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CONVERSATION ANALYSIS OF TURN TAKING MECHANISM IN
PIERS MORGAN TONIGHTTALK SHOW
NURYATUL ISMALIYAH
NIM. 1110026000136
ENGLISH LETTERS DEPARTMENT
ADAB AND HUMANITIES FACULTY
STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY OF SYARIF HIDAYATULLAH
JAKARTA
2015
CONVERSATION ANALYSIS OF TURN TAKING MECHANISM IN
PIERS MORGAN TONIGHT TALK SHOW
A Thesis
Submitted to Letters and Humanities Faculty
in Partial Fulfillment of The Requirements for
The Degree of Strata One
NURYATUL ISMALIYAH
NIM. 1110026000136
ENGLISH LETTERS DEPARTMENT
ADAB AND HUMANITIES FACULTY
STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY OF SYARIF HIDAYATULLAH
JAKARTA
2015
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ABSTRACT
Nuryatul Ismaliyah, Conversation Analysis of Turn Taking Mechanism in Piers
Morgan Tonigh Talk Show. Thesis: English Letters Department, Letters and
Humanities Faculty, State Islamic University of Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta, February
2015.
The purpose of this research is to analyze the turn taking mechanism in Piers
Morgan Tonight Talk Show between Piers Morgan and Bruno Mars, which every
conversation always occurs the turn and the taking to make conversation flows well.
In this case, the aims of this research are: (1) to convey the turn taking mechanism
used by Piers Morgan and Bruno Mars, (2) to convey the kinds of the turn taking
mechanism mostly used by Piers Morgan and Bruno Mars.
The method of this research use qualitative method. The research questions
will be answered in analytical description. The collected turn taking mechanism is
picked up randomly then classified based on the same kind. The turn taking
mechanism is analyzed by using Jacob L Mey’s theory to see the turn taking
mechanism which mostly occurs in conversation between Piers Morgan Tonight and
Bruno Mars.
The result of this research shows that there are twenty one data collected from
random sampling, those collected data resulted three kinds of turn taking mechanism.
There are three kinds of turn taking mechanism: taking the floor, holding the floor
and yielding the floor and all kinds found in that conversation.
Keywords: Conversation Analysis, Turn Taking Mechanism, Jacob L Mey, Talk
Show
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DECLARATION
I hereby declare that this submission is my own work and that, to the best of my
knowledge and belief, it contains no material previously published or written by
another person nor material which to a substantial extent has been accepted for the
award of any other degree or diploma of the university or other institute of higher
learning, except where due acknowledgement has been made in the text.
Jakarta, Februari 2015.
Nuryatul Ismaliyah
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ACKNOWLEDGMENT
بسم اهلل الر حمن االر حيم
In the name of Allah, the most Gracious, the most Merciful, and the most
Beneficent
Praise is only for Allah Subhanahu Wa Ta’ala, Lord of the world. First,
I’m deeply grateful to Him who gives me His blessing, guidance, health, ability,
and opportunity to accomplish this thesis. Blessing and salutation be upon the
most honorable prophet and messenger Muhammad Sholallaahu Alaihi Wasalam,
his relatives and followers.
This thesis could not be completed without a great deal of help from many
people. Therefore, I would like to give my sincerest gratitude to my beloved
parents, Abdul Hamid, A.Ma and Jamilah. Thanks for being the strength and the
best supporter of her success. “Thanks mom and dad, This is my special gift for
you, which is also shape of my tears and sweats to make you proud of me”. I’m
heartily thankful to my beloved sister Eka Haniyah, S.Pd.I, Nurseha and my
brother Phulo who give motivation in process of finishing this thesis. May Allah
bless and give the greatest award for them.
I also want to give my gratitude to Mr. Hilmi Akmal, M.Hum and Mr.
Drs. Saefudin M.Pd, as my advisors for their time, help, patience and motivation
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from the first to the final level of this research. Thanks for all the contribution that
I need until the end of my study. May Allah always bless them and their families.
I also would like to express my deepest gratitude to the following persons:
1. Prof. Dr. Syukron Kamil, MA. as the Dean of Adab and Humanities Faculty
State Islamic University of Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta;
2. Dr. H. Muhammad Farkhan, M.Pd, the Assistant of Dean of Letters and
Humanities Faculty.
3. Drs. Saefudin, M.Pd. as the Head of English Letters Department;
4. Elve Oktafiyani, M.Hum. as the Secretary of English Letters Department;
5. All the lecturers of English Letters Department thanks for teaching precious
knowledge and wonderful experience during the study;
6. All the staffs of Library Center of State Islamic University, American Corner
Library, and Library Faculty of Adab and Humanities, and Library of
Indonesia University;
7. Ade Lukmansyah who always accompany me to finish this research. Thank
you so much;
8. SOBATSABIT (Iin, Angel, Maul, and Rima), Rahma, Kurnia Makki, Muthi,
Asih. Nice to have you all, the wonderful girls. Thanks for support, prayer,
and everything. Hopefully we can stick together even though will rarely meet
later then;
9. ABNORMFAMILY and KKN BETA, Thanks for support, prayer and
everything.
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10. All people who have supported me during the finishing this research, Thanks a
lot;
May Allah bless you all gives His Kindness. I realize that my paper
actually has not been perfect yet, there are many mistakes in its contents.
Therefore, I would like to receive any comments, suggestion, or criticism.
Finally, I hope this thesis will be guidance for the reader and those who are
interested in it.
Jakarta, Februari 2015
The Writer
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
ABSTRACT …………………………………………………………….……....
APPROVAL SHEET ……………………………………………..……………
LEGALIZATION …………………………………………………..…….……
DECLARATION …………………………………………………….….……..
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ………………………………………….……...….
TABLE OF CONTENTS …………………………………………………….
THE LIST OF TABLE ……………………………………………………….
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION ……………………………………… 1
A. Background of Research .……….……………………
B. Focus of Research ……………………………………
C. Research Questions ………………………………..…
D. Objective of the Research ………………………....
E. Significance of Research ……………………………..
F. Research Methodology ……………………………....
1. The Method of Research ………………………....
2. Technique of Data Collecting and Data Analyis …
3. Research Instrument ……………………………..10
4. Unit of Analysis………………………………….10
CHAPTER II THE THEORITICAL DESCRIPTION ………………
A. Previous Research …………………………………
B. Concept ……………………..…………………… 13
1. Discourse ……………….....................................
2. Discourse Analysis ……………………………...
3. Context ……………………………….…........
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4. Pragmatics …………….......................................
5. Conversation Analysis …………………………
6. Turn Taking …………………………………….
7. Procedure for Turn Allocation ………………. .. 19
8. Turn Taking Mechanism ………………………. 21
CHAPTER III DATA ANALYSIS ……………………………………
A. The Data Description …..…………………………...
B. The Data Analysis ………..…………………………
CHAPTER IV CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS ..…………..
A. Conclusions ...……………………………………….
B. Suggestions ..…………………………………….…..
BIBLIOGRAPHY ………………………………………………….………….
APPENDICES …………………………………………………………….…...
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LIST OF TABLE
Table 1 : The Data of Types of Turn Taking Mechanism ……………. 28
Table 2 : The Result of Simple Random Sampling …………………… 29
Table 3 : Transcript Conventions ……………………………………... 29
1
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
A. Background of the Study
In daily life, human as a social creature needs a media to communicate each
other. The media is called language. Without language, human cannot
communicate and interact. Language is one of the important things in human life.
Language is arbitrary sound symbol system used by humans for communication
and interaction each other.1 Not only verbal language, But also sign language and
gesture are often used by human to communicate at certain moment.2 Verbal
language related to word, phrase, and sentence. Realization of verbal language is
conversation.
Conversation means a cooperative activity in the sense that it involves two or
more parties. Each of whom must be allowed the opportunity to participate.3
Conversation is a human way to build the social relationship. Through
conversation, human can identify, recognize and know the characters each other.
From the definition above, it can be concluded that conversation consists of two
or more people who get and exchange information each other. One is called
speaker and the other is called listener. A Speaker is a person who is speaking or
1 Harimurti Kridalaksana, 2005, “Bahasa dan Linguistik” in Kushartanti, Untung Yuwono
and RMT Lauder (Ed), Pesona Bahasa: Langkah Awal Memahami Linguistik , (Jakarta: Gramedia
Pustaka Utama) p. 3. 2George Yule, 2006, The Study of Language : Third Edition. (Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press). p. 172 3 Ronald Wardaugh, 1986, An Introduction to Sosiolinguistics. (Oxford: Basil Blackwell)
p. 288.
2
expressing the ideas and listener is person who listens what the speaker say and
wait for the turn to speak. In conversation, the position of participants (speaker
and listener) is not static. It means that they will alternate each other. Pay attention
for the example of this conversation below:
(1) A : Are you doing anything important right now?
B : No, not really.
A : Okay, then, can you do this letter for me? I need it in a hurry
B : Yes, I can.4
From the example (1), when “A” is the speaker, “B” is waiting for the turn.
When “B” as the speaker, “A” as the listener and wait for the turn to speak. The
changing or replacement position of speaker to listener and listener to speaker that
occur in conversation above, it is called turn-taking. The basic unit of the
conversation is the turn. Turn is a shift in the direction of the speaking flow which
is characteristic of normal conversation.5 Sack said, as quoted by Mey that “A
central feature (of conversation) is that exactly one person at least one and no
more than one talks at a time”.6 Actually, the rules that conversation is found to
obey, however, turn out to be more like the rules that people had devised for other
social activities. But in the fact, participants do not always speak in their turn.
Sometimes, one of them is still speaking and the other follow to speak without
waiting the turn. So it causes overlapping in conversation (two or more
4 Ibid., p. 295
5 Jacob L Mey, 2001, Pragmatics: An Introduction. Second Edition. (Oxford : Blackwell
Publishing) p.139 6 Ibid.
3
participants talk in a time). In order to make conversation flows smoothly, the
participants have to know the mechanism of turn taking itself. Ordinary
conversation employs no such pre-allocation: the participants just “normally take
turn”.7 The mechanism of turn-taking relates to organization of conversation.
Conversation has a good organization if turn-taking rules are obeyed. But in daily
conversation, it does not always follow the rules so some analysts use
conversation analysis to find out what occurs in conversation, how mechanism of
turn-taking, overlapping, back chanelling, interruption etc that occur in
conversation. Conversation cannot be avoided in daily activity of human life
(conversation face to face or by phone). Conversation Analysis is a technique
developed relatively recently for examining and exploring spoken language.8
Conversation analysis is studied in pragmatics.
Pragmatics is a branch of linguistics which studies about language structure as
a communication tool between listener and speaker. It also studies the use of
language in human communication as determined by condition of society.9 In
pragmatics, there are many theories such as speech act, maxims, relevance and
conversation implicature. All those theories might happen in conversation. As
mentioned above that conversation is one of realization of verbal language
(spoken language). People use spoken language to communicate directly but to
communicate with others who are removed in time and space, or for those
7 Ronald Wardaugh, Op.Cit p. 289
8 Shirley Reay, 1998, “Conversation Analysis” in Alison Wray, Kate Trott and Aileen
Bloomer. Project in Linguistics : A Practical Guide to Researching Language. (Bristol : Arnold
Publisher). p.54 9 Jacob L. Mey, Op.Cit p.6
4
occasions on which a permanent or semi permanent record, people use written
language. Verbal or spoken language can be transfered to be a text as a written
language record.10
All of people communicate in conversation everywhere, such as conversation
between doctor and patients, conversation between teacher and students,
conversation between host and guest in talk show and so on. Talk show is a
television program where someone or a group of people come together to discuss
about a particular topic in a relaxed but serious condition and guided by a host.11
People who invited are the famous, experienced, and who experts in particular
topic which is recently discussed.
There are many talk shows on television programs. One of talk show is Piers
Morgan Tonight on CNN. It is hosted by a British Tabloid Journalist and
television personality Piers Morgan. Piers Morgan Tonight replaces the legendary
Larry King Live.12
Such another conversation, turn-taking also occurs in the
conversation on the talk show. But, sometime the rules of conversation are not
obeyed by participants. The mechanism of turn taking does not occur orderly.
There are some violations in turn-taking rules such as interruption and
overlapping. See the example below:
(2) Piers Morgan : That’s going to really eat away at Robe lowe. You’re
younger. [You’re better looking]
10
David Nunan. 1993. Introducing Discourse Analysis. (London: Penguin English) p. 8 11
Morissan, M.A. 2008. Manajemen Media Penyiaran: Strategi Mengelola Radio &
Televisi. (Jakarta : Kencana).p.212 12
The Associated press.2010. http://www.today.com/id/39060518/ns/today-
today_entertainment/t/piers-morgan-larry-kings-cnn-replacement/ accessed on 10 April 2014
5
Bruno Mars : [That’s my goal life]
From the conversation above, Robe Lowe is a guest in the previous
session in Piers Morgan Tonight Talk Show. Piers Morgan makes a joke about
Robe Lowe and Bruno Mars. He said that Bruno Mars will defeat Robe Lowe
because Bruno Mars younger than Robe Lowe. And about the turn taking
mechanism is not orderly because when Morgan has not given a floor yet to take a
turn, Mars direct speak without waiting Morgan finishes his word, so it is caused
overlapping between them. The symbol of overlapping is [word].13
This research focuses on conversation analysis of turn taking mechanism
in Piers Morgan Tonight Talk Show on January 6, 2012 and Bruno Mars as a
guest by analyzing discourse in the transcript of Piers Morgan Tonight’s Talk
Show. The Analysis of Turn Taking Mechanism consists of yielding the floor,
taking a floor (starting up, interruption, overlapping), holding the floor, TRP and
back channeling.14
This research Explains the reasons and the kinds of Turn
Taking Mechanism are mostly used in conversation and tells the reasons of the
turn-taking that occur in conversation. Piers Morgan Tonight is chosen because
language is used in it is natural language such as informal language.
B. Focus of the Study
Based on the background of the study, in order to get a specific explanation
and avoid the large explanation, this research is limited on analyzing of turn-
13
Michael A. Forrester. 2002 . How to Do Conversation Analysis : a brief guide.
(University of kent) p. 11 14
Jacob L Mey, Op.Cit p.139
6
taking mechanism which consists of taking the floor ( starting up, interruption,
overlapping) holding the floor, yielding the floor, TRP and back channeling. And
explaining the reasons of turn taking which occur in conversation by analyzing
discourse in transcription on Piers Morgan Tonight episode January 6, 2012 by
using conversation analysis according to Jacob L.Mey.
C. Research Question
According to explanation above, this research tries to find the answer of
research question below:
1. What kinds of turn-taking mostly used in conversation on Piers
Morgan Tonight episode January 6, 2012?
2. How does the mechanism of turn-taking occur in conversation on Piers
Morgan Tonight episode January 6, 2012?
D. Objective of Study
Based on the research question above, so the aims of this research are:.
1) To identify the kinds of Turn-Taking Mechanism which includes
Taking the Floor, Holding the Floor and Yielding the Floor on Piers
Morgan Tonight Talk Show Episode January 6, 2012.
2) To analyze Turn-Taking Mechanism which includes Taking the Floor,
Holding the Floor and Yielding the Floor on Piers Morgan Tonight
Talk Show Episode January 6, 2012.
7
E. Significance of the Study
1. Theoretical
The researcher expects that this thesis gives some advantages for the
reader and next researcher. it can become an additional references or
knowledge for reader in understanding of conversation analysis.
2. Practical
The thesis can be expected that the researcher can get more knowledge
about Conversation Analysis (CA) especially turn taking. Furthermore, it
will be useful to improve knowledge of English Letters Departement’s
Student who are interested in Linguistics.
F. Research Methodology
1. The Method of Research
This research uses qualitative method in conversation analysis on Piers
Morgan Tonight talk show. According to Bogdan and Biklen (1982), as
quoted by Subroto, qualitative method is a research method, which is used in
a problem that is not designed using procedural statistics.15
This method is
descriptive, meaning that the researcher makes a note on the data from words,
sentences, discourse, pictures or photos and video. This method is used to
find out how the mechanism of turn taking, the reasons and the kinds of turn
taking mostly occur.
15
D. Edi Subroto. 1992. Pengantar Metoda Penelitian Linguistik Struktural. (Surakarta:
Sebelas Maret University Press).p. 5
8
2. The Technique of Data Collecting and Data Analysis
To collect data, this research uses bibliography technique. Biblioghraphy
technique means using written sources to get data. Written sources are
chosen which describe synchronic language used.16
The synchronic is a
study which formulates indications of language which is produced by
speaker at the certain time (past or present).17
Technique of data collecting
follows some steps:
a. Download the video of Piers Morgan Tonight Talk Show at
www.YouTube.com
b. Download the dialogue transcription of Piers Morgan Tonight Talk Show
at http://transcripts.cnn.com
c. Read the whole dialogue transcription and watch the video of Piers
Morgan Tonight Talk Show
d. Give a transcription symbol on dialogue such as the symbol [word] is
using when overlapping occurs.
e. Compile the dialogues into data card. So the data card contains number
of data, the clasification of mechanisme of turn taking that occured in
conversation and the dialogue text. On this object was found 42 corpus
data. The details are shown in this table.
16
Ibid. p.42 17
Roekhan and Martutik. 1991. Kebahasaan I (Linguistik Umum). (Malang: YA3 Malang).
p.13
9
Processes of data analysis are: analyze data which are collected before
and classify data based on types of turn taking with using data card. After
collecting data, data is put in data card and choose some of data finding
and analyze one by one the mechanism of turn taking that occured on
Piers Morgan Tonight talk show by using conversation analysis
according to Jacob L.Mey.
f. After the data have been collected, the next step is processing the data.
In this point, the amount of samples will be specified. The data will be
chosen and use random sampling technique to specify the samples. There
are are four techniques in random sampling, such as: simple random
sampling, systematic random sampling, stratified random sampling and
cluster sampling.18
And the most suitable for this research is simple
random sampling technique and using raffle method with some steps:
1) Each component of populations is arranged into list and numbered.
2) Each of numbered lists of population’s member is written on the
papers.
3) The papers are rolled up and inserted in the box.
18
Hermawan Wasito, 1992, Pengantar Metodologi Penelitian, (Jakarta : Gramedia Pustaka
Utama), p.54-58
10
4) After shake the box, the rolls of paper are taken in accordance with
the amounts of wanted sample.19
5) Classifying the data. As stated by Jacob L.Mey, the mechanism of
turn taking is divided into three types: (1) Taking the floor includes
starting up, interruption, and overlapping, (2) Holding the floor and
(3) Yielding the floor.
3. The Instruments of Research
The instrument of this research is data card. Data card is a card which is
used to put relevant data with data sources at the end of line.20
After
collecting data, data is put in data card and choose some of data findings and
analyze one by one the conversations that occured on Piers Morgan Tonight
talk show by using conversation analysis according to Jacob L.Mey.
4. Unit of Analysis
As a unit of Analysis, this research uses transcript as a primary object
and video of Piers Morgan Tonight Talk Show episode January 6, 2012 as a
secondary object.
19
Ibid. 20
D. Edi Subroto. Op.Cit. p. 43
11
CHAPTER II
THEORETICAL DESCRIPTION
A. Previous Research
There are some previous researches which related to this research. The first is
the research about discourse conversation analysis on TV one‟s debates by Amir
Mustofa (2010) from Sebelas Maret University Surakarta on the title “Analisis
Wacana Percakapan Debat Tv One”. The results of Amir Mustofa‟s research are:
the speech event TV One debate has the characteristics of turn taking, finding 8
adjancy pairs in the object of his research, and occurring divergence in
conversation such as interruption and overlaps.1 The differences between this
research and Amir Mustofa‟s research are on the theory, corpus and objects which
were analyzed.
The second is the research about Conversation Analysis on The Kingdom‟s
movie script by Lia Lestari Mulya Diana from Widyatama University Bandung
entitled “Analisis Percakapan pada Naskah Film The Kingdom (Kajian
Pragmatik) (2008). The results of Lia Lestari‟s research are the conversation of
The Kingdom‟s movie script is uncommon has a low complexity level and also
there are quite numbers of violation over maxim of conversation especially of
maxim of relation.2 In her research described the kinds of adjancy pairs and find
weather there are any violations over maxim of conversation in it. The difference
1 Amir Mustofa, 2010, “ Analisis Wacana Percakapan Debat TV One”, Unpublished
Thesis. (Surakarta : Sebelas Maret University ). 2 Lia Lestari Mulya Diana, 2008, “ Analisis Percakapan pada Naskah Film The Kingdom”,
Unpublished Thesis (Bandung : Widyatama University).
12
between this research and Lia Lestari‟s research is the theory, corpus and focused
of the research.
The third is a thesis from Universitas Indonesia‟s Student, Maria Margaretha
Tika Larasati Guritno. Her thesis entitled “Analisis Percakapan Tiga Sahabat
Wanita Bilingual di Jakarta” (2008). The purpose of her research is to investigate
the way in which they develop and maintain verbal interactions between each
other by studying their conversational characteristics including the use more than
one language, code switching and sequential organization which appears in the
conversation.3 The differences between this research and Maria‟s research is on
combining code mixing and sequential organization. This research focused on
turn taking mechanism and there is no combining as Maria did.
The fourth is the research about conversation analysis with object in tv talk
show, by the title “ Conversation of Overlaps in Talk show, Conversation with
Michael Eisner” (2008) by Martha Yoriza Handayani from Andalas University
Padang.4 The differences of the research is Martha‟s research focuses on only
overlaps in conversation and using theory according to Levinson, Jefferson, Sack
et al and Yule. In another case, this research differs from Martha‟s research. This
research focuses on turn taking mechanism and analysis is deeper than Martha‟s
one.
3 Maria Margaretha Tika Larasati Guritno, 2008, “Analisis Percakapan Tiga Sahabat
Wanita Bilingual di Jakarta”, Unpublished Thesis (Depok : Indonesia University). 4 Martha Yoriza Handayani, 2008, “Conversation Analysis of Overlaps in Talk show
Conversation with Michael Eisner”, Unpublished Thesis (Padang : Andalas University).
13
B. Concept.
1. The Definition of Discourse
The Discourse has many various definition according to some linguists.
There are some differences and there are also some similarities among them.
Here are the definition of discourse according to some linguists:
Discourse can be defined as a stretch of language consisting of several
sentences which are perceived as being related in some ways.5 In another case,
discourses are ways with words, deeds and interactions, thoughts and feeling,
object and tools, time and place that allow us to enact and recognize different
socially situated identities.6 According to Renkema in his book Introduction to
Discourse Studies, discourse is discipline to the investigation of the
relationship between form and function in verbal communication.7 From all
definition above, it can be concluded that discourse is the biggest unit of
language with coherence and cohesion which has continuity on written or
spoken. It not only analyzes form and meaning, but also analyzes form and
function in communication and language as a media to communicate in daily
activity.
Discourse and pragmatics have much in common. They are: firstly, as
mentioned above, is context. Both pragmatics and discourse analyze the
5 David Nunan, 1993, Introducing Discourse Analysis. (London: Pinguin English).p.5
6 James Paul Gee, 2005, An Introduction to Discourse Analysis: Theory and Method,
Second Edition. (London : Rotledge)p.35 7 Jan Renkema, 2004, Introduction to Discourse Studies. ( Philadelphia : John Benjamins
Publishing Company). p.1
14
meaning of word in context that can be explained by knowledge of the physical
and social world, and the socio-psychological factors influencing
communication.8 Secondly, pragmatics and discourse have in common that
they both look at discourse or the use of language and text, or pieces of spoken
or written discourse concentrate on how stretches of language become
meaningful and unified for their users.9 And the last, pragmatics and discourse
have in common the fact that they are both concern with function: the
speakers‟ short term purposes in speaking, long term goals in interacting
verbally.10
So, pragmatics and discourse have some in common and have
relation each other.
2. The Definition of Discourse Analysis
As mentioned above about definition of discourse. This part will explain
about definition of discourse analysis ( Henceforth is called DA) according to
some linguists. According to Nunan, DA involves the study of language in
use.11
It means that the analysis of discourse involves the analysis of language
in use, compared with an analysis of the structural properties of language
divorced from their communicative functions.12
And Nunan also said that
Discourse Analysts study these text-forming devices. However, they do so with
reference to the purposes and functions for which the discourse was produced,
as well as the context within which the discourse was created. Their ultimate
8 Joan Cutting. 2002. Pragmatics and Discourse. (london: Routledge) p.2
9 Ibid.
10 Ibid.
11 David Nunan. Op.Cit. p.7
12 Ibid.
15
aim is to show how the linguistic elements enable language users to
communicate in context.13
Schiffrin explains that there is a discourse marker in
DA study. Discourse marker like expressions well, oh, but and y’know. They
are one set of linguistic item that functions in cognitive, expressive, social,
textual domain.14
And also discourse markers are one type commentary
pragmatic marker: they are a class of expressions, each of which signals how
the speaker intend the basic message that follows to relate to the prior
discourse.15
So, in discourse neither spoken discourse or written discourse is
needed pragmatics markers to relate the message of the speakers to previous
discourse and so on.
3. Context
Context is an important thing in pragmatics because to figure the
ambiguities in spoken or written language. Context is dynamic not a static
concept.16
It means that all of event need context, as Chomsky gave an
example, as quoted by Mey “The presence of food in the mouth while speaking
may be part of some context, yet it is not a linguistic factor, and may be not
even pragmatic one”.17
The context is more than reference. Context is action, it
is about understanding what things are for; it is also what gives our utterances
their true pragmatic meaning and allows them to be counted as a true
13
Ibid. 14
Deborah Schiffrin, 2001, “Discourse Markers: Language, Meaning and Context” in
Deborah Schiffrin, Deborah Tannen and Heidi E.Hamilton (Ed). The Handbook of Discourse
Analysis. (Malden : Blackwell Publisher) p. 59 15
Ibid. 16
Jacob L Mey Op.Cit.p.39 17
Ibid., p.40
16
pragmatics acts.18
And according to Kridalaksana in kamus linguistik context is
physical environment aspects which related to certain statement or knowledge
which is had between speaker and listener so that listener understands what
speaker means.19
So, context is vitally important not only in assigning the
proper values to reference and implicature, but also in dealing with other
pragmatic issues.
4. The Definition of Pragmatics
According to Yule, pragmatics is the study of what speaker means or
invisible meaning, or how we organize what is meant even when it is not
actually said or written.20
Mey said that pragmatics studies the use of the way
humans use their language in communication, bases itself on a study of those
premises and determines how they effect and effectualize, human language
use.21
So, pragmatics is a study which relate to meaning such as semantics but
pragmatics relate to context. If the word bank is used in a sentence together
with words like steep or overgrown, it has no problem deciding which type of
bank is meant. People know from this linguistic context which type of bank is
intended. That is called the context.22
According to Mey, Pragmatics includes
18
Ibid. 19
Harimukti Kridalaksana, 2008, Kamus Linguistik Edisi ke-Empat, (Jakarta: Gramedia
Pustaka Utama), p.134 20
Geoge Yule, 2006, The study of Language. (Cambridge : Cambridge University Press).p.
112 21
Jacob L Mey, Op.Cit. p.6 22
George Yule, Loc.Cit.
17
Speech act, conversational implicature, Politeness, and conversation
Analysis.23
5. The definition of Conversation Analysis
Conversation Analysis (Henceforth called CA) is an approach which is
used for analysis of spoken interaction. CA is a minimalist approach, which
allows only so much hypothesizing as is strictly required to explain the
phenomena at hand.24
On the other hand, Reay said that CA is a technique
developed relatively recently for examining and exploring spoken language.25
In other word, CA is fairly approach to analysing spoken language which is
possible to find common observable rules and procedures by which participants
organize and manage their conversation behavior such as who gets to speak
next, when and how they get to speak. And a set of basic features which
constitute the machinery of conversation such as turn-taking, interruption and
simple overlapping talk.
Mey has noted in the framework of CA, the various mechanisms
determining people‟s use of the language in an extended, open conversational
settings are explored: who holds the right to speak (called „Turn‟), what kind of
rules are there for taking, yielding or holding the floor, what makes a particular
point in the conversation particularly appropriate for a turn (one speaker
23
Jacob L Mey. Op.Cit. p.135 24
Ibid 25
Shirley Reay. 1998. “Conversation Analysis” in Alion Wray, Kate Trott, Aileen
Bloomer. Projects in Linguistics : Practical Guide to Researching Language .(Great Britain : J W
Arrowsmith Ltd) p.54
18
relinquishing the floor, another taking it) and so on.26
Another definition of CA
is stated by Cutting that CA is a studying the way what speakers say, dictates
the type of answer expected and that speakers take turns when they interact.27
And according to Hutchby and Woffitt, CA is defined as study of talk where it
is interpreted as the systematic analysis of talk produced in every day situation
of human interaction.28
So, CA is the way how speakers say as a systematic
analysis of talk produced in daily interaction.
6. The definition of Turn-Taking
In conversation, there are two people or more communicate each other.
Only one of them speaks in one time. So that, to make conversation flows
well, the participants of conversation have to know when they speak and
when they listen. In this case, linguist always called by Turn. Turn is a shift in
the direction of the speaking flow which is characteristic of normal
conversation. As Sack, quoted by Mey said that a central feature of
conversation is that exactly one person (at least one and no more than one)
talks at a time.29
According to Yule, Turn is having the control of
conversation or floor and attempt to get the turn is called turn-taking. Turns
occur normally at certain well-defined junctures in conversation such points
are called Transition Relevant Place‟ (TRPs). TRPs can be exploited by the
26
Jacob L Mey. Op.Cit p. 134 27
Joan Cutting. 2002. Pragmatics and Discourse. (London: Routledge) p. 24 28
Ian Hutchby and Robin Woffitt. 1998. Conversation Analysis: Principles, Practices and
Applications. (Malden: Blackwell) p. 11 29
Ibid. p.139
19
speaker holding the floor. Floor is defined as the right to speak.30
In the case
of floor, it is made an analogy of conversation with the market economy
which has a valuable commodity. A valuable commodity in conversation is
the floor. So the people who have a floor, they have a control of conversation.
The natural breaks occurring in every conversation, it is called Transition
Relevant Place (TRPs) as mentioned above. A speaker has to pause for
breath, or runs out of things to say or simply declares his or her contribution
to be finished: all those points in the conversation are places where a natural
transition, a relay of the right to speak to the next speakers may occur.31
On
the other hand, there are the formal rules of next speaker selection (turn
allocation) that regulate the turn taking.
7. Procedure for turn Allocation
The turn allocation procedures for conversation are distributed into two
groups: First, the current speaker selects the next speakers. Second, the next
speakers are self-selected.32
So, the initial transition relevant place of a turn,
the following options are relevant:
1) If the current speaker has identified, or selected, a particular next
speaker, that the next speaker should take a turn at that place. For
example :
30
George Yule, 1996, Pragmatics. (Oxford: Oxford University Press) p.127 31
Jacob L Mey. Op.Cit p. 139 32
Robin Woffitt, 2005, Conversation Analysis and Discourse Analysis : A Comparative
and Critical Introduction ( London : SAGE Publication) . p.27
20
(3) Piers Morgan : Bruno Mars, welcome.
Bruno Mars : Good to be here.
In this case, Piers Morgan uses person‟s name to identify the
appropriate the next speaker.
2) If no such selection has been made, then any next speaker may (but
need not) self-selection occur, then first speaker has the right to the turn.
For example :
(4) A : John‟s lost on our scale, about fourteen pounds.
B : Oh [ no]
C : [twelve ponds I think, wasn‟t it?]
In the example (4), A‟s announcement is not directed to a specific
recipient, and thus two people select themselves as the next speaker at the
transition relevant place at the end of “Pounds”.
3) If no next speaker has been selected, then alternatively the current
speaker may, but need not, continue talking with another turn
constructional unit, unless another speaker has self-selected, in which
case that speaker gains the right to the turn. For example :
(5) Ava : He, He and Joe were like on the outs, you know?
[So uh,]
21
Bee : [They always are.]
In the example (5), after Ava‟s observation, no next speaker has self-
selected up to nearly a second into the onset of transition relevance place.
Then Ava attempts to continue her turn. At the same time that Bee self-
selects. Ava abandons her turn.
4) Whichever option has operated, then rules 1-3 come into play again
for the next transition relevance place.33
The discussion of the principles above reflects that it is designed to
account the smooth turn transition which can be found in conversation. In
other words, turn taking consists of a set of rules which enacted through
the use of signals. Those signals indicate to take, to hold or yield the turn
at talk.
8. The Turn Taking Mechanisms
The turn taking system involves three basic strategies: taking the floor,
holding the floor, and yielding the floor.34
a. Taking the floor
When conversation occurs, it means that the participants have
initiative to begin speak or bring the topic to be discussed in the
conversation. Of course, it must be cooperative among participants as
speaker and listener. So, it makes conversation flows well. The
33
Ibid. p.28 34
Jacob L.Mey. Op.Cit. p. 134
22
response from the listener to give comment or to answer the current
speaker‟s question are called taking the floor which has been done by
the listener. In the other word, taking the floor is when the participants
take a turn to speak. Kinds of taking the floor :
a. Starting up means that the beginning of conversation. It can be
done by hesitent star and clean start. For example :
(6). PM : I switch to the rather more glamorous
Avalon Club in Hollywood. I found
somebody even more glamorous than Rob
Lowe. And that is Bruno Mars.
Bruno, welcome
BM : (.) Good to be here.
In the example (6), Piers Morgan is as a first speaker who takes
the floor with clear start. Piers Morgan is a nice host because in the
beginning of conversation with his guest, he made a praise so the
guest felt proud and happy to be in that event. Piers Morgan gave
the turn to Bruno Mars with greeting such as welcome. And Bruno
Mars answered with hesitent start, it is signified with pause or
silent (.) for a moment before answering because Bruno Mars
seems nervous when he spoke in TV talkshow. In this case, the
beginning of conversation above is simple one of talk show
category. Piers Morgan just gave a praise and asking by saying „
Bruno Welcome‟ followed by smile and good mannered.
23
b. Taking over means take a turn to speak. Can be done by using
conjunction.
c. Interruption means when speaker do not want to wait until the
TRP. next speaker cannot be sure that the current speaker‟s turn is
complete, but they usually take the end of a sentence to indicate
that the turn is possibly complete.35 It can be said that take a turn to
speak while the current speaker haven‟t finished his speaking yet.
The next speaker think the current speaker‟s talk is enough. For
example :
(7). Bruno Mars : I definitely don't plead guilty to being a
heartthrob. I don't think my friends
will ever let me say that I'm a //
Piers Morgan : // Some mornings you look in the
mirror.
Bruno Mars : And I say, yeah, you are the most
beautiful man I've ever seen. But
that's just me, Piers.
In the example (7), strategy which is used by Piers Morgan to
take the floor is Interruption which is signed by “//”. Bruno Mars
told about facing the heartthrob, Bruno Mars didn‟t finish the
speaking then Piers Morgan directly took the turn before Bruno
35
Joan Cutting. Op.Cit. p.29
24
Mars takes on TRP. When Bruno Mars said „That I‟m a...‟ it means
that Bruno Mars is still thinking to continue the speaking but Piers
Morgan takes the floor without waiting TRP‟s. Interruption was
done by Piers Morgan when Bruno Mars was speaking and looking
for the words to say. Because of interruption, Bruno Mars can‟t
take on the TRP then the words are missing. But after PM speaks,
BM continues the speaking and it makes the conversation is still
informative.
d. Overlaps means that the participants talk in a time together. For
example:
(8) Piers Morgan : That‟s going to really eat away at
Rob Lowe. You‟re younger.
[you’re better looking]
Bruno Mars : [That’s my goal in life]. Eat your
heart out, Mr. Lowe. (LAUGHTER)
In the example (8), Piers Morgan accolades Bruno Mars as a
starting to open the nice topic and also as a reception to a guest
star. Bruno Mars receives the reception with a great answer and
makes a joking. Before Piers Morgan takes on TRP, Bruno Mars
also speaks and then both of them speak in a time togrther and it is
called by Overlapping ([]). It means that as a appreciation for a
great reception which is given by a host.
25
b. Holding the floor
Holding the floor means to carry on talking. The participant who hold
the floor has right to bring conversation as well as he/she wants. Pay
attention for the example below :
(9).Piers Morgan : Was that a dream of yours to do that?
Bruno Mars : Absolutely. She had been taking care of me
for quite some time. It's time for her to sit back and relax.
Piers Morgan : How did she react when you did that?
Bruno Mars : She said, it's not big enough. Get me out of
it.
(LAUGHTER)
(.)
Bruno Mars : She was in tears. It was a very special moment for
me. So-
Piers Morgan : The thing I like about your story is it hasn't all just
been easy. A lot of entertainers your age, it all goes crazy very
young, it carries on and burns out.
In the example (9), Piers Morgan starts the conversation with asking
question about BM‟s dream for his mother. Bruno Mars wanted to give
his mother the happiness and enjoyed the time, just sit and relax because
he knew that his mother always took care of him until now. Bruno Mars
answered without hesitant and his face looked having a big anthusiasm.
26
And continuing with asking question about reactions of Bruno Mars‟
mother when Bruno Mars‟ dream comes true. Bruno Mars answered after
TRP‟s and both of them laugh, making a pause (.) for a moment and then
Bruno Mars took the turn again or it is called holding the floor. Keep the
turn before Piers Morgan take the turn to speak. Bruno Mars felt his
speaking don‟t enough so he continues his speaking although in the end
of his speaking are taken by interruption by Piers Morgan. As far as this
conversation flows well.
c. Yielding the floor
Yielding the floor means give a turn to the next speaker. To yield
someone the turn can use a question and a statement. For example :
(10). Piers Morgan : If I could take away the money or the women,
which would you rather keep? ↓
Bruno Mars : Definitely the women, Piers. What kind of
question is that? What is this, a setup? ↑
Piers Morgan : It's a good answer.
In the example (10), Piers Morgan gave the floor by asking question
with fall intonation in the end of the sentence. He asked about Bruno
Mars‟ life, woman or money would be chosen when both of it were a
choice. Bruno Mars answered that he would choose his woman. Bruno
Mars made a joke with asking „what kind of question is that?‟, he felt that
27
Piers Morgan just wanted to make him shy and confused. And Bruno
Mars knew his turn to speak. Bruno Mars answered clearly without
hesitant because no pause before he answers, and he gave a turn by
statement with rise intonation in the end. It is not a question, it is just a
rhetorical question which need not the answer.
28
CHAPTER III
THE RESEARCH FINDINGS
A. The Data Description
In this chapter, the compiled data and the selected one will be analyzed.
This research is using qualitative case study and for the data collecting is using
bibliography technique. Bibliography technique uses written sources to get the
data.
Data have been collected and identified by some steps which is mentioned
in the previous chapter. Then, Compiled in the table as below.
Table I: The Types of Turn Taking Mechanism of Piers Morgan Tonight.
NO Types of Turn Taking Mechanism Total
1 Taking the Floor
a). Starting up 2
b). Interruption 10
c). Overlapping 8
2 Holding the Floor 4
3 Yielding the Floor 18
TOTAL 42
From 42 data collected, 21 data have been elected by using simple random
sampling technique and then, 21 will analyze. Data elected are: Data card 40, 5,
28, 17, 22, 20, 37, 33, 41, 9, 18, 36, 8, 11, 31, 25, 2, 39, 13, 38, dan 1. As
Compiled on the table.
29
Table II : The Result of Simple Random Sampling on Research Data.
NO Types of Turn Taking Mechanism Total
1 Taking the Floor
a). Starting up 1
b). Interruption 6
c). Overlapping 7
2 Holding the Floor 2
3 Yielding the Floor 5
TOTAL 21
B. The Data Analysis
In this chapter, this research uses the data from the conversation between
host and guest in the talk show. First, observing the context which supported the
analysis. Second, identifying the mechanisme of turn taking in the dialogue of talk
show. Third, giving the symbol on sentences or words that contain mechanismof
turn taking in conversation.
Table III : Transcription Conventions
Trancription Conventions
Trancription Element Meaning
↑ or ↓ Marked rise (or fall)
in intonation
// Interruptions
[ ] Overlaps, cases of simultaneous speech
(.) Small pauses
= When there is nearly no gap at all between one utterance and another
::: indicates the length of stretching
(Sources : Michael A. Forrester, Department of Psychology: University of Kent (2002))
30
(Participants code)
PM : Piers Morgan
BM : Bruno Mars
1. Taking the floor
a. Starting up
Datum Number 1
PM : I switch to the rather more glamorous Avalon Club in
Hollywood. I found somebody even more glamorous than Rob
Lowe. And that is Bruno Mars.
Bruno, welcome
BM : (.) Good to be here.
In this data, PM is as a first speaker who takes the floor with clear start. PM is a
nice host because in the beginning of conversation with his guest, he made a
praise so the guest felt proud and happy to be in that event. PM gave the turn to
BM with greeting such as welcome. And BM answered with hesitent start, it is
signified with pause or silent (.) for a moment before answering because BM
seems nervous when he spoke in TV talkshow. In this case, the beginning of
conversation above is simple one of talk show category. PM just gave a praise and
asking by saying „ Bruno Welcome‟ followed by smile and well mannered.
31
b. Interruption
Datum Number 8
PM : The thing I like about your story is it hasn't all just been
easy. A lot of entertainers your age, it all goes crazy very young, it
carries on and burns out. In your case, you had this big wakeup call.
You were 18 years old. You come to Hollywood. Motown signs you
up. And you thought, whoa emm //
BM : //This is it.
PM : I have arrived.
BM : Yes.
In this data, BM doesn‟t wait TRP and then interruption occurs. The conversation
above told about BM‟s life and the carrier. PM admired and felt proud of BM
carrier because it had been easy, a lot of entertainers in his age, it all went crazy
very young. When BM was 18 years old, he had come to hollywood and motown
sign. PM was still speaking, BM took a turn by Interruption. He took a turn
without waiting TRP‟s of PM so missing text of PM. PM was still looking for the
words to continue with signed by pause at the moment and saying „whoa emm‟. It
means that PM still thinks to continue speak but directly BM speak without
waiting TRP from PM. Interruption causes of participant (BM) feel that
information is enough.
32
Datum Number 9
BM : It was taking a step back. I used to be able to walk into a
room and say, hey, I'm Bruno Mars, I'm signed with
Motown Records. Now I have to say I got dropped from
Motown Records. You lose leverage. You lose people
believing in you because, then, why didn't it work?
Emmm//
PM : //How did you get told the news?
In this data, BM told about story of his career. BM had been signed with Motown
records but he have to be patient and strong when Motown Records dropped him
and told to everyone what happened with him. In the end of his sentences, he
showed a question but it doesn‟t need to be answered. When BM was still
thinking to continue with saying „emmmm‟, PM took a turn by interruption
because PM thought that BM‟s speaking was enough and informative so he
doesn‟t need more information. PM took a turn by interruption and yield a turn
again with asking question in the end of the sentences. Taking the floor was done
by PM without waiting the TRP and Interruption occured. When BM is still
looking for the word to continue, PM directly speaks without waiting the TRP so
that some words are missing. It is because of PM thinks that information that BM
conveys clearly.
Datum Number 22
33
BM : I think it was the Milton Berle show. I believe. I think it
was the Milton Berle show. I don't if it was Ed Sullivan. But he sang
"Hound Dog." He had girls in the palm of his hand. He said, you
know what, watch this. You could tell that it was like an improve
thing, because the band kind of didn't know what to do. I don't know
if that was live TV or not. But as he started, he got -- he milked it for
everything it was worth. I remember being a kid watching that and
saying, I want that. I want girls to scream like that.
PM : Now they do, Bruno. It’s emm//
BM : //That's right. Rob Lowe, you hear that?
In this data, BM told history about his dream when he was kid. He wanted to be
like other super star, people screamed his name like a super star. PM takes a turn
with waiting TRP from BM and when PM is still speaking, BM take a turn by
doing interruption signed by (//) when PM still thinks to continues the sentences
with saying „it‟s mmm..‟. It means PM still wants to continue the speaking but
BM directly takes the turn because BM feels what was spoken by PM are enough.
In this case Interruption (//) occured when one of the participants feel enough
information then he doesn‟t wait the TRP.
Datum Number 28
BM : I definitely don't plead guilty to being a heartthrob. I don't
think my friends will ever let me say that I'm a //
34
PM : // Some mornings you look in the mirror.
BM : And I say, yeah, you are the most beautiful man I've ever
seen. But that's just me, Piers.
In this data, strategy which is used by PM to take the floor is Interruption which is
signed by “//”. BM told about facing the heartthrob, BM didn‟t finish the speaking
then PM directly took the turn before BM takes on TRP. When BM said „That I‟m
a...‟ it means that BM is still thinking to continue the speaking but PM takes the
floor without waiting TRP‟s. Interruption was done by PM when BM was
speaking and looking for the words to say. Because of interruption, BM can‟t take
on the TRP then the words are missing. But after PM speaks, BM continues the
speaking and it makes the conversation is still informative.
Datum Number 39
PM : You've been involved with songs about desperately
wanting to be a billionaire.
BM : That's the beauty about "Billionaire." If you listen to the
lyrics, it, it's really not about -- it is. We touch on it a little
bit. Why I wrote that -- I wrote "Billionaire" when I was flat
broke. I just helped write a song for Flo Rider. It was the
number one song in the world, biggest downloads ever. It
was the number one song for I don't know how many
35
weeks. It broke records.
I was flat broke. Another//
PM : //How?
In this data, PM yields the floor by giving a statement and BM answers clearly.
But when BM is still speaking, PM directly speaks without waiting TRP so that
BM can‟t continue his words and some informations might be missing. The
conversation above told about writing a song when BM was flat broke. When BM
was still thinking to continue the speaking, PM took a turn by interruption then
missing text of BM. PM took the floor by doing interruption because he thought
information is enough. In this case, conversation above often occured and
however, when participants of conversation feel comfortable, the conversation
still flows well. The important thing that their discussion or their talking
connected each other.
Datum Number 40
PM :You've been involved with songs about desperately
wanting to be a billionare.
BM : That's the beauty about "Billionaire." If you listen to the
lyrics, it, it's really not about -- it is. We touch on it a little
bit. Why I wrote that -- I wrote "Billionaire" when I was
flat broke. I just helped write a song for Flo Rider. It was
36
the number one song in the world, biggest downloads ever.
It was the number one song for I don't know how many
weeks. It broke records. I was flat broke. Another //
PM : // How?↑
BM : Because we're going to -- I can explain all of that. It works
differently for songwriters. Songwriters, you have to work -- you
have to wait for residuals. You have to pray that the song's going to
be a hit. And then a year later, you might get a check.
In this data, PM asked about involving BM‟s life with his song title „Billionare‟.
BM told about the history of the writing of song lyrics. When he wrote a song
„Billionare‟, BM had been in Flat broke and he explained about songwriter job.
Songwriters have to work, have to wait for residuals and have to pray that song
will be a hit and famous and then he will get a check. BM looked sad when tells
the story of that, the words seems stammer. When BM will continue the words,
PM directly took a turn by Interruption (//) and gave a turn by asking question
with rise intonation (↑) in the end of words because PM looked very curious with
the story which is told. PM as a host gave a turn to speak with ask the question. In
conversation analysis theory, it is called yielding the floor. It means one of
participants in conversation give a turn to other participant with asking the
question or giving the statement. In this case, PM using question with saying
„How‟ and rising intonation in the end of the word to give a turn to BM as his
guest.
37
c. Overlapping
Datum Number 2
PM : That‟s going to really eat away at Rob Lowe. You‟re
younger. [you’re better looking]
BM : [That’s my goal in life]. Eat your heart
out, Mr. Lowe. (LAUGHTER)
In this data, PM accolades BM as a starting to open the nice topic and also as a
reception to a guest star. BM receives the reception with a great answer and makes
a joking. Before PM takes on TRP, BM also speaks and then both of them speak
in a time togrther and it is called by Overlapping ([]). It means that as a
appreciation for a great reception which is given by a host.
Datum Number 17
PM : For the CNN worldwide audience, the worst Bruno Mars
song you have ever written, the one that even now makes you come
out in a weird sweat? ↓
BM : Me and my partner Phil wrote a song called "Bedroom
Bandit." That's all I have to say. [LAUGHTER]
PM : I can't even imagine [how bad those lyrics are.]
BM : [But I promise you, Piers] had you
38
been in the studio, we thought we were going to win 18 Grammys
off this song. The next day, we called each other up like, what were
we thinking?
In this data, PM asked with falling intonation (↓) at the end of the sentences about
news from CNN that Bruno Mars has ever had a bad song. BM admits it that he
ever writes a song with his friend under the title Bedroom Bandit. it is a funny
title then PM laughs and took a turn and made a joke but when PM is still
speaking, BM also speaks and then both speaks in a time together and it called by
Overlapping. Overlapping sometimes occured in every conversation and in this
case, overlapping don‟t disturb the way of conversation.
Datum Number 18
PM : You told a good story, that I read about you, when you
were talking about Elvis Presley and a bit of footage you'd
seen of him performing I think on a TV show, with a big
audience of women. There was a moment when Elvis
spotted the girls were going crazy. Rather than doing
what most guys do, [which is speed up], get to the
moment, he slowed it all down.
BM : [That’s Right]
This data is a clear start which is done by a host. To begin the conversation, PM
told the story about BM when he was child and watched the Elvis Presley
39
Performance and something was happened about the audience who was going
crazy and Elvis is slowed to face it. BM was giving a response for PM‟s statement
by saying „that‟s right‟ while PM was still speaking. In that conversation has
occured Overlapping ([....]) because PM has predicted what will be spoken by BM
and BM asserted the answer by saying „that‟s right‟. It called Back Chanelling.
Assertion the answering with using word like right, huuh, yeah etc. In this case,
overlapping doesn‟t disturb this conversation and it was still informative and BM
can predict so that overlapping also occured in this conversation. PM is still
speaking but BM direct answer with simple word like he‟em, right, yes. It is
called back chanelling. It shows that the participant listen and understand what is
going to speak by other participant.
Datum Number 20
PM : You told a good story, that I read about you, when you
were talking about Elvis Presley and a bit of footage you'd seen
of him performing I think on a TV show, with a big audience of
women. There was a moment when Elvis spotted the girls were
going crazy. Rather than doing what most guys do, [which is
speed up,] get to the moment, he slowed it all down.
BM : [That's right.]
PM : [Everyone went to slow motion]
40
In this data, PM as a host told a story about BM that when BM was child and
watched the Elvis Presley Performance and something was happened about the
audience who was going crazy and Elvis is slowed to face it. BM was giving a
response for PM‟s statement by saying „that‟s right‟ while PM was still speaking.
In that conversation has occured Overlapping ([....]) because PM has predicted
what will be spoken by BM and BM asserted the answer by saying „that‟s right‟.
It called Back Chanelling. Assertion the answering with using word like right,
huuh, yeah etc. In this case, overlapping doesn‟t disturb this conversation and it
was still informative.
Datum Number 25
PM : [Don't do the usual, me], a heartthrob?[ Me, Bruno
Mars? ]
BM : [Oh come on] .[ Not me.]
In this data, overlapping also occured with the symbol ([ ]). The conversation
above is full of joking so that when PM still speaks, BM also spoke to answer
what PM asked. BM told about facing the heartthrob, PM was still speaking then
BM was also speaking then they were speaking in a time together. Although
overlapping occured, the information of the conversation was still informed and
conversation still flows well.
41
Datum Number 31
PM : I've seen your parents say that unlike the other kids in the
family, who were quite shy when it actually came to performing on
stage, you loved it.
BM : [I was a ham bone]
PM : [You wanted ] to be there You wanted to be little Elvis
running around. Is that true? Do you remember that part of it?
In this data, overlapping occured. When BM wass speaking, PM was also
speaking because PM has predict what will be spoken by BM. Piece of
conversation told about his family life. PM gave a turn by giving a statement that
he looked BM was unlike the other kids. BM wasn‟t shy when it actually came to
perform on stage. BM took a turn and then PM also took a turn then they were
speaking in a time together. But as far sa that, Conversation still flows well
although both speak in a time together but information still realize and understan
each other.
Datum Number 37
BM : Don't you take away my women, please. Don't you do
that to me.
PM : Take all the money away, all the cars, the house. Think
about this, Bruno? [This is a big question.]
{LAUGHTER}
42
BM : [I'm good.]
In this data, both of them make a joke about women and money. BM made a
statement that he would choose woman than money. PM took a turn after BM
finished the speaking. But BM took a turn without waiting PM reached his TRP
then overlapping also accured in this conversation. When PM say „This is a big
question‟, BM has predicted so he directly say „I‟m good‟. This words were as a
response from joking above. In this conversation, although participants spoke in a
time together but the information of their conversation was still expressed, so that
there is no problem with strategy which is used in piece of the conversation
above.
2. Holding the floor
Datum Number 5
PM : Was that a dream of yours to do that?
BM : Absolutely. She had been taking care of me for quite some
time. It's time for her to sit back and relax.
PM : How did she react when you did that?
BM : She said, it's not big enough. Get me out of it.
(LAUGHTER)
(.)
BM : She was in tears. It was a very special moment for me. So-
PM : The thing I like about your story is it hasn't all just been
43
easy. A lot of entertainers your age, it all goes crazy very young, it
carries on and burns out.
In this data, PM starts the conversation with asking question about BM‟s dream
for his mother. BM wants to give his mother the happiness and enjoys the time,
just sit and relax because he knew that his mother always took care of him until
now. BM answered without hesitant and his face looked having a big anthusiasm.
And continuing with asking question about reactions of BM‟s mother when BM‟s
dream comes true. BM answered after TRP‟s and both of them laugh, making a
pause (.) for a moment and then BM took the turn again or it is called holding the
floor. Keep the turn before PM take the turn to speak. BM felt his speaking don‟t
enough so he continues his speaking although in the end of his speaking are taken
by interruption by PM. As far as this conversation flows well.
Datum Number 11
PM : As brutal as that?↑
BM : It wasn't as brutal as that. And you know what? It's not
Motown's fault. I was too young. I didn't know what it was like.
(.)
I knew I could sing. I knew I can sing, but there's so much more I
had to learn. I didn't come from the recording background. I came
from doing live shows and performing with bands and that was my
44
craft. I didn't know what it took to become -- to record and be a
recording artist.
(.)
Now, you got to write songs. Now, you got to establish who you are.
I don't know if anyone who knows they are at 18 years old.
In this data, BM told about his carrier when he got dropped by Motown records.
He told the chronology of dropping him from motown. He said that he was too
young and can‟t remember only a litle bit. He thought that it was motown‟s fault
because he was just younger who hasn‟t known yet about recording. He can sing
but to record there was steps which he knew and learned. When he told a story, he
made a pause (.) at the moment and he always continued his speaking. In this
case, PM as a nice hearer because he waited until BM reached TRP‟s. holding the
floor by BM. BM doesn‟t give a turn to PM to take the turn.
3. Yielding the floor
Datum Number 13
PM : Did a part of you believe that, that maybe you weren't
good enough?↓
45
BM : You definitely have those nights where you fell a little
insecure, but I didn't want to give up, I wasn't going to --
my goal was, I'm not going to go back home. I'm not going
back to Hawaii and face my friends and my family saying it
didn't pan out. I've got to do something.
PM : What did you change about what you were doing? How
did you move from has been at 18 to back on track? ↓
BM : I think I grew. I grew as an artist. I grew as a writer. I
wrote songs every day. I started producing. And you know,
practice is what you need. I've written a lot of awful songs.
Hopefully –
In this data, PM gave the turn by asking question and fall intonation (↓) in the end
of sentence. It shows that give a turn or yielding the floor is clear, it give a
contribution in making a good conversation so it flows well. The intonation can be
rised or fallen to give a sign that the next speaker is selected. The conversation
above told about BM‟s life, the journey of life to reach a successful life like now.
BM never gave up to make his dream come true and he always kept the strugle for
it. PM as a host gave some question to BM and BM answered without hesitant and
he knew when he must speak and when he must listen.
46
Datum Number 33
PM : What values did they instill in you? ↓
BM : Just family is everything for us. You know, I wouldn't be
where I am today without the support and the love that my
parents gave me and the knowledge that my father gave
me. He's the one that put me on to music. He's the one that
showed me Jackie Wilson and James Brown.
PM : What kind of advice did he give you, your dad?↓ Because
he's putting you into a business he knew well. It can be a
rough business. It can be a lonely place.
BM : Right.
In this data, the strategy to give a turn by asking question with fall intonation in
the end of the sentences. It is called Yielding the floor. PM select the next speaker
with giving a question to BM and BM answer without hesitant and without
pauses. In the conversation above, PM as a host asked about BM family‟s life.
BM answered with compassionate face when he told about his family. He told that
his family is everything, always supporting him in all conditions, giving
knowledge especially about music from his father. PM gave the second question
after BM reached his TRP. The second question is still about family. PM used a
question to give a turn but he also made a statement so that BM just answered
with short word, it is usually called back chanelling. Back chanelling is the
47
response of participants statement with using the short word but the meaning can
be understood by participants. like aha, right, hemm, etc.
Data Number 36
PM : If I could take away the money or the women, which
would you rather keep? ↓
BM : Definitely the women, Piers. What kind of question is
that? What is this, a setup? ↑
PM : It's a good answer.
In this data, PM gave the floor by asking question with fall intonation in the end
of the sentence. He asked about BM‟s life, woman or money would be chosen
when both of it were a choice. BM answered that he would choose his woman.
BM made a joke with asking „what kind of question is that?‟, he felt that PM just
wanted to make him shy and confused. And BM knew his turn to speak. BM
answered clearly without hesitant because no pause before he answers, and he
gave a turn by statement with rise intonation in the end. It is not a question, it is
just a rhetorical question which do not the answer.
Datum Number 38
PM : Does the money, in the end, mean that much? It's
obviously great to have it, but does it mean that much
to you? ↑
48
BM : (.) emm No. No. I'm not doing emmm of course, like I
said, being able to buy my mom a house, that's
something awesome that I've always wanted to do. I
don't think emm if you're doing music for money, I
don't know if you can be taken seriously.
In this data, yielding the floor by asking question with rise intonation (↑) at the
end of the sentence. PM gives a turn with a question and BM answerer a hesitant
answer. It signed by pause (.) and saying „emmm‟ in some times. It shows that BM
isn‟t ready to answer. The piece of conversation above told that when BM was
success, Money was everything because he said that with money, he made his
mom happy, bought a house for his mom and family, and gave everything for his
family with own money.
Datum Number 41
PM : You're seeing this song go round the world, massive, huge
international hit. And you're making nothing.
BM : And I can't buy a sandwich.
In piece of conversation above, PM started with joking about the job, about a song
which famous, hit and go international but the writer doing nothing. PM took a
turn and said a statement, yield the BM by a statement. And BM answered with
contuining sentences without waiting PM gave a turn. In this case, BM did a self
sellection because the previous speaker haven‟t chosen yet the next speaker.
49
CHAPTER IV
CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS
A. Conclusions
According to research findings, it can be concluded that there are some
points which can answer this research questions.
Interaction strategy in turn taking mechanism includes three main points,
taking the floor, holding the floor and yielding the floor. In this research on Piers
Morgan Tonight Talk Show, yielding the floor is mostly used in conversation. In
taking the turn, participants often speak in a time together and it is usually called
by overlapping. In conversation, overlapping is not a big problem as long as
participants understand each other. Besides overlapping, interruption also occurs
in the conversation. Interruption is taking a turn without waiting speaker take on
TRP. Almost participants as a listener do interruption because they have predicted
what will be spoken by speaker. Listener feels getting enough information from
the speaker so that he/she cuts the speaking. Sometimes some words are missing
but it doesn’t influence that conversation. The other strategy is starting up. In this
conversation on Piers Morgan Tonight Talk Show, Piers Morgan as a host always
begins the conversation by asking questions or flattering to make the conversation
more enjoyable. When yielding occurs in conversation, there are two strategies
which are used by participants, they are: a). Using utterance which includes a
50
question or a statement and then the listener responds directly from the speaker.
b). Rising and falling intonation clearly in the end of sentences.
From explanation above, it can be concluded that every conversation has
many various strategies. Whatever strategies chosen, the important thing in
conversation is coherence and cohesion in the utterances by the participants.
B. Suggestions
Learning Pragmatics, especially Conversation Analysis in turn taking
mechanism is quite important for the next researchers who concern with
communication in social life and for all readers. Because in social community
must have their own rules, regarded to culture, language and mentality to reach an
ideal and understanding comminucation.
This research may give a few suggestions for the next researchers that analyze
conversation among three participants or more, they also can analyze conversation
between participants use different language and then using theory code mixing
and code switching. For example, three participants talk about something in
conversation and each participants use different language and other participant
understand what speaker say, so conversation flows well.
51
BIBLIOGRAPHY
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Wardaugh, Ronald. 1986. An Introduction to Sosiolinguistics. Oxford: Basil
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54
APPENDICES
Transcript of Piers Morgan Tonight Interviews Bruno Mars Aired January 6, 2012 - 21:00 ET
(COMMERCIAL BREAK)
(MUSIC)
MORGAN : I switch to the rather more glamorous Avalon Club in Hollywood.
I found somebody even more glamorous than Rob Lowe. And that is Bruno Mars.
Bruno, welcome.
MARS : Good to be here.
MORGAN: That's going to really eat away at Rob Lowe. You're younger. You're
better looking.
MARS : That's my goal in life. Eat your heart out, Mr. Lowe.
(LAUGHTER) MORGAN: Listen, you tweeted, "I thought 2010 was a great year
but thanks to you guys 2011 has been the greatest year of my life." Why?
MARS : For many reasons. I toured the world this year. I've been to places
that I never dreamt of going singing these songs and promoting my album, and
got a tremendous response. It's funny, that day I tweeted that I just bought my
mother a house.
MORGAN : Really?
MARS : Yes. And it's thanks to these fans.
MORGAN : Was that a dream of yours to do that?
MARS : Absolutely. She had been taking care of me for quite some time.
It's time for her to sit back and relax.
MORGAN : How did she react when you did that?
MARS : She said, it's not big enough. Get me out of it.
(LAUGHTER)
MARS : She was in tears. It was a very special moment for me. So --
55
MORGAN : The thing I like about your story is it hasn't all just been easy. A
lot of entertainers your age, it all goes crazy very young, it carries on and burns
out.
In your case, you had this big wakeup call. You were 18 years old. You come to
Hollywood. Motown signs you up. And you thought, whoa --
MARS : This is it.
MORGAN : I have arrived.
MARS : Yes.
MORGAN : I, Bruno Mars, am a Motown sensation. I mean, boom, almost as
fast as you got it, they dropped you.
How did that feel, that time in your life?
MARS : It was taking a step back. I used to be able to walk into a room
and say, hey, I'm Bruno Mars, I'm signed with Motown Records. Now I have to
say I got dropped from Motown Records. You lose leverage. You lose people
believing in you because, then, why didn't it work?
MORGAN : How did you get told the news?
MARS : It was like this. Hey, we don't want you anymore.
MORGAN : As brutal as that?
MARS : It wasn't as brutal as that. And you know what? It's not Motown's
fault. I was too young. I didn't know what it was like.
I knew I could sing. I knew I can sing, but there's so much more I had to learn. I
didn't come from the recording background. I came from doing live shows and
performing with bands and that was my craft. I didn't know what it took to
become -- to record and be a recording artist.
Now, you got to write songs. Now, you got to establish who you are. I don't know
if anyone knows who they are at 18 years old.
MORGAN : Did you react well? Or like most 18 year olds when --
MARS : I might have cried. I might have shed some tears.
MORGAN : Did a part of you believe that, that maybe you weren't good
enough?
56
MARS : You definitely have those nights where you fell a little insecure,
but I didn't want to give up, I wasn't going to -- my goal was, I'm not going to go
back home. I'm not going back to Hawaii and face my friends and my family
saying it didn't pan out. I've got to do something.
MORGAN : What did you change about what you were doing? How did you
move from has been at 18 to back on track?
MARS : I think I grew. I grew as an artist. I grew as a writer. I wrote songs
every day. I started producing. And you know, practice is what you need. I've
written a lot of awful songs. Hopefully --
MORGAN : What's the worst song you've ever written?
MARS : I don't even want to say it. This is CNN, come on.
MORGAN : For the CNN worldwide audience, the worst Bruno Mars song
you have ever written, the one that even now makes you come out in a weird
sweat?
MARS : Me and my partner Phil wrote a song called "Bedroom Bandit."
That's all I have to say.
MORGAN : I can't even imagine how bad those lyrics are.
MARS : But I promise you, Piers, had you been in the studio, we thought
we were going to win 18 Grammys off this song. The next day, we called each
other up like, what were we thinking?
MORGAN : You told a good story, that I read about you, when you were
talking about Elvis Presley and a bit of footage you'd seen of him performing I
think on a TV show, with a big audience of women. There was a moment when
Elvis spotted the girls were going crazy.
Rather than doing what most guys do, which is speed up, get to the moment, he
slowed it all down.
MARS : That's right.
MORGAN : Everyone went to slow motion.
MARS : I think it was the Milton Berle show. I believe. I think it was the
Milton Berle show. I don't if it was Ed Sullivan. But he sang "Hound Dog." He
had girls in the palm of his hand. He said, you know what, watch this. You could
tell that it was like an improv thing, because the band kind of didn't know what to
57
do.
I don't know if that was live TV or not. But as he started, he got -- he milked it for
everything it was worth. I remember being a kid watching that and saying, I want
that. I want girls to scream like that.
MORGAN : Now they do, Bruno.
MARS : That's right. Rob Lowe, you hear that?
MORGAN : In numbers only Rob Lowe could dream about. What is the
reality of being a heartthrob?
MARS : Heartthrob?
MORGAN : Don't do the usual, me, a heartthrob? Me, Bruno Mars?
MARS : Not me.
MORGAN : Really, me? No, you're kidding me. Let's cut through all that crap,
shall we?
MARS : What's the question.
MORGAN : Do you plead guilty to being a heartthrob.
MARS : I definitely don't plead guilty to being a heartthrob. I don't think
my friends will ever let me say that I'm a -- they keep me --
MORGAN : Some mornings you look in the mirror.
MARS : And I say, yeah, you are the most beautiful man I've ever seen.
But that's just me, Piers.
MORGAN : This is a stupid question, but when you look out now and you see
a sea of beautiful women screaming at you --
MARS : What else is new?
MORGAN : It's got to feel good, right? How good does it feel? Is it actually a
bit weird?
MARS: It's the greatest feeling on Earth. You can't deny that. Like I said, I don't
know if it's a sea of women. It's fun. It's fun. MORGAN: Let's have a little break. I
want to talk to you when we come back about your early life in Hawaii, the time
before this craziness was going on. Also how you felt about "Time Magazine"
58
putting you in their 100 most influential people of the year, because that's quite an
accolade.
(COMMERCIAL BREAK)
(BEGIN VIDEO CLIP)
UNIDENTIFIED MALE : Four-year-old Bruno, tomorrow's king of rock an
roll, the world's youngest Elvis impersonator, Bruno.
(END VIDEO CLIP)
MORGAN : Back with my special guest, Bruno Mars. Bruno, that's you as a
four-year-old doing your Elvis impression. You were a good little Elvis, weren't
you?
MARS : Man, I see those. I don't even remember that. I can't remember
doing that. I don't even remember -- I don't think I even knew what I was doing,
that I was actually impersonating somebody else.
MORGAN : I've seen your parents say that unlike the other kids in the family,
who were quite shy when it actually came to performing on stage, you loved it.
MARS : I was a ham bone.
MORGAN: You wanted to be there. You wanted to be little Elvis running around.
Is that true? Do you remember that part of it?
MARS : Yeah. I remember one night I had 100 some odd fever. I was
about five years old, six years old, something like that. My mother wouldn't let me
perform. I was bawling all night up in the room. I had to call in sick that night.
And I couldn't get to put my jumpsuit on.
I was just crying. That's the one thing I remember.
MORGAN : What was early life for you and the family like in Hawaii?
MARS : You know, Hawaii is a special place. And -- because when I think
about my childhood, I think about my family, my sisters, my brother, us going to
the beach, doing things that you would think a family that grew up in Hawaii
would do.
But, you know, my father who put this show together where you see these little
Elvis clips, you know, he had this show six nights a week at the Sheraton Waikiki.
So it was me going to school and then at nighttime I turned into Batman.
59
MORGAN : What values did they instill in you? MARS: Just family is
everything for us. You know, I wouldn't be where I am today without the support
and the love that my parents gave me and the knowledge that my father gave me.
He's the one that put me on to music. He's the one that showed me Jackie Wilson
and James Brown.
MORGAN : What kind of advice did he give you, your dad? Because he's
putting you into a business he knew well. It can be a rough business. It can be a
lonely place.
MARS : Right.
MORGAN : It can be a place, as you discovered at 18, can be full of great
highs and full of terrible lows.
MARS : Right. His advice -- you see, my dad was a show man. My mom's
the singer in the family. My dad is -- my dad was kind of the leader, as far as
putting shows together and finding guys that could sing and doing this doo-wop
stuff. That was the show we were in. It was called the Love Note Show.
My dad has this love for 1950s doo-wop music. So he knows that he's not the best
singer in the world. But he knows he can find the best singers in the world and put
them all together on the stage and make magic happen. That's what he did with
this.
I think as far as like -- my father was like leadership qualities. That's what he
showed me.
MORGAN : How do they feel, your family, when "Time Magazine," one of
the most prestigious publications in the world, comes out with its famous annual
list of the 100 most influential people in the world and you're on that list. You're
sharing this with people like Benjamin Netanyahu, Barack Obama, Mark
Zuckerberg, General David Petraeus, and Justin Bieber.
So you weren't the only heartthrob who cracked the list. But that's a big moment,
isn't it? That's a moment that recognizes not just you as a performer, but as a
businessman and as a young man with real influence over millions of people.
MARS : I guess proud. I think my mother and father are extremely proud.
To them, I'll always be little Bruno. And that's what I need. Doing what I do, I
need my family and I need to go back home and feel like I'm safe and everything
is cool.
MORGAN : If I could take away the money or the women, which would you
rather keep?
60
MARS : Definitely the women, Piers. What kind of question is that? What
is this, a setup?
MORGAN : It's a good answer.
MARS : Don't you take away my women, please. Don't you do that to me.
MORGAN : Take all the money away, all the cars, the house. Think about this,
Bruno? This is a big question.
MARS : I'm good.
MORGAN : Does the money, in the end, mean that much? It's obviously great
to have it, but does it mean that much to you?
MARS : No. No. I'm not doing -- of course, like I said, being able to buy
my mom a house, that's something awesome that I've always wanted to do. I don't
think -- if you're doing music for money, I don't know if you can be taken
seriously.
MORGAN : You've been involved with songs about desperately wanting to be
a billionaire.
MARS: That's the beauty about "Billionaire." If you listen to the lyrics, it, it's
really not about -- it is. We touch on it a little bit. Why I wrote that -- I wrote
"Billionaire" when I was flat broke. I just helped write a song for Flo Rider. It was
the number one song in the world, biggest downloads ever. It was the number one
song for I don't know how many weeks. It broke records.
I was flat broke.
MORGAN : How?
MARS : Because we're going to -- I can explain all of that. It works
differently for songwriters. Songwriters, you have to work -- you have to wait for
residuals. You have to pray that the song's going to be a hit. And then a year later,
you might get a check.
MORGAN : You're seeing this song go round the world, massive, huge
international hit. And you're making nothing.
MARS : And I can't buy a sandwich.
MORGAN : Literally?
MARS : Literally.
61
MORGAN : What do you think brings happiness?
MARS : The simple things, little things in life.
MORGAN : Hold that.
MARS : OK.
MORGAN : Let's come back after the break. I want you to think carefully. I
want the Bruno Mars secret recipe to happiness.
(COMMERCIAL BREAK)
![arXiv:1612.01627v2 [cs.CL] 15 May 2017 · Table 1: An example of multi-turn conversation the current conversation from a repository with re-sponse selection algorithms. While most](https://img.dokumen.tips/doc/110x75/5f398db8ff9124750a312000/arxiv161201627v2-cscl-15-may-2017-table-1-an-example-of-multi-turn-conversation.jpg)
