COOPERATIVE NATIONAL PARK RESOURCES STUDIES UNIT UNIVERSITY OF HAWAII AT MANOA

Department of Botany Honolulu, Hawaii 96822

(808) 948-8218

Clifford W. Smith, Unit Director Associate Professor of Botany

Technical Reports 38 & 39

HALEAKALA NATIONAL PARK CRATER DISTRICT RESOURCES BASIC INVENTORY

38. CONIFERS AND FLOWERING PLANTS by L. Stemmerrnann, P. K. Higashino, and C. W. Smith

39. FERNS AND FERN ALLIES by T. Herat, P. K. Higashino, and C. W. Smith

July 1981

UNIVERSITY OF HAWAII AT MANOA

NATIONAL PARK SERVICE Contract No. CX 8000 7 0003

Contribution Numbers CPSU/UH 011/21 011/22

V

HALEAKALA NATIONAL PARK CRATER DISTRICT

FERNS AND FERN A L L I E S RESOURCES B A S I C INVENTORY:

Tissa Herat Paul K . Higashino Cl i f fo rd W . Smi th

Department of Botany Universi ty of Hawaii a t Manoa

Honolulu, Hawaii 96822

ABSTRACT

Forty-nine spec ies of f e r n s and f e r n a l l i e s were found

i n the Crater D i s t r i c t of Haleakala National Park during the

three-year Resources Basic Inventory program from 1 9 7 5 t o 1 9 7 7 .

Ninety-six percent of t h e spec ies a r e na t ive t o the Hawaiian

I s l ands . None of the na t ive spec ies a r e threatened or endan-

gered. The e x o t i c spec ies a r e not p o t e n t i a l weeds because they

a r e r a r e and a t t h e i r upper d i s t r i b u t i o n a l l i m i t i n t he Park.

One new spec ies i s t o be described whose type l o c a l i t y i s Pal ikc .

Two a reas a t Pa l ikc a r e recommended f o r conservat ion. I t i s a l s o

recommended t h a t f e r a l p i g s be el iminated i n t h e Park because

they des t roy f e r n s and f e r n h a b i t a t s .

v i

T A B L E OF C O N T E N T S

A B S T R A C T . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I N T R O D U C T I O N . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . METHODS AND M A T E R I A L S . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . R E S U L T S AND D I S C U S S I O N . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ACKNOWLEDGMENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . R E F E R E N C E S . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A P P E N D I X I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A P P E N D I X I I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

L I S T OF T A B L E S

Table

1 T h e s t a t u s o f t h e f e r n f l o r a of t h e C r a t e r D i s t r i c t o f H a l e a k a l a N a t i o n a l P a r k . . . . . . . . . .

V

59

60

60

62

6 3

65

7 6

61

59

INTRODUCTION

T h i s annotated Catalog and S t a t u s Report of the Ferns and Fern All ies of t h e Crater D i s t r i c t of Haleakala National Park (Appendix I ) is based mainly on f i e l d observat ions and p l a n t s co l l ec ted during the 1975 t o 1977 Resources Basic Inventory ( R B I ) expedi t ions. Further information obtained from specimens depos- i t e d i n the he rba r i a of the Universi ty of Hawaii (HAW) and the B. P. Bishop Museum ( B I S H ) , Honolulu, a s well a s M i t c h e l l ' s ( 1 9 4 5 ) c h e c k l i s t , has been incorporated i n t o t h i s r epor t .

The de l imi ta t ion of f ami l i e s recognized is i n accordance w i t h Pichi-Sermolli ( 1 9 7 7 ) . The gener i c and s p e c i f i c names have been updated i n accordance w i t h r ecen t monographs and o ther pub- l i c a t i o n s , and the spec ies a r e recorded i n a lphabe t i ca l order . The common Hawaiian names of the spec ies and the p lace names used a r e i n accordance w i t h Porter ( 1 9 7 2 ) and w i t h P u k u i , E l b e r t , and Mookini ( 1 9 7 4 ) , r e spec t ive ly . For each taxon, t h e following information i s provided:

1. Name ( i n regular t y p e ) . As updated i n accordance w i t h recent monographs and o ther pub l i ca t ions .

2 . S t a t u s . Endemic spec ies a r e those r e s t r i c t e d t o one or more of the Hawaiian I s l ands . Indigenous spec ies ( v a r i e t i e s , e t c . ) a r e na t ive t o Hawai'i b u t a r e a l s o found ou t s ide of the Hawaiian Is lands .

3 . Comments. T h e s e may be of a genera l d i s t r i b u t i o n a l , eco- l o g i c a l , morphological, or h i s t o r i c a l na ture and a r e s e l f - explanatory. Generalized d i s t r i b u t i o n i n t h e Hawaiian I s l ands of a l l spec ies i s also given.

For each spec ies and v a r i e t y , a map showing d i s t r i b u t i o n w i t h i n the Crater D i s t r i c t i s provided i n Appendix 11.

The Abundance Ratings o f spec ies na tu ra l i zed throughout Haleakala National Park a r e a s follows:

ABUNDANT A major component of t h e vegeta t ion;

COMMON Widely d i s t r i b u t e d i n l a r g e numbers i n an a r e a ;

NOT COMMON Seen severa l times i n an a r e a ;

RARE Seen o r reported one or few times i n an a rea .

The h i s t o r y o f c o l l e c t i o n s and pub l i ca t ions on f e r n s i n the Crater D i s t r i c t i s t h e same a s t h a t presented i n t h e c o n i f e r s and flowering p l a n t s r e p o r t (Stemmermann e t a l . 1981) from the R B I . Most previous expedi t ions were conducted by genera l c o l l e c t o r s who tended t o concentrate on f e r n s and flowering p l a n t s . T h i s

60

R B I is probably the f i r s t occasion on which f e r n s p e c i a l i s t s have sys temat ica l ly s tudied the a rea which accounts for the s i g n i f - i can t increase i n t h e number of spec ies now known t o occur i n the Crater D i s t r i c t .

METHODS AND MATERIALS

I n order t o reduce t h e chances of specimens becoming moldy i n the f i e l d , they were pressed and t r e a t e d w i t h a s o l u t i o n O f formaldehyde. Later , they were s o r t e d , repressed , and dryed over a p l a n t dryer . Three specimens of each spec ies were co l l ec ted and a s e t of each is deposited i n the following herbar ia :

B. P . Bishop Museum ( B I S H ) , Honolulu, Hawai'i; Universi ty of Hawaii ( H A W ) , Honolulu, Hawai'i; Haleakala National Park, Maui, Hawai'i .

I n addi t ion t o the herbarium specimens, o ther materials--espe- c i a l l y from the g e n u s Dryopteris--were c o l l e c t e d f o r anatomical, chromosomal, and spore s t u d i e s . The type specimen of the new spec ies p rov i s iona l ly proposed w i t h i n Dr o t e r i s w i l l be depos- i t e d i n the U . s. National Herbarium ( U S )+!xh=o n i an I n s t i t u- t i o n , i n Washington, D. C . , and i so types i n the t h r e e herbar ia mentioned above.

RESULTS AND D I S C U S S I O N

Forty-nine spec ies of f e r n s and f e r n a l l i e s a r e present i n the Crater D i s t r i c t of Haleakala National Park (Table 1; Appendix I ) . T h i s number i s a s i g n i f i c a n t increase from the 2 4 spec ies l i s t e d by Mitchell (1945) . Two spec ies , l i s t e d below, a r e included from Mi tche l l ' s (1945) l i s t although t h e i r presence or ex is tence i s quest ionable:

rhipidoneuron Rob. aemulum (Kaulf . ) Brack.

Both spec ies a r e probably erroneous. They a r e extremely va r i ab le and sub jec t t o m i s i d e n t i f i c a t i o n .

The fe rn f l o r a of the Cra ter D i s t r i c t has a remarkably low number of e x o t i c spec ies p resen t (Table 1) . They a r e :

Adiantum raddianum Pres l iwa' iwa Pityrogramma calomelanos ( L . ) L i n k gold f e r n

Neither of these spec ies i s a p o t e n t i a l weed i n the Crater D i s t r i c t s ince even the lower e l eva t ions of the Kaupz Gap a r e marginal h a b i t a t a t the upper d i s t r i b u t i o n a l l i m i t s of these spec ies .

TABLE 1. The s t a t u s of t h e f e r n f l o r a of t h e Crater D i s t r i c t of Haleakala N a t i o n a l Park .

S t a t u s NO. of S p e c i e s

Per c e n t ( % I

Endemic 24 50%

Indigenous 22 46%

E x o t i c 2 - 4% - TOTAL 48 100%

~

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None of t h e spec ies present i n t h e Crater D i s t r i c t i s on e i t h e r t h e Federal Register L i s t (Anon. 1 9 7 6 ) or Fosberg and Herbs t ' s ( 1 9 7 5 ) l i s t of r a r e and endangered spec ies . However, the absence of endangered spec ies does not mean t h e r e a r e no management problems r e l a t e d t o the f e r n f l o r a . Two a r e a s (both i n the immediate v i c i n i t y of t h e Paliki? cab ins ) a re q u i t e sen- s i t i v e and deserve spec ia l a t t e n t i o n .

1. The area immediately behind the cabins up t o the c l i f f s supports a s i g n i f i c a n t f e r n f l o r a i n terms of the number of p l a n t s and d i v e r s i t y of spec ies present . I n some respec t s i t is an example of the type of vegeta t ion t h a t grows a t a s imi la r a l t i t u d e i n Kipahulu Valley. A s such it may be a use fu l a rea f o r i n t e r p r e t a t i o n . However, a c t i v i t y w i t h i n the area should be r e s t r i c t e d because the d is turbance from people moving t h r o u g h such a f r a g i l e a rea would c r e a t e a no t i ceab le impact.

2 . The g u l l y between the two cabins i s the type l o c a l i t y of a new f e r n spec ies , Dr o t e r i s a l i k u e n s i s sp. nov. prov. ( a pro-

a rea supports a l u s h vegeta t ion of mosses and other f e rns . I n the p a s t the area has been used a s a dump. T h i s p r a c t i c e s h o u l d be ha l t ed immediately.

The majori ty of the f e r n s a r e found along the northern and e a s t e r n boundaries of t h e Crater D i s t r i c t . T h i s d i s t r i b u t i o n is not unexpected because most f e r n s p re fe r moist h a b i t a t s . Though not p a r t i c u l a r l y p a l a t a b l e t o goa t s , most f e r n s a r e destroyed by pig- rooting a c t i v i t y . Some spec ies , e .g . , bracken and hzpu'u, a r e a prefer red food source of p igs . After d i s r u p t i o n , recovery of the f e r n f l o r a is slow because the e a r l y s t a g e s of the l i f e cyc le a r e c r i t i c a l l y dependent on moist h a b i t a t condi t ions . T h u s , p ig a c t i v i t y i n f e rn h a b i t a t s i s doubly d i s r u p t i v e : the f e r n s a r e destroyed and recovery i s decreased by t h e opening up and thereby drying o u t of t h e h a b i t a t . The invasion of e x o t i c g rasses normally associated w i t h pig- rooting a c t i v i t y fu r the r decreases the a b i l i t y of the f e r n s t o r e e s t a b l i s h themselves because the germlings a r e shaded out by t h e dense growth. Fera l pig populat ions, p a r t i c u l a r l y along the outer northern Slopes, s h o u l d be el iminated. A s i g n i f i c a n t increase i n the n a t i v e f e r n

v i s i o n a l name which li-=--Tg_?Tar_ a s not een va 1 y published t o d a t e ) . The

f l o r a , e s p e c i a l l y of 'ama'u ( S a d l e r i a c a t h e i o i d e s ) , can be ex- pected w i t h i n f i v e years of the sTccess -5F-T-r LI imp ementation of a f e r a l pig con t ro l progiam.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

We would l i k e t o express our apprec ia t ion t o Dr. Charles Lamoureux fo r h i s c r i t i c a l advice during the course of the f i e l d s t u d y and the prepara t ion of t h i s paper. Thanks a r e due a l s o t o Dr. William Hoe, M s . Lani Stemmermann, and the other members of the Resources Basic Inventory expedi t ions fo r t h e i r valuable sug- g e s t i o n s and he lp extended i n t h e f i e l d . We a l s o w i s h t o thank Mr. Hugo Huntzinger, Park Superintendent; Mr. Dave Dunatchik,

6 3

C r a t e r D i s t r i c t Range r ; and Dr. Peter v a n Royen, Chairman o f t h e Depa r tmen t of Bo tany , B i s h o p Museum, f o r t h e i r a s s i s t a n c e and c o o p e r a t i o n . T h i s work was funded b y t h e N a t i o n a l P a r k S e r v i c e t h r o u g h t h e C o o p e r a t i v e N a t i o n a l P a r k R e s o u r c e s S t u d i e s U n i t a t t h e U n i v e r s i t y of Hawaii ( C o n t r a c t No. CX 8000 7 0 0 0 3 ) .

REFERENCES

Ande r son , W . R . , and M. R. C rosby . 1966 . A r e v i s i o n of t h e

Anonymous. 1976 . Endangered and t h r e a t e n e d s p e c d e s : P l a n t s .

Hawaiian species o f E l aphog los sum. B r i t t o n i a 18: 380-397.

F e d e r a l R e g i s t e r 4 1 ( 1 1 7 ) : 24524- 24572.

B i s h o p , L. E . 1 9 7 4 . R e v i s i o n o f t h e g e n u s Adenophorus (Grammit- i d a c e a e ) . B r i t t o n i a 26: 217-240.

C h r i s t e n s e n , C . 1905-06. I ndex F i l i c u m . Hagerup , Copenhagen.

*-- . 1934 . I n d e x F i l i c u m . Supplementum Te r t i u rn P r o Anni 1917- 33. Hagerup , Copenhagen.

Cope l and , E . B. 1947 . Gene ra F i l i c u m , t h e g e n e r a o f f e r n s . N e w York: The Roland P r e s s .

F o s b e r g , F. R . , and D. Herbst. 1975 . Rare and e n d a n g e r e d spe- c i e s of Hawa i i an v a s c u l a r p l a n t s . A l l e r t o n i a 1: 1- 72.

H e r a t , T. R. 1979 . A s y s t e m a t i c s t u d y o f t h e g e n u s D r y o p t e r i s i n Hawaii. Ph.D. D i s s e r t a t i o n i n B o t a n y , U n i v e r s i t y o f Hawaii, Hono lu lu .

H e r a t , T. R . , and R. M . Herat . 1976 . A c h e c k l i s t and s t a t u s r e p o r t o f t h e f e r n and f e r n a l l i e s i n Hawaii v o l c a n o e s N a t i o n a l P a r k . CPSU/UH Tech . Rep. 8 . (Dept. of B o t a n y , U n i v e r s i t y o f Hawai i ) . 58 pp.

H i l l e b r a n d , W. F. 1888 . F l o r a o f t h e Hawa i i an I s l a n d s . N e w Y o r k : Hafner P u b l i s h i n g Co. R e p r i n t e d .

H o l t t u m , R. E . 1954 . A r e v i s e d f l o r a o f Malaya . Vol. 11. F e r n s o f Malaya. S i n g a p o r e , Government P r i n t i n g O f f i c e . Second ed it i o n .

. 1977 . The Fami ly T h e l y p t e r i d a c e a e i n t h e P a c i f i c and A u s t r a l a s i a . A l l e r t o n i a 1: 169- 234.

Y i t c h e l l , A. L . 1 9 4 5 . C h e c k l i s t o f h i g h e r f l o w e r i n g p l a n t s , g r a s s e s , s e d g e s , r u s h e s and f e r n s o f t h e Haleakala s e c t i o n , Hawaii N a t i o n a l P a r k . N a t i o n a l P a r k S e r v i c e f i l e s .

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Pichi-Sermolli, R. E. G. 1958. The higher taxa of the Pteri- dophyta and their classification. In 0. Hedberg, ed. Sys- tematics of today. Univ. Ursskrift, Uppsala.

. 1977. Tentamen Pteridophytorum genera & taxonomicum

Porter, J. R. 1972. Hawaiian names for vascular plants. College of Tropical Agriculture, Haw. Agri. Exp. Sta., University of Hawaii, Departmental Paper 1. 63 pp.

ordinem reaigendi. 'Webbia 31: 3z5" - 5 1 7

Pukui, M. K.# S. H. Elbert, and E. T. Mookini. 1974. Place names of Hawaii. Honolulu: The University Press of Hawaii. Rev. and Enlarged ed.

Robinson, W. J. 1912a. A taxonomic study of the Pteridophyta Of the Hawaiian Islands - I. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 39: 227-248.

. 1912b. A taxonomical study of the Pteridophyta of the Hawaiiax Islands - 11. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 39: 567-601.

. 1913. A taxonomical study of the Pteridophyta of the Hawaiian Islands - 111. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 40: 193-228.

Stemmermann, L., P. K. Higashino, and C. W. Smith. 1981. Hale- akala National Park Crater District, Resources Basic Inven- tory: Conifers and flowering plants. CPSU/UH Tech. Rep. 38 (Dept. of Botany, University of Hawaii).

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A P P E N D I X I

A CATALOG AND STATUS REPORT OF THE FERNS AND FERN A L L I E S

OF THE CRATER DISTRICT OF HALEAKALA NATIONAL PARK

Adenophor u s ( F a m i l y : Grammitaceae)

t a m a r i s c i n u s ( K a u l f . ) Hook. b Grev. Wahine-noho-mauna

Endemic A w idesp read and common e p i p h y t e , found growing i n r a i n f o r e s t s t h r o u g h o u t t h e Hawaiian I s l a n d s . W i t h i n t h e Crater D i s t r i c t i t i s n o t common b e i n g found o n l y on t h e c l i f f s a t P a l i k u .

t r i p i n n a t i f i d u s Gaud. Wahine-noho-mauna

Endemic Found growing i n r a i n f o r e s t s above 600 m e l e v a t i o n i n t h i c k mats o f b r y o p h y t e s t h a t c a r p e t t h e g r o u n d . t h e C r a t e r D i s t r i c t t h e t a x o n i s n o t common b e i n g found o n l y on t h e c l i f f s a t P a l i k u .

W i t h i n

m n t urn ( F a m i l y : A d i a n t a c e a e )

c a p i l l u s - v e n e r i s L . Iwa' iwa,

m a i d e n h a i r f e r n I n d i g e n o u s

Repor t ed m a i n l y f rom t e m p e r a t e and s u b - t r o p i c a l p a r t s o f t h e wor ld . Found growing i n f a i r l y exposed b u t m o i s t l o c a l i t i e s . W i t h i n t h e C r a t e r D i s t r i c t t h e s p e c i e s i s r a r e a l o n g t h e Kaupz T r a i l .

raddianum P r e s l Iwa' iwa

E x o t i c Rare i n t h e w i l d a l t h o u g h a few have e s c a p e d from c u l t i - v a t i o n . W i t h i n t h e Cra te r D i s t r i c t it has b e e n c o l l e c t e d once a l o n g Kaupz T r a i l a t ca. 1880 m e l e v a t i o n .

66

Amaur-opelta ( Family: Thelypter idaceae)

g l o b u l i f e r a (Brack.) Holttum Palapalai-a-kama-pua'a -

End em ic - Usually found growing a t higher e l eva t ions throughout the Hawaiian I s l ands . I n the Crater D i s t r i c t t h i s spec ies i s ra re and found o n l y a t Pal iku. Listed a s Dr o t e r i s q l o b u l i f e r a (Brack.) Kuntze i n Mitchel l (1945 ?

A s p 1 en i um (Family: Aspleniaceae)

adiantum-nigrum L . Iwal iwa

Indigenous Reported from many t r o p i c a l and temperate coun t r i e s of t h e world. I n the Hawaiian I s l ands t h e spec ies i s q u i t e common a t higher e l eva t ions growing i n a wide range of s i t u a t i o n s from moist shaded t o dry open a reas . I t is common w i t h i n the Crater D i s t r i c t .

contiguum Kaulf. Indigenous

W i t h i n t h e Hawaiian I s l ands it grows between 6 2 0 and 2260 m e l eva t ions i n moist shaded f o r e s t s . The spec ies i s not common i n t h e Crater D i s t r i c t except behind Pal iku where it i s common.

densum Brack. See Asplenium trichomanes L .

horridum Kaulf. 'Alae, a l a e a , ' iwa , kaumauna

Indigenous W i t h i n t h e Hawaiian I s l ands i t grows between 300 and 1 3 0 0 m e l eva t ions i n moist shaded a reas . I t i s not common i n t h e Crater D i s t r i c t w i t h most c o l l e c t i o n s from Pal ikc .

macraei Hook, & Grev. Macrae's spleenwort

Endemic W i t h i n t h e Hawaiian I s l ands i t is found growing mainly i n moist shaded f o r e s t s . I t i s not common w i t h i n t h e Crater D i s t r i c t where i t i s occass ional ly found below Palikii.

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monanthes L . Monosoral spleenwort

Ind i g enou s I n the Hawaiian I s l ands it is uncommon and i s reported from Kaua'i and Maui, growing i n moist shaded areas . T h i s spec ies is r a r e i n t h e Crater D i s t r i c t being found along the Kaupz T r a i l i n moist shaded areas .

normale Don Indigenous

Found growing i n moist shaded a reas usual ly above 7 0 0 m . I t i s not common w i t h i n t h e Crater D i s t r i c t b u t i s occasional ly found along the KaupE T r a i l .

p r aemor sum S w . Iwa' iwa-a-kane

Endemic Found growing i n moist shaded a r e a s along the e a s t e r n boundary of the Crater D i s t r i c t .

rhipidoneuron Rob. Endemic

T h i s record by Mitchell ( 1 9 4 5 ) is probably an e r r o r s i n c e t h i s spec ies i s not known t o occur above 600 m .

t r ichomanes L.

spleenwort Indigenous

Common i n t h e Hawaiian I s l ands and throughout the Crater D i s t r i c t . Recorded a s L A. densum by Mitchel l ( 1 9 4 5 ) .

Athyr i u m

microphyJlum (Sm.) Alston

(Family: Athyr iaceae)

Akolea Endemic

Found growing i n wet f o r e s t s . W i t h i n the Crater D i s t r i c t t h i s f e rn i s not common and found only i n the Pal iku a rea . Lis ted i n Mitchel l ( 1 9 4 5 ) a s Athyrium poiretianum P r e s l .

(Gaud. )

goiretianum (Gaud.) P res l See Athyrium microphyllum.

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sandwichianum P r e s l H g ' i ' O , p o h o l e

Endemic U s u a l l y found i n wet f o r e s t s o f t h e Hawai ian I s l a n d s . I t i s r a r e w i t h i n t h e Crater D i s t r i c t b e i n g found o n l y above P a l i k u . L i s t e d i n Mitchel l ( 1 9 4 5 ) a s D ip l az ium sandwichianum ( P r e s l ) Die ls .

Chr is t e l l a ( F a m i l y : T h e l y p t e r i d a c e a e )

c y a t h e o i d e s ( K a u l f . ) H o l t t u m K i k a w a i z , kupukupu-makal i ' i , pakikawaio

Endemic Found g rowing i n wet f o r e s t s of t h e Hawai ian I s l a n d s . I t i s r a r e a l o n g t h e e a s t e r n bounda ry o f t h e C r a t e r D i s t r i c t .

,Conioqramme ( F a m i l y : H e m i o n i t i d a c e a e )

f r a x i n e a (Don) D ie l s L O ' u l u

I n d i g e n o u s W i t h i n t h e Hawai ian I s l a n d s it is a n uncommon f e r n r e s t r i c t e d t o mo i s t , s h a d y h a b i t a t s . I t i s p r e s e n t o n l y a t P a l i k u i n t h e Crater D i s t r i c t . T h i s species unde r t h e name o f Conioqramme g i f o s a (Brack.) H i e r o n bas m i s t a k e n l y r e f e r r e d t o a s b e i n g endemic t o t h e Hawai ian I s l a n d s i n

~

Herat and Herat ( 1 9 7 6 ) .

Cyr tom i u m

c a r y o t i d e u m (Wall . ) P res l

( F a m i l y : Aspidiaceae)

- 'Ah ina -kuah iwi , k a I ape ape

I n d i g e n o u s I n t h e Hawai ian I s l a n d s i t is uncommon and grows i n d r y open f o r e s t s . I t is r a r e a l o n g t h e e a s t e r n bounda ry of t h e Cra te r D i s t r i c t .

C y s t o p t e r i s ( F a m i l y : A t h y r i a c e a e )

f r a g i l i s ( L . ) Bernh .

Rare i n t h e Hawai ian I s l a n d s . I n t h e Crater D i s t r i c t i t is found g rowing i n somewhat open b u t v e r y m o i s t s i t u a t i o n s a l o n g t h e e a s t e r n bounda ry .

I n d i g e n o u s

D ip l az ium ( F a m i l y : A t h y r i a c e a e )

sandwichianum ( P r e s l ) D i e l s See Athyrium sandwichianum.

69

m o p t e r i s

fusco- atra Robinson

(Family: Aspidiaceae)

Olua, opeha, palapalai-'aumakua

Endemic A r a i n f o r e s t f e r n found on a l l t he major Hawaiian I s l ands a t e l eva t ions between 500 t o 2000 m . A r a r e f e r n i n the Crater D i s t r i c t found only a t Pa l ikc .

&bra var . ambiguum comb. nov. prov.

W i t h i n the Crater D i s t r i c t t h i s f e r n i s common a t Pal iku. T h i s p rovis ional v a r i e t a l combination is based on Aspi-dium qlabrum var . Dryopteris i n s i z e . s c a l e s , the rhizome looks much bigger than the other v a r i e t y . Furthermore, the u l t ima te pinnules a r e much broader than va r . g l a b r a . Very o f t e n , e s p e c i a l l y the specimens co l l ec ted from the Park, t h i s v a r i e t y has more or l e s s folded laminae w i t h dense s c a l e s covering t h e s t i p e s .

Kilau Endemic

q l o b u l i f e r a (Brack.) Ktze. See Amauropelta g l o b u l i f e r a .

paleacea (Sw.) C . Chr. See Dryopteris Earallelogramma (Ktze . ) Alston.

pa l ikuen i s sp . nov. prov. Endemic

Endemic t o Maui. So f a r t h i s spec ies has been recorded only from the northern s lopes of Haleakala Cra te r , espe- c i a l l y from the Paliku and Wai'znapanapa a r e a s , and the s u m m i t of P u ' u k u k u i , ranging i n e l eva t ion from 1 9 0 0 t o 2 2 0 0 m . T h i s spec ies i s r a r e . I t genera l ly i s found i n wet shaded a reas e s p e c i a l l y i n gulches and creeks. I t i s found growing i n the gulch between the two Paliku cabins . I n the f i e l d t h i s taxon looks very much l i k e D . p a r a l l e l o- crramm_a_ i n i t s majes t ic look and form; however: D. para- lelloqramma has a " s h u t t l e cock" appearance and-g. pa l iku- e n s i s can be r e a d i l y d is t inguished by i t s b ip innate pinnules and oblong t o l anceo la te lamina. The e p i t h e t o f t h i s p rovis ional name is derived from the type l o c a l i t y Paliku'.

7 0

parallelogramma (Ktze. ) Alston Lau-kah i

Indigenous T h i s i s t y p i c a l l y a h i g h mountain f e r n and i s abundant on the i s l ands of Hawai ' i , Maui, Moloka'i, and Kaua'i e s p e c i a l l y between 1 0 0 0 t o 2330 m . I t i s o f t en found growing i n l a r g e co lon ies on the edges of f o r e s t s where the condi t ions have been d is turbed and where t h e r e i s apparently l e s s competit ion from other spec ies . W i t h i n the Crater D i s t r i c t it is a common f e r n . I n the p a s t , t h i s spec ies has been popular ly and mistakenly re fe r red t o a s Dryopteris paleacea. Although Swartz is t he o l d e s t name fo r the cannot be used under the g e n u s Dryopter is as t h e r e i s already a g. aleacea ( D . Don) Hand.-Mazz. described i n 1 9 0 8 . on the type of Swartz a r e i l l e g i t i m a t e a s they a r e l a t e r homonyms.

The com Es--- i na t ions of Christensen and Robinson based

E 1 - aph oq 1 o s s urn

aemulum (Kaulf . ) Brack.

(Family: Elaphoglossaceae)

Endemic Although reported by Mitchell ( 1 9 4 5 ) , t h i s spec ies was n o t co l l ec ted on the present survey. I t i s bel ieved t o be an erroneous record. I t i s not known from the adjacent Kipahulu Valley where i t would be more l i k e l y t o grow.

hirtum var . micans (Mett.) C. Chr.

End em i c Found on a l l t he major Hawaiian I s l a n d s . I t has a wide d i s t r i b u t i o n range varying from dry open woods t o wet f o r e s t s , on s o i l , rocks, and t r e e s . W i t h i n the Park t h i s v a r i e t y is a common epiphyte p a r t i c u l a r l y on l o h i l a (Metros ideros) .

wawrae (Luerss . ) C . Chr. - Ekaha,

I .

lau-kahi - l i ili ' i Endemic

Found on a l l t he major Hawaiian I s l a n d s , .growing i n wet f o r e s t s on t r e e s or l o g s and occas ional ly on s o i l or lava. I t is common w i t h i n the Crater D i s t r i c t e s p e c i a l l y i n the Pal iku area .

7 1

Gr amm i t is (Family: Grammitaceae)

hookeri (Brack.) Copel. Maku'e-lau-li' i

Indigenous T h i s spec ies i s common i n t h e I s l ands . I t i s epiphyt ic or grows on rocks i n shaded a reas . W i t h i n t h e Crater D i s t r i c t i t is r a r e and found only a t Pal iku. Recorded a s Polypodium hookeri Brack. i n Mitchel l ( 1 9 4 5 ) .

a c o p o d ium

cernuum L.

Hosmer Grove.

venustulum Gaud.

(Family: Lycopodiaceae)

Huluhulu-a-' i o l e , wawae-iole, c lub moss, nodding club moss

Ind i g enous

Huluhulu-a-' i o l e , wawae- i o l e , nodding club moss

Indigenous Although not common i n t h e Hawaiian I s l a n d s , it i s found growing i n wet open f o r e s t s e s p e c i a l l y a t higher eleva- t i o n s . W i t h i n t h e Crater D i s t r i c t i t i s common i n the Palik'ii and Hosmer Grove a reas .

serratum Thunb. Huluhulu-a-' i o l e , wawae- i o l e

Indigenous Found on a l l t he major Hawaiian I s l a n d s , usual ly growing on the ground i n wet f o r e s t s a t higher e l eva t ions . Crater D i s t r i c t i t occurs along the c l i f f s below K u i k i .

I n the

Microlepia (Family: Dennstaedtiaceae)

speluncae ( L . ) Moore La 'a , p a l a i , - p a l a i - ' u l a , p a l a p a l a i

Rare i n the Crater D i s t r i c t occurr ing along the e a s t e r n boundary o f the KaupG Gap.

Ind i g enou s

72

(Family: Nephrolepidaceae) N e p h r o m

e x a l t a t a ( L . ) Schot t . PZmoho

Indigenous Although common i n t h e Hawaiian I s l a n d s i t is r a i e w i t h i n t he Crater D i s t r i c t .

sp. LS2277 An u n i d e n t i f i a b l e , i n f e r t i l e specimen which is d i f f e r e n t from x. e x a l t a t a .

(Family: Sinopter idaceae)

t e r n i f o l i a (Cav.) L i n k Kalamoho, kalamoho-lau-1 i ' i , c l i f f brake

Indigenous Found on a l l t he major Hawaiian I s l a n d s , t y p i c a l l y s c a t t e r e d i n dry sunny rocky a reas . I t i s abundant throughout the Crater D i s t r i c t .

P i t yr oq r amma (Family: Hemionitidaceae)

c&omelanos ( L . ) L i n k Gold f e r n , s i l v e r f e r n

Exotic Widely c u l t i v a t e d i n many p a r t s of t h e world, t h e spec ies i s q u i t e common i n t h e Hawaiian I s l a n d s and i s found growing on open ground i n f a i r l y exposed p laces . W i t h i n the Crater D i s t r i c t it i s r a r e i n t h e lower KaupG Gap.

p l e o p e l t i s (Family: Polypodiaceae)

thunberg iana Kaulf . lEkaha-lakolea, pzkahakaha, pua' a-kukinia

I n d i g enou s Found commonly on a l l t he Hawaiian I s l ands growing on rocks and t r e e t runks. I t i s common e s p e c i a l l y i n the Pa l ikc a r e a , Recorded a s Polypodium l i n e a r e Thunb. i n Mitchel l ( 1 9 4 5 ) .

Polypodium (Family: Polypodiaceae)

- Brack. See Grammitis hooke_ri.

7 3

l i n e a r e Thunb. See P l e o p e l t i s thunberqiam.

pellucidum Kaulf. ' Ae, ae- lau-nui

Endemic T h i s extremely polymorphic spec ies is common on a l l t he Hawaiian Is lands growing i n a wide range of h a b i t a t s . I t i s common a l s o w i t h i n t h e Crater D i s t r i c t below 2500 m.

p e l luc idum var . vulcanicum Skottsb.

Found on a l l t he major Hawaiian I s l a n d s growing i n c racks or recent lava flows i n open a reas . W i t h i n the Crater D i s t r i c t it is r a r e along t h e northern and western c r a t e r wal l s below 2000 m .

Ae Endemic

Polystichum (Family: Aspidiaceae)

haleakalense Brack. Ka' ape ' ape, ka'upu, papa 'o i

Endemic Found on Hawai'i and Maui usual ly growing a t ca . 2000 t o 3000 m e l eva t ion . W i t h i n t h e Crater D i s t r i c t it is r a r e being found only a t Paliku and along t h e Kaupz T r a i l .

h i l l e b r a n d i i Carruth. Ka' ape' ape, ka'upu, papa 'o i

Endemic Found on Hawai'i and Maui usual ly growing a t ca. 1 0 0 0 t o 1 6 7 0 m e l eva t ion . W i t h i n t h e Crater D i s t r i c t it is r a r e along t h e KaupE T r a i l .

P s i l o t um (Family: Ps i lo taceae )

nudum ( L . ) Griseb. Moa, moa-nahele, p i p i

Found i n t h e t r o p i c s and subt ropics of both hemispheres growing i n a v a r i e t y of h a b i t a t s . I t is common on a l l t he Hawaiian I s l ands b u t r a r e w i t h i n t h e Crater D i s t r i c t along the lower eas te rn s i d e of t h e Kaupz Gap.

Indigenous

7 4

P t e r i d i um (Family: Hypolepidaceae)

aquilinum var . deeompositum (Gaud.) Tryon

Krfau, krlau-a-pueo, p a i ' a , bracken

Endemic Common on a l l t he Hawaiian I s l ands . Quite r e s i s t a n t t o adverse condi t ions , growing i n exposed a r e a s , i t i s common t o abundant i n the Crater D i s t r i c t .

P t e r i s

c r e t i c a L.

(Family: P ter idaceae)

'gwal i , Cretan brake Indigenous

Found on a l l t h e major Hawaiian I s l a n d s , growing usual ly on rock near streams and on dry ground i n t h e shade of f o r e s t s . However, it is not a common f e r n w i t h i n the Hawaiian Is lands . W i t h i n the Cra ter D i s t r i c t it is l o c a l l y common along the northern and e a s t e r n s lopes .

excelsa Gaud. Waimaka-nui

Indigenous Not a common f e r n w i t h i n the Hawaiian I s l a n d s , i t is usu- a l l y found growing i n damp gulches. W i t h i n the Crater D i s t r i c t it i s r a r e and found only a t Pal iku.

Sadler i a (Family: Blechnaceae)

cyatheoides Kaulf.

'ama'uma'u, ma'uma'u, pcsa 'a - ' ehu 'ehu

Endemic Found on a l l t he major Hawaiian I s l a n d s growing i n d i f f e r e n t h a b i t a t s . I t is common t o abundant on the e a s t e r n and northern s lopes of HaleakalE Cra ter which a r e f requent ly immersed i n cloud.

po lys t i cho ides var . unisora (Baker) C . Chr. See g. unisora (Baker) Robinson.

souleyet iana (Gaud.) Moore 'Ama'u,

J

ama' uma' u , ma' uma' u

Found on a l l t he major Hawaiian I s l ands growing i n wet f o r e s t s e s p e c i a l l y a t higher e l eva t ions . However, i t i s r a r e i n t h e Crater D i s t r i c t and found o n l y a t Pa l ikc .

Endemic

7 5

u n i s o r a (Baker) Robinson Apulu , a p u ' u

U s u a l l y found growing on m o i s t c l i f f faces . Crater D i s t r i c t it i s found o n l y a t p a l i k u where it is uncommon. L i s t e d i n M i t c h e l l ( 1 9 4 5 ) a s - S. v a r . un_iSora.

Endemic W i t h i n t h e

( F a m i l y : Grammitaceae)

saf fo& (Maxon) Copel . K ihe , K i h i

Endemic Common i n t h e Hawaiian I s l a n d s . E p i p h y t i c i n wet f o r e s t s . I t is r a r e w i t h i n t h e Crater D i s t r i c t b e i n g c o n f i n e d t o t h e r i d g e b e h i n d P a l i k u .

7 7

APPENDIX I1

DISTRIBUTION MAPS OF THE SPECIES

I n order t o c u t the c o s t of publ ishing t h i s r e p o r t the d i s - t r i b u t i o n maps of the indiv idual spec ies have been produced a s an addendum. Copies have been deposited i n t h e following l o c a l i t i e s fo r reference.

Cooperative National Park Resources Studies U n i t , Universi ty of Hawaii, Honolulu.

National Park Service Western Region Of f i ce , San Francisco.

Haleakala National Park, Maui.