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Copper, Silver, Gold(Cu,Ag,Au)
Cu(Copper)
Copper is a chemical element with the symbol Cu (from Latin: cuprum) aand atomic number 29. It is a ductile metal with very high thermal and electrical conductivity. Pure copper is soft and malleable; a freshly exposed surface has a reddish-orange color. It is used as a conductor of heat and electricity, a building material, and a constituent of various metal alloys.
Description
• Symbol: Ag• Melting point: 961.8 °C• Electron configuration: [Kr] 4d^10 5s^1• Atomic number: 47• Discovered: 5000 BC• Boiling point: 2,162 °C• Atomic mass: 107.8682 u
Therapeutic Use of Copper
• Treatment for Copper deficiency• Reduced iron in red blood cells (anemia) due to copper
deficiency.
• Brittle bones (osteoporosis). Taking copper in combination with zinc, manganese, and calcium might slow bone loss in older women.
• Copper is involved in normalized function of many enzymes, such as cytochrome c oxidase, which is complex IV in mitochondrial electron transport chain, ceruloplasmin, Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase, and in amine oxidases.
• These enzyme catalyze reactions for oxidative phosphorylation, iron transportation, antioxidant and free radical scavenging and neutralization, and neurotransmitter synthesis, respectively.
BY MOUTH:• For low levels of copper (copper deficiency): doses up to 0.1 mg/kg of cupric sulfate per day.• For osteoporosis: 2.5 mg copper combined with zinc 15 mg, 5 mg manganese, and 1000 mg calcium per day.
Copper is UNSAFE when used in large amounts. Adults should consume no more than 10 mg of copper per day. Kidney failure and death can occur with as little as 1 gram of copper sulfate. Symptoms of copper overdose include nausea, vomiting, bloody diarrhea, fever, stomach pain, low blood pressure, anemia, and heart problems.
•Penicillamine (Cuprimine, Depen) interacts with COPPERPenicillamine is used for Wilson's disease and rheumatoid arthritis. Copper might decrease how much penicillamine your body absorbs and decrease the effectiveness of penicillamine.
Compounds of Copper
Compound Name Formula Molar Mass
Copper(II) Sulfate CuSO4 159.6086
Copper(I) Carbonate Cu2CO3 187.1009
Copper(II) Nitrate Cu(NO3)2 187.5558
Copper(II) Nitrate Hexahydrate Cu(NO3)2.6H2O 295.6475
Copper(II) Sulfate Pentahydrate CuSO4.5H2O 249.685
Copper(I) Oxide Cu2O 143.0914
Copper(II) Iodide CuI2 317.3549
Copper(I) Arsenide Cu3As 265.5596
Copper(I) Sulfate Cu2SO4 223.1546
Copper(II) Nitrite Cu(NO2)2 155.557
Copper(II) Chloride CuCl2 134.452
Copper(II) Phosphate Cu3(PO4)2 380.5807
Copper(II) Chlorite Cu(ClO2)2 198.4496
Copper(II) Phosphite Cu3(PO3)2 348.5819
Copper(II) Hydrogen Carbonate Cu(HCO3)2 185.5797
Copper(II) Sulfite CuSO3 143.6092
Copper(II) Dichromate CuCr2O7 279.534
Copper(II) Hypophosphite Cu3(PO2)2 316.5831
Copper(II) Nitrate Trihydrate Cu(NO3)2.3H2O 241.6016
Copper(II) Oxide CuO 79.5454
Copper(I) Sulfite Cu2SO3 207.1552
Copper(I) Chromate Cu2CrO4 243.0857
Copper(II) Carbonate CuCO3 123.5549
Copper(II) Hydroxide Cu(OH)2 97.5607
Copper(II) Phosphide Cu3P2 252.5855
Copper(II) Hyposulfite CuSO2 127.6098
Copper(I) Sulfide Cu2S 159.157
Copper(II) Iodate Cu(IO3)2 413.3513
Copper(II) Permanganate Cu(MnO4)2 301.4173
Copper(I) Permanganate CuMnO4 182.4816
Tetramminecopper(II) Sulfate [Cu(NH3)4]SO4 227.731
Cu(I) Copper(I) Bluish-
green
Cu(II) Copper(II) (non-
halide) Green
Cu(II) Copper(II) (halide) Blue-green
Qualitative test for Copper
Flame Test
• Cu; 24-hour urine copper; Total copper; Non-ceruloplasmin-bound copper; Free copper; Hepatic copper
• To measure the amount of copper in the blood, urine, or liver; to help diagnose and monitor Wilson disease; sometimes to identify copper deficiencies and excesses
• When you have jaundice, fatigue, abdominal pain, behavioral changes, tremors, or other symptoms that your doctor thinks may be due to Wilson disease or, rarely, to copper deficiency or excess; at intervals when you are being treated for a copper-related condition
• A blood sample drawn from a vein in your arm and/or a 24-hour urine sample; sometimes a liver biopsy sample
Copper test
Silver(Ag)
Silver is a chemical element with the symbol Ag (Greek: άργυρος árguros,Latin: argentum, both from the Indo-European root *arg- for "grey" or "shining") and atomic number 47. A soft, white, lustrous transition metal, it possesses the highest electrical conductivity of any element, the highest thermal conductivity of any metal and is the most reflective metal on the planet• Symbol: Ag• Melting point: 961.8 °C• Electron configuration: [Kr] 4d^10 5s^1• Atomic number: 47• Discovered: 5000 BC• Boiling point: 2,162 °C• Atomic mass: 107.8682 u
Therapeutic Use of Silver
• Incorporation into wound dressings, and its use as an antibiotic coating in medical devices. Wound dressings containing silver sulfadiazine or silver nanomaterials may be used to treat external infections
• Silver is also used in some medical applications, such as urinary catheters and endotracheal breathing tubes, where there is tentative evidence that it is effective in reducing catheter-related urinary tract infections and ventilator-associated pneumonia respectively.
• The silver ion (Ag+) is bioactive and in sufficient concentration readily kills bacteria in vitro. Silver and silver nanoparticles are used as an antimicrobial in a variety of industrial, healthcare and domestic applications.
Compounds of Silver
Compound Name Formula Molar Mass
Silver Nitrate AgNO3 169.8731
Silver Sulfite Ag2SO3 295.7996
Silver Acetate AgCH3COO 166.9122
Silver Phosphate Ag3PO4 418.576
Silver Chloride AgCl 143.3212
Silver Bromide AgBr 187.7722
Silver(I) Carbonate Ag2CO3 275.7453
Silver Dichromate Ag2Cr2O7 431.7244
Silver Sulfide Ag2S 247.8014
Silver(I) Oxide Ag2O 231.7358
Silver Hydroxide AgOH 124.8755
Silver Thiosulfate Ag2S2O3 327.8646
Compound Name Formula Molar Mass
Silver Nitrate AgNO3 169.8731
Silver Sulfite Ag2SO3 295.7996
Silver Acetate AgCH3COO 166.9122
Silver Phosphate Ag3PO4 418.576
Silver Chloride AgCl 143.3212
Silver Bromide AgBr 187.7722
Silver(I) Carbonate Ag2CO3 275.7453
Silver Dichromate Ag2Cr2O7 431.7244
Silver Sulfide Ag2S 247.8014
Silver(I) Oxide Ag2O 231.7358
Silver Hydroxide AgOH 124.8755
Silver Thiosulfate Ag2S2O3 327.8646
Silver Sulfate Ag2SO4 311.799
Silver Chromate Ag2CrO4 331.7301
Silver Cyanide AgCN 133.8856
Silver Iodide AgI 234.7727
Silver Periodate AgIO4 298.7703
Silver Nitrite AgNO2 153.8737
Silver Phosphide Ag3P 354.5784
Silver Phosphite Ag3PO3 402.5766
Silver Borate Ag3BO3 382.4138
Silver Arsenate Ag3AsO4 462.5238
Silver Nitride Ag3N 337.6113
Silver Bromite AgBrO2 219.771
Silver Hypochlorite AgClO 159.3206
Silver Perchlorate AgClO4 207.3188
Silver Hydrogen Carbonate AgHCO3 168.885
Silver Dihydrogen Phosphate AgH2PO4 204.8554
Silver Oxalate Ag2C2O4 303.7554
Silver Fluorate AgFO3 174.8648
Silver Chlorate AgClO3 191.3194
QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS OF THEGROUP I CATIONS: Ag+, Pb2+, and Hg2 2+
Gold(Au)
Gold is a chemical element with the symbol Au and atomic number 79. It is a bright yellow dense, soft, malleable and ductile metal. The properties remain when exposed to air or water. Chemically, gold is a transition metal and a group 11 element. It is one of the least reactive chemical elements, and is solid under standard conditions.
Symbol: Au Melting point: 1,064 °C Electron configuration: [Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s1 Atomic number: 79 Boiling point: 2,970 °C Atomic mass: 196.966576657 uc
Therapeutic Use of Gold
Gold is used to reduce inflammation and slow disease progression in people who have rheumatoid arthritis. Gold is not usually the first treatment given to people who have rheumatoid arthritis, since methotrexate and other disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs) are available.
Compounds of Gold
Compound Name Formula Molar Mass
Gold(III) Phosphate AuPO4 291.9379
Gold(III) Nitrate Au(NO3)3 382.9813
Gold(III) Sulfate Au2(SO4)3 682.1209
Gold(III) Oxide Au2O3 441.9313
Gold(III) Chlorate Au(ClO3)3 447.3202
Gold(I) Phosphate Au3PO4 685.8711
Gold(III) Sulfide Au2S3 490.1281
Gold(III) Acetate Au(C2H3O2)3 374.0986
Gold(I) Carbonate Au2CO3 453.942
Gold(III) Carbonate Au2(CO3)3 573.9598
Gold(III) Dihydrogen Phosphate Au(H2PO4)3 487.9283
Gold(I) Nitride Au3N 604.9064
Gold(III) Thiosulfate Au2(S2O3)3 730.3177
Gold(I) Sulfate Au2SO4 489.9957
Gold(III) Hydrogen Sulfate Au(HSO4)3 488.1782
Gold(III) Hydrogen Carbonate Au(HCO3)3 380.0171
Gold(III) Chromate Au2(CrO4)3 741.9142
Gold(III) Chloride AuCl3 303.3256
Gold(II) Sulfate AuSO4 293.0292
Gold(I) Hydroxide AuOH 213.9739
Gold(III) Sulfite Au2(SO3)3 634.1227
Gold(III) Nitride AuN 210.9733
Gold(I) Iodide AuI 323.871
Gold(I) Sulfide Au2S 425.9981
Gold(I) Nitrate AuNO3 258.9715
Gold(III) Iodate Au(IO3)3 721.6746
Gold(III) Selenide Au2Se3 630.8131
Gold(III) Hydroxide Au(OH)3 247.9886
Gold(I) Phosphide Au3P 621.8735
Gold(III) Phosphite AuPO3 275.9385
Gold(I) Oxide Au2O 409.9325
Qualitative Test for Gold
Stannous Chloride – Test for Gold, Platinum and Palladium Presence
Stannous chloride test solution is one of the most important tool and a most have for any precious metal recovery and refining process, this test solution will tell you if there is presence of dissolved precious metals (gold, platinum and palladium) in a solution or not.
Gold Test
Concentrated Gold solution (left), diluted 4 times over with water (center), diluted 10 times over with water (right)