno, T., & Yasuda, H. (1994). Contact
angle of water on polymer surfaces. Langmuir, 10(7),
2435-2439.
[7] Yuan, Y., & Lee, T. R. (2013). Contact angle and
wetting properties. In Surface science techniques (pp.
3-34). Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg.
[8] Zhao Li and Muhammad Rabnawaz. (2018).
Fabrication of Food-Safe Water-Resistant Paper
Coatings Using a Melamine Primer and Polysiloxane
Outer Layer. ACS Omega 2018 3 (9), 11909-11916
[9] Zoungranan, Y., Lynda, E., Dobi-Brice, K. K.,
Tchirioua, E., Bakary, C., & Yannick, D. D. (2020).
Influence of natural factors on the biodegradation of
simple and composite bioplastics based on cassava
starch and corn starch. Journal of Environmental
Chemical Engineering, 104396.
99
COGON GRASS NATURAL FIBRE AS A CONCRETE FOR GAMMA
RADIATION SHIELDING PERFORMANCE
Yusrina Mohd Yusof
Faculty of Applied Sciences and Technology
Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia
Pagoh, Johor, Malaysia
Siti Amira Othman
Faculty of Applied Sciences and Technology
Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia
Pagoh, Johor, Malaysia
Abstract All living organisms and human beings on Earth
continually exposed to ionizing radiation from natural
radionuclides through the respiratory and digestive
system, indoor areas and being exposed to man-made
radiological sources. All are aware of the dangers caused
by the radiation exposure. Nevertheless, there are also
important benefits, particularly in the study of certain
biological problems and in the treating of cancer. In so
much further as we cannot eliminate the risk of radiation
from our daily life, we have to take protective actions to
minimize the effects of radiation. Shielding is the major
precautions to take action on even though materials
including lead and iron are efficient ray-proofing devices,
and their technical and economical use is limited to
certain particular places. Furthermore, as gamma rays
are uncharged and have no mass, they can easily
penetrate into matter and thus shielding against this kind
of photons is very difficult. Therefore, concrete is amongst
the most common and inexpensive materials used for
radiation shielding in radioactive source and radiation
generation facilities other than lead. Concrete has a high
shielding potential against radioactive radiation and
good long-term longevity relative to other building
materials. It has a high density but a very weak structure
and somehow poor durability.
Specific natural fibers then incorporated into
conventional concrete to improve the strength and
shielding performance. Moreover, as we know, currently,
the more eco-friendly material is demanded across the
world, where therefore most researchers around the globe
focus on exploring new materials that would increase the
efficiency of the environmental quality of products. In
order to enhance the performance of concrete as a
shielding, this study uses a cogon grass fibre, which is in
the class of natural fibre as a reinforcement materials mix
with concrete to enhance the performance of radiation
shielding. Cogon grass is one of the worst weeds in the
world, due to their ability to conquer, grow, and disrupt
desirable vegetation efficiently. The use of cogon grass as
an alternative fiber will improve the use of unused
resources and reduce global demand for deforestation. In
fact, the insertion of fiber to the concrete matrix has long
been accepted as a way of enhancing strength absorption.
These fibers can even provide a tolerance to post
splitting, high-energy absorption and an increased fatigue
resistance of cement based composites. In this paper,
different percentages of cogon grass fibre were used to
determine the potential of this fibre as an additive in
concrete to improve radiation shielding.
1. Introduction
There are various uses of radiation that lead to
maintaining high quality and protection of our everyday
lives for instances where smoke sensors was used to alert
people when the fire occurs, x-ray devices that were able
to detect concealed weapons, as well as other kinds of
imaging are all used by society to search diseases.
However, lack in handling the radiation, or securely
secured, a person who has come into contact with them
for more than a few minutes is likely to suffer permanent
injury and cause deadly exposure within several minutes
or one hour if not shielded. This is when the radiation
shielding concrete come across to an act where it was
built so that this harmful radiation can be shielded.
The ability of concrete to be used in many fields that
required shielding of radiation sources is well recognized
and acknowledged by most researchers. Furthermore,
various reinforced concrete has been made in order to
enhance the properties and performance of the concrete in
construction and industry all around the world. It is well
acknowledged that concrete is strong in compression but
weak in tension, hence reinforcement also used to
improve this matter. The adding of fibers as reinforced in
concrete is one of the ways to enhance the performance of
concrete especially in the aspect of energy absorption
capacity. The purpose of adding natural fiber is to
improve the strength and durability of the concrete.
Hence, the performance of concrete as radiation shielding
is also automatically improve and yet, natural fibers are
suitable material as reinforcement in concrete. The use of
natural fibers as reinforcement is the safest and
environment friendly as it contribute no harm to the
environment and it low in cost and ready availability to
consume anytime [1].
100
In this study, natural fiber used as reinforcement
in concrete to enhance the radiation shielding
performance is “Imperata Cylindrica”, usually known as
Cogon grass or “Lalang Grass” in Malaysia. Among
classification of natural fiber, cogon grass classified as a
type of grass fiber together with bamboo, bagasse, Napier,
corn and others [2]. Cogon grass is one of the ten worst
weeds in the world because it is capable of quickly
colonizing, spreading and displacing attractive species
[3]. The growth of this exotic invasive species is still
cannot be stoppable and might give major influence on
either ecological or economic consequences at some area
[3]. Therefore, the use cogon grass needs to be redefine
whether in construction, manufacturing, or any other
fields so that the creation of this tree is not just a waste.
Therefore, cogon grass may be beneficial as it can be
propose as an alternative fiber to be reinforce in concrete
as a radiation shielding materials and at the same time
enhancing the shielding performance.
2. Experimental
2.1. SAMPLE COLLECTION AND
PREPARATION
Cogon grass is an abundantly inexpensive weed
growing in Malaysia, easily cultivated through seeds and
large rhizome systems. Production of these grass fibers
can turn the wasted leaves into renewable and low cost
natural fibers that will be integrate in the concrete mixes.
The Imperata cylindrica also known as cogon grass
collected from the field area where it is also often visible
as a luxurious yellowish-green grass on the roadside and
usually in the full sun.
Later on, a few steps procedure is perform to
prepare the samples of the cogon grass fiber. Firstly,
cogon grass was cleaned with water to eliminate dust,
waste, and any harmful materials and was then left to dry
under the sunlight for a week. Secondly, the dried grasses
were cut manually into fibers about 1 mm to 2 mm size
for each fiber using knife or scissors. Eventually, it was
placed in the airtight glass container after the cutting of
the fiber was done and labelled as cogon grass (CGF).
2.2. COGON GRASS CHARACTERIZATION
Known that natural fibres consist of some basic
chemical compositions, which are cellulose,
hemicellulose, pectin, lignin, and others. The cogon grass
could be used as a reinforcement which as complement
for the natural fiber including jute, kenaf, sisal, bamboo
and other natural fibres, as it is highly available, rarely
used in manufacturing and has high cellulose content,
approximately 40 percent [4]. The sample was brought to
analyses for its chemical characteristic. To determine the
chemical compositions of sample, it can be accomplish by
conducting a hydrolysis test also known as Chesson
Method [5]. Furthermore, the cogon grass specimens have
been studied with field emission scanning electron
microscopy (FE-SEM) and atomic force microscopy
(AFM) for their microstructural and surface
characteristics. A small piece of specimen was placed
onto a double-sided tape of the specimen stub. Before the
specimen were submitted to SEM for visualization of the
fibre surface morphological characteristics, the release
paper was lightly pressed and covered with a thin layer of
gold-palladium film [12].
2.3. CHEMICAL TREATMENT ON NATURAL
FIBRE
To removes moisture content and increasing the
strength of the fibers, chemical treatment on the fibers
were done. In addition, the aim of chemical treatment is to
eliminate the fragile boundary layers of natural fibers,
which intended to protect the fiber but which do not resist
the cement alkaline environments, and to create thin
layers that can withstand the impact of alkaline attack [6].
For that, alkali treatment was utilized at which cogon
grass fibers were soaked in sodium hydroxide (NaOH)
solution for a certain period, at room temperature.
Chemical treatment with NaOH removes moisture content
from the fibers while increasing its strength [7].
Therefore, the fibers then immersed in 4% of NaOH
concentration with the soaking duration of these fibers
was 24 hours.
2.4. CONCRETE SPECIMEN PREPARATION
Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) grade 53 used to
prepare the samples tested. Fine sand, which passes by
4.75 mm to 63μm sieve size, while gravel (coarse
aggregate) of 20 mm to 6.3 mm thickness has been used.
Four concrete sample sets were produced utilizing
different quantities of cogon grass fiber. Concrete
mixtures of ratio 1:2:3.5 with a water-cement (w/c) ratio
of 0.55 [8], and fiber content of 0 percent, 0.5 percent, 1
percent and 1.5 percent dosage by total dry volume added
to the concrete mixture. Later on, the freshly mixed
concrete was poured and spread out in a mold frame and
the specimens were casting for 24 hours. After 24 hours,
the concrete slab were de-molded from the molds and
then completely immersed and cured in pool of water for
28 days in which, proper curing of concrete is very
necessary not only in order to obtain the required
compressive strength, but also in needed to design strong
concrete [9].
2.5. GAMMA-RAY LINEAR ATTENUATION
COEFFICIENT MEASUREMENT
The linear attenuation coefficients were measured as it
was often being used to analyze the performance of
radiation shielding of any types of materials. The linear
attenuation coefficient (μ), described as the probability of
radiation interacting with a material per unit length of
path, where it is the most important quantity that
characterizes the penetration and diffusion of gamma
101
radiation in the medium [10]. Additionally, the linear
coefficient of attenuation (μ) is the fraction of the
attenuated incident photons per unit thickness of a
substance [11]. This reflects the fraction of photons per
unit thickness of the material separated from a
monoenergetic beam [11].
The developed radiation concrete mix slabs brought to
test in which to determine the measurement of linear
attenuation coefficient of concrete, which contain
different amount of natural fiber as an additive in the
concrete. Linear attenuation coefficients of concrete were
measured using the gamma spectrometer system
containing the NaI (Tl) scintillation detector. It was also
recorded using the MAESTRO-32 gamma spectroscopy
software. Measurements were performed of gamma rays
emitted from Cobalt-60, 60Co radioactive source at
different gamma photon energies.
Next, the attenuation coefficients were determined by
a calculation using the application of Beer-Lambert’s law
[11]. Attenuation due to absorption follows the Beer-
Lambert’s rule, I = Io𝑒−𝜇𝑥 where 𝑥 is the thickness of
the sample under study, 𝐼𝑜 is the number of counts
represent the intensity of gamma-ray photons, at a
specific energy, without attenuation, whilst 𝐼 is the
gamma ray counts that penetrated the absorber with
attenuation in the sample and µ is linear attenuation
coefficient (𝑐𝑚−1) [10]. Rearrange and take the log of
both sides gives the equation of 𝜇 = −[ln(𝐼 𝐼0)
⁄
𝑥] for linear
attenuation coefficient [11].
3. Expected Result
3.1. CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF COGON
GRASS FIBRE
Table 1 below shows the chemical properties of cogon
grass fibre which consist of cellulose, hemicellulose and
lignin. For cellulose, cogon grass contain of 37.1% of
cellulose [12], where it also share the same result reported
by Mohd Kassim et al. (2016) [13]. Cellulose is a
significant constituent because the increased cellulose
content provides better quality and stronger materials. As
for hemicellulose, cogon grass characterized by a
relatively low content of hemicellulose that is 27.13
percent where this amount could make a significant
contribution to the product's [12]. Lastly, for lignin, the
lignin content in cogon grass is 5.67 % where considered
as low [12] [13].
Table 3. Chemical compositions of cogon grass fibre
3.2. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF COGON
GRASS FIBRE
3.2.1. SEM ANALYSIS
According to scanning electron microscopy images of
cogon grass fibre, it shows that these fibres have a
physical surface characteristic of jagged, rough surface,
continuous and a non-uniform structure, as shown in
Figure 1.
Figure 1. SEM images of cogon grass fibre
3.2.2. AFM ANALYSIS
After that, the AFM image of raw cogon grass fiber,
as shown in Figure 2 illustrates that the cogon grass fiber
appears to have a blocky and rough surface due to the
cuticular waxy layer, which contain a long chain of fatty
acids, lipids and phenolic compounds.
Chemical composition
of cogon grass fibre
Percentage of chemical
composition (% w/w)
Cellulose 37.1
Hemicellulose 27.13
Lignin 5.67
102
Figure 2. AFM image of cogon grass fibre
3.3. GAMMA LINEAR ATTENUATION
COEFFICIENT ANALYSIS
The measurement of linear attenuation coefficient
were taken in order to analyze the effect of fiber
reinforced in concrete for radiation shielding performance
as the amount of fiber increases. The result of linear
attenuation coefficients of different amount of fiber, for
different gamma photon energies shows that the linear
attenuation coefficient slightly increases as the increasing
of percentage of the fiber in concrete for all tested gamma
energies [14]. However, the linear attenuation decreases
as the amount of energy of the gamma photon increases
[14]. Besides, it found that the linear attenuation
coefficient measured increases with the increasing of fiber
content up to 3% [15]. However, the total linear
attenuation decreased at 4% fiber content due to
decreasing density. They also shows that the total gamma-
ray linear attenuation coefficient decreases with the
increasing of gamma-ray energies [15], as shown in
Figure 3.Do not include headers, footers or page numbers
in your submission. These will be added when the
publications are assembled.
Figure 3. Effect of concrete fiber content on gamma ray total attenuation coefficient
4. Conclusions
By comparing the results of the measurement of gamma
ray linear attenuation coefficient of concrete with
different percentages of fibre obtained from the previous
studies, it is indicates that adding fibre in the concrete can
increase the gamma-ray linear attenuation coefficient in
which at the same time, improves the performance of
radiation shielding. Furthermore, it assumed that natural
fibre has potential for use as reinforcement in concrete in
enhancing the radiation shielding. This statement can be
support by research study of Abdo et al. (2003), where it
mentioned that the addition of heavy minerals or heavy
metal into the composite offer good shielding and
radiation attenuation properties [16]. Hence, natural fibre
may has the potential to be used as additives in the
concrete to improve the performance of radiation
shielding at the same time reduce the environment
pollution. Furthermore, for future use, the radioactive
materials can be used safely and less worries, as there is
an improvement in radiation shielding.
Acknowledgments
The authors would like to thanks Faculty of Applied
Sciences, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia for
facilities provided.
References
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10.1016/S0969-806X (02)00470-X.
104
COMBINATION OF COBALT FERRITE AS FILLER IN SUGARCANE
BAGASSE PAPER VIA EXPOSURE OF RADIATION
Annur Azlin Azmi
Faculty of Applied Sciences and Technology
Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia
Pagoh, Johor, Malaysia
Siti Amira Othman
Faculty of Applied Sciences and Technology
Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia
Pagoh, Johor, Malaysia
Abstract Deforestation issues increased dramatically every year
specially to produce paper. The supply of paper
nowadays all depends on the woods. Therefore, non-wood
fibres have been introduced as an alternative in the
papermaking industry. This research addresses the
analysis of magnetic sugarcane bagasse materials as
substitute fibres in the papermaking. Paper is widely
made with a cellulose fibre which has some specific
features used for educational, packaging, and cleaning
purposes. Sugarcane (Saccarhum officinarum) is a
remaining residue composed in an enormous amount.
This heterogeneous fibre residue remaining behind by
sugarcane stalks broken for sugar extraction. Sugarcane
bagasse is made up of the cellulose, holocellulose, alpha-
cellulose, and lignin that far more convenient than wood
fibres. Nowadays, the interest in magnetic material in
magnetic papermaking production has increased due to
excellent mechanical characteristics, low cost, and
recyclability. The magnetic paper shows some superiority
in properties such as renewable use and folding
resistance. The introduction of filler in this research is to
alter the paper properties such as texture, opacity,
brightness, dimensional stability, ink absorbency, and
overall printability. Next, the requirement for fillers today
is to provide explicit upgrades to the quality of the sheets.
Thus, the cobalt ferrite (CoFe₂O₄) magnet was used as the
filler to ensure it has the same properties as the ordinary
filler. Moreover, cobalt ferrite is recognized as a hard-
magnetic material with distinct properties such as good
mechanical hardness and chemical stability, therefore it
is much more convenient material for magnetic paper
production. The credibility of the paper may decrease due
to the presence of bacteria and fungi, therefore, to
increase the integrity of the paper, the irradiation process
by using gamma-ray can be done to paper to avoid fungi
and bacteria that can degrade the quality of the paper
caused by spot and stains.
Keywords
Sugarcane, Bagasse, Magnetic, Ferrite, Paper
1. Introduction
Paper is the materials which have been used entirely
for writing and packaging. The Chinese, Cai Lun was the
person who made a paper sheet of about 105 CE. Paper is
a thin material which are produced by pressing the moist
fibre together and then drying it into flexible sheets. Paper
have many uses, such as writing, printing, packaging, and
several hygiene products in several industries and
construction processes and even as a food ingredient [1].
Next, the demand for paper causes depletion of forest
resources to obtain wood that had made an impact on our
environment [4]. According to [26], Malaysia already
listed the second-highest demand for paper usage in the
Asian region. Malaysia is a globalization nation where the
growing demands for the usage of paper are due to a
broadening of community and lack of consciousness.
Sugarcane is known as (Saccarhum officinarum) is a
remaining residue of the fibrous after the crash of the
sugarcane to extract its juice that composed in an
enormous amount. This heterogeneous fibre residue
remaining behind by sugarcane stalks broken for sugar
extraction. Bagasse is closely related to the wood element,
apart from that it has a higher moisture content. It is also
considerably popular as a supply of the production of the
paper industry [5].
Besides that, sugarcane bagasse among the most
essential raw materials for paper and pulp manufacturing
in other regions [1]. As bagasse is produced of non-wood
fibre, therefore, it can be used as a substitute in the
papermaking industry for the future. Sugarcane bagasse is
an abundant lignocellulosic waste usually cultivated in
open sugarcane processing countries. The sugar cane stalk
includes two parts, the inner pit usually contains utmost
sucrose and the outer rind containing lignocellulosic
fibres. Throughout sugar processing, the sugar cane stalk
is shredded in the process of extracting sucrose. This
method generates a significant quantity of sugarcane
bagasse residue which includes both pith fibres and
crushed rind [28].
In addition, to improve the quality and efficiency of
paper production, the addition of other material on paper
preparation was important. The use of filler in wet and
chemistry and paper retention aid requires a certain
amount of understanding in paper production chemistry.
This will lead to better paper formation retain as much as
filler. For more than two centuries, filler has been used as
an additive to improve the quality of paper such as
105
brightness, opacity, smoothness and printability also
reducing production costs [39].
This study also provides a lot of benefit specially to
paper industries to creates paper from sugarcane bagasse
that will provide alternative ways to reduce environmental
problems and cost-effective. Due to sugarcane bagasse is
easier to get, simple and low cost compared to the process
of making wood fibre as paper. The manufacture of
sugarcane bagasse paper may help to minimize
deforestation in the development of paper, which also
contributes to the creation of biodegradable,
biocompatible, and eco-friendly paper utilizing non-wood
fibre. This would help the industry to develop sustainable
technology in the current economy and environmental
order. The introduction of magnetic material inside the
paper that acts as a filler to improves and enhance the
quality and strength of the paper is investigated in this
study.
2. Literature Review
2.1. SUGARCANE BAGASSE AS PAPER
Sugarcane bagasse is known as (Saccarhum
officinarum) is a remaining residue composed in an
enormous amount. This heterogeneous fiber residue
remaining behind by sugarcane stalks broken for sugar
extraction. Bagasse is closely related to the wood element,
apart from that it has a higher moisture content. It is also
considerably popular as a supply of the production of the
paper industry [5].
2.2. MAGNETIC MATERIAL AS FILLER IN
PAPER MAKING
Nowadays, the interest magnetics paper has increased
due to the hidden potential in a broad application [14].
Magnetite (Fe₃O₄) is one of the most used magnetic
material in magnetic papermaking production. Yet, Cobalt
ferrite has an excellent mechanical characteristic thus it is
more ideal to use in paper production [23]. The
introduction of filler can improve the quality of the paper
performances such as texture, opacity, and physical [15].
Besides that, the main reason associated with magnetic
material is because magnetic paper exhibits some
supercities such as softness, renewable use, and folding
resistance [7].
2.3. RADIATION EXPOSURE ON MAGNETIC
PAPER MAKING
Besides, the paper cellulose fibres may also be
degraded by microorganisms and pests that may affect
their integrity. This damage can be used by the chemicals
produced by the processes of metabolic fungi while using
cellulose as a source of nutrients and pigmenting
mycelium and spores as well. The enzymes could then be
produced by the fungi that catalyzed the cellulose
hydrolysis. The presence of these pillows and bacteria in
the paper also poses a health risk that may affect the
disinfection. The best way is irradiation for mass
cleansing toward bacteria, microorganisms, and insects.
As a function of ionizing radiation, gamma rays have
been used as radiation control for the processing of paper.
Gamma rays have higher penetrating power compared to
alpha and beta. As with other disinfectant treatments,
irradiation has the preferred point of view that it does not
leave the unsafe building on the material handled [10].
3. Experimental
3.1. MATERIAL
In the production of magnetic sugarcane bagasse
paper, the main materials are sugarcane bagasse and
cobalt ferrite (CoFe₂O₄) magnets. In addition to the usage
of sugarcane bagasse and cobalt ferrite magnet, other
components used in the study included Sodium
Hydroxide (NaOH). For radiation penetration of the
magnetic sugarcane bagasse paper, Cobalt-60 Gamma cell
220 Source, was used to radiate the paper because of
gamma radiation has a higher power of penetration
through paper instead of using alpha and gamma radiation
which has lower power of penetration. This gamma
radiation needs to be used in different doses to shows the
different effects on the paper and the output of the
experiment.
3.2. LUMEN-LOADING PROCESS
In the production of magnetic sugarcane bagasse
paper, the main materials are 20 g sugarcane bagasse,10%
NaOH and 7.5g cobalt ferrite. Therefore, sugarcane
bagasse pulp samples and magnetic material will undergo
the lumen-loading process. The sugarcane bagasse paper
was collected from juice shop after they were crushed by
using a hand crushing machine. After that, the collected
sugarcane bagasse allowed to dry under sunlight for 2 – 3
days. The sugarcane bagasse was cut into 100 - 200 mm
each size and weighed 20 g before mixed with 10%
Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH) solution. Sugarcane bagasse
were boiled with Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH) solution for
60 minutes. Then, washed again with distilled water until
pH 7 were maintained. The fibres were then dried at room
temperature for 48 hours followed by oven drying at
100˚C for 6 hours. The sugarcane bagasse was undergo
beating process by blending it with 400 ml distilled water
until it become pulp about 7- 10 minutes. After beating
process, the pulp was suspense with filler which is cobalt
ferrite magnet, then was put into mold and deckle. The
deckle was removed, and the paper was ready to dry
under the sunlight for 2 - 3 days. Magnetics sugarcane
bagasse paper was prepared.
Then, the paper was cut into 4cm times 4cm to radiate
in gamma cell irradiator. Due to the lower the surface
area, the higher the radiation can focus on the magnetic
106
paper and the ionizing radiation particle. Sample
characterization were obtained in order to fulfil the
objective (properties, surface, structure) in this study. The
samples of the magnetic sugarcane bagasse paper were
observed pre- and post-radiation to identify and observe
the changes in the paper. The structure, properties, and
characteristics of the magnetic sugarcane bagasse paper
sample were identified by using Scanning Electron
Microscope (SEM), Fourier Transformation Infrared
Spectroscopy (FTIR), Tearing Tester Machine and pH
meter. SEM was used to obtain the surface topography
and composition, FTIR is to know the chemical bonding
& functional group, tearing tester machine is to study the
tearing strength of the paper while pH meter to determine
the acidity and alkalinity of the paper.
4. Expected Results
In order to fulfill the objectives of this study, the
results were obtained by other researchers that similar to
this study. For the first objectives, a paper written by [19],
shows the sugarcane bagasse samples were exposed to
gamma radiation, and the difference in color, texture, bulk
density, and morphology was observed [19].
4.1. DIFFERENCE OF PHYSICAL,
MECHANICAL AND CHEMICAL
PROPERTIES BETWEEN IRRADIATED AND
UNIRRADIATED MAGNETICS SUGARCANE
BAGASSE ON SCANNING ELECTRON
MICROSCOPE (SEM) AND ENERGY
DISPERSIVE X-RAY (EDX)
4.1.1. EFFECT OF TEXTURE, COLOUR AND BULK
DENSITY
The table shows that the colour of unirradiated
sugarcane bagasse was off-white, which remains
unchanged on gamma irradiation exposure up to 100 kGy.
When the irradiation dose is rise to 500 kGy, the colour
transforms to yellow while brown at 2000 kGy. At 500
kGy doses, the unirradiated sugarcane bagasse texture
was hard and then fluffy when 500 kGy and 1000
kGy.While, at larger doses,2000 kGy it was entirely
disintegrated into powder mixture [19]. Besides that, the
bulk density of unirradiated sugar cane bagasse was
quantified at 83 kg/m³ which modify to 154 kg/m³ at 2000
kGy [19].
Table 4. Gamma irradiation effect on colour, texture, and bulk density of sugarcane bagasse
[19].
Dose,
(kGy) Colour Texture Bulk Density
(kg/m)
Unirradiated Off-white Hard 83
100 Off-white Hard 81
500 Yellow Fluffy 86
1000 Yellow Fluffy 95
2000 Brown Powder 154
Even though [39] state that the utilization of filler in
the chemistry and retention aid during the papermaking
will lead to a better paper formation as it improves the
paper properties such as opacity, brightness, smoothness,
and printability [39]. Yet, in combination with cobalt
ferrite to form a magnetic paper, the magnetic particles
collected on the surface of the fibres shows reducing in
ISO brightness and tensile index of customized magnetic
papers. As shown in Figure 1, the brightness of the paper
is reduced due to the attributable of the black colour of
cobalt ferrite nanoparticles [23]. Also, there is a research
shows a common finding by using unbleached kenaf pulp
and magnetite nanoparticles [8].
Figure 1. Effect of different temperature of
reaction to RCO % of epoxidation.
4.1.2. EFFECT OF CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS
As shown in Figure 2, the irradiated sugarcane
bagasse does not show much change in lignin, ash, and
moisture content. The hemicellulose component of
sugarcane bagasse gets most effected on radiation
exposure, which is reduced on 100 kGy exposure and
further decreased to at 2000 kGy dose. The content of
cellulose of irradiated and unirradiated bagasse samples
presents with no significant change in the cellulose
content up to 100 kGy exposure. However, on further
exposure to 500 and 1000 kGy, the cellulose content
decreases respectively. Further exposure of bagasse to
2000 kGy dose, the cellulose content reduced more [19].
107
Figure 2. Effect of exposure of γ-radiation on the
physico-chemical properties of sugarcane bagasse [19].
Also, Figure 3 shows the radiation effect on the
cellulose in the three essays presented an exponential
trend with the provided absorbed dose. It can be
considered that the cellulose was been insulated by lignin
and hemicellulose [27].
Figure 3. Decomposition of cellulose in
sugarcane bagasse samples from assays A, B, C of the absorbed dose [27].
Celluloses are the core elements of secondary layers in
lignocellulose fibres on the cell wall. These celluloses are
prevalent in the surface layer, for instance, the outer layer
of the fibres, where these polymers can act as adhesives to
build a strong bond between the individual fibres in the
three-dimensional web of a piece of paper [5]. Such high
content of cellulose thereby increasing the quality of
paper produced Since the cellulose shows no significant
differences in the cellulose content either unirradiated or
irradiated. This helps to prove that sugarcane bagasse
another alternative that can be used in papermaking [4].
4.1.3. EFFECT ON MORPHOLOGY
Figure 4 shows the morphology of bagasse irradiated
with gamma-ray of 2000 kGy by using SEM. It shows the
existence of pores in bagasse lignocellulosic components.
Thus, it is evident from the micrographs that the pre-
treatment exposure of gamma irradiation of sugarcane
bagasse opens cellulose, making cellulose more
accessible to acids and hydrolytic enzymes [19].
Figure 4. Gamma irradiated sugarcane bagasse
by SEM image at 2000 kGy [19].
4.1.4. EFFECT ON PH READING ON BAGASSE
PAPER
In the research by [23], As shown in Figure 5, after
the chemical treatment of NaOH took place, the color of
the treated bagasse fibres changed as the sugarcane
bagasse fibres turn into yellowish. This may due to the
removal of the impurities that exist on the surface of the
fibre. Besides, it may be attributed to the elimination of
the waxy layer and impurities from the surface of the
fibre.
Figure 5. Bagasse fibre after treated in solution after 1 hour (a) 5% NaOH treated, (b) 5% HCL
treated [23].
4.2. FTIR ANALYSIS
The results for the FTIR spectra of cellulose fibres
from magnetics sugarcane bagasse are similar to this
research as it used magnetic in the paper. According to
[24], the FTIR of cellulose fibres from spectra were
obtained to investigate the surface functional groups of
silica-coated cobalt ferrite nanoparticles as well as of
unmodified and modified fibres [24].
In Figure 4.8 shows the spectrum of CoFe₂O₄-SiO₂
nanoparticles presents absorption bands at 555 and 432 𝑐𝑚−1, which are associated with the stretching vibration
of Fe–O bond in the tetrahedral site and the bending
vibration of Co–O bond in the octahedral site,
respectively. The band at 3363 𝑐𝑚−1, corresponds to the
108
OH bond vibration and the bands lie between 3363 and
1643 𝑐𝑚−1, are due to the H–O–H bond bending vibration.
These bands are related to adsorbed water molecules by
magnetic nanoparticles [24]. The presence of these vibrations peaks indicates the
formation of silica matrix generating new Fe–O–Si bonds,
where Fe–O– H groups on nanoparticles surface are
replaced by Fe– O–SiO₃. A spectrum of UMF sample
shows absorption bands at 3325, 2885, 1620, 1026 and
655 𝑐𝑚−1, that correspond to O–H linked shearing
(polysaccharides), C–H symmetrical stretching
(polysaccharides), C=O unconjugated stretching (xylans),
C–O–C asymmetrical stretching (cellulose) and C–OH
out of plane bending (cellulose), respectively [24]. Besides, absorption bands between 1650 and 1620 𝑐𝑚−1, are due to the OH bond vibration of adsorbed
water by fibres. The spectra of MF1, MF2, MF3, and MF4
samples present absorption bands of magnetic particles
and bleached fibres. Therefore, it signifies the effective
interaction cellulose network of fibres and cobalt ferrite
nanoparticles for papermaking [24].
Figure 6. FTIR spectra of silica-coated cobalt
ferrite nanoparticles as well as modified fibers and unmodified fibers [24]
4.3. SUITABILITY OF MAGNETIC
MATERIAL ON SUGARCANE BAGASSE
PAPER
Sugarcane bagasse is likely attractive to produce
magnetic paper. According to [24], usually, Magnetite
(Fe₃O₄) been commonly used in the production of
magnetic paper. Since, cobalt ferrite (CoFe₂O₄), which
have controlling content, which is stronger than magnetite
thus it is more ideal to produce magnetic paper. Cobalt
ferrite is recognized as a hard-magnetic substance with
distinctive properties like heavy magneto-crystalline
anisotropy, broad magneto-optical coefficients at room
temperature, high curie temperature, moderate saturation
magnetization, reasonable mechanical toughness and
chemical stability [24]. Therefore, according to [24], we
can conclude that the incorporation of sugarcane bagasse
to be coated with magnetic material is suitable for paper
making.
5. Conclusion
In conclusion, this innovation paper which is magnetic
sugarcane bagasse paper should work just like any other
paper available in this world. Yet, due to its innovation, it
will provide a lot of benefits to people and it can be
commercialized for the paper industry in the future.
Acknowledgments
The authors would like to thank Faculty pf Applied
Sciences and Technology, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn
Malaysia for facilities provided.
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Volume 14, No. 1, Maret 2009.
111
THE PREPARATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF IRRADIATED PEANUT
BEAN INK FOR CONSUMER PRODUCT
Noraisyah Hafizan Sabturo
Faculty of Applied Sciences and Technology
Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia
Pagoh, Johor, Malaysia
Siti Amira Othman
Faculty of Applied Sciences and Technology
Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia
Pagoh, Johor, Malaysia
Abstract There are two types of ink present in today's industries
which are petroleum-based ink and vegetable-based ink.
However, it is not a favorable choice to applied
petroleum-based ink in our daily life since it contains a
higher level of volatile organic compounds (VOCs). This
group of carbon involved in the atmospheric
photochemical reactions that contribute to the warming of
the earth. Amusingly, vegetables-based ink has been one
of the best creations for the development of ink in the
world since vegetable-based ink was an eco-friendly ink.
The oil from the vegetable ink is conveniently being
cultivated and can be collected hence refined effortlessly.
This type of oil is luminous which provided more striking
color apart from the petroleum-based oils. Nevertheless,
we would like to expand the competence of this type of ink
through the use of peanut oil in creating eco-friendly ink.
It will be determined based on the finding of the journal
written by (Barros, Prudencio, 2016), (Erhan et al, 1992)
as a guide to achieving the objectives of the project.
Keywords
Vegetable-based ink, VOC, peanut oil.
1. Introduction
Varieties of attempts have been done to encountered
the environmental effect that comes from petroleum-
based ink. It becomes the main purpose of the presence of
vegetable-based ink. It can yield the lesser varieties of
colors that are suitable in the production of vibrant
saturated colors when prints. The vegetables-based ink
has a great ability in the covered surfaced when it is being
used.
The study works to know about the suitability of
peanuts oil in order to make other types of vegetables-
based ink from the beans family. The aim can be achieved
through the following objectives where we want to study
the physical and chemical properties of beans and
investigate the effect of peanut oil during the pre and post
condition after irradiation.
2. Literature Review
This paper used a journal wrote by (Barros, M.;
Prudencio, S. H., 2016), (S.Z. Erhan, M.O. Bagby.; H.W.
Cunningham, 1992) and (M. Al-Bachir, 2015) as a guide
to achieving the objectives stated. This section will
explain about the review of the experimental literature on
the production of vegetable-based ink from the peanut oil.
In this part, there will be an explanation about the
vegetable-based ink, the characteristics of the oil used in
the making of vegetable-based ink, and irradiation
towards the peanut oil.
2.1. VEGETABLE-BASED INK
Vegetables-based ink was first introduced in ancient
China where it is produced from the mixture of vegetable
oil and soot merged. The compositions of ink contain
three important units which are colorants such as dye or
pigments to give it colors, additives to increase the
abilities of the ink such as resin or carrier which differed
this type of inks with the petroleum-based ink.
The most applied oil in this type of inks was flax,
safflower, and soy (Bamboo Ink, 2018). Yet each oil
produced contributed to various advantages. As an
example the soybean oil, it has luminous properties which
provided more striking color apart from the petroleum-
based oils. Due to it, we would like to test the suitability
of peanut oil for the production of eco-friendly ink.
2.2. ELEMENTAL COMPOSITIONS OF
PEANUT OIL
The peanut oil is one of the most necessary
substances in the making of ink. The oil was classified in
a group of fats that can be collected from nuts, fruits, or
seeds. Peanut oils are comprised of triglycerides TAGs
which is about 95% of including its minor part of mono
and diglycerides that commonly has lesser than 5% of the
compounds, sterols which up to 1%, fat-soluble vitamin,
pigments, waxes, and phosphatides. The raw oil consists
of almost two percent of the minor parts.
112
Interestingly, the minor parts of this oil have
pigments that produce colors. The major component
which is TAG contains three fatty acids that hooked up to
one molecule of glycerol. To create a simple TAG, it
needs the combination of three fatty acids that has the
same size but commonly shape found is the one that
combined two or three kinds of fatty acids in the
molecule.
2.3. PHYSICAL & CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
OF PEANUT BEAN
Physical properties portrayed the components that
can be classified without the need for chemical identity to
be altered while chemical properties were determined
when there was a difference occurred in the molecular
structure. the research was conducted in 2016 by marcio
de barros and sandra helena prucendio where they
discovered the properties of beans that were popular in
regions of brazil. they used 7 types of beans which were
saracura, juriti, perola, iapar 31, iapar 81, carioca, and
colibri. the researchers applied eight tests to gain the
chemical and physical properties of the beans.
Firstly, there used the weight of 100 units of each
bean to determined their average sizes. then they
evaluated the color of the beans according to the color par
meter by using the gardner colorimeter model 45/0. they
measured the hardness of the beans using the ta-xt2
texture analyzer in the units of newtons(n), then the raw
beans undergo a water absorption test when it is on a
maceration process.
it is also tested through the cooking time needed and
beans integrity when under heating treatment. they tested
the mineral contents inside the beans by using the
digestion of raw beans with a chemical solution consists
of nitric perchloric acid. to study the bean's moisture,
lipids, and protein, they undergo the proximate
composition to determine their total carbohydrates of each
bean for 100 grams of sample. it is deduced that saracura
which the one that has high mineral contents is the best
beans recommended for the processing works in the
industry. this valuable result can show the suitability of
oil from the peanut as an important material in the making
of ink since peanut contains a higher level of mineral
capacity too (Healthywomen, 2011).
2.4. IRRADIATION OF PEANUT OIL BY
GAMMA RAY
Based on the research about the quality
characteristics of oil extracted from gamma-irradiated
peanut (Arachis hypogea L.), by Mahfoud al-Bachir,
2015, all the samples were chosen to be irradiated at the
doses of 0, 1, 2, and 3 kilo Gray of the gamma
irradiation.
There were three methods in determining the
characteristics of peanut oil when it was irradiated which
firstly are the treatments and analysis following by the
physiochemical characteristics and lastly the statistical
characteristics. He placed the non-irradiated and radiated
samples in room temperatures for about one year under a
relative humidity before being analyzed. The
characteristics of oil under a physiochemical test were
done in about three types of measurements which were
the determination of the fatty acid using GC-17 A
Shimadzu chromatograph, chemical analysis, and color
measurements by using AvaSpec Spectrometer Version
1.
When he analyzed the data, he stated that the
radiated samples of the peanut oil after being stored are
lower and have a high amount of fatty acids. It shows that
oil is highly nutrients compared to the irradiated one. The
Thiobarbituric acid relatives substances (TBARS) of the
samples were analyzed and show the result of both
samples. Both show an increasing value of TBARS. He
also tested the effect of irradiation and storage time on the
colors of the oil that resulted in a decrease of oil color and
less light after irradiated.
The results of the research illustrated that acid,
TBARS, and the iodine values when in two conditions
which were radiated and non-radiated in a storage period
for about twelve months were below the limits of
desirable. Yet it is considered as the good oils to be used.
3. Research Methodology
3.1. HEAT TREATMENT
One kilogram of peanuts was cleaned from any
foreign matter to ensured that the samples did not have a
heavy metal attached to it which can cause the material to
be contaminated. next, the cleaned peanuts will be heated
under a temperature of below 50 degrees celsius on a
shallow pan with a bunsen burner for about an hour. the
sample was heated to remove any unwanted material and
foreign matter.
3.2. CRUSHING & SIEVING
The peanut beans need to be pressed to collect the
oils by using a 1500w czr109 automatic oil press machine
with a 304 stainless steel peanut presser using 110v.
before proceeding the extraction of oil all the apparatus
such as the spatula were cleaned and rinsed with acetone
or isopropanol to prevent contamination on the sample.
the sample of peanut beans was sieve using a <50μm test
sieve to achieve a fined oil with no other mixture of other
substances. the peanut beans that were too big were
pressed again to get the desired extraction of the sample.
next, the sample will be kept aside for a while to make
sure that the mixture of oil with other substances will be
separated based on their densities.
113
3.3. MIXTURES OF OIL & ADDITIVE
The extracted oil will be then carefully blended with
the pigment, resins, and waxes as the carriers. Firstly, to
get the black printing ink, it was formulated from the
carriers through the heating process under a temperature
of 65 to 70 degrees Celsius and then blended with 1.0%
butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) with 6 to 20% carbon
black (Elftex 8). The temperature that undergoes an
inflated was important to dissolve the BHT. The pigment
then needed to be dispersed with a Shar High-Speed
Disperser, Model D-10P, that works at 2500-3000 rpm
over five to seven hours.
the diffusion of the pigments was done in an eiger
mini mill, it is filled with 2-mm chrome steel balls, that
works at 3500 rpm for about 10 minutes. to increase the
clotting of the ink, bentone 128 was combined to the ink
in an amount of 0.5 to 2.0% to modified the viscosity
based on the needs and to increase the brightness of the
ink, the hydrite r can be added to the solutions about 20%
of it.
4. Measurement
4.1. MEASUREMENT OF VISCOSITY There will be the need to measured the viscosities by
using the laray falling rod viscometer, model mv.01. the
measurements of the viscosity of the ink were done to test
its ability in producing a higher adhesiveness and not
easily melted when used for printing. to obtained the color
inks that were the same to each other, it was tested by the
quick peek color proofing kit.
4.2. MEASUREMENT OF RUB RESISTANCE
The ANPA-NAPIM Rub-off Standard Test
Procedure was used to calculate the rub-off resistance of
the ink produce from the peanut oils. It can be valued as
the percent of the blackness of the smudged that were
determined when the ink was tested on top of a sheet. It
was calculated through the following formula:
The rate of pigment infatuation on the newsprint
through the infiltration in the sheet or resin after it is hard
showed by the result of the percentage in the calculation.
when the result shows that the blackness achieved lesser
than 6% between the time of 2 hours, then it is labeled as
ink with better rub-off resistance.
4.3. SAMPLE CHARACTERIZATION
The extracted peanut oil that were used in producing
a vegetables-based ink need to be tested for its pre and
post condition after irradiation by gamma. It is tested by
using the GC-17 A Shimadzu Chromatograph to get the
fatty acids determination in both conditions. There were
also the use of AvaSpec Spectrometer Version 1 to
evaluate the colours of samples when it was radiated and
not radiated based on the journal from Mahfoud al-
Bachir, 2015.
5. Finding
The qualities of vegetables-based ink are better
compared to petroleum-based ink when it is being tested
for offset printing (Christoper, Avis, Sylvia &Vivian,
2020). The color production from vegetables has yielded
the slightest color difference which shows its possibilities
in producing vibrant colors when on prints. Oppositely,
the petroleum oil used ink created colors that duller when
being used. Naturally, the petroleum oil is cloudy and
influence the color pay-off.
Figure 1. The ink density values of vegetables-
based and petroleum-based ink printed on newsprint.
Figure 2.The ink density values of vegetables-based and petroleum-based ink printed on
supreme gloss.
114
Figure 3. The ink density values of vegetables-based and petroleum-based ink printed on
earnscliffe. The ink itself has better rub resistance which does
not give a smudging effect when printed on a paperboard.
It shows only a little of blemished which valued its
capability to withstand friction. Vegetables-based ink has
a high potential of adhesion to the substrate compared
with petroleum-based ink.
Figure 4. The ink rub resistance of the vegetables-based ink on the surfaces.
Figure 5. The ink rub resistance of the petroleum-based ink on the surfaces.
The study about the physical and chemical properties
of beans by Barros, M., and Prudencio, S. H. were
concluded that the beans with small size with lighter
colors, higher level of proximate and mineral composition
such as copper Cu, ferum Fe and potassium K together
with medium hardness after cooking, lower cooking time
required, water absorption capacity and the greater
integrity after cooking were the good choices of beans
that can be used for domestic and industrial use.
Figure 6. Proximate composition of bean varieties.
The second objective which wants to study the effect
of peanut oil during the pre and post-condition after
irradiation where portrayed by the peanut oil that shows
the low level of desirable limits for the acid, TBARS, and
the iodine values through the research. The study
concluded that peanut oils were classified as good oils to
be used for human needs.
Figure 7. Effect of gamma radiation and storage period on biochemical properties of peanut oil
6. Conclusion
Through the research, it shows that peanuts oil is
suitable for the use of printing ink today. The ink made
from peanut oil is an ink that was eco-friendly to the
world. It implemented better colors when it was stamped
on surfaces, has low rub resistance compared to
petroleum-based ink and this ink does not have higher
volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Petroleum-based ink
required higher usage of solvent to clean the printer press
due to the higher VOC released. It is safe to use ink from
vegetable oil in the food packaging since it has low VOC.
Creatively, with the innovation of this type of ink, it
can help in the way of printing today. As it is an eco-
friendly ink, it can generate a clean and conducive
environment condition to humankind as well as
introducing to a lot of excellent effects on the industries
of printing. In conclusion, the usage of ink from the beans
especially the peanut oil should be implemented in today's
way of printing to ensure the greater environmental
condition will occur.
Acknowledgement
The authors would like to thank Faculty pf Applied
Sciences and Technology, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn
Malaysia for facilities provided.
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116
JOB RESOURCES DETERMINING EMPLOYEE ENGAGEMENT IN
POLYTECHNIC MALAYSIA
T. S. Irene
Politeknik Kota Kinabalu
D. S. Caroline
Politeknik Kota Kinabalu
J. Cosward
Politeknik Kota Kinabalu
Abstract
Job resources is a key driver for generating higher level of
employee engagement in organizational. This study
focused in vocational education sector in Malaysia higher
education. The purpose of this study is to examine the
relationships between job resources and employee
engagement based on social exchange theory (SET) and
Job Demand Resources (JD-R). The participants included
7351 lecturers in all Polytechnics in Malaysia.
Administered online questionnaires using SurveyMonkey
using probability Simple Random Sampling. Applying two-
stage approach using PLS-SEM 3.0. The result showed that
Job resources were predictor of Job engagement. This
paper fulfils a need to explore how Job resources can be
conducted to achieve Employee Engagement, which is still
scarce in current literature and research.
Keywords: Job resources, Job engagement, Organization
engagement
Introduction
The Department of Polytechnic Education and
Community College Education Department has set a new
goal of producing creative and highly marketable people.
Polytechnics Malaysia's lecturers therefore play a crucial
role in making this aim achievable through being the
strongest employee dedicated to the workplace and
mentally and emotionally aligned with the priorities of the
company (Right Management, 2009) [1]. Employee
engagement has emerged as the most discussed top
management issue across the globe in this decade, as it is a
crucial factor for longevity and development in
organizations. Engagement as a research topic was of great
interest to scholars across disciplines in which various
concepts such as customer engagement (Islam and Rahman,
2016, 2017) [2], civic engagement (Jennings and Stoker,
2004; Mondak et al., 2010) [3], social engagement
(Achterberg et al., 2003; Huo et al., 2010) [4], and
employee engagement (Karatepe and Demir, 2014; Saks,
2006) [5] have been used to express it. Despite that
advancement, relatively low rates of employee engagement
continue to be identified around the globe in organizations.
Employee engagement is determined by various
variables, particularly job resources (Bakker et al., 2008;
Mauno et al., 2007; Mendes and Stander, 2011)[6]. The
findings of a study conducted by Mendes and Stander,
(2011) [7] indicated that job resources and personal
resources are better predicted for engagement. However,
almost previous findings reveal from job resources and
personal resources, relative insufficient empirical attention
has been paid to the relationship between employee
engagement and other possible antecedents (Shuck and
Wollard, 2009) [8] suggest a rising need to investigate the
wider variety of work engagement predictors due to
possible perspectives has received relatively least empirical
focus. The aim of this study are to examine and determine
on two main variables inclusive of job resources and
employee engagement.
2 Job Resources and Employee engagement
Job resources provide: “physical, psychological,
social or organizational aspects of work that help to
accomplish and/or promote personal development and
learning (Demerouti et al., 2001) [9]. Job resources serve as
a motivational process leading to engagement (Bakker and
Demerouti, 2007).
A studied have been done on employee
engagement with job resources by Elaine Farndale, Inge
Murrer, (2015) [10] examining more cross-national
validation of the job resources – engagement connection in
three countries simultaneously (Mexico, the Netherlands,
USA). This study used three countries selected as a
moderator variables under Western countries. Rivera and
Flinck (2011) [11] explained that the “majority of
employee engagement research has been focused on the
private sector where relationships and causality is informed
by management metrics and financial spreadsheets”. Three
of these job resources (financial rewards, performance
feedback, decision-making participation) derive from the
original JD-R model (Demerouti et al., 2001) [12]. Many
scholars have recognized team environment as an essential
tool for employment (e.g. Bakker et al., 2006) [13]. Team
climate complements the psychological organizational
perspective of the other tools (the production of employee
engagement) and highlights the social psychological
perspective of engagement (its development through
relationships between people) (Bakker et al., 2006) [14].
According to the JD-R model, job resources (i.e.,
physical, psychological, social, or organizational aspects of
work that may be functional in achieving work-related
goals; minimizing job demands and the associated
physiological and psychological costs; and promoting
117
personal growth and development) (Demerouti et al. 2001)
[15] improve work engagement. Bakker and Demerouti
(2012) [16] clarified that 'employees achieve the best job
performance in demanding, resourceful work
environments;' adding that 'employees need to have
adequate job challenges and job resources, including
feedback, social support and variety of skills. The
abundance of job resources given to the employees will
make them feel more positive about their future, more
productive, more important to the organization, and as a
result they will remain engaged in their work
(Xanthopoulou et al., 2007) [17]. Therefore, Job Resources
enable workers to achieve their goals and, in exchange,
employees may demonstrate greater commitment and
become more involved in their jobs (Kulik et al., 1987)
[18].
Job resources refer to those aspects of the job
which help achieve goals, reduce work demands and often
stimulate personal growth and development (Demerouti et
al., 2001) [19]. Job resources can be of a physical,
psychological, financial, or organizational nature, including
tools, decision-making engagement, colleague social
support, and flexible working hours. Job resources are
intrinsically motivating as they fulfill basic human needs —
relatedness, integrity and autonomy criteria (Van den
Broeck et al., 2008) [20]. Job resources are also extra-
inspiring, as they help achieve work-related goals (Bakker
and Demerouti, 2014) [21]. If employees have access to a
lot of job resources, they can cope with high demands for
employment. Additionally, personal capital can play a
major role. Personal resources refer to cognitions or
attitudes of workers about their perceived influence over
their workplace. Research evidence indicates that
employees more engage to their work when workers have
higher levels of personal resources, including self-,
motivation and resilience (Makikangas et al., 2013) [22].
Kahn first conceptualized and described
engagement as "the self-harnessing of organizational
participants to their job roles; people employ and express
themselves physically, cognitively and emotionally in
engagement during role performances" (Kahn, 1990:694)
[23]. Harter et al., (2002: 205) [24] Further described
employee engagement as "the participation and satisfaction
of the worker and the enthusiasm for the job." Therefor
employee engagement is the level of dedication and
participation that an employee has in his or her company
and values.
Kular et al. (2008) [25] explained that the
cognitive dimension of employee engagement has to do
with employee expectations about the company, its
members and the working conditions. They clarified that
the emotional dimensions relate to how workers feel about
these three factors, and whether they have positive or
negative attitudes toward the company and its members.
The physical dimension refers to the physical forces the
individuals use to achieve their positions. Robinson et al.
(2004) [26] describe employee engagement as a positive
attitude towards the company and its values which the
employee has. They define an active employee as being
aware of the market context and collaborating with others
to maximize results for the organization's benefit. Andrew
and Sofian (2012) [27] have found out that employee
engagement is the degree of dedication and loyalty workers
have towards their organizations and their values.
Job Engagement was first discussed by Kahn
(1990) [28] and conceptualized Job Engagement as "the
simultaneous employment and expression of the preferred
self of an individual in task behaviors promoting relations
to work and others, personal presence (physical, cognitive
and emotional) and involved, full success". Job
Engagement's history followed two key sources that
centered first on job resource factors including the physical,
psychological or organizational aspects of the job. (Bakker
et al., 2011) [29] While the other focuses on job demand
factors, such as the physical, psychological or
organizational aspects of the task, which require sustained
physical and psychological effort or skills and are therefore
correlated with some physiological or psychological costs
(Bakker and Demerouti, 2007) [30]. Saks (2006) [31] refers
to Organizational Engagement as the degree of engagement
in an organisation's role efficiency.
In addition, Nutov and Hazzan (2014) [32],
referring to Organizational Involvement, emphasized the
recognition of the organizational needs of the workers and
the strategic alignment with the organizational culture.
Richman et al. (2008) [33] claimed that organizational
engagement is distinct from engagement and coined
engagement with the company as 'emotional and cognitive
engagement.'
3 Hypotheses of the Study
The study is conducted to test the following
hypotheses:
H1: Job resources has a positive influenced on Job
engagement in Polytechnic Malaysia
H2: Job resources has a positive influence on
Organization engagement in Polytechnic Malaysia
4 Method
The research design for the purpose of this study
was a descriptive field study, whereby making use of
information requested from the academic staff of
Malaysian Polytechnic as unit of analysis by means of
structured questionnaire. Descriptive methods help us to
understand the way things are (Welman and Kruger 2004:
19-20) [34].
A cross-sectional sample survey field study will be
applied in this research as data will be collected at a single
point in time. Field study was referring as a non-
experimental research design used to discover the
relationship among variables in real social structures, such
as communities, institutions and organizations (Kerlinger,
1992) [35]. A cross-sectional sample survey time horizon is
118
limited to certain point of time to collect data on certain
variables (MacCallum and Austin, 2000) [36].
This survey was administered online to test the
study hypotheses. Many researchers have turned to social
media as a viable source for collecting research data
(Castelli et al., 2013) [37]. The survey instrument was
posted on SurveyMonkey, one of the leading provider of
web based survey solutions. A letter of acknowledgement
on this study was send through internal email of Malaysian
polytechnics together with attachment of SurveyMonkey
links to all lecturers in Malaysian polytechnics.
The statistical analysis used in this study were
PLS-SEM in SMARTPLS 3.0 an advent more advanced
analytical techniques under a second-generation techniques
of multivariate analysis. PLS-SEM is used to develop
theories in exploratory research (Hair et al., 2017) [38]. The
data collected were analyzed using the Statistical Package
for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 23 software. After the
data were screened and cleaned, it was transformed into csv
form so that the next analytical software known as Partial
Least Square-Structural Equation Model (PLS-SEM) using
Smart PLS Version 3.0 (Ringle et al., 2015) [39] was used
to analyze the measurement model to scrutinize the internal
consistency, indicator reliability, convergent validity, and
discriminant validity. Once the measurement model had
been conducted, the researcher then performed another test
known as structural model to determine the coefficient of
determination (R2) and path coefficient followed by
hypothesis testing.
Results
Table 1
Reflective Measurement Model
Assessment
Construct CR AVE
Convergent
Validity
Job Resources 0.929 0.687 Yes
Job Engagement 0.96 0.618 Yes
Organzation
Engagement 0.976 0.89 Yes
In PLS-SEM, composite reliability is measured for
the constructs for ensuring reliability. In this study model
each consruct have composite reliability more than 0.8
which is good enough for high level research and 0.6 is
acceptable. In addition, average variance extracted (AVE)
value measure the convergent validity of the constructs.
The AVE value ≥ 0.5 is the accepted value. Thus the model
of this study satisfies all the above conditions for further
measurements.
Table 2
Discriminant Validity-Cross-Loading
JOB
ENGAGE
MENT
JOB
RESOURCE
S
ORGANI
ZATION
ENGAGE
MENT
JE10 0.784 0.52 0.705
JE11 0.842 0.462 0.681
JE12 0.774 0.44 0.63
JE13 0.704 0.428 0.629
JE14 0.802 0.42 0.627
JE15 0.778 0.423 0.598
JE16 0.711 0.344 0.535
JE17 0.72 0.447 0.589
JE2 0.763 0.599 0.7
JE4 0.842 0.583 0.742
JE5 0.763 0.431 0.651
JE6 0.809 0.456 0.624
JE7 0.852 0.593 0.786
JE8 0.787 0.567 0.674
JE9 0.836 0.544 0.679
JR1 0.502 0.768 0.547
JR2 0.608 0.848 0.595
JR3 0.476 0.775 0.527
JR4 0.564 0.885 0.642
JR5 0.472 0.861 0.579
JR6 0.479 0.829 0.558
OE1 0.798 0.649 0.92
OE2 0.814 0.685 0.952
OE3 0.778 0.692 0.945
OE4 0.781 0.643 0.949
OE5 0.798 0.608 0.95 *Cross-Loading of each indicator need to be higher on its
own construct but low on other constructs
Discriminant validity ensures that every construct
in the model is different from each other and no construct is
represented by other construct in this study. This study
applied the cross loadings methods. The cross loading
measures the indicator’s outer loading of the respective
construct which is higher than the loadings of other
constructs. The lower cross loadings than that of indicator’s
outer loading symbolizes no crisis with discriminant
validity, thus this study conform discriminant validity for
the constructs.
119
Table 3
Formative Assessment for VIF value
Construct Items VIF
Job Engagement JE2 3.322
JE4 4.036
JE5 2.785
JE6 3.28
JE7 3.867
JE8 3.281
JE9 4.472
JE10 2.882
JE11 3.459
JE12 2.396
JE13 2.371
JE14 3.001
JE15 3.439
JE16 2.544
JE17 3.088
Organization
Engagement OE1 2.062
OE2 2.76
OE3 1.997
OE4 3.145
OE5 3.013
Note: VIF≤5 (Hair et al., 2017)
Collinearity problem exist when two or more
predictor constructs are highly correlated, meaning that one
construct can be linearly predicted by other predictor
variable with high level accuracy. Collinearity is judged by
the value of VIF (Variance Inflation Factor) of ≤ 5 is
considered free from collinearity problem.
Table 4
Path Coefficient Assessments
Origi
nal
Samp
le (O)
Sam
ple
Mea
n
(M)
Standa
rd
Deviat
ion
(STDE
V)
T
Statistics
(|O/STD
EV|)
P
Valu
es
Job
Resource
s -> Job
Engagem
ent 0.205
0.19
7 0.113 1.815
0.03
5
Job
Resource
s ->
Organiza
tion
Engagem
ent 0.149
0.13
3 0.108 1.38
0.08
4
Note : P value < 0.10 and
t value > 1.28 (one-tailed)
The standardized path coefficient value higher
than 0.0 signifies positive relationship between the
constructs, whereby the t-value or p-value signifies the
significance level of relationship. Both relationship
between Job resources and Job engagement similarly
between Job resources and Organization engagement have
positive relationship with the value of 0.205 and 0.149
respectively. The t-value of each of the relationships are
above the cutoff value signifies that all the relationships are
statistically significant. The t-value of both the endogenous
constructs is 1.815 and 1.38 for the Job engagement and
Organization engagement respectively, thus signifies
statistically significant.
Table 5
Confidence Interval Bias
Hypoth
esis
Origi
nal
Samp
le (O)
Sam
ple
Mea
n
(M)
Bias
5%
(LL
CI)
95%
(UL
CI)
H1
Job
Resource
s -> Job
Engage
ment 0.205
0.19
7
-
0.00
9
0.01
1
0.38
8
H2
Job
Resource
s ->
Organiza
tion
Engage
ment 0.149
0.13
3
-
0.01
6
-
0.03
7
0.30
6
The reporting of the significance and relevance of
the structural model relationships using t-values and p-
values is not sufficient, the confidence intervals bias
corrected result of upper and lower bound should also be
provided by performing bootstrapping test. Statisticians
often use an interval estimate that is known as confidence
interval to express the precision and uncertainty associated
with a particular sampling method. In addition, the
confidence interval also provided supplementary evidence
to either support or reject a hypothesis. A hypothesis to be
significant in case of the confidence interval being
120
significantly different from zero (Hair et al., 2017) [40].
Thus, the confidence interval for hypotheses H1 did not
include zero (0) respectively, indicating that these
relationships were significant. Meanwhile, H2 were
rejected as it respective confidence intervals were not
significantly different from zero.
Table 6
R Square
R Square
R Square
Adjusted
Job Engagement 0.556 0.55
Organization Engagement 0.685 0.681
Coefficient of determination R square identifies
the variance of endogenous construct explained by
exogenous latent variable in this study. Job resources
construct explain 55.6 percent variance and 68.5 percent
variance.
6 Discussion
This study adopted the yardstick frequently used
in marketing-related studies and recommended for human
resource management-related studies (Ringle et al., 2018)
[41]. It involved interpreting the (R2) values of 0.75, 0.50
and 0.25 for endogenous latent variables as substantial,
moderate or weak, respectively (Hair et al., 2011) [42].
Following the guideline, classification of these (R2) values
accordingly assigned Organization Engagement (0.685),
and Job Engagement (0.556) as substantial.
The structural model describes the relationship
between constructs of the PLS-SEM path model. Assessing
of path coefficient through SMART PLS by calculating
bootstrapping with one-tailed and significance level of
0.05, as the p-values and t-values threshold value < 0.10
and > 1.28 respectively. The purpose is to assess the
significance and relevance of the structural model
relationships. Looking at the relative importance of the
exogenous constructs in predicting the dependent construct
(Job Engagement), it is evident that Job Resources was a
predictor (JR = 0.205). Next, when examining the
endogenous construct of Organization Engagement, Job
Resources (JR = 0.149) was a predictor as well. However,
statisticians often use an interval estimate that is known as
confidence interval to express the precision and uncertainty
associated with a particular sampling method. In addition,
the confidence interval also provided supplementary
evidence to either support or reject a hypothesis. Thus,
hypotheses (H1) shows a significant relationship means the
hypotheses is supported while Hypoheses (H2) shows a
insignificant relationship which indicate the hypotheses to
be not supported.
Job engagement and Organization engagement
together were explained 55.6 percent and 68.5 percent
respectively of variances (R square) for the construct of Job
resources. The different dataset are expected to produce
very similar results as teh adjusted R square values are very
close to R square value.
7 Conclusion
This paper thus represents a significant new
development in the Job resources literature. It also
represents a significant development in the literature on
Employee engagement by presenting a coherent model and
process for enhancing Job engagement and Organization
engagement. This study empirically proved thata Job
resources have significant positive influence on Job
engagement but not a significant influence on Organization
engagement. Thus organization can take proactive
measures to increase the level of employee engagement in
term of Job engagement and Organization engagement to
best structure their allocation of Job resources. Thus, the
findings of this study are expected to work as a guideline
for the policy makers and practitioners to enhance the
employee engagement in education sectors in Malaysia.
Further study may be conducted on other sectors or
industries to generalize the findings.
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