Copy of Major Project (Alok)

8/2/2019 Copy of Major Project (Alok)

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BLUE MOUNTAINS GROUP OF COLLEGE

FINAL YEAR CIVIL ENGINEERING

------Major Project (Building Project) Report 2011-2012------

Page No

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the project report submitted by Mr. AlokChandra Joshi student of the final year Civil Engineering of this

polytechnic carried out this dissertation and concerned gadget under

my guidance and supervision.

This is did in partial fulfillment for the award of three year

diploma in Civil Engineering awarded by Uttarakhand Board of

Technical Education.During work, his behavior was good and I wish him all the

success in life.

B.B.Bali

Date:..

Head of DepartmentPlace: Civil Engineer


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Page No

CERTIFICATE

It is certify that the project entitled Construction of a single

Storey Type Three Bed Room Set, has been prepared under my

guidance in partial fulfillment of the requirement of Uttarakhand

Board of technical Education for the award of Diploma in Civil

Engineering and its own work of the student.

Date: Mr. D.C.Chauhan

Place:.. (Lecturer)

(Deppt. Of Civil Engg.)

Miss. Madhu Nautiyal

(Asst. Lecturer)

(Deppt. Of Civil Engg.)


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------Major Project (Building Project) Report 2011-2012------Page No

APPROVAL

I affirm that the project work titled, Construction of a single Storey

Type Three Bed Room Set being submitted in partial fulfillment for the

award of Diploma in civil Engineeringis the original work carried out

by me.

It has not formed the part of any other project work submitted for award of

any degree or diploma, either in this or any other University.

Signature of the Candidate

Name:.

Civil Engineering

Govt Polytechnic Dehradun

This Project Report has been completely drafted by ..

Under my guidance. He have put in complete effort towards preparing this


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Project Report and I confirm that it is complete and original in all respect.

I certify that the declaration made above by the candidate is true.

Date of Approval Signature

S.K.GARBYAL

(Lecturer in civil engineering)


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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

To Design and Estimate a project is very laborious work which no student could

been complete without taking any help from the experienced person of the

profession.

Acknowledgement with gratitude that the valuable guidance rendered at even odd

hours by Shri B.B.Bali, Head of Department Civil Engineering.

I am much thankful to MR. D.C. Chauhan and Miss. Madhu Nautiyal, Lecture

Civil Engg. Of our polytechnic.

I am also thankful to my friends.

FINAL YEAR CIVIL ENGG.

B.M. GROUP OF COLLEGE

DEHRADUN (U.K.)


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PREFACE

The Project is essential feature pre-requisite requirement for the awardof Diploma in Civil Engineering this year. We were asked to prepare a

project. This project is given by Uttarakhand Board of Technica

Education.

This brief project report wraps all the necessary information regarding

the project, detailed specification, etc. are attached with this report.

This detailed estimate of the building has been prepared and the

analysis of rates based on the latest PWD schedule of rates.

I tried my best to make the project successful, but even the there may

be some mistakes, I beg pardon for that.

I am heartily thankful to my respected teachers and all my friends fo

their guidance and valuable help in completing this project.

FINAL YEAR CIVIL ENGG.

GOVT. POLYTECHNIC

DEHRADUN (U.K.)


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Page No

CO-WORKERS


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INDEX

Building Project. Introduction Necessity Of Project.. Project Problem. Building Of Law Layout Specification. Notation. Designing... Schedule of Bars Units Of Measurement Schedule Of Rate Cartage Analysis Of Rate. Estimating And Costing.. Abstract Of Cost. Project Report. Bibliography Drawing The End


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INTRODUCTION

Main requires different types of building for his activities : houses

bungalows and flats for his living: hospitals and health centres for his health

schools, colleges and universities for his education, banks, shops, offices

buildings and factories for doing work, railway building, bus stations and air

terminals for transportation, clubs, theatres and cinema house, temple

mosques, dharmshalas etc, for worship. Each type of the above buildings has

its own requirements. The above building activities are an in portant

indicator of the countrys social progress.

House, bungalows, flats, huts etc provide shelter to man. The first hut with

bamboos and leaves can be taken as the first civil engineering construction

carried out to satisfy the needs for a shelter. Before that, caves were his early

abode. The history of development of housing facilities reveals that man has

been moulding his environment throughout ages for more comfortable

living.


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Egyptians constructed hugs pyramids. The greens developed a style of

proportions of building elements, there propositions are known as the orders

of Architecture. Romans developed arches for vaults and domes. They used

pozolona sand, mortar, plaster and concrete. During the gathic period of

architecture churches with pointed arches and the side supporting masonry

walls, vaults were constructed. The arched ribs were supported by stone

pillars strengthened by buttresses. There structures led to the idea of framed

structures.

The period from 1750 A.D. onwards in known as the period of modern

Architecture. Due to economic pressure, after the war and due to industrial

development, many new methods and materials of construction were

developed. The use of reinforcement concrete construction triggered the

rapid development of modern architecture. Functional, structural

components such as columns, chajjas, cantilever, R.C.C. slabs become

increasingly popular because of the increased speed in construction. Use of

plywood, glass, decorative etc., helped the designers to make the new

structures look more elegant. The main considerations in Architectura

design of buildings for all purposes are as follows:-


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a)Climate and its effect.b)People and their requirements.c)Materials for construction and method of construction.d)Regulations and bye-laws of sanctioning authority.

Types of Buildings:-

a)Group A : Residential Buildingb)Group B : Educational Buildingc)Group C : Institutional Buildingd)Group D : Assembly Buildinge)Group E : Business Buildingf)Group F : Industrial Buildingg)Group G : Mercantile Buildingh)Group H : Storage Buildingi) Group I : Hazardous Building


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Components of a building

A building has two basic parts:-

I. SubStructures or foundationII. Superstructure

Sub Structures or foundation is the lower part of the building

usually located below the ground level, which transmits the loads of the

super structure to the supporting soil.

Superstructure is that part of structure which is above ground level,

And which serves the purpose of its intended use. A part of the

superstructure, located between the ground level and floor level is known a

plinth.

A Building has main following components:-a)Foundationsb)Masonry units : walls and columnsc)Floor structuresd)Roof structurese)Doors, windows and openingsf)Building finishes


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------Major Project (Building Project) Report 2011-2012------PageNo

MEANING OF PROJECT

Before taking up any work we should have to understand the meaning

of work.

Our work is make a project, therefore the meaning of the project is a

follows:-

P for PLANNING:-

Before starting any work we should have to do planning of th

work. In this divide the whole work in small stages and find the stages, which

are inter depend on each. So that we can complete our work in more

efficiency, in shorter span of time and also economical.

R for RESOURCES:-

The availability of resources is very much needed necessity t

work.


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O for OPERATION:-

A work involver many operation in its stages of completion on

should have to know the proper operation required at each stages.

J for JOINT EFFORTS:-

The join efforts of the people who are responsible the work ca

only take the work to the path of successful completion.

C for COMMUNICATION:-To complete work effectively there should be no communicatio

gap between the concerned workers and also between the worker managers.

T for TECHNIQUE:-

The way and process by which we take out the favorable result tform the work is called technique.


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BUILDING BYE LAWS

There are regulations and bye laws which are framed by Indian standardand issued of booklet. IS 1256-1967 is the code of building bye laws which i

followed in India and all the constructions are regulated according to it

provision municipalities and they may also laid down their own regulation to

their local requirements but they are also laid in line with the provision of IS

code 1256-1967 with little but modification. The building bye laws lay down

provision with respect to the following.

1.Maximum Covered Area:-S.N. CLASSIFICATION OF

PLOT

AREA OF

PLOT

COVERED AREA

PERMISSIBLE AREA

OF PLOT

1.

2.

3.

4.

Type A

Type B

Type C

Type D

7-100

501-1000

201-500

1-200

33

40

50

60

Some local

bodies in town

allow coverage

of pilot


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2. Maximum Set Back:- Maximum set back is give below:-

FRONT (M) SIDES(M) BACK(M)

0.30 1.5 4.5

3. Maximum allowable thickness of load bearing masonry wall in cm. I

depends upon the number of stories in building:-

STORIES 1 2 3 4

For singly storey building thickness of brick wall should be one brick and fo

doubly storey building we use one and half brick.

4.Carpet Area:- carpet area varies from 50-60% of the plinth area.

20

20

20

20

-

20

20

20

-

-

20

20

1

2

3

4

-

-

-

20


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5. Passage Gluing Access To Start Case:- It should to as follows.

a.Width of the passage saving a single staircase shall not to less than thwidth of that staircase.

b.The width of the passage saving more than one stair case it serves pluone half the sum of width of the removing staircase.

6. Depth Of Foundation:- Depth of foundation depends upon the loading

and type of foundation as well as soil characteristics. How the foundationwas in under that is free from weathering effect. Minimum depth o

foundation should to one mater.

7. Plinth Level:- The height of plinth depends upon the nature of th

advancing ground especially with respect to drainage and floor level.


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8. Height Of Ceiling:- For main room of the building the height should to

between 3.30m and 3.60m. It may to scheduled to 3m for bathroom and W.C

9. Open Air Space For Ventilation:- Every room intended for huma

habitation shall about on interior open air space of the width as dimension

specified below:

a)Front open space:- Minimum 3m but not less than 1.80m in day light.b)Rear open space:- Rear open yard should have an average width o

4.5m and at no place the yard will measure less than 3m.

c)Side open space:- There must be at least 9m wide open space, at leasone side of the residential house.

10. Ventilation Of The Building:- The purpose of ventilation is to permi

fresh air to come inside the rooms and to remove polluted air, smoke. Fo

effective Ventilation the total area of the Doors and Window should be 25%

of the total area, 12.5% may be provided for Windows.

In addition to this Ventilation should have 4% of the Floor Are

Generally Ventilators are place 15cm to 30cm below the Ceiling.


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11. Orientation Of The Building:- In the Modern housing or in Urba

Areas, the Architect or Engineer have very little flexibility to decide th

Orientation of building. When the Area is developed for housing, the Road

sewer, water supply main lines and Electric line are already laid.

The front of the House, has to fit with the front road and expect to locat

the Building such that the by laws regarding the covered Area and set back

from the front, back and sides. There is no flexibility available for th

orientation of the building. However where certain flexibility is availabl

such as in locating a farm house or on the Isolated Building, the following

point may be kept in view:

a)The orientation of the building should be such that the maximum benefis obtained from Sun and Air.

b)As far as possible building should be such that maximum benefit iobtained from Sun, Air, Northern Hemisphere so that low altitude Sun i

available during Winter.

c)In place subjected to Western wind the Building should face thDirection in which wind blows for most all the time during the year.


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Wo t

12. Double Storeyed Building:- The total floor area provided by the double

storied building costs between 80-85% of the lost of equivalent floor area

provided by a Single storied house. It is therefore economical to have two or three

storied house. In view of the fact the available land for house Construction islimited the only way to meet ever increasing demand of housing is o resort the

multi storeyed building.

13. Geometry Of The House:- As a rule it is more economical to have a squar

plan than an oblong one. The area occupied by the wall of an along house may be

25% larger than the corresponding area occupied by a square building. The housbuilt on square plan keeps the house comparatively cooler in summer and warm in

winter.

14. Room Locating And Common Size:- The common size and desirabl

locating of various components of a residential building are give below.


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S.No Particular Of

Building

Component

Common

Size

Characteristics And Their

Location

1

2.

Living Room,

Drawing Room

Dining Room

4.20m4.80m

5.40m7.20m

3.60m4.20m

4.20m4.80m

This is the important part ofbuilding which is used as

sitting place of visitors and

family members, it shall be

directly approach for the

front Verandah and

connected to the Dining

room when it is locatedseparately.

It should be well righted

and ventilated. It should be

connected to the Drawing

Room as well as Kitchen.


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3.

4.

5.

Bed Room

Store Room

Office Room,

Study Room, Guest

Room

3.00m3.60m

4.20m4.80m

2.50m2.50m

3.003.00m

3.00m3.00m

The location should

provided proper

Ventilation at least an

sphere should be exposedto the Atmosphere for

proper lightning and

Ventilation.

It should be adjusted with

Kitchen, by making anumber of Slabes and

Racks.

It should be at one end of

the Front Verandah and is

also connected with otherRooms, some time it serves

as Guest Room. It should

have an attached Bath and

W.C.


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6.

7.

8.

9.

Pantry

Bath and WaterCloset

2.50m3.00m

1.801.80m1.80m2.50m

1.20m1.80m

1.201.8m

It is used for keeping

cooked Food.

For Combined Bath and W.C.

For separate Bath.

For separate W.C.

In Modern House W.C.

and bath are in the same

Room attached to each

Bed Room.

It should be located in the

side of the Building and

connected pantry and

Living Room. It should be

Ventilated properly, fitted

with Sink.

Kitchen

Verandah

2.50m3.90m

3.00m3.00m

2.50m3.00m

3.00m3.60m

It should be provided at the

Front and at the Back side of

the Building.


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LAYOUT

Setting out the position of wall and foundation lines on the ground

from the drawing is called as layout of building. Layout is done by

foundational plans shown in the drawing.

Detailed plans and drawing are prepared before actual execution o

any project. For layout detailed plan of the area is required. Site plan and

detailed are studied thoroughly and out of various walls. The longest oute

wall is chosen as the base line. With the help of site plan and detailed planlength of the center line of the wall are calculated and center line plan of the

building is prepared.

Distance of center point of the outer corner of the building wal

from the property line is noted on the center line plan.

On the choosed base line marks the corner points. These points

can be located on the ground easily from the site plan, detailed plan andcenter line plan. The distance between the center to center corners points o

the base line from the center line plan.Now pegs are down at these corners


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center points. This center line can be mark on the ground by lime powder by

stretching tightly a string between them.

Now using the base line and using length of various center linewhich are calculated on center line plan. All other center lines are marked

and pegs are driven at their extremities. All the pegs so driven lie on the

center line of various walls. At all these pegs show width of the foundationa

trench similarly at all the center corner pegs addition pegs one on the oute

side and one on the inner side are driven showing the width of the trench to

be excavated. After this the excavation lines are marked on the ground by th

stretching string turn by turn between corresponding outer and inner pegsthus foundation is completely trace on the ground. Thick nails are driven on

the top of pegs.

Once the excavation of the foundation trenches is started

excavation line and center line will also get excavated and will not remain

available for checking purpose. Masonry pillars constructed at 900

at trench

corner of the building. The height of masonry pillars is kept at plinth level othe building. The height of masonry pillars is kept at plinth level of the

building. All such pillars shall be kept at the same level with the help o

dummy level. The top surface of the pillars is plastered and position


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Showing corresponding center line, excavation lines are marked by making

groove in pillars.

The pillars should not be destroyed till the foundation work icompleted. If due to some reason it is not possible to construct masonry

pillars alternative arrangement must be made to serve the purpose o

masonry pillars.

After ground tracing or layout has been completed with respect t

center line of walls, diagonals of rectangular or square rooms should be

equal if they are not equal adjustments are done at the site before pegs are

driven finally. Right angles in the ground tracing may be set up using 3.4 an

5 meter length of the tape.

Before starting excavation, the strings are stretched between th

outside lines of the foundation trench marked over the masonry pillars and

the cutting lines are marked on the ground by lime powder.


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SPECIFICATION

Specification specifies or describes the nature and the class o

work, material to be used in the work, workmanship, etc and is very

important for the execution of the work. The cost of the work depends much

on the specifications. From the study of specification one can easily

understand the nature of the work, the purpose for which the work i

required, strength of the materials, availability of materials, quality o

materials etc.

Specifications are of two types:-

a)General Specification.b)Detailed Specification.

1. GENERAL SPECIFICATION:-

General specification gives the nature and the class of the work


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and materials in general terms, to be used in the various parts of the work

from the foundation to the superstructure. It is the short description o

different parts of the work specifying materials, proportions, qualities etc.

The general specifications of the building are given below:-

1.Foundation & Plinth:- Foundation and plinth shall be of - Class bric

work in lime mortar or 1:6 cement mortar over lime concrete or 1:4:8 cemen

concrete.

2.Damp Proof Course:- D.P.C shall be 2.5cm () thick cement concret

1:1.5:3, mixed with one Kg of Impermo per beg of cement or other standar

water proofing materials as specified and painted with two coats of bitumen.

3.Roofing:- Roof shall be of R.C.C. slab with an insulation layer and lin

concrete terracing above, supported over R.S. Joists or R.C.C beams a

required. Height of room shall not be less than 3.0 meter.


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4. Superstructure:- Super structure shall be of -class brick work with lime

mortar or 1:6 cement mortar. Linter over doors & window shall be of R.C.C.

5. Flooring:- Floor shall be 2.5 cm () cement concrete over 7.5 cm (3)

Lime concrete. Verandah floor shall be of brick tile of flag stone over lime

concrete, finished cement painted.

6. Finishing:- Inside and outside walls shall be of 12mm cement concrete

mortar plastered 1:6. Ceiling shall be cement plaster 1:3. Inside shall bewhite washed 3 coats, colour washed two coats over one coat of white wash.

7.Door & window:- Chaukat shall be of salwood, and shutters of chi

mango or country wood. Doors & windows shall be painted two coats with

ordinary paints over one coat of priming.

8. Miscellaneous:- Rain water pipes of cast iron or of asbestos cement shall


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be provided and finished painted. Building shall be provide with st clas

Sanitary and water fitting and Electrical installations. I meter wide 7.5cm c.c

1:3:6 aprons shall be provided all around the building.

2. DETAILED SPECIFICATIONS:-

The detailed specification is a detailed description and expresse

the requirements in details.

The detailed specification of an item of work specifies the qualitie

and quantities of materials, the proportions of mortar, workmanship, th

method of preparation and execution and the methods of measurement.

The detailed specifications of various items of works are a

follows:-

1. EARTHWORK IN EXCAVATION IN FOUNDATION:-

Excavation:-

Foundation trenches shall be dug out to the exact width of


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Foundation concrete and the sides shall be vertical. If the soil is the not goo

and does not permit vertical sides, the sides should be sloped back o

protected with timber shoring. Excavated earth shall not be placed within 1m

(3) of the edge of the trench.

Finish of trench:-

The bottom of foundation trenches shall be perfectly levele

both longitudinally and transversally and the sides of the trench shall b

dressed perfectly vertical from bottom up to the loose concrete leasthickness. The bed of the trench shall be lightly watered and well ramme

excess digging if done through mistake shall be filled with concrete at th

expense of contractor inspection and approval of the trench by the engineer

in-charge.

Finds:-

Any treasure and valuable or materials found during th

excavation, shall be the property of the government.


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Water in foundation:-

Water if any accumulates in the trench should be bailed o

pumped out without any extra payment and necessary precautions shall btaken to prevent surface water to enter into the branch.

Trench filling:-

After the concrete has been constructed the remaining portio

of the trenches shall be filled up with earth in layers of 15cm (6) and wel

rammed.

Measurement:-

The measurement of the excavation shall be taken in cum

Rate shall be for complete work for 30m lead and 1.50m lift including al

tools and plants required for the completion if the works. For every extra lifif 1.5m separate extra rate if provided.


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2. LIME CONCRETE IN FOUNDATION:-

Materials:-

All materials shall be as per stands specifications coarsaggregate shall be of hard, well burnt or over-burnt brick ballast of 4mm

gauge. It shall be deep cherry red or copper colour and shall be clean, fre

from dust and other foreing matters. It shall be homogenous I texture and

roughly cubical I shape. Ballast which appears porous and shows sign o

saltpeter shall not be used.

Fine aggregates shall be of surkhi or sand or cinder aspecified, and clean and free from dust, dirt and foreign matters. Surkhi shal

be made of well-burnt bricks or bricks bats (not over-burnt) shall pas

through a siere of 2.5 meshes per sq.cm.

Lime shall be white fat lime and shall be freshly burnt an

free from ashes and other foreign matters.

Lime shall be slaked at site of work and screened through sieve of 3 meshes to a cm.


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Proportion:-

The concrete shall consists of 1 cum of brick ballast, 0.3

cum of surkhi (sand of cinder) and 0.16 cum of white lime in the proportioof 100:32:16 by volume.

Mixing:-

Mixing shall be done on a clean watertight, masonry platform

of sufficient size. Bricks ballast shall be stacked in a rectangular layer o

uniform thickness usually 30cm (12) high and well soaked with clean wate

for a period of at least three hours. The dry mix of lime and surkhi shall b

spread over the stacked ballast to the required thickness to give the specifie

proportion. The materials shall then be mixed dry turning at least three times

Clean water then be added slowly to the required quantity while mixing and

materials mixed thoroughly by turning at least three times so that whol

surface of each ballast do not separate from mortar.


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Laying and Compacting:-

Bed of foundation trench shall be lightly sprinkled with wate

before concrete is laid. Concrete shall be slowly and gently in layers if nomore than 20 cm (8) and thoroughly consolidated should be checked by

water test, by digging a hole of about 7.5 cm dia and 7.5 cm deep in th

concrete and filling water. The water level should not sink more than 1.25 cm

in 15 minutes if concrete has been well consolidated.

Joints and consecutive layers:-

When joint in a layer of concrete are unavoidable, the end

shall be sloped at and angle of 300 and junction of different layers shall mad

rough and cleaned and watered before upper layer is laid.

Curing:-

Concrete after completion shall be kept wet for a period of a

least 7 days and no masonry shall be constructed upon it during this period.


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The curing shall be done by spreading gunny bags or sand or keeping them

wet by water-can at regular intervals.

Measurement:-

Measurement shall be taken in cum (cu.ft) for the finishe

concrete. The length and breadth shall be measured correct to 1cm and dept

correct to 0.5cm. the rate shall be for the complete work including the cost o

from work if required, and all tools and plants.

Note:-

If kanker lime is used 0.35 cum of kanker like shall be use

with cum ballast and no surkhi or sand or cinder shall be added.

When brick ballast is no available, in hill areas, stone ballas

40mm (1

1/2

) gauge, sand and white lime may use in the lime proportion aabove.


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LIME CONCRETE IN ROOF TERRACING:-

Materials:-

All materials shall be of standard specifications. Coarse

aggregate shall be of well burnt or over burnt brick ballast of 25mm gauge, it

shall be deep cherry red or copper color and shall be clean, free from dust,

dirt and other foreign matters. It shall be homogenous in texture and roughly

cubical in shape. Ballast which appears porous or shows sign of through a

square mesh do 37.5cm and not more than 20 percent shall pass through a

mesh 20cm.

Fine aggregate shall be of Surkhi, clean free from dust, dirt

and foreign matters. Surkhi shall be made from well burnt bricks and shall

pass through a screen of 25 meshes per sq cm (144 meshes per sq in).

Lime shall be white fat lime and shall be freshly burnt and

free from ashes and other foreign matters. Lime shall be slaked at site if work

and screened through a sieve of 3 meshes to a cm.


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Proportion:-

Concrete shall consists of 1cum brick ballast 0.36 cum o

surkhi and 0.18 cum white lime (proportion 100:36:18).

Mixing:-

Mixing shall be done in a clean watertight masonry platform

of sufficient size. Brick ballast shall be stacked in rectangular layer o

uniform thickness usually 30cm high and well soaked with clean water fo

period of at least three hours. The dry mix of lime and Surkhi shall be sprea

over the stacked ballast the required thickness to give the specifie

proportion. The material shall then be dry mixed turning at least three times

Clean water shall be added slowly to the required quantity while mixing an

materials mixed thoroughly by turning at least three times so that whol

surface of each ballast gets coated with a mortar and the mix become plasti

of uniform color of workable consistency and the ballast do not separate from

mortar. Concrete shall be mixed for days work, stale concrete shall not b

used.


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Laying And Consolidation:-

Surface shall be lightly sprinkled with water and then

concrete shall be laid slowly and gently in layer so as to have required slop

and specified thickness after compaction. The concrete shall then be lightly

rammed with 6kg (121 bs) rammers and during preliminary ramming the

surface shall then be perfectly leveled by means of trowel, straight edge and

spirit level. The concrete shall then be further consolidated by two rows of

labours sitting close and beating the concrete with wooden thapis and

moving forward and backward covering the whole surface. The beating shall

continue for at least seven days until the concrete is thoroughly compacted

and until the thapis rebound from the surface when struck in the concrete,

special care shall be taken to consolidate and the junctions shall be rounded.

When beating is a progress, the surface of the concrete shall be frequently

sprinkled with mixture of line molasses and boiled solution if bad for water

proofing.


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Finishing:-

As soon as beating has been completed the mortar that ha

come to top shall be softened by the addition of lime, molasses and bealfruit sudation and smoothened by rubbing and pressing with a trowel or floa

to a fine polish. No surface plaster shall be used on any account for finishing

the surface. The finished surface shall have a minimum slope of 1 in 50 an

maximum slope of 1 in 36 towards the rain water outlet. For every 40sq.m o

roof area, 100 mm diameter rainwater pipe shall be provided.

Curing:-

The concrete shall be kept wet for a fortnight. The wetting

would done by covering with straw or sand and watering frequently by water

can dividing in to squaresby mud kiaries which shall be kept flooded wit

water.


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Measurement:-

The measurement shall be taken for the finished work o

superficial area in sqm. Stating the average thickness. The average thicknesshall be measured correct to 6mm and length and breadth shall be measure

correct to 1cm. no deductions shall be made for opening up to 0.4 sqm. and

extra payment shall be made for opening up to 0.4 sqm or labour involved in

forming such opening. For opening exceeding 0.4 sqm deductions will b

made in the measurement but labour in forming such opening. Rate shall b

for the finished work including all tolls and plants.

Note:-

If kankar lime is used, 0.45 cum of kankar lime shall be mixed with cum brick ballast.

If stone ballast used the proportion shall be 1 cum of stone ballast of 24mm gauge 0.5 cum of sand and 0.25 cum of white lime

The finished thickness of lime concrete in roof tracing may not be 1.cm to 12cm(3 to 41/2).

The surface finishing may be taken in sqm under a separate item.


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4. CEMENT CONCRETE(1:2:4):-

Materials

Aggregate shall be of invert materials and should be cleandense, hard, sound, durable, non-absorbent and capable of developing goo

bond with mortar.

Course aggregate shall be of hard broken stone of granite o

similar stone, free from dust, dirt and other foreign matter. The stone ballas

shall be of 20mm (3/4) size and all should be retained in a 5mm square mes

and well graded such that the voids do not exceed 42%. For building wor2mm gauge may be used.

Fine aggregate shall be of coarse sand consisting of hard

sharp and angular grains and shall pass through screen of 5mm square mesh

Sand shall be of standard specification clean and free from dust, dirt an

organic matters. Sea sand shall not be used.

Cement shall be clean and free from alkaline and acid matterAnd water shall be suitable for drinking purpose.


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Proportion:-

The proportion of concrete shall be 1:2:4 as cement: sand

ballast, by volume unless specified.

Hand Mixing:-

Mixing shall be done for masonry platform or sheet iron tray

For concrete of 1:2:4 proportion, first two boxes of sand and one bag o

cement shall be mixed dry thoroughly and then this cry mix of cement an

sand shall be placed over a stack of 4 boxes of stone aggregate and the whol

mixed dry turning at least three times to have uniform mix. Water shall the

be added slowly and gradually with a water can while being mixed to th

required quantity 25 to 30 liters per bag of cement, to give a plastic mix o

the required work ability and water cement ratio. The whole shall be mixe

thoroughly turned at least three times to give a uniform concrete.

Mixing by machines:-


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Stone ballast and cement shall be put into the cemen

concrete mixture to have the required proportion. For concrete 1:2:

proportion first four boxes of stone ballast them two boxes of sand and then

one bag of cement shall be put in to the c.c. mixture, the machine shall b

added gradually to the required quantity, 25 to 30 liter per bag of Cement to

have the required water cement ratio. The mixing should be thoroughly t

have a plastic mix of uniform color. It required 3/2 to 2 minutes rotations fo

thorough mixing. Mixed concrete shall be unloaded on a masonry platform.

Slump:-

Regular slump test should be carried out to control th

addition of water and to maintain the required consistency. A slump of 7.

cm to 10 cm (3 to 4) may be allowed for building work.

Formwork:-

Formwork centering and shutting shall be provided as


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required as per standard specification before laying concrete in position. Th

inner surface of the concrete shutting shall be oiled to prevent concret

sticking to it. The base and formwork over which concrete to be laid shall b

watered by sprinkling water before concrete lay. Forms should not b

remover before 1Formwork shall be removed slowly and carefully withou

disturbing and damaging concrete.

Laying:-

Concrete shall be laid gently in layers not exceeding 15 cm(6) and compacted by pinning with rods and tamping with wooden tamper

or with mechanical vibrating machine until a dense concrete is obtained. Ove

vibration will separate coarse aggregate from concrete should be avoided

After removal of the formwork in due times the concrete surface shall be fre

from money combing, air voids or any other defect.

Concrete should be laid continuously, if laying is suspende

for rest or for the following day the end shall be sloped at the angle 30 and


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made rough for further joining. When the work is resumed, the previous work

sloped portion shall be rough ended, cleaned and a grout of heat cement shall

be applied and the fresh concrete shall be laid. For successive layer the upper

layer before the lower has set.

Curing:-

After about two hours laying when concrete has begun t

harden, it shall be kept damp by covering with wet gunny bags or wet stan

for 24 hours, and then cured by flooding with water making mud walls 7.5 c(3) height or by covering with wet sand or earth and keep dam

continuously for 15 days. If specified, curing may be done by coverin

concrete with special type of water proof papers so as to prevent wate

escaping or evaporation.

Note:-

For week concrete 1:3:6, 1:4:8, 1:5:10 etc stack measurement


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And hand mixing in a pucca platform may be allowed. For weak concrete

brick ballast of cheep type ballast of 40mm (1/2) size may be used.

5. REINFORCED CEMENT CONCRETE (R.C.C.)

Steel:-

Steel reinforcement bars shall be of mild steel or deforme

steel of standard specifications and shall be free from corrosion, lose russcales, oil, grease, paints etc.

The steel bar shall be round and capable of being bent withou

fracture. Bars shall hook and bent accurately and placed in position as pe

design and drawing and bound together tight with 20s.w.g.annealed stee

wires at there point of intersection. Bars shall be bent cold y Appling gradua

and even motion, bars of 40mm (1/2) diameter and above may be bent b

heating to dull red and allowed to cool slowly without immersing in water o

quenching.


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Joint in the bar should be avoided as far as possible, whe

joint have to be made and over lap of 40 times diameter of the bar shall b

given with proper hooks at ends and joints should be staggered. Bigge

diameter bars should be joints by welding and tested before placing i

position while concreting steel bar shall he given side and bottom covers o

concrete by placing precast cover blocks underneath of 1:2 cement morta

2.5cm 2.5cm in section and thickness of specified cover. 4 cm to 5 cm fo

beam and 1 cm to 2 cm for slab during laying and compacting of concrete th

reinforcing bars should not move from there position and bar of the lai

position should not be disturbed.

Centering and Shuttering:-

Centering and shuttering shall be made with timber or stee

plate close and tide to prevent leakage of mortar, with necessary props

bracings and wedges, sufficiently strong and stable and not yield on layin

concrete and made in such a way that can be slacked and removed graduallywith disturbing the concrete. No plastering should be spread to adherence o

concrete. For slab and beam small camber should be given in centering, 1 cm

per 2.5 cm (1/2 per loft) with a maximum of 4 cm(11/2). Centering an

Shuttering should not be remove before 14 days in general 4 days for R.C.C.


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columns, 10 days for roof slab and 14 days for beams. The centering an

shuttering shall be removed slowly and carefully so that no part is disturbe

of damaged.

Proportion of Cement Concrete:-

Cement concrete shall be of 1:2:4 proportions by a volume o

slabs beams and lintels and 1:11/2:3 proportion for columns unless other wis

specified.

Materials for Concrete:-

Cement shall be fresh Portland cement of standard I.S.I

specification and shall have the required tensile and compressive stresses an

fineness. Coarse aggregate shall be hard, free from dust, dirt and other foreig

matters. The stone ballast shall be retained in a mm square mesh and wel

graded such that no voids do not exceed 40 percent. For building work 2

mm gauge may be used. Fine aggregate shall be or coarse sand consisting o

hard, sharp and angular grains and shall pass thorough screen of 5mm square


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mesh. Sand should be of standard specifications clean and free from dust, dir

and organic matters. The stone aggregate shall usually be 20mm to 60mm

(3/4 to ) gauge unless otherwise specified. For heavily reinforced concret

members as in the case of ribs of main beams the maximum size of aggregat

should usually be restricted to 5mm less than the minimum clear distanc

between the main bars or 5mm less than the minimum cover to th

reinforcement whichever is small.

Mixing by hand:-

Mixing shall be done in masonry platform or sheet-iron tray

For concrete of 1:2:4 proportion, first two boxes of sand and one bag o

cement shall be mixed thoroughly and then this dry mix of cement and san

shall be placed over a stack of 4 boxes least three times to have uniform mix

Water shall be added slowly and gradually with a water can while bein

mixed to the required quantity 25 to 30 liter per workability and water

cement ratio. The whole shall be mixed thoroughly turning at least thretimes to give a uniform concrete.


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Machine-Mixing:-

Stone ballast sand and cement shall be put into the C.C

Mixer to have the required proportion. For concrete the 1:2:4 proportion firsfour boxes of stone ballast, then the boxes of sand and then one bag o

cement shall be put into the C.C. Mixer, the machine shall then revolved to

mix materials dry and then water shall be added gradually to the required dry

and then water shall be added gradually to the required quantity, 25 to 30

liters per bag of cement to have the required the water cement ratio. Th

mixing should be done thoroughly to have a plastic mix of uniform color. I

requires 11/2

to 2 minutes rotation for thorough mixing. Output of concretmixer is 15 to 20 per hour.

Laying:-

Before laying the concrete, the shuttering shall he clean, fre

from dust, dirt and other foreign matters. The concrete shall be deposited in

its final position. In case of columns and walls it is desirable to plac

concrete in full height. Care should be taken that the time between mixing


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and placing of concrete shall not exceed 20 minutes so that the initial setting

process is not interfered with. During winter concreting shall not be done if

the temperature falls below 40C. Concreting shall be protected by frost.

Concrete shall be compacted be mechanical vibratin

machine until a dense concrete is obtained. The vibrating shall continu

during the entire period of placing concrete. Compaction shall be complete

before initial setting starts. Over vibration which will separate coars

aggregate from concrete shall be avoided. After removal of the formwork i

due time, the concrete surface shall be free from honey combing, air-holes o

any other defect.

Concrete shall be laid continuously, if laying is suspended fo

rest or the following day, the end shall be sloped at an angle of 300 and mad

rough for future jointing. When the work is resumed, the previous slope

position shall be roughened, cleaned and watered and a coat of neat cemen

shall be applied and the fresh concrete shall be laid for successive layers th

upper layer shall be laid before the lower layer has set.

Structures exceeding 45 meters in length shall be divided b

one or more expansion joints. Structures in which plan dimensions change

abruptly shall be provided with expansion joints at the section where such


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changes occur. Reinforcements shall not extend across an expansion joint a

the break between the section shall be complete.

Curing:-

After about 1 hrs laying when concrete begun to harden, i

shall be kept damp by covering with wet gunny bags or wet sand for 24 hrs

and then by flooding with water. Making mud walls 7.5 cm (3) high or b

covering with wet sand or earth or kept damp done by covering concrete with

special type of water proof papers so as to present evaporating.

Finishing:-

If specified the exposed surface shall be plastered with 1:

cement sand mortar not exceed 6mm thickness and pasting shall be applie

immediately after removal of the centering while concrete is green

Immediately before applying the plaster the surface of the concrete shall b

wetted and need cement wash shall be given.


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Measurement:-

Measurement shall be taken in cum for the finished work an

no deductions shall be made for the volume of steel. Steel reinforcementshall be measured under a separate item in a quintal. Plastering if any sha

not include a separate item in a quintal. Plastering if any shall not include i

the measurement. The rate for R.C.C. work shall be for the complete wor

excluding steel includes centering and shuttering and all tools and plants.

6. DAMP PROOF COURSE 2.5 cm:-

Material:-

Damp proof course shall consists of cements of cement coars

sand and stone aggregate of 1:11/2:3 proportion with 2 percent of Impermo o

cem-seal or standard water proofing compound (1kg per bag of cement). Th

cement shall be fresh. Portland cement of standard specification. The san

shall be clean hard and tough of 20mm size well graded and free from dusand dirt.


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Mixing:-

Mixing shall be done in a masonry platform or in a shee

iron-tray in the proportion of 1:11/2:3 by measuring with boxes. The cemenis first mixed with the water proofing compound to the required quantity, and

then mix dry with sand in the proportion of 1:11/2. The mix of cement and

sand shall then be mixed dry with stone aggregate to have the proportio

1:11/2:3. Clean water then shall be added slowly and gradually while bein

mixed with to the required quantity to give a plastic mix of the require

workable consistency. The mixing shall be done by turning at least thre

times to give a uniform and homogeneous concrete.

Laying:-

The level of the surface of the plinth shall be checke

longitudinally and transversely. The top of walls at damp proof course shoul

be laid with frogs of the bricks downwards battens of 2.5 cm thickness shal

be fixed properly and firmly on both sides to confine the concrete so that th

shuttering does no get disturbed during compaction and mortar does not lea

through. The inner edges of the shuttering shall be oiled to prevent concrete


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adhering to it. The surface of the wall shall be cleaned and the masonry shal

be wetted by watering before concrete is laid. The concrete shall be laid

within half and hour mixing and compacted thoroughly by tamping to make

dense concrete and leveled both on longitudinally and transversely. After two

hours of laying the surface of concrete shall be laid in continuation in one

day without any joints. Joints or breaks if unavoidable shall be given at the

sills of doors or openings. Shuttering may be removed after three days. On

removal of the shuttering the edges should become smooth without honey

combing.

Curing:-

The damp proof course shall be cured by watering and kep

wet for 7 days and the construction o the wall above may be started. The

surface shall be cleaned and wetted before masonry is started.


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Painting with Asphalt:-

Two coats of asphalt painting may be applied on the uppe

surface of damp proof course, if specified. The first coat of hot asphalt 1.5 kper sqm shall be applied uniformly on the surface when the concrete is dry

and the painted surface is blinded immediately with coarse sand and th

tamped lightly.

7. BRICKWORK 1st CLASS:-

Bricks:-

All bricks shall be of first class of standard specification

made of good brick earth, thoroughly burnt, and shall be of deep cherry red

or copper colour. Bricks shall be regular in shape and their edges should b

sharp and shall emit clear ringing sound on being struck and shall be fre

from cracks, chips, flaws and lumps of any kind bricks shall not absorb wate

more than onesixth of their weight after one hour of socking by immersingin water. Bricks shall have a minimum crushing strength of 105 kg/sqcm.


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Mortar:-

Mortar shall be specified and materials of mortar shall be of

standard specifications.

For cement mortar cement shall be fresh. Portland cement o

standard specifications. Sand shall be sharp, clean and free from organic an

foreign matters. For rick mortar coarse local fine sand may be used

Proportion of cement sand mortar may be (1:3 to 1:6 as specified). Material

of mortar shall be measured to have the required proportion with measurin

box and first mix dry to have a uniform a colour in a clean masonry platform

and then mixed by adding clean water slowly and gradually to have

workable consistency and mixed mortar shall be used, old and stale morta

shall not be used and mortar for one hours work only shall be mixed wit

water so that the mortar may be used before setting starts.

Soaking of Bricks:-

Bricks shall be fully soaked in clean water by submerging

tank for a period of 12 hours immediately before use. Soaking shall be


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continued till air bubbling is ceased.

Laying:-

Bricks shall be well bounded and laid in English bond unles

otherwise specified. Every coarse shall be truly horizontal and wall shall be

in plump. Vertical joins in alternate course shall come directly over on

another. No damaged or broken bricks and shall be placed near the ends o

the walls but not at the other edge. Selected bricks shall be used for fac

work. Mortar joints shall not exceed 6mm (1/4) in thickness and joints shalbe fully filled with mortar. Bricks shall be laid with frogs upward except in

the top course where frogs shall be placed downward. Brickwork shall be

carried out not more than 1m height at a time. When one part one part of the

wall has to be delayed, stepping shall he left at an angle of 45 corbelling o

projection where made should not be more than 1/4 brick projection in one

course. All joints should be raked and faces of wall cleaned at the end o

each days work.


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Curing:-

The brick work shall be kept wet for a period of at least 10

days after laying. At the end of days work the top of walls shall be floodedwith water by making small weak mortar edging to contain at least 2.5 cm

deep water.

Protection:-

The brick work shall be protected from the effect of sun, rain

frost etc. During the construction and up till such time it is green likely to be

damage.

SCAAFFOLDING:-

Necessary and suitable scaffolding shall be provided to

facilitate the construction of brick wall. Scaffolding shall be sound andstrong and supports and members sufficiently strong so as to with stand all

loads likely to come upon them.


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Measurement:-

Brickwork shall be measured in cum. Different kinds o

brickwork with different mortar shall be taken under separate item thethickness of wall shall be taken a multiple of half brick the rate shall be fo

the complete work including scaffolding and all tools and plants,

8. PLASTERING CEMENT MORTAR AND LIME MORTAR:-

The joints of the brickwork shall raked out to a depth of 18

mm (3/4) and the surface of the wall shall be washed and kept wet for two

days before plastering.

The materials of mortar, cement and sand or lime and surkhi or sand, o

kanker lime, as specified should be of standard specification. The material

or mortar shall be first dry mixed, by measuring with boxes to have th

required proportion, and then water added slowly and gradually and mixed

thoroughly.

The thickness of plastering shall be as specified usually

12mm (1/2) applied uniform thickness of plaster patches of 15 cm 15 cm


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(6) strips 1m (3) a part or 2m (6) a part or 10 cm (4) with plaster shall b

applied first at about 2m (6) a part to act as a guide. First mortar shall b

dashed and pressed over the surface by means of float and trowel. Externa

plastering shall be started from top and worked down towards floor. Interna

plastering shall started wherever the building frame is ready and centering o

the roof slabs have been removed. Ceiling plastering shall be completed

before starting of wall plaster. All corners and edges shall be rounded. Th

plastered surface shall be kept wet for 10 days. The surface should b

protected from rain, sun, frost etc.

For ideal work, the plastering should be applied in three coatthe rendering or first coat of 10 mm, the floating of second coat of 10 mm

to 6 mm and finishing coat of 5 to 6 mm, having a total minimum thicknes

of 20mm (3/4). The first coat shall be applied on the prepared rakked

cleaned and wetted surface by dashing the mortar and floated roughly with

wooden float. It shall be kept damp for at least two days. When the first coa

has sufficiently has set, the surface shall be wetted and a second coat o

plaster shall be applied and brought to true even surface and the lightlyroughened with a wooden float to provide bond for the finished coat shal

them be applied on the wetted surface of the second coat and finished smooth

to true even surface by float and trowel.


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The work shall be tested frequently with a straight edge and

plumb bob. At the end of the day the shall be left cut clean to line. When th

next day plastering is started the edge of the old work shall be scraped

cleaned and wetted with cement slurry. At the end of the plastering shall b

closed near to the wall and not near than 15cm to any corner.

Curing shall be started as soon as the plastered has hardened

sufficient not to be damaged when watered. If specified, the final surfac

shall be given special finishing textures, as scaped textures, canvas texture

etc with the required tools by engaging as expert worker in the profession.

Proportions:-

Different proportions of mortar which may be used fo

plastering-

Cement sand mortar- 1:3, 1:4, 1:5 and 1:6 Cement lime sand mortar-1:1:6 Lime surkhi or sand mortar- 1:1, 1:2 Kankar line mortar-kankar line mortar alone


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For ceiling plastering 1:3 cement mortar with coarse sand i

generally used. Cement, lime sand mortar is slow setting and has bette

workability than cement sand mortar.

Measurement:-

Plastering shall be taken in sqm stating thickness. Mortar and

its mix plastering of all roofs ceilings, walls etc shall be measured unde

separate items. The measurements of all plastering shall be taken for th

dimensions before plastering for length and from top to floor or skirting tothe ceiling to the height. Exterior plastering to a height greater than 10m

(30ft). Plastering bands 30cm (12) or below shall be measured in runnin

meters (rft).

Deduction:-

No deductions shall be made for the ends of joists, beams, posts etc anopenings not exceeding 0.5 (5sqft) each.


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For openings not exceeding 0.5sqm (5sqft) but not exceeding 3sqm(30sqft) each deduction shall be made for one face only and the othe

face shall be allowed for jambs, soffits and sills which shall not b

measured.

When the two faces are plastered with different mortars or if one side iplastered the other pointed, deduction shall be made on the basis o

chaukhats of doors and window on which the width of jambs or reveal

is less than on the side.

In case of opening of area above 3sqm (30sq.ft) each deduction shall bmeasured and added.

9. 2.5cm (1) CEMENT CONCRETE FLOOR:-

The cement concrete shall be of proportion 1:2:4 or 1:2, 1/21

as specified. Cement shall be fresh Portland cement of standar

specifications. The coarse aggregate shall be hard and tough of 20mm (3/4

gauge, well grade and free from dust, dirt etc. the sand shall be coarse o5mm maximum size and down, well graded, clear and free from dust an

other organic matters.


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The floor shall be leveled and divides into panels of size no

exceeding 1 meter in its smaller dimension and 2m in large dimensions

Glass or aluminum strips 3mm thick and depth equal to the thickness of th

floor shall be fixed on the base with cement mortar. Required camber o

slope shall be given in the floor for drainage of wash water.

Mixing of concrete shall be done by hand mixing or by

mechanical mixer. Concrete for one panel only shall be mixed in one lot

Alternate panels shall be laid on alternate days. The floor shall be laid in two

layers. The lower layer being 22mm thick and upper layer 3mm thick. The

base shall be made rough and cleaned and soaked with water thoroughly anthen given a cement wash just before laying. Concrete shall be placed gently

and evenly and compacted by beating with wooden thapies and then th

surface shall be tamped with wooden tampers. The surface shall then b

smoothened with wooden floats and any unevenness shall be removed by

adding 1:2 cement sand mortar. The whole operation of laying shall b

completed within 30 minutes. After laying the surface shall be lef

undisturbed for 2 hours cured by flooding within water and kept folded for aleast for at floor with wall plaster, dado and skirting shall be rounded of

nearly.


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10. WHITE WASHING:-

Fresh white lime slaked at site of work should be mixed with

sufficient water to make a thin cream. The approximate quantity of waterrequired in making the cream is 5 liters of water to 1 kg of lime. It shall then

be screened through a coarse cloth and gum in the proportion of 100 gm of

gum to 16 liters of wash shall be added. The surface should be dry and

thoroughly cleaned from dust and dirt. The wash shall be applied with

moonj or jute brush, vertically and horizontally alternately and the wash

kept stirred in the container while using. Two or three coats shall be applied

as specified and each coat shall be perfectly dry before the succeeding coat isapplied over it. After finishing the surface shall be of uniform colour. The

white wash should not splash on the floor and other surfaces. In old surface

should be cleaned and repaired with cement mortar where necessary and

allowed to dry before white wash is applied. For final coat blue pigment

powder should be mixed to the required quantity with the lime water to give

a bright white surface.


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Documents

Copy of Major Project (Alok)