Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings. Figure 7.1a The human skeleton. Skull Thoracic cage (ribs and sternum)

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings.

Figure 7.1a The human skeleton.

Skull

Thoracic cage(ribs and sternum)

(a) Anterior view

Facial bones

Cranium

Sacrum

Vertebralcolumn

Clavicle

ScapulaSternumRibHumerus

VertebraRadiusUlna

Carpals

PhalangesMetacarpalsFemurPatella

Tibia

Fibula

TarsalsMetatarsalsPhalanges


Figure 7.1b The human skeleton.

(b) Posterior view

Cranium

Clavicle

Bones ofpectoralgirdle

Bones ofpelvic girdle

Upperlimb

Scapula

RibHumerus

VertebraRadiusUlna

CarpalsPhalangesMetacarpalsFemur

Lowerlimb

Tibia

Fibula


Figure 7.2a The skull: cranial and facial divisions and fossae.

Bones of cranium (cranial vault)

Lambdoidsuture

Facialbones

Squamoussuture

(a) Cranial and facial divisions of the skull

Coronalsuture


Figure 7.2b The skull: cranial and facial divisions and fossae.

Anterior cranialfossa

Middle cranialfossa

Posterior cranialfossa

(b) Superior view of the cranial fossae


Figure 7.2c The skull: cranial and facial divisions and fossae.

Frontal lobeof cerebrum

Temporal lobeof cerebrum

Cerebellum

Posterior

Middle

Anterior

Cranialfossae

(c) Lateral view of cranial fossae showing the containedbrain regions


Figure 7.3 Major cavities of the skull, frontal section.

Paranasalsinuses

Orbit Orbit

Cranial cavity

Oral cavity

Inferiornasalconcha

Maxilla

Mandible

Ethmoidbone

Frontalbone

Zygomaticbone

Vomer

Nasalcavity

Frontalsinus

Ethmoidsinuses

Maxillarysinus


Figure 7.4a Lateral aspect of the skull.

Coronal suture Frontal bone

Sphenoid bone(greater wing)Ethmoid bone

Lacrimal bone

Lacrimal fossa

Nasal bone

Zygomatic bone

Maxilla

Alveolar margins

MandibleMental foramen

Parietal bone

Lambdoid suture

Occipital bone

Temporal bone

Occipitomastoid suture

External acoustic meatus

Mastoid processStyloid process

Mandibular condyleMandibular notch

Mandibular ramus

(a) External anatomy of the right side of the skull

Mandibular angle Coronoid process

Zygomatic process

Squamous suture


Figure 7.4b Lateral aspect of the skull.

(b) Photograph of right side of skull

Sphenoid bone(greater wing)

Coronal suture

Parietal bone

Squamous suture

Zygomatic process

Temporal bone

Lambdoid suture

Occipital bone

External occipitalprotuberanceOccipitomastoid suture

External acousticmeatus

Mastoid process Styloid process

Mandibular ramus

Mandibular angle

Mental foramen

Frontal bone

Ethmoid boneLacrimal bone

Nasal bone

Lacrimal fossaZygomatic bone

Maxilla

Mandible

Coronoid process

Alveolarmargins

Mandibular condyle

Mandibular notch


Figure 7.5 Posterior view of the skull.

Lambdoidsuture

Occipital bone

Superior nuchal line

External occipitalprotuberance

Sutural bone

Inferior nuchal line

Occipitalcondyle

External occipital crestOccipitomastoidsuture

Parietal bone

Sagittal suture


Figure 7.6a Anterior view of the skull.

Parietal bone

Squamous part of frontal boneNasal boneSphenoid bone(greater wing)Temporal boneEthmoid boneLacrimal bone

Zygomatic bone

Maxilla

Mandible

Infraorbital foramen

Mentalforamen

(a) Anterior view of skull

Mentalprotuberance

Frontal bone

Glabella

Frontonasal suture

Supraorbital foramen(notch)Supraorbital margin

Superior orbital fissure

Inferior orbital fissure

Middle nasal concha

Inferior nasal concha

Vomer

Optic canal

Perpendicular plateEthmoidbone


Figure 7.6b Anterior view of the skull.

Frontal bone

Squamous part of frontal boneGlabellaFrontonasal sutureSupraorbital notchSupraorbital marginNasal bone

Superior orbitalfissure

Inferior orbital fissureVomer bone

Mandible

Mental foramen

Ethmoid bone

Parietal bone

Greater wing ofsphenoid boneTemporal bone

Optic canalLacrimal bone

Zygomatic bone


Mastoid processof temporal bone


Maxilla

Middle nasal conchaPerpendicular plate

Mental protuberance

(b) Photo of anterior view of skull


Figure 7.7a Inferior aspect of the skull.

Maxilla(palatine process)

Hardpalate

Zygomatic bone

Incisive fossa

Median palatine sutureIntermaxillary suture

Infraorbital foramenMaxillaSphenoid bone(greater wing)

Foramen ovale

Pterygoid process

Foramen lacerumCarotid canalExternal acoustic meatusStylomastoidforamenJugular foramen

Foramen magnum

Occipital condyle

Inferior nuchal line

Superior nuchal line

Temporal bone(zygomatic process)

Mandibular fossa

Vomer

Styloid process

External occipital crest

External occipitalprotuberance

(a) Inferior view of the skull (mandible removed)

Mastoid processTemporal bone(petrous part)

Basilar part ofthe occipital bone

Occipital bone

Palatine bone(horizontal plate)

Foramen spinosum


Figure 7.7b Inferior aspect of the skull.

Hard palate

Mandibularfossa

Mastoidprocess

Zygomatic processof temporal bone

Zygomatic bone

Foramen ovale

Foramen lacerumCarotid canal

Styloid process

Jugular foramen

Occipital condyle

Foramen magnum

Superior nuchalline(b) Photo of inferior view of the skull

Foramen spinosum


Figure 7.8 The temporal bone.

Mastoidregion

External acousticmeatus

Mastoid process

Styloid process Tympanicregion

Mandibularfossa

Zygomaticprocess

Squamousregion


Sphenoid

Figure 7.9a Floor of the cranial cavity.

Frontal bone

Olfactory foramina

Lesser wing

Anterior cranial fossa

Hypophyseal fossaof sella turcica

Middle cranialfossaTemporal bone(petrous part)

Posteriorcranial fossa

Parietal bone

Occipital bone

Foramen magnum

(a) Superior view of the skull, calvaria removed

Greater wing

Ethmoidbone

Crista galli Cribriform plate

Optic canal

Foramen rotundum

Foramen ovale

Foramen spinosum

Jugular foramen

View

Hypoglossal canal

Foramen lacerum

Internal acoustic meatus


Sphenoid

Figure 7.9b Floor of the cranial cavity.

View

Frontal bone

Olfactory foramina

Lesser wing

Anterior cranial fossa

Middle cranialfossaTemporal bone(petrous part)

Posteriorcranial fossa

Parietal bone

Occipital bone

Foramen magnum

(b) Superior view of the skull, calvaria removed

Greater wing

Cribriform plateEthmoidbone

Crista galli

Optic canal

Foramen rotundum

Foramen ovale

Foramen spinosum

Jugular foramen

Foramen lacerum

Hypophyseal fossaof sella turcica


Figure 7.10a The sphenoid bone.

(a) Superior view, as in Figure 7.9

Opticcanal

GreaterwingSellaturcica

Lesser wing

Foramen rotundumForamen ovale

Foramen spinosumBody of sphenoid


Figure 7.10b The sphenoid bone.

Greaterwing

Body of sphenoid

Superior orbitalfissure

Lesser wing

Pterygoidprocess

(b) Posterior view


Figure 7.11a Midsagittal section through the skull.

Parietal bone

Coronal sutureFrontal bone

Frontal sinus

Greaterwing

Crista galliNasal boneSphenoid sinusEthmoid bone(perpendicular plate)

MaxillaAlveolar margins

Incisive canal

Lambdoid sutureOccipital bone

OccipitomastoidsutureExternal occipitalprotuberance

Internal acousticmeatusSella turcica of sphenoid bone

Pterygoidprocess ofsphenoid bone

MandibularforamenPalatine bone

SquamoussutureTemporal bone

(a) Medial view of the left half of skull

Lesserwing

Palatine process of maxilla

Sphenoid bone

Vomer

Mandible


Figure 7.11b Midsagittal section through the skull.

(b) Photo of skull cut through the midline, same view as in (a)

Petrous partof temporalbone

Greater wingof sphenoidbone

Crista galli

Ethmoid bone(perpendicularplate) Palatine boneExternal

occipitalprotuberance

Internal acoustic meatus

Sella turcica and sphenoid sinus

Frontal sinus

Lesser wingof sphenoidbone


Figure 7.12 The ethmoid bone.

Orbitalplate

Ethmoidal air cells

Perpendicularplate

Middlenasal concha

Cribriformplate

Olfactoryforamina

Crista galli

Left lateralmass


Figure 7.13a Detailed anatomy of the mandible and the maxilla.

Coronoidprocess

Mandibular foramen

Mentalforamen

Mandibularangle

Ramusofmandible

Mandibularcondyle

Mandibular notch

Mandibular fossaof temporal bone

Body of mandible

Alveolarmargin

(a) Mandible, right lateral view

Temporomandibularjoint


Figure 7.13b–c Detailed anatomy of the mandible and the maxilla.

Frontal process

Articulates with frontal bone

Anterior nasalspine

Infraorbitalforamen

Alveolarmargin

(b) Maxilla, right lateral view (c) Maxilla, photo of right lateral view

Orbital surface

Zygomaticprocess(cut)


Figure 7.14a Bones of the nasal cavity.

Frontal sinus

Superiornasal conchaMiddlenasal concha

Ethmoidbone


Nasal bone

Maxillary bone(palatine process)

Palatine bone(perpendicularplate)

Palatine bone (horizontal plate)

Pterygoidprocess

(a) Bones forming the left lateral wall of the nasal cavity (nasal septum removed)

Sphenoidsinus

Sphenoidbone

Superior, middle, andinferior meatus

Anterior nasal spine


Figure 7.14b Bones of the nasal cavity.

Vomer

Crista galliCribriformplate

Ethmoidbone Frontal sinus

Nasal bone

Septal cartilage

Alveolar marginof maxilla

Perpendicular plate of ethmoid bone

Sella turcica

Sphenoid sinus

Palatine bone

Palatine processof maxilla

(b) Nasal cavity with septum in place showing the contributions of the ethmoid bone, the vomer, and septal cartilage

Hardpalate


Figure 7.15a Paranasal sinuses.

Frontal sinusEthmoidal air cells(sinus)

Maxillary sinus

Sphenoid sinus

(a) Anterior aspect


Figure 7.15b Paranasal sinuses.

FrontalsinusEthmoidal air cells

Maxillarysinus

Sphenoid sinus

(b) Medial aspect


Figure 7.16a Bones that form the orbit.


Figure 7.16b Bones that form the orbit.

Roof of orbit

Medial wall

Orbital plateof ethmoid bone

Sphenoid body

Supraorbital notch Optic canal

Floor of orbit

Orbital process ofpalatine boneOrbital surface ofmaxillary bone

Lacrimal bone

Nasal bone

Frontal processof maxilla

Lateral wall of orbit

Zygomatic processof frontal boneGreater wing ofsphenoid boneOrbital surface ofzygomatic bone

Zygomatic bone

Zygomatic bone

Inferior orbital fissure

Infraorbital groove


Superiororbital fissure

(b) Contribution of each of the sevenbones forming the right orbit

Lesser wing ofsphenoid boneOrbital plate offrontal bone


Figure 7.17 The hyoid bone.

Greater horn

Lesser horn

Body


Figure 7.18 The vertebral column.

Cervical curvature(concave)

7 vertebrae, C1 – C7

Thoracic curvature(convex)

12 vertebrae,T1 – T12

Lumbarcurvature(concave)

5 vertebrae, L1 – L5

Sacralcurvature

(convex) 5 fusedvertebrae sacrum

Coccyx4 fused vertebraeAnterior view Right lateral view

C1

T1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

L1

2

3

4

5

2

3

4

567

SpinousprocessTransverseprocesses

Intervertebraldiscs

Intervertebralforamen


Figure 7.19a Ligaments and intervertebral discs of the spine.

Supraspinous ligamentIntervertebraldisc

Anteriorlongitudinalligament

Intervertebral foramen

Posterior longitudinalligament

Anulus fibrosus

Nucleus pulposus

Sectioned bodyof vertebra

Transverse process

Sectionedspinous process

Ligamentum flavum

Interspinousligament

Inferior articular process

(a) Median section of three vertebrae, illustrating the compositionof the discs and the ligaments


Figure 7.19b Ligaments and intervertebral discs of the spine.

Posterior longitudinalligament

Anterior longitudinalligament

Body of a vertebra

Intervertebral disc

(b) Anterior view of part of the spinal column


Figure 7.19c Ligaments and intervertebral discs of the spine.

Vertebral spinous process(posterior aspect of vertebra)

Spinal nerve root

Anulus fibrosusof disc

Herniated portionof disc

Nucleuspulposusof disc

Spinal cord

(c) Superior view of a herniated intervertebral disc

Transverseprocess


Figure 7.19d Ligaments and intervertebral discs of the spine.

Nucleus pulposus of intact disc

(d) MRI of lumbar region of vertebral column in sagittal section showing normal and herniated discs

Herniated nucleuspulposus


Figure 7.20 Structure of a typical vertebra.

Posterior

Anterior

Lamina

Superior articularprocessandfacet

Transverseprocess

Pedicle

Spinousprocess

Vertebralarch

Vertebralforamen

Body(centrum)


Figure 7.21 The first and second cervical vertebrae.

Anterior arch

Superior articularfacet

Transverse foramen

Posterior arch

Posterior tubercle

Anterior tubercle

Posterior

Lateralmasses

(a) Superior view of atlas (C1)

C1

C2

Facet for dens

Transverseprocess Lateral

masses

Transverse foramen

Posterior arch

Posterior tuberclePosterior

Anterior tubercle

Anterior arch

(b) Inferior view of atlas (C1)

Inferiorarticularfacet

Posterior

Dens

(c) Superior view of axis (C2)

Inferiorarticularprocess

Body

Superior articularfacetTransverse

process

Pedicle

LaminaSpinous process


Figure 7.21a The first and second cervical vertebrae.

Anterior arch


Transverse foramen

Posterior arch

Posterior tubercle

Anterior tubercle

Posterior

Lateralmasses

(a) Superior view of atlas (C1)

C1


Figure 7.21b The first and second cervical vertebrae.

Facet for dens

Transverseprocess Lateral

masses

Transverse foramen

Posterior arch

Posterior tuberclePosterior

Anterior tubercle

Anterior arch

(b) Inferior view of atlas (C1)

Inferiorarticularfacet

C1


Figure 7.21c The first and second cervical vertebrae.

C2Posterior

Dens

(c) Superior view of axis (C2)


Body


Transverseprocess

Pedicle

LaminaSpinous process


Figure 7.22a Posterolateral views of articulated vertebrae.

Dens of axis

Transverse ligamentof atlasC1 (atlas)

C2 (axis)

C3

Bifid spinousprocess

Transverse processes

C7 (vertebraprominens)

(a) Cervical vertebrae

Inferior articularprocess


Figure 7.22b Posterolateral views of articulated vertebrae.

Transverseprocess

Spinousprocess

Superior articularprocess

Transversecostal facet(for tubercle of rib)

Body

Intervertebraldisc

Inferior costalfacet (for headof rib)

Inferior articularprocess

(b) Thoracic vertebrae


Figure 7.22c Posterolateral views of articulated vertebrae.

Superiorarticularprocess

Transverseprocess

Spinousprocess

Intervertebraldisc

Body


(c) Lumbar vertebrae


Figure 7.23 The sacrum and coccyx.

Body offirstsacralvertebra

Transverse ridges (sites of vertebralfusion)

Coccyx Coccyx

AnteriorsacralforaminaApex

Posteriorsacralforamina

Mediansacralcrest

Sacral promontorySacralcanal

Sacralhiatus

BodyFacet of superiorarticular process

Lateralsacralcrest

Auricularsurface

Ala

(a) Anterior view (b) Posterior view


Figure 7.23a The sacrum and coccyx.

Body offirstsacralvertebra

Transverse ridges (sites of vertebralfusion)

Coccyx

AnteriorsacralforaminaApex

Sacral promontory

Ala

(a) Anterior view


Figure 7.23b The sacrum and coccyx.

Coccyx

Posteriorsacralforamina

Mediansacralcrest

Sacralcanal

Sacralhiatus

BodyFacet of superiorarticular process

Lateralsacralcrest

Auricularsurface

Ala

(b) Posterior view


Figure 7.24a The thoracic cage.

Intercostalspaces

True ribs(1–7

Falseribs(8–12)

Jugular notchClavicular notch

Manubrium

Sternal angleBody

XiphisternaljointXiphoidprocess

L1

VertebraFloating ribs (11, 12)

(a) Skeleton of the thoracic cage, anterior view

Sternum

Costal cartilageCostal margin


Figure 7.24b The thoracic cage.

XiphisternalXiphisternaljoint

Heart

Sternal angle

Jugular notch

(b) Midsagittal section through the thorax, showingthe relationship of surface anatomical landmarksof the thorax to the vertebral column

T2

T4

T3

T9


Figure 7.25a Ribs.

Junction withcostal cartilage

Shaft Head NeckArticular faceton tubercle

Costal angleCostal groove

Facets for articulationwith vertebrae

(a) A typical rib (rib 6, right), posterior view


Figure 7.25b Ribs.

Transverse costal facet (for tubercle of rib) Superior costal facet

(for head of rib)

Body of vertebra

Head of rib

Intervertebral disc

Tubercle of rib

Neck of rib

Shaft Sternum

Angleof rib

Cross-sectionof rib Costal groove

(b) Vertebral and sternal articulations of a typical true rib

Costal cartilage


Figure 7.25c Ribs.

Spinous processArticular faceton tubercle of rib

Shaft

Ligaments

Neck of rib

Head of rib Body ofthoracicvertebra

Transversecostal facet(for tubercleof rib)

Superior costal facet(for head of rib)

(c) Superior view of the articulation between a rib and athoracic vertebra


Figure 7.26 Cleft palate.


Figure 7.26a Cleft palate.


Figure 7.26b Cleft palate.


Figure 7.26c Cleft palate.


Figure 7.27 Abnormal spinal curvatures.


Figure 7.27a Abnormal spinal curvatures.


Figure 7.27b Abnormal spinal curvatures.


Figure 7.27c Abnormal spinal curvatures.


Figure 7.28 Skull of a newborn.

Occipitalbone

Parietal bone

Anteriorfontanelle

Frontal suture

Frontal bone

Sphenoidalfontanelle

Frontal bone

Ossificationcenter

(a) Superior view

Posterior fontanelle

(b) Lateral view

Posteriorfontanelle

Mastoidfontanelle

Parietal bone

Ossificationcenter

Occipital bone

Temporal bone(squamous portion)


Figure 7.28a Skull of a newborn.

Occipitalbone

Parietal bone

Anteriorfontanelle

Frontal suture

Frontal bone

Ossificationcenter

(a) Superior view

Posterior fontanelle


Figure 7.28b Skull of a newborn.

Frontal bone

Sphenoidalfontanelle

(b) Lateral view

Posteriorfontanelle

Mastoidfontanelle

Parietal bone

Ossificationcenter

Occipital bone

Temporal bone(squamous portion)


Table 7.1 Bones of the Skull (1 of 6)












Table 7.2 Regional Characteristics of Cervical, Thoracic, and Lumbar Vertebrae (1 of 3)





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Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings. Figure 7.1a The human skeleton. Skull Thoracic cage (ribs and sternum)