Page 1 of 25

CONVENTIONAL GENERAL KNOWLEDGE

FOR COMPETITIVE EXAMS

,e;jpa mwptpay; kw;Wk; gpw Ma;T epWtdq;fs;

mwptpay; kw;Wk; njhopy; El;gj; Jiw

1971- y; cUthf;fg;gl;lJ. mwptpay; kw;Wk; njhopy; El;gf; nfhs;iffis cUthf;Ftjw;Fk;

kw;Wk; mky;gLj;Jtjw;Fk; ,J nghWg;G MFk;.

Ngh]; Ma;T epWtdk; nfhy;fj;jh

ngsjpf kw;Wk; caphpay; mwptpay;fspd; mbg;gil kw;Wk; mtw;wpd; gad;ghL gw;wpa Muha;r;rpfisAk; Nkw;nfhs;fpwJ

,e;jpa thdpay; ngsjpf epWtdk; ngq;f@U

thdpay; njhiyNehf;fp epWtdkhf 1786-y; fpof;fpe;jpa fk;ngdpahy; nrd;idapy; Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lJ.

gpd;dh; ,J 1971y; ngq;f@iuj; jiyikaplkhff; nfhz;L nray;glj; njhlq;fpaJ.

jkpo;ehl;by; fhtD}h; kw;Wk; nfhilf;fhdypy; ,jDila kw;w Jiz epWtdq;fs; cs;sd.

g;sh];kh Ma;T epWtdk;> fhe;jpefh;

gpsh];kh ,aw;gpaypy; Nrhjid kw;Wk; Nfhl;ghL rhh;e;j Ma;Tfis ,e;epWtdk; Nkw;nfhs;fpwJ.

,uhkd; Ma;T epWtdk;> ngq;f@U

1940 fspy; rh;.rp.tp ,uhkdhy; Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lJ. ,th; ,we;jgpd;dh; 1970 y; ,J murhy; mq;fPfhpf;fg;gl;lJ. ,e;epWtdk; mbg;gil mwptpaypy; Njrpa hPjpahf mbg;gil mwptpaypy;

Ma;T Nkw;nfhs;fpd;wJ.

,e;jpa rh;Nt epWtdk;

Nluh^dpy; ,jd; jiyikaplk; cs;sJ. gyjug;gl;l epytpay; tiuglq;fs;: ghJfhg;G kw;Wk; Njrpa tsh;r;rp

rhh;e;j tiuglq;fs; Mfpaitfisj; jahhpf;fpd;wJ.

,e;jpa jhtutpay; rh;Nt epWtdk;:(nfhy;fj;jh)

1890y; Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lJ. jiyikaplk; nfhy;fj;jh ehl;bd; jhtu tsq;fisf; fz;Lgpbj;J mstpLfpwJ.

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,e;jpa tpyq;fpay; rh;Nt epWtdk; (nfhy;fj;jh)

1916 y; Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lJ. jiyikaplk; nfhy;fj;jh Kf;fpa gzp: ehl;bd; tpyq;fpay; rhh;e;j caphpdg; gutiy fz;Lgpbj;J

mstpLfpwJ.

,e;jpa fhLfs; rh;Nt epWtdk;: (1981nluh^d;)

jiyikaplk; Nluh^d; 1981-y; Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lJ. fhLfspd; epiy gw;wpa mwpf;if kw;Wk; Njrpa fhl;Lj; jhtuq;fs;

tiuglj;ij ,uz;lhz;Lf;F xUKiw jahhpj;jy;. fhLfspd; jfty;fis ghJfhj;jy; Nghd;w gzpfis Nkw;nfhs;Sfpd;wJ.

,e;jpa kUj;Jt Ma;T fTd;rpy; (ICMR)

cyfpy; cs;s kUj;Jt Rfhjhu Ma;T epWtdq;fspy; ,J kpfg;goikahd xd;whFk;.

1911 y; Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lJ.

,e;jpa Neha; jLg;gpay; Ma;T epWtdk; (Fd;D}h;) ePyfphpapy; cs;s Fd;D}hpy; Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lJ. ntwp eha;f;fb> /;g;S fha;r;ry;(Flu)> Rthr kz;lyj;jpy; itu]; njhw;W

Nghd;wit Fwpj;j Muha;r;rpg;gzpfis Nkw;nfhs;Sfpd;wJ. ntwpeha;f;fb jLg;G kUe;J> kw;Wk; gpw jLg;G kUe;JfisAk;

jahhpf;fpwJ.

mwptpay; kw;Wk; njhopypay; Muha;r;rp ikak;

1942y; Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lJ gy;NtW mwptpay; gphpTfs; kw;Wk; gy;NtW Nfhzq;fspy; mike;j

Ma;Tf; $lq;fs; kw;Wk; Ma;T epWtdq;fspd; gzpfis Nkw;ghh;itapl;L xUq;fpizj;J tUfpwJ.

cyfpd; Gfo;tha;e;j epidTr; rpd;dq;fs;>

fl;blq;fs; kw;Wk; ,lq;fs;

Mjhk; ghyk;

,J kzy; ghyk; MFk; ,yq;if kw;Wk; ,e;jpahTf;F ,ilapy; flypy; mike;Js;sJ.

m[e;jh

kfhuh~;buhtpy; mTuq;fhghj; mUfpy; cs;sJ. ,J 30 goiktha;e;j ghiwf;FilT Nfhapy;fs; kw;Wk; Xtpaq;fSf;F

Gfo; ngw;wJ. Gj;j Fiffs; cs;sd.

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mq;Nfhh;thl;

fk;Nghbah ehl;by; fp.gp. 12 tJ E}w;whz;by; fl;lg;gl;l muz;kidfs; kw;Wk; Nfhapy;fs; MFk;.

,J ,e;Jf;fspd; Nfhapy; MFk;. NkYk; `Pdahd Gj;j tp`huq;fSk; ,jNdhL njhlh;GilaJ.

m];td; (vfpg;J)

iey; ejpf;fiuapy; mike;Js;s efuk; ,J cyfpd; caukhd mizf;fl;L Nrhtpaj; A+dpad; cjtpAld;

(1960 - 1970) fl;lg;gl;lJ.

Mf;uh (cj;jpug;gpuNjrk;)

,e;jpahtpd; kpfTk; Gfo;tha;e;j jh[;k`hy; vd;w epidTr;rpd;dk; ,q;F cs;sJ.

aKdh ejpf;fiuapy; cs;sJ. 1632-y; jh[; k`hy; fl;l Muk;gpf;fg;gl;L 22 Mz;LfSf;Fg; gpd;dh;

fl;b Kbf;fg;gl;lJ. Mf;uh Nfhl;il kpfTk; Gfo;tha;e;jJ. ,J xU njhopy; efuk;.

M[;kPh; (uh[];jhd;)

K];yPk;fspd; Gdpj efuk; fp.gp. 12k; E}w;whz;by; tho;e;j #gp Jwtp Fth[h nkha;DjPd; rp];jpapd;

fy;yiw ,q;F cs;sJ.

my; mf;]h k#jp (n[Unryk;)

,];yhk; rkaj;jthpd; %d;whk; Gdpj efuk; ,J. Kjy; Gdpj efuk; - nkf;fh ,uz;lhk; Gdpj efuk; nkjpdh

mypfhh; (cj;jpug;gpuNjrk;)

,jd; gioa ngah; Allygurh & Koil MFk;. Gj;j Nfhapy;fs; nfhz;lJ. [hkpah kpy;ypah ,];yhkpah vd;w gy;fiyf;fofk; ,q;F 1920 y;

Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lJ. mypfhhpd; Mq;fpNyh Xhpaz;ly; fy;Y}hp> mypfhh; K];yPk;

gy;fiyf;fofkhf gpd;dh; khwpaJ. இ�gy;fiyf;fofk; ச� ைசய�

அகம�கா� எ�பவரா� �வ�கg;ப�ட�.

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mlfhkh ghiytdk; (rpyp)

cyfpd; kpfTk; ntg;gkhd gFjp MFk;. 1000 fp.kP mstpy; gutpAs;sJ.

myfhghj; (cj;jpugpuNjrk;)

,jd; gioa ngah; “gpuahif” %d;W ejpfs; ,q;F rq;fkkhfpwJ. fq;if aKid ru];tjp (Guhz ejp)

Mfpait> ,ij “jphpNtzp rq;fkk;” vd;gh;. 20 kpy;ypad; gf;jh;fSf;F Nky; 1995 y; xd;whf $b miu Fk;g Nksh

tpoh myfhghj;jpy; ele;jJ. NeU FLk;gj;jpdh; tho;e;j ,y;yk; “Mde;j gtd;” epidTr; rpd;dkhf

,q;F cs;sJ.

mkh;ehj; ([k;K & fh~;kPh;)

Fiff; Nfhapy; ,q;F cs;sJ. rpt gf;jh;fs; “ghy;fhk;” vd;w ChpypUe;J Gdpj ahj;jpiu njhlq;fp>

,q;F tUfpwhh;fs;. fly; kl;lj;jpypUe;J 2400 kPl;lh; cauj;jpy; ,ka kiyapy; ,J

mike;Js;sJ. ,J = efhpypUe;J 150fp.kP J}uj;jpy; cs;sJ.

mkph;jru]; (gQ;rhg;)

rPf;fpah;fspd; Gdpj efuk; nghw;Nfhapy; ,q;F cs;sJ. (rPf;fpah;fspd; Nfhapy;)

mNahj;jp (cj;jpug;gpuNjrk;)

,q;F ,uhkh; gpwe;jhh; vd ek;gg;gLfpwJ. 1992> brk;gh; 6y; ,e;J kjj;ijr; Nrh;e;jth;fs; ,uhkh; Nfhtpiyf; fl;l

Kaw;rpj;J rh;r;irf;Fhpa ghgh; k#jpia ,bj;jdh;. ,q;F ,uhkh; Nfhtpiyf; fl;l ,e;Jf;fs; Kaw;rpg;gJ ,e;J K];yPk;

,ilNa gpur;ridia Njhw;Wtpj;Js;sJ.

ghgpNyhd; (ஈuhf;)

,J ghgpNyhdpag; Nguurpd; jiyefukhf ,Ue;jJ. ,e;j efuk; A+g;ul;B]; Mw;wq;fiuapy; ghf;jhj;jpw;F (etPd ஈuhf;) njw;Nf

mike;Js;sJ. rpwe;j murh; neGr;rl;Nd]h; (605 – 562 fp.K.) ,q;Fs;s njhq;Fk;Njhl;lk; cyfpd; VO mjpraq;fspy; xd;whf cs;sJ.

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igf;fhD}h; (f[f];jhd;)

,e;jpahtpd; Kjy; tpz;ntsp tPuh; uhNf~; ~h;kh 1984 y; ,q;fpUe;J tpz;ntspf;F Nrhtpaj; A+dpad; tpz;ntsp tPuh;fSld; mDg;gp itf;fg;gl;lhh;.

I.Mh;.v]; - 1 A (1988)> I.Mh;.v]; - 1 B (1991) kw;Wk; I.Mh;.v]; - 1 C (1995) Mfpa ,e;jpa nraw;if Nfhs;fs; ,q;fpUe;J mDg;gp itf;fg;gl;ld.

ghz;Lq; (,e;NjhNd~pah)

mzpNruh ,af;fk; vd;w vz;zk; 1955y; ghz;Lq; khehl;by; 29 ehLfs; gq;Nfw;wjpy; jhd; cUthdJ.

mzpNruh ,af;fj;jpd; Kjy; $l;lk; 1961y; ele;jJ.

rh;tNjr epWtdq;fs;

If;fpa ehLfs; rig (UNO)

Muk;gpf;fg;gl;l Mz;L October 24, 1945 jiyikafk; epA+ahh;f;>USA If;fpa ehLfs; rig jpdk; mf;Nlhgh; 24 If;fpa ehLfs; nfhbapd; rpd;dk; Mypt; ,iy I.ehtpd; epue;ju cWg;gpdh;fspd; vz;zpf;if 5 . u~;ah , rPdh ,

gpuhd;]; , gphpl;ld; & mnkhpf;fh nkhj;j cWg;gpdh;fspd; vz;zpf;if 193 filrpahfr; Nrh;e;j ehL ெத� �டா� (2011)

If;fpa ehLfs; rigapd; gpw epWtdq;fs;

nghJr;rigapd; jiyikafk; epA+ahh;f; ghJfhg;Gr; rigapd; jiyikafk; epA+ahh;f;. nkhj;j cWg;gpdh;fs; 15

epue;ju cWg;gpdh;fs; 5 kw;Wk; jw;fhypf cWg;gpdh;fs; 10. nghUshjhu kw;Wk; r%f rigapd; jiyikafk; epA+ahhf;. rh;tNjr ePjpkd;wk;

jiyikafk; N`f; (nejh;yhe;J) nkhj;jk; 15 ePjpgjpfs; gjtpf;fhyk; 9 Mz;Lfs; rh;tNjr ePjpkd;wj;jpy; ePjpgjpahfg; gjtp tfpj;j Kjy; ,e;jpah;

ePjpgjp B.N uht;. ek;gpf;if rigapd; jiyikafk; epA+ahh;f; If;fpa ehLfs; rigapd; Kjy; jiyth; biuf;tp iy. ,th; ehh;Nt

ehl;ilr; rhh;e;jth;. If;fpa ehLfs; rigapd;; jiytuhd Kjy; Mrpah; (1962-71) U. jhz;l;

,th; gh;khitr; rhh;e;jth; If;fpa ehLfs; rigapd; jw;Nghija jiyth; ஆ�ேடான�ெயா ��ெர�

ேபா�r;�க� நா�ைட rhh;e;jth;.

I.eh.tpd; mq;fPfhpf;fg;gl;l nkhopfs; nkhj;jk; MW.

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1. irdP]; 2. Mq;fpyk; 3. gpnuQ;r; 4. u~;ad; 5. °ghåZ 6. muhgpf;

rh;tNjr njhopyhsh; rk;Nksdk; (ILO)

jiyikafk; n[dpth njhlq;fg;gl;l Mz;L 1919

rh;Ntjr mZrf;jp epWtdk; (IAEA)

jiyikafk; tpad;dh (M];jphpah) njhlq;fg;gl;l Mz;L 1945

czT kw;Wk; tptrha fofk; (FAO)

jiyikafk; Nuhk; njhlq;fg;gl;l Mz;L 1945

If;fpa ehLfs; fy;tp> mwptpay; kw;Wk; fyhrhuf; fofk; (UNESCO)

jiyikafk; ghhp]; njhlq;fg;gl;l Mz;L 1946

If;fpa ehLfs; rh;tNjr Foe;ijfs; mtru epjp (UNICEF)

jiyikafk; epA+ahh;f; njhlq;fg;gl;l Mz;L 1946

cyf Rfhjhu ikak; (WHO)

jiyikafk; n[dpth njhlq;fg;gl;l Mz;L 1948

rh;tNjr kW rPuikg;G kw;Wk; Kd;Ndw;w tq;fp (IBRD)

jiyikafk; th~pq;fld; njhlq;fg;gl;lJ 1945 ,jd; kWngah; cyf tq;fp

rh;tNjr gz epjp (IMF)

jiyikafk; th~pq;fld; njhlq;fg;gl;lJ 1945

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thzpg kw;Wk; Vw;Wkjp ,wf;Fkjp thptpjpg;G rhh;e;j nghJ cld;gbf;if (GATT)

jiyikafk; n[dpth Mz;L 1948 1994ypUe;J GATT vd;gJ cyf th;j;jf ikak; vd;W ngah; khw;wk;

nra;ag;gl;lJ. ,e;jpah 1994ypUe;J WTO tpd; cWg;gpduhfj; njhlh;fpwJ.

fhkd; nty;j; ehLfspd; $l;likg;G

njhlq;fg;gl;l tUlk; 1947 ,t;tikg;gpw;F vOjg;gl;l murpayikg;G fpilahJ. nkhj;j cWg;gpdh;fs; 52 ,f;$l;likg;gpd; milahsj; jiyth; ,q;fpyhe;jpd; kfhuhzp Mthh;. jw;Nghija jiyth; kfhuhzp vyprngj; II ,e;jpah 1947ypUe;J,;f;$l;likg;gpy; cWg;gpduhf cs;sJ.

mzpNruh ehLfspd; ,af;fk; (NAM) Njhw;Wtpj;jth;fs;: NeU-,e;jpah, khh;~y;bl;Nlh-A+Nfh];Nyhtpah, Dr.

Rfh;Ndh -,e;NjhNdrpah, G.A. eh]h; -vfpg;J mzp Nruh ehLfs; ,af;fk; cUthff; fhuzkhd $l;lk; ele;j ,lk;

ghz;Lq; (,e;NjhNdrpah) tUlk; : Vg;uy; 1955 mzpNruh ehLfspd; Kjy; khehL ele;j ,lk; ngy;fpNuL

(A+Nfh];Nytpah) – tUlk; 1961 nrg;lk;gh; nkhj;j cWg;gpdh;fs; 120 mzpNruh ehLfspd; 17tJ khehL ஃபா�ம� (ெவன��லா); nrg;lk;gh; 2016 y;

eilngw;wJ. jw;Nghija jiyth; நிேகால� ம�ரா, ெவன��லா நா�ைட rhh;e;jth;.

njw;fhrpa ehLfspd; gpuNjr xj;Jiog;Gf;fhd $l;likg;G (SAARC)

Njhd;wf; fhuzkhdth; tq;fhsNjrj;jpd; Kd;dhs; [dhjpgjp [pah – ch; - u`;khd;

epWtg;gl;l tUlk; December 8, 1985 epWtg;gl;l ,lk; lhf;fh jiyikafk; fhj;khz;L (Neghsk;) nkhj;j cWg;gpdh;fs; 7 1.G+lhd; 2. gq;fshNjrk; 3. ,e;jpah 4. khyj;jPT 5.ghfp];jhd;

6. Neghsk; 7.=yq;fh filrpahf ,ize;j ehL Mg;fhdp];jhd; (2007) jw;Nghija cWg;gpdh;fspd; vz;zpf;if 8. (SAARC) d; Kjy; khehL 1985 lhf;fh khehL (SAARC) $l;likg;gpd; Kjy; Nrh;kd; - vh;~hj; (gq;fhshNj~;) jw;Nghija Secretary General of SAARC – Amjad Hussain B. Sial

(ghfp];jhd;) 18TH Summit – Nov - 2014 fhj;khz;L ( Neghsk;) 19TH Summit – Nov – 2016 Ï°yhkhgh¤ ( ghfp];jhd; ) - cancelled

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INuhg;gpa A+dpad; (EU)

epWtg;gl;l tUlk; 1957 jiyikafk; G&n]y;]; (ngy;[pak;) INuhg;gpa A+dpadpd; nghJthd ehzak; A+Nuh nkhj;j cWg;gpdh;fs; 28 filrpahf ,ize;j ehL �ேரசியா (2013)

ngl;Nuhypa nghUl;fs; Vw;Wkjp nra;Ak; ehLfspd; $l;likg;G (OPEC)

epWtg;gl;l Mz;L 1960 jiyikafk; tpad;dh,( ஆ�தி�யா ) ngl;Nuhypag; nghUl;fspd; cw;gj;jp kw;Wk; tpiyiaf; fl;Lg;gLj;j

Vw;gLj;jg;gl;l mikg;G cWg;G ehLfs; 14

tl ml;yhz;bf; cld;gbf;if ehLfspd; $l;likg;G (NATO)

epWtg;gl;l Mz;L 1949

jiyikafk; G&n]y;];(ெப�ஜிய�)

nkhj;j cWg;gpdh;fs; 29. (29th –மா��ெந�ேரா )

Mg;gphpf;fh ehLfspd; xw;Wikf;fhd $l;likg;G (OAU)

epWtg;gl;l Mz;L 1963 jiyikafk; mjp]; mghgh (vjpNahg;gpah) cWg;G ehLfs; 55 ,t;tikg;gpd; jw;Nghija ngah; Mg;gphpf;f A+dpad; (AU) (2002)

njd; fpof;F Mrpa ehLfspd; $l;likg;G (ASEAN)

epWtg;gl;l Mz;L 1967 jiyikafk; [f®j;jh> ,e;NjhNdrpah

nkhj;j cWg;G ehLfs; 10 jw;NghJ ,e;jpahtpw;F ghh;itahsh; me;j];J toq;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

rh;tNjr nghJ kd;dpg;G rig (Amnesty international)

epWtg;gl;l Mz;L 1961 jiyikafk; yz;ld; நி�வ�யவ�- ப��ட� ஃெப�ச�

nrQ;rpYitr; rq;fk;

Njhw;Wtpj;jth; [pd; n`d;wp ^ud; Njhw;Wtpf;fg;gl;l Mz;L 1864 ,jd; Fwpf;Nfhs; “Nghhpy; fUiz” (charity in war) nrQ;rpYit rq;fjpdk; Nk 8

Page 9 of 25

Kf;fpa Nfhg;igfs; fphpf;nfl;

M\]; Nfhg;ig – M];jpNuypah VS ,q;fpyhe;J jpNahlh; Nfhg;ig JyPg; Nfhg;ig ,uhdp Nfhg;ig uQ;rp Nfhg;ig

`hf;fp

Mfhfhd; Nfhg;ig jpahd; re;j; Nfhg;ig Fg;Grhkp ehAL Nfhg;ig KUfg;gh jq;f Nfhg;ig NeU Nfhg;ig uq;frhkp Nfhg;ig

fhy;ge;J

J}uz;l; Nfhg;ig B.C. uha; Nfhg;ig re;Njh~; Nfhg;ig Nuhth;]; Nfhg;ig Rg;uNjh Kfh;[p Nfhg;ig

gpw Nfhg;igfs;

fpuhz;l; ];yhk; -nld;dp]; m];nyd;~h Nfhg;ig -`hf;fp Nltp]; Nfhg;ig -nld;dp]; Nty;]; ,sturh;Nfhg;ig -Nfhy;g; iulh; Nfhg;ig-Nfhy;g; cgh; Nfhg;ig -cyf ghl;kpz;ld; (ngz;fs;) `hg;nkd; Nfhg;ig -nld;dp]; jhk]; Nfhg;ig -cyf ghl;kpz;ld; (Mz;fs;) thy;fh; Nfhg;ig -Nfhy;g;

Njrpa tpisahl;Lfs;

,e;jpah - `hf;fp M];jpNuypah - fphpf;nfl;> nld;dp]; rPdh - Nlgps; nld;dp]; ,q;fpyhe;J - fphpf;nfl;> fhy;ge;J [g;ghd; - RNkh kNyrpah - Ngl;kpz;ld; ];fhl;yhe;J - uf;gp> fhy;ge;J ];ngapd; - fhisr; rz;il mnkhpf;fh - Ng];ghy;

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tpisahl;Lfspy; gq;FngWk; tPuh;fspd; vz;zpf;if

Ng];ghy; - 9 `hf;fp - 11 NghNyh - 4 ePh;g;NghNyh - 7 fphpf;nfl; - 11 fhy;ge;J - 11 ifg;ge;J - 6 $ilge;J - 5 uf;gp - 15

tpUJfs; Nehgy; ghpR

Njhw;Wtpf;fg;gl;l tUlk; 1901 Njhw;Wtpj;jth; My;gpul; Nehgy; Nehgy; ghpR toq;fg;gLk; Jiwfs; 6 1.,aw;gpay; 2. Ntjpapay; 3.kUj;Jtk; 4. ,yf;fpak;

5. mikjp 6. nghUshjhuk; nghUshjhuj;jpw;fhd Nehgy; ghpR 1967 ypUe;J toq;fg;gLfpwJ. mikjpf;fhd Nehgy; ghpR jtpu gpw midj;Jk; ];tPldpy; toq;fg;gLk;.

mikjpf;fhd ghpR ehh;Ntapy; toq;fg;gLk;. xt;nthU Mz;Lk; December 10 md;W ,g;ghpRfs; toq;fg;gLk; ,aw;gpay; 1903> Ntjpapay; 1911 Mfpa ,U JiwfSf;fhd

Nehgy;ghpRfis Nkhpfpa+hp ngw;Ws;shh;. [hd; ghh;Bd; vd;gth; NtjpaYf;fhf ,UKiw (1956> 1972) Nehgy; ghpR

ngw;Ws;shh;. gpunlhpf; rhq;fh; vd;gth; NtjpaYf;fhf ,UKiw (1958>1980) Nehgy; ghpR

ngw;Ws;shh;. ypd;d]; gTypq; vd;gth; Ntjpapay; kw;Wk; mikjpf;fhd Nehgy;

ghpRfis 1954> 1962y; ngw;Ws;shh;. Nehgy; ghpR ngw;w Kjy; ,e;jpag; ngz;kzp md;id njurh – 1979 Nehgy; ghpR ngw;w Kjy; ,e;jpah; - jh$h; (1913) jh$h; C.V. uhkd;> `h;Nfhtpe; Fuhdh> md;id njurh> re;jpuNrfh;

kw;Wk; mkh;jpah nrd;, ெவ�க�ராம� ராமகி��ண�, ைகலா� ச�யா�தி Mfpa 8 ,e;jpah;fs;; Nehgy; ghpR ngw;Ws;sdh;.

kfNrNr tpUJ

Njhw;Wtpf;fg;gl;l Mz;L 1958 gpypg;igd;]; [dhjpgjpahd uhkd; kfNrNr vd;gthpd; epidthf

gpypg;igd;]; ehl;lhy; toq;fg;gLk; tpUJ ,J. ,t;tpUJ ngw;w Kjy; ,e;jpah; Mr;rhh;a tpNdhghghNt tUlk; 1958.

Page 11 of 25

Gypl;rh; tpUJ

Njhw;Wtpf;fg;gl;l Mz;L 1917 nfhyk;gpah gy;fiyf;fofj;jhy; toq;fg;gLfpwJ (United States) Jhumpa Lahiri (for Intrepreters of Maladies)– in 2000 (India) Geetha Anand (for Journalism) -2003 (India) Dr.Siddhartha Mukhejee (for The Emperor of All Maladise) –

2011 (India) Vijay Sheshadri (Poet Category) – 2014 (India) toq;fg;gLk; Jiw gj;jphpf;if> ,yf;fpak; kw;Wk; ,ir

Gf;fh; ghpR

Njhw;Wtpf;fg;gl;l Mz;L 1968 ,g;ghpR ,yf;fpaj;jpw;fhd cahpa tpUJ 2016 – � Paul Beatty (US) – The “ Sellout ” (Book Name)

M];fhh; ghpR

Njhw;Wtpf;fg;gl;l Mz;L 1968 jpiuglj;Jiwf;fhd tpUJ. kfG+g;fhdpd; kjh; ,e;jpah vd;w ,e;jpg;glNk 1968 y; M];fhh;

Nghl;bapy; fye;J nfhz;l Kjy; ,e;jpag; glk;. ghD mj;ijah vd;gth; Mil myq;fhuj;jpw;fhd M];fhh; tpUjpid

fhe;jp (1982) glj;jpw;fhfg; ngw;whh;. tho;ehs; rhjidf;fhd Nehgy;ghprpid rj;a[pj; Nu 1992 y; ngw;whh;. ngd;`h;> ill;lhdpf; Mfpa glq;fs; 11 tpUJfisg; ngw;Ws;sd. The lord of the Rings. The Return of the King vd;w glk; 10 tpUJfisg;

ngw;Ws;sJ. A.R. Rahman – 2008, for the film “ Slum dog Millionaire” for Music & best

original Score- only Indian got 2 Oscar Kulsar and Rasul Pookutty - for the film “ Slum dog Millionaire” – best sound

Mixing

[t`h;yhy; NeU rh;tNjr tpUJ njhlq;fg;gl;l Mz;L 1965 ,e;jpa murhq;fj;jhy; rh;tNjr mstpy; cyf xw;Wikf;fhd

Ghpe;Jzh;Tf;fhf toq;fg;gLk; tpUJ. 2009 – Angelo Morses ( Germany)

kfhj;kh fhe;jp mikjp tpUJ

njhlq;fg;gl;l Mz;L 1995 ,e;jpa murhq;fj;jhy; fhe;jpapd; 125tJ gpwe;j ehis Kd;dpl;L

Vw;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. 2014 – ISRO

Page 12 of 25

ghuj uj;dh

,e;jpahtpd; kpf cahpa rptpy; tpUJ 1954–y; ,Ue;J ,t;tpUJ toq;fg;gLfpwJ. 1954 y; ghujuj;dh tpUJ thq;fpath;fs; uh[h[p> S.uhjhfpU~;zd;

C.V. ,uhkd; filrpahf 2015 y; ghuj uj;dh toq;fg;gl;lJ. மத� ேமாக� மாளவ�யா

(இற���� ப��), ஏ.ப�. வா�பா� ,UtUk; ngw;wdh;.

gj;k tpUJfs;

,e;jpahtpd; 2 tJ nghpa rptpypad; tpUJ gj;k tpG+~z;; ,jidj; njhlh;e;J gj;k G+~z; gj;k = tpUJfs; toq;fg;gLfpd;wd

gpw tpUJfs;

,e;jpahtpd; kpf cahpa rptpypad; my;yhj tpUJ guk;tPh; rf;uh mLj;jjhf kfhtPurf;uh kw;Wk; tPh; rf;uh tpUJfs; toq;fg;gLfpd;wd.

jhjh rhNfg; ghy;Nf tpUJ

epWtg;gl;l Mz;L 1970 ,e;jpa rpdpkhtpd; je;ij vdg;gLk; jhjhrhNfg; ghy;Nf epidthf ,J

rpdpkhj;Jiwf;F toq;fg;gLfpwJ. jhjh rhNfg; ghy;Nf tpUJ ngw;w Kjy; ngz;kzp Njtpfh uhzp.

2017 - காசிநா�ன� வ��வநா�

mh;[Pdh tpUJ

tpisahl;Lj; Jiwapy; Nrit nra;jth;f;F toq;fg;gLk; ,t;tpUJ 1961 ypUe;J jug;gLfpwJ.

JNuhzr;rhhpah; tpUJ

tpisahl;Lj Jiwapy; gapw;rpahsUf;F toq;fg;gLk; tpUJ. njhlq;fg;gl;l Mz;L 1961.

ehh;kd; Nghh;yhf; tpUJ

tptrhaj;Jiwapy; Nrit nra;gth;fSf;F toq;fg;gLfpwJ. njhlq;fg;gl;l Mz;L 1972

�த� வ��� – Dr. A.B. ேஜாஷி

QhdgPl tpUJ

kiyahs vOj;jhsh; rq;fu FUg; vd;gtNu Kjy; QhdgPl tpUJ ngw;w Mz; (1965).

Kjy; ngz;kzp Nkw;F tq;fhsj;ijr; rhh;e;j M~hG+h;z Njtp. 2017 – Shanka Ghosh ( Bengali)

Page 13 of 25

rpy Kf;fpa Nkw;Nfhs;fs; r%ftpay;

kdpjd; xU r%fg; gpuhzp – mhp];lhby; r%ftpaypd; je;ij – mf];Nl Nfhk;Nj tof;fg; ghbfs; vd;gij mjpfkhf Ma;T nra;jth; - rk;dh; vjd; %yk; Mhpakakhjy; jkpo;nkhopapy; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ?

- rk];fpUjf; $Wfs; Foe;ijNa kdpjdpd; je;ij – Nthh;l;]; nthh;j; mwpNt rf;jp – N`hg;];

nghUshjhuk;

nghUshjhuj;jpd; je;ij – Mlk; ];kpj; %yjdk; vd;w E}iy vOjpath; fhuy; khh;f;];

murpay;

murpaypd; je;ij – mhp];lhby; FbauR vd;w Gj;jfj;ij vOjpath; - gpNsl;Nlh (gpuhd;];) gpNsl;Nlhtpd; FU rhf;uB];. mhp];lhbypd; FU gpNsl;Nlh kdpjd; Rje;jpukhfg; gpwe;jhYk; kdpj cwTfshy; fl;Lz;L fplf;fpwhd;

- &Nrh (gpuhd;];) murpay; vd;w Gj;jfj;ij vOjpath; mhp];lhby; mjpfhug; gphptpid vd;w fUj;ij ntspapl;lhh; - khd;nl];f;A (gpnuQ;R

jj;Jt Qhdp) kf;fSf;fhf kf;fshy; cUthf;fg;gl;l murhq;fj;ij ,t;TyfpypUe;J

mopj;J tpl KbahJ – Mgpufhk; ypq;fd;. mNahf;fpah;fspd; filrpg;Gfyplk; murpay; - lhf;lh; rh%Nty; [hd;]d; ciog;G> ,uj;jk>; fz;zPh; kw;Wk; tpah;it jtpu cq;fSf;Fj; ju

vd;dplk; NtW vJTkpy;iy – tpd;];ld; rh;r;rpy; ey;y jha;khh;fis vd;dplk; jhUq;fs; mjd; %yk; ehd; cq;fSf;F

ey;y ehl;ilj; jUNtd; - neg;Nghypad; tpjpNahL ehk; xU xg;ge;jk; nra;J nfhz;lNlhk; - NeU ehd; nrd;Nwd;; ehd; ghh;j;Njd; ehd; ntd;Nwd; (tpdp> tpb> tprp) –

[{ypa]; rPrh; mw ,ay; vd;gJ xOf;ff; nfhs;ifiag; gw;wpf; fw;gpg;gJ MFk;. msitapay; vd;gJ cah;epiy tpQ;Qhdk; kdpjh;fs; tuyhk;> Nghfyhk;. Mdhy; ehd; vd;Wk; epiyahdtd; -

nld;dprd;

Kf;fpa vy;iyf; NfhLfs;

Jue;j; NfhL

,e;jpah kw;Wk; Mg;fhdp];jhd; ehLfspd; vy;iyf;NfhL ,ij 1896 – y; rh;.khh;l;bkh; J}ue;j; eph;zapj;jhh;.

Page 14 of 25

kf;Nkhfd; NfhL

,e;jpah kw;Wk; rPd ehLfspd; vy;iyf;NfhL ,ij rh;.n`d;hp kf;Nkhfd; eph;zapj;jhh;. rPdh ,e;jf; Nfhl;il Vw;Wf; nfhs;stpy;iy.

20 tJ vy;iyf;NfhL

,e;j vy;iyf;Nfhl;il ,e;jpah-ghfp];jhd; vy;iyf;NfhL vd ghfp];jhd; $WfpwJ.

,e;jpah ,ij Vw;Wf; nfhs;stpy;iy 38 tJ vy;iyf;NfhL

tlnfhhpah kw;Wk; njd; nfhhpah Mfpa ehLfSf;F ,ilNa cs;s vy;iyf;NfhL.

49 tJ vy;iyf;NfhL

fdlh kw;Wk; mnkhpf;fh Mfpa ehLfSf;F ,ilNa cs;s vy;iyf;NfhL MFk;.

17 tJ vy;iyf;NfhL

tltpal;ehKk; njd;tpal;ehKk; ,iztjw;F Kd;G mt;tpU ehLfSf;F ,ilNa ,Ue;j vy;iyf;NfhL.

nul;fpsPg; NfhL

,ij nul;fpsPg; vd;gth; epu;khzpj;jhu; ,e;jpah kw;Wk; ghfp];jhd; Mfpa ehLfSf;F ,ilNa cs;s

vy;iyf;NfhL

ePyg;Gj;jfk; gphpl;b~; murhq;fj;jpd; mjpfhug;G+h;t mwptpf;if gr;ir Gj;jfk; ,j;jhyp><uhd; ehl;bd; mjpfhug;G+h;t mwptpf;if fpNu Gj;jfk; [g;ghd;> ngy;[paj;jpd; mwptpf;if MuQ;R Gj;jfk; nejh;yhe;J ehl;bd; mwptpf;if nts;is Gj;;jfk; n[h;kdp> Nghh;r;Rfy;> rPdhtpd; mwptpf;if kQ;rs; Gj;jfk; gpuhd;]pd; mjpfhug;G+h;t mwptpf;if

nts;is mwptpf;if murhq;fj;jhy; ntspaplg;gLk; cz;ik mwptpf;Fk; mwptpf;if

,e;jpa mwptpay; Muha;r;rp epWtdq;fs;

1. Njrpa ,aw;gpay; Ma;Tf;$lk; GJnly;yp 2. Njrpa flypay; epWtdk; Nfhth 3. Njrpa Ntjpapay; Ma;Tf;$lk; g+dh

4. kj;jpa cg;G kw;Wk; fly; rhu;e;j Ntjpapay; Muha;r;rp epWtdk;

ght;efh;> F[uhj;

Page 15 of 25

5. kj;jpa vhpg;nghUs; kw;Wk; Muha;r;rp epWtdk; jhd;ghj; 6. ,e;jpa Ntjpapay; njhopy;El;gf; fofk; i`juhghj; 7. ,e;jpa ngl;Nuhypa epWtdk; Nluh^d; 8. kj;jpa czT njhopy;El;g Ma;T epWtdk; ik#U 9. kj;jpa kUe;J Ma;T epWtdk; yf;Ndh 10. Njrpa jhtutpay; Ma;T epWtdk; yf;Ndh 11. kj;jpa nry;ypay; kw;Wk; caphpay; Ma;T i`juhghj; 12. njhopypay; tp~k; rhh;e;j Ma;T ikak; yf;Ndh 13. kj;jpa fl;bl Ma;T epWtdk; &h;f;fp 14. kj;jpa rhiy Ma;T epWtdk; GJ nly;yp 15. kj;jpa Ruq;f Muha;r;rp epiyak; jhd;ghj; 16. Njrpa cNyhftpay; Ma;Tf;$lk; [hk;n~l;g+h; 17. kj;jpa ,ae;jputpay; vd;[Pdpahpq; Jh;fhg+h; 18. Njrpa Rw;Wg;Gwr;#oy; Ma;T epWtdk; ehf;G+h; 19. Njrpa thdtpay; Ma;Tf; $lk; ngq;f@h;

20. kj;jpa fz;zhb kw;Wk; kz;ghz;l Ma;T epWtdk;

nfhy;fj;jh

21. kj;jpa fly; kPd;ts epWtdk; kz;lgk; Kfhk;> uhNk];tuk;> jkpo;ehL.

22. kj;jpa mhprp Ma;T epiyak; fl;lhf; (xhp];]h) 23. kj;jpa Njq;fha; Ma;T epiyak; fhaq;Fsk; (Nfush) 24. ,e;jpa mwptpay; epWtdk; ngq;f@U 25. Njrpa ,aw;gpay; Ma;Tf;$lk; GJnly;yp 26. ,e;jpa tpz;ntsp Ma;Tf;fofk; Jk;gh (Nfush)

,e;jpahtpd; cr;rq;fs;

1 kpf caukhd rpfuk; (in India) fQ;rd; [q;fh (8586 kPl;lh;)

2 kpf caukhd gPlG+kp ylhf; ([k;K & fh~;kPh;) 3 kpf ntg;gkhd khjk; [{d;

4 mjpf kiongWk; ,lk; nksrpd;Nuhk; (rpuGQ;rp mUfpy; 1080 kp.kP)

5 kpf caukhd rpfuk; ( 2nd in world) K– 2 (fhl;tpd; M];bd;) (8611 kPl;lh;)

6 kpf caukhd Nfl;Nt Gye;jh;th]h (/gNjG+h; rpf;hp)

7 kpf ePskhd rhiy fpuhz;l; l;uq; NuhL (1500 iky;fs;)

8 kpf caukhd NfhGuk; FJg;kpdhh; (nly;yp)

9 tPujPur; nraYf;fhf toq;fg;gLk; kpf cahpa tpUJ

guk; tPh; rf;uh

10 kpf cahpa rptpypad; tpUJ ghuj uj;dh 11 kpf ePskhd rhiyg;ghyk; Nrhd; ghyk;> gPfhh;

12 kpf ePskhd Nfhapy; gpufhuk; ,uhNk];tuk; Nfhapy; gpufhuk; (4000 mb)

13 kpf ePskhd uapy;Nt gpshl;ghuk; fhuf;G+h;> njd;fpof;F uapy;Nt (2733 mb)

14 kpf ePskhd ejp kw;Wk; nghpa ejp fq;if

15 kpf ePskhd Fifg;ghij [t`h; Fifg; ghij ([k;K & fh~;kPh;> 1.75 iky;fs;).

16 kpf ePskhd ,uapy;Nt Fifg;ghij Fuq;F kiy kw;Wk; fhz;lyh uapy;Nt epiyaq;fSf;F ,ilNa (2100kP) cs;s ghij

17 kpf ePskhd mizf;fl;L `puhFl; mizf;fl;L (xhp]h) 18 kpfg;nghpa ghiytdk; jhh; (uh[];jhd;)

Page 16 of 25

19 kpfg;nghpa nly;lh Re;jutd nly;lh 20 kpfg;nghpa $k;G tbt NfhGuk; Nfhy; Fk;gh]; 21 kpfg;nghpa Vhp Cyhh; Vhp (fh~;kPh;) 22 kpfg;nghpa kpA+rpak; ,e;jpad; kpA+rpak; (nfhy;fj;jh)

23 kpfg;nghpa khepyk; (gug;gsT mbg;gilapy;)

uh[];jhd;

24 kpfg;nghpa khepyk; (kf;fs; njhif mbg;gilapy;)

cj;jug;gpuNjrk;

25 Fiwe;j kf;fs; njhif nfhz;l khepyk; rpf;fpk;

26 kpfr; rpwpa khepyk; (gug;gsT mbg;gilapy;)

Nfhth

27 kpfg;nghpa kpUff;fhl;rp rhiy tpyq;fpay; Njhl;lk; (nfhy;fj;jh) 28 Kjy; mZkpd; epiyak; jhuhg;G+h; (kfhuh~;buh) 29 Kjy; nry;Yyhh; njhiyNgrp te;j ,lk; nfhy;fj;jh (Mf];l; 1995) 30 mjpf kf;fs; njhifAila efuk; Kk;ig

31 ,e;jpahtpy; jahhpf;fg;gl;l Kjy;; tpiuTg; Nghh; fg;gy;

I.vd;.v];.ePyfphp

32 ,e;jpahtpy; jahhpf;fg;gl;l Kjy; ePh;%o;fp fg;gy;

I.vd;.v];. ~y;fp

33 Kjy; nkl;Nuh (epyj;jb) uapy; nfhy;fj;jh nkl;Nuh uapy;Nt. 34 Kjy; NgRk; glk; Myk; Muh (1931) 35 Kjy; nra;jpj;jhs; ngq;fhy; nf[l; (1781)

36 Kjy; ,e;jpa nkhopapy; ntspte;j jpdrhp

rkhr;rhh; jh;gd; (1818)

37 Kjy; mQ;ry; mYtyfk; nfhy;fj;jh (1727)

38 Kjy; nlypfpuhg; iyd; epWtg;gl;l ,lk; lakz;l; JiwKfk; kw;Wk; nfhy;fj;jhtpw;F ,ilapy; (1851)

39 Kjy; Gif tz;b Kk;igapypUe;J jhdh tiu (1853)

40 Kjy; kpd;rhu uapy; Kk;ig tp.b.apypUe;J Fh;yh tiu. (1925)

41 Kjy; nksdg; glk; uh[h `hp~; re;jpuh (jhjh rhNfg;ghy;Nf vd;gtuhy; jahhpf;fg;gl;lJ).

42 Kjy; fyh; rpdpkh];Nfhg; jpiug;glk; igh; fp gpah]; (1961) 43 Kjy; nraw;iff;Nfhs; Mhpag;gl;lh (1975)

44 ,e;jpahtpNyNa ,e;jpah;fshy; tbtikf;fg;gl;l Kjy; nraw;iff;Nfhs; ,d;rhl; 2 A (1992)

45 Kjy; mZntb Nrhjid epfo;e;j ,lk; nghf;fuhd; (uh[];jhd;> 1974) 46 Kjy; nghpa mZ ciy mg;ruh (1956)

47 cs;ehl;bNyNa tbtikf;fg;gl;L fl;lg;gl;l Kjy; VTfiz

gphpj;tp (1988)

48 Kjy; mwptpay; efuk; Muk;gpf;fg;gl;l ,lk;

nfhy;fj;jh

49 bvd;V (DNA) %yk; cly; nghUis ePjpf;fhf Ma;T nra;a Vw;gLj;jg;gl;;l Kjy; ,lk;

nfhy;fj;jh

50 kpf caukhd ePh;tPo;r;rp n[h;Nrhg;gh ePh;tPo;r;rp> ik#U 51 kpfg;nghpa Vhp Cyh; Vhp> fh~;kPh; 52 kpf caukhd ghyk; rk;gy; ghyk; 53 kpf caukhd miz gf;uh miz (rl;ny[;)

54 kpf mfykhd> nghpa miz `puhFl; miz (kfhejp> xhp];]h)

55 kpfg;nghpa jq;Fkplk; ,uh~;bugjp gtd;> GJnly;yp

56 kpf caukhd rpiy NfhkjP];tuh; rpiy> rutzngynfhyh ik#h;

Page 17 of 25

57 kpfg;nghpa kpUff;fhl;rp rhiy tpyq;fpay; G+q;fh> mypG+h;> nfhy;fj;jh

58 kpfg;nghpa rigf;$lk; = rz;Kfhde;jh `hy; Kk;ig

59 kpfg;nghpa mUq;fhl;rpafk; ,e;jpa Njrpa mUq;fhl;rpafk;> nfhy;fj;jh

60 kpfg;nghpa Fifg;ghij [t`h; Fifg;ghij 61 kpf ePskhd kpd;rhu ,uapy; ghij nrd;id – nly;yp

62 kpfg;nghpa Fiff;Nfhapy; vy;Nyhuh> ifyh~;ehjh; Nfhapy; kfhuh~;buh

63 kpfg;nghpa Mw;Wj;jPT மஜுலித�� (அசா�)

64 kpfg;nghpa FUj;thuh jq;ff; Nfhapy;> mkph;jru]; 65 kpfg;nghpa rh;r;; Gdpj fjPl;uy; rh;r;> Nfhth 66 kpfg;nghpa k#jp [{k;kh k#jp> nly;yp 67 kpfg;nghpa Ftpe;j $iu kz;lgk; Nfhy; Fk;gh];> gP[g;G+h; 68 kpfg;nghpa nek;GNfhy; ghyk; n`suh ghyk;> nfhy;fj;jh 69 kpf ePskhd Mw;Wg;ghyk; �ெப� ஹச�கா பால� (அசா�) 70 kpf caukhd Gtp<h;g;G ika miz gf;uh miz> rl;ny[; 71 kpfg;nghpa Nfhl;il nrq;Nfhl;il> nly;yp 72 kpfg;nghpa ghiytdk; jhh; ghiytdk; (uh[];jhd;)

73 kpfg;nghpa GifNghf;fp (275 kP) kpd;rf;jp epiyak; lhlh kpd;rhu fofk;> Kk;ig

74 kpfg;nghpa nraw;if Vhp Nfhtpe;j; rhfh; (gf;uh) 75 kpfg;nghpa efuk; nfhy;fj;jh 76 kpf caukhd fyq;fiu tpsf;fk; Gnuhq;f;]; hP/g;> Kk;ig

77 kpf caukhd rpiy jpUts;Sth; rpiy> fd;dpahFkhp 133mb cauk;

,e;jpahtpd; Kjd;ik egh;fs;

1 Kjy; gphpl;b~; fth;dh; n[duy; thud; N`];bq;];

2 Rje;jpu ,e;jpahtpd; Kjy; gphpl;b~; fth;dh; n[duy;

nksz;l;Ngl;ld; gpuG

3 Kjy; itrpuha; fhdpq; gpuG 4 Kjy; jiyik ePjpgjp `puhyhy; N[.fhdpah 5 Kjy; fkhz;lh; ,d; rPg; n[duy; Nf.vk;.fhpag;gh 6 Kjy; tpz;ntsp – tPuh; uhNf~;rh;kh

7 Kjy; gPy;L khh;~y; v];gpvg; N[.khndf;~h 8 Kjy; ,e;jpa fth;dh; n[duy; rp.uh[Nfhghyhr;rhhp 9 M];fh;tpUJ ngw;w Kjy; ,e;jpah ghD mj;ijah 10 njd;JUtj;ij mile;j Kjy; ,e;jpah; Col.I.K. g[h[; 11 Kjy; I.rp.v];. (ICS) mYtyh; rj;Nae;jpuehj; jh$h;

12 itrpuhapd; eph;thf fTd;rpypd; Kjy; ,e;jpa cWg;gpdh;

rh;.v];.gp.rpd;fh

13 Mq;fpy fhy;thia ePe;jpf; fle;j Kjy; ,e;jpah; kpfph; nrd; 14 vtnu];l; rpfuj;ij mile;j Kjy; ,e;jpah; nld;rpq; ehh;Nf 15 vtnu];l; rpfuj;jpw;F Mf;]p[d; nfhz;L

Nghfhky; nrd;wile;j Kjy; ,e;jpah; G lhh;[p

16 ,UKiw vtnu];l; rpfuj;ij mile;j Kjy; ,e;jpah;

etq;Nfhk;G

17 kfNrNr tpUJ ngw;w Kjy; ,e;jpah; Mr;rhh;ah tpNdhghghNt 18 Nehgy; ghpR ngw;w Kjy; ,e;jpah; utPe;jpuehj; jh$h; (1913)) 19 gjtpapy; ,Uf;Fk; NghNj ,we;j Kjy; [dhjpgjp lhf;lh; [hfPh; `PNrd; 20 Njh;jypy; Njhw;w Kjy; gpujkh; ,e;jpuh fhe;jp 21 gjtpapypUe;J uh[pdhkh nra;j Kjy; gpujkh; nkhuhh;[p Njrha;

Page 18 of 25

22 Kjy; Jiz gpujk ke;jphp ty;ygha; gNly; 23 Kjy; Nrhjid Foha; Foe;ij ,e;jpuh (Nggp `h;~h) 24 Nyhf;rghtpd; Kjy; rghehafh; [p.tp.nksyhd;fh; (1952-57) 25 uh[;a rghtpd; Kjy; Nrh;kd; Dr. uhjhfpU~;zd; 26 Kjy; igyl; N[.Mh;.b.lhl;lh 27 mz;lhh;bfhit mile;j Kjy; ,e;jpah; Lt. uhk; ruz; (1960) 28 Gf;fh; ghpR ngw;w Kjy; ,e;jpah; mUe;jjp uha; 29 ghuj; uj;dh tpUJ ngw;w Kjy; ,irAyfj;ijr;

Nrh;e;jth; vk;.v];. Rg;Gyl;Rkp

30 Kjy; kw;Wk; filrp ,e;jpa fth;dh; n[duy; uh[h[p 31 ,e;jpahtpd; Kjy; FbauRj; jiyth; Dr. uhN[e;jpugpurhj;

32 ,e;jpahtpd; Kjy; Jiz FbauR jiyth; Dr. uhjhfpU~;zd; 33 Kjy; K];yPk; FbauRj; jiyth; Dr.[hfPh; `PNrd; 34 Kjy; rPf;fpa FbauRj; jiyth; [pahdp n[apy;rpq; 35 Kjy; jypj; FbauRj; jiyth; K.R. ehuhazd; 36 Nghl;bapd;wp Njh;e;njLf;fg;gl;l Kjy; FbauRj;

jiyth; ePyk; rQ;rPt nul;b

37 ,e;jpahtpd; Kjy; jiyik Nrdhjpgjp n[duy;. K.M.fhpag;gh 38 Kjy; ,e;jpa jiyik jiug;gilj; jsgjp

(,e;jpah;) n[duy; kfhuh[h ,uhN[e;jpu rpq;[p

39 Kjy; ,e;jpa jiyik fg;gw;gilj; jsgjp (,e;jpah;)

it]; ml;kpuy; R.D. fjhhp

40 Kjy; ,e;jpa jiyik tpkhdg;gilj; jsgjp Rg;uNjh Kfh;[p 41 gphpl;b~; ghuhSkd;wj;jpy; cWg;gpduhd Kjy;

,e;jpah; jhjhgha; nesnuh[p

42 ,q;fpyhe;jpw;F tp[ak; nra;j Kjy; ,e;jpah; ,uh[uhk; Nkhfd; uha;(1832) 43 ,e;jpahtpd; Kjy; Ie;J ehs; fphpf;nfl;

Ml;lf;fhuh; K.S. uQ;rpj; rpq;[p

44 ,e;jpahtpd; Kjy; cah;ePjpkd;w ePjpgjp (,e;jpah;) iraj; nk`%j; (1878) 45 ,e;jpa Njrpa fhq;fpu]pd; Kjy; jiyth; W.C. ghdh;[p 46 ,e;jpa Njrpa fhq;fpu]pd; Kjy; K];ypk; ,dj;

jiyth; gf;UjPd; jpahg;[p

47 ,e;jpa Njrpa fhq;fpu]pd; Kjy; ghh;]p ,dj; jiyth;

jhjhgha; nesNuh[p

48 ,e;jpa Njrpa fhq;fpu]pd; Kjy; ngz; ,dj; jiyth;

md;dpngrd;l;

49 I.eh.rigapd; rh;tNjr ePjpkd;wj;jpy; jiytuhd Kjy; ,e;jpah;

lhf;lh;.ehNfe;jpurpq;

50 ,e;jpahtpd; Kjy; Vh; khh;~y; mh;[{d; rpq; 51 cyifr; Rw;wp te;j Kjy; ,e;jpah; nyg;bdd;l; fu;dy; K.S.

uht; 52 ghuhSkd;wj;jpy; jFjp ePf;fj;ij vjph;nfhz;l

Kjy; ePjpgjp V. uhkrhkp

53 nld;dp]py; fpuhz;l; ];yhk; gl;lj;ij ntd;w Kjy; ,e;jpah;

kNf~; G+gjp

54 xypk;gpf;fpy; jdpegh; gphptpy; gjf;fk; ngw;w Kjy; ,e;jpah;

J.P. ahjt; (1952)

,e;jpag; ngz; rhjidahsh;fs;;

1 nly;yp mhpahrdj;jpy; mkh;e;J Mz;l Kjy; ngz;kzp

u]pah Ry;jhdh

2 ,e;jpa Njrpa fhq;fpu]pd; Kjy; ,e;jpa ngz; jiyth;

rNuh[pdp ehAL

3 Kjy; ngz; kj;jpa mikr;rh; uh[;Fkhhp mk;hpj; nfsh;

Page 19 of 25

4 Kjy; ngz; mikr;rh; (khepyk;) tp[ayl;Rkp gz;bl; cj;jpugpuNjrk;

5 Kjy; ngz; Kjyikr;rh; Rrpjh fpUgshdp cj;jpugpuNjrk;

6 Kjy; ngz; rghehafh; ~hNdhNjtp

7 Kjy; ngz; fth;dh; rNuh[pdp ehAL cj;jpugpuNjrk;

8 Kjy; ngz; gpujkh; ,e;jpuhfhe;jp

9 I.eh. nghJr;rigapd; jiytpahd Kjy; ,e;jpag; ngz;

tp[ayl;Rkp gz;bl;

10 Kjy; ngz; kUj;Jth; fhjk;gpdp fq;Fyp 11 Kjy; ngz; M.A gl;ljhhp re;jpuKfpNgh];

12 Kjy; ngz; IAS mjpfhhp mz;zh[hh;[; ky;N`hj;uh

13 Kjy; ngz; IPS mjpfhhp fpuz;Ngb 14 Kjy; ngz; tof;FiuQh; fh;ndypah Nrhug;[p 15 Kjy; ngz; ePjpgjp mz;zh rhz;b 16 Kjy; ngz; cah;ePjpkd;w ePjpgjp mz;zh rhz;b 17 Kjy; ngz; cr;rePjpkd;w ePjpgjp M.ghj;jpkh gPtp 18 Kjy; ngz; cah;ePjpkd;w jiyik ePjpgjp yPyhNrj; 19 ,e;jpahtpd; Kjy; ngz; ml;tNfl; fhh;dPypah nrhuhg;[p 20 Kjy; ngz; jiyik nghwpahsh; P.K. njurpah

21 Kjy; ngz; Mq;fpy gj;jphpf;ifapd; jzpf;ifahsh;

jPdh tf;fpy;

22 Kjy; ngz; - Nehgy; ghpR ngw;wth; md;id njurh (1979)

23 Mq;fpyf; fhy;thia ePe;jpf;fle;j Kjy; ,e;jpag; ngz;

Mh;j;jp Fg;jh

24 vtu];l; rpfuj;jpy; Vwpa Kjy; ,e;jpag;ngz; gr;Nre;jphpghy;

25 cyif fly; topNa Rw;wp te;j Kjy; ,e;jpag;ngz;

c[;ththNjtp

26 cyf mofpahd Kjy; ,e;jpag; ngz; hPl;lh nghpah 27 gpugQ;r mofpahd Kjy; ,e;jpag; ngz; R~;kpjh nrd;

,e;jpa efuq;fSk; njhopy;fSk;

efuk; njhopy;

Mf;uh fhydp kw;Wk; Njhy;nghUl;fs; mfkjhghj; gUj;jp gQ;rhiyj; njhopy; Myg;Gio mhpjhd jdpkq;fs; njhopw;rhiy (Njhhpak; Kjyhdit) ngq;f@U Mfha tpkhd ghfq;fs;> njhiyNgrp> nghk;ikfs; nfhy;fj;jh kpd;rhu gy;Gfs;> mk;gh]plh; fhh; nly;yp gQ;rhiy>DDT njhopw;rhiy ngNuh]h ghj; fz;zhb kw;Wk; tisay; jahhpg;G Fthypah; ghid tidjy;> gQ;rhiy n[a;g;G+h; gpj;jis njhopy;> ghid tidjy; [hhpah epyf;fhp Ruq;fk; Y}jpahdh irf;fps;> ijay; kp~pd; ik#U gl;Ltsh;g;G nea;Ntyp ypf;idl; (gOg;G epyf;fhp) uhzpfQ;r; epyf;fphp Ruq;fk; &h;Nfyh cUf;fhiy> ,urhad cu Miy rpe;hp ,urhad cu Miy #uj; gQ;rhiy jpUr;rpuhg;gs;sp RUl;L

Page 20 of 25

bl;lfhh; fhfpjk; Negh efh; nra;jpj;jhs; fhfpjk; tprhfg;gl;bdk; fg;gy; fl;Ljy; nkhujhghj; gpj;jisg;ghj;jpu jahhpg;G fhQ;rpGuk; gl;Lr; Nriyfs; kph;]hg+h;>fh~;kPh; fhh;g;ngl; jahhpg;G &g;ehuhaz;G+h; Nfgps; jahhpg;G My;Nt DDT mk;hp];jh; fz;zhb Flit gpk;g;;hp ngd;rpypd; jahhpg;G [ye;jh;> kPul; tpisahl;L rhjdq;fs; Mtb gPuq;fpfs; [y`s;sp> gpQ;#h; fbfhuq;fs; mypfhh; G+l;Lfs; mq;fNy];tu; ngl;Nuhypa vz;nza; bf; gha; ngl;Nuhypa vz;nza; fl;dp rpnkz;l; nguk;G+h; uapy;ngl;b njhopw;rhiy

cyfpd; cr;rq;fs;

1 kpf cah;e;j gFjp vtnu];l; rpfuk; (Neghsk;) 2 kpfj; jho;e;j gFjp rhf;fly; (N[hh;ld;) 3 kpfg;nghpa fly; njd; rPdf; fly; 4 kpfg;nghpa kw;Wk; Mokhd

ngUq;fly; grpgpf; ngUq;fly;

5 kpf ePskhd MW iey; 6 kpfg;nghpa ghiytdk; r`huh (tl Mg;gphpf;fh) 7 kpf ntg;gkhd gFjp jNyhy;> lhdpfpy; bg;u~d;>

vj;jpNahg;gpah (34C tUl ruhrhp ntg;gepiy)

8 kpf mjpf kiog; gFjp nksrpd;Nuhk;> Nkfhyah> ,e;jpah (11>873kp.kP)

9 kpf ntg;gkhd ghiytdk; mlfhkh ghiytdk; 10 kpf nghpa rkntsp fq;ifr; rkntsp 11 kpff; Fspuhd gFjp gpshl;Nlh ];Nlrd; mz;lhh;bfh (-

56.7C. tUl ruhrhp ntg;gepiy) 12 kpfg;nghpa cg;G ePh; Vhp fh];gpad fly; 13 kpf caukhd ePh;tPo;r;rp rhy;Nlh VQ;ry;> ntdpRyh 14 kpfg;nghpa ed;dPh; Vhp Rg;gPhpah; Vhp> (mnkhpf;f - fdlh) 15 kpfg;nghpa nly;lh Re;jutdk; (,e;jpah) 16 kpfg;nghpa jPT fphPd;yhe;J 17 kpfg;nghpa jPTf;$l;lk; ,e;NjhNd~pah 18 kpfg;nghpa fz;lk; Mrpah 19 kpfg;nghpa Myak; mq;Nfhh;thl;,e;Jf;Nfhapy;

(fk;Nghbah) 20 kpfg;nghpa ,uhZtk; gPg;gps;]; ypgNu~d; Mh;kp> rPdh 21 kpfg;nghpa tpkhdepiyak; kd;dh; fhypj; rh;tNjr tpkhd

epiyak;> rT+jp mNugpah 22 kpfg;nghpa Njthyak; nrapd;l; gPl;lh;]; g];ypf;fh> thbfd; 23 kpf caukhd tpyq;F xl;lfr; rptpq;fp 24 kpf Ntfkhf nry;Yk; gwit Rtpgl; 25 kpf ePskhd uapy;Nt ghyk; `ANt gp. ePs ghyk; (mnkhpf;fh)

Page 21 of 25

26 kpf caukhd fl;blk; gPl;Nuhdh]; ,ul;il NfhGuq;fs;> Nfhyhyk;G+h;> kNyrpah (1482.61 mb cauk;)

27 kpfTk; caukhd efuk; ntd;Rthd; (rPdh) (fly; kl;lj;jpypUe;J 5100 kP cauk; Nky;)

28 mjpfkhd thf;fhsh;fisf; nfhz;l ehL

,e;jpah

29 kpfg;nghpa kpA+rpak; ,aw;if tuyhw;W mnkhpf;f kpA+rpak;> epA+ahh;f; efuk;

30 kpfg;nghpa mZ ciy gpuhd;rpy; cs;sJ. 31 kpfg;nghpa muz;kid thbfd;> ,j;jhyp 32 kpfg;nghpa jPgfw;gk; mNugpah (32>50>000sq.Km.) 33 kpfTk; twz;l ,lk; ,we;j gs;sj;jhf;F (fypNghh;dpah)

kioasT 1,d;r; 34 kpf caukhd kiyj;njhlh; ,kakiyj; njhlh; 35 kpf ePskhd kiyj; njhlh; Mz;b]; (njd; mnkhpf;fh) 8800fp.kP.

ePsKilaJ 36 kpf caukhd gPlG+kp ghkPh; (jpngj;) 37 kpf ePskhd uapy;Nt gpsl;ghuk; fhuf;G+h; gpshl;ghuk;> Nkw;F tq;fhsk;

,e;jpah (2733 mb) 38 kpf ePskhd uapy; ghij buhd;]; - irgPhpad; uapy;ghij 39 kpf ePskhd uapy;Nt ];Nl~d; fpuhz;l; nrd;l;uy; nlh;kpdy; epA+ahh;f;

efuk; (mnkhpf;fh) 40 kpfg;nghpa flw;gwit my;gl;uh]; 41 kpf caukhd rpiy Rje;jpuNjtp rpiy (epA+ahh;f;) 42 kpf ePskhd mq;fPfhpf;fg;gl;l

ePr;ry; gFjp Mq;fpyf; fhy;tha;

43 kpf ePskhd uapy;Nt Fif jd;dh ([g;ghd;)> 22 fp.kP. ePsk; 44 kpf ePskhd rhiy Fif Gdpj Nfhjhh;L Fif> Rtpl;rh;yhe;J 45 kpf ePskhd Rth; rPdg; ngUQ;Rth; (rPdh) 46 kpfg;nghpa vhpkiy nksd;;l; yP (`tha;) 47 kpf caukhd vhpkiy fl;lghf;]p (Mz;B]; kiyj;njhlh;

<FNtlhh; ehl;by; cs;sJ) 48 kpfTk; gzf;fhuehL Rtpl;rh;yhe;J 49 kpf ePskhd fhtpak; kfhghujk; 50 kpfg;nghpa E}yfk; fhq;fpu]pd; mnkhpf;fh E}yfk;

th~pq;ld; b.rp 51 kpfg;nghpa Nfhs; tpahod; 52 kpfr;rpwpa Nfhs; Gjd; 53 kpfTk; gpufhrkhd Nfhs; nts;sp 54 #hpaDf;F kpfTk; mUfpy;

cs;s Nfhs; Gjd;

55 #hpadplkpUe;J kpfTk; njhiytpy; cs;s Nfhs;

ெந�l;��

56 tl miu Nfhsj;;jpy; kpfTk; ePskhd gfy; / njd; miu Nfhsj;;jpy; kpfTk; FWfyhd gfy;

[{d; 21

57 tl miu Nfhsj;jpy; kpfTk; Fiwe;j gfy; / njd; miu Nfhsj;;jpy; kpfTk; ePskhd gfy;

brk;gh; 22

58 ,sNtdpw; rk fhyk; (Vernal Equinox)

khh;r; 21

Page 22 of 25

59 ,isAjph; rk fhyk; (Autumnal Equinox)

nrg;lk;gh; 23

60 kpf mfykhd MW mNkrhd;> gpNurpy; 61 kpf Mokhd Vhp igfhy; (irgPhpah) 62 kpf caukhd Vhp bbfhfh (nghyptpah) 63 kpfg;nghpa nraw;if Vhp Nghy;lh; miz> mnkhpf;fh kPl; Vhp 64 kpfg;nghpa efuk; (gug;gstpy;) Newyork Metro (USA) 65 kpfg;nghpa G+q;fh North East Greenland National Park 66 kpf caukhd miz Jinping-1 (China) 305 metres 67 kpfg;nghpa kzp fpNul; kzp> kh];Nfh> u~;ah 68 kpfg;nghpa jPg fw;gk; mNugpah 69 Mg;gphpf;fhtpy; kpf caukhd

rpfuk; fpspkQ;rhNuh

70 INuhg;ghtpy; kpf caukhd rpfuk;

vy;G&]; (fhfr];)

71 kpf caukhd NfhGuk; (Highest Tower)

Burj Khalifa (Dubai)

72 kpf ePskhd ,uapy; ghij kh];NfhtpypUe;J tpyhbNth];lhf; tiu> (u~;ah)

73 kpfg;nghpa gtsg;ghiw mikg;G fpNul; Nghpah; gtsg;ghiw M];jpNuypah

74 Ntfkhff; Xlf;$ba tpyq;F rpWj;ij 75 kpfg;nghpa tpyq;F

(epyg;gug;gpy;) ahid

76 kpfg;nghpa fly; tpyq;F kw;Wk; ghY}l;b

ePyj;jpkpq;fyk;

77 kpfg;nghpa gwit neUg;Gf;Nfhop 78 kpfr;rpwpa gwit Njd; rpl;L 79 kpf mjpf ehs; caph; thOk;

gpuhzp Bowhead Whale (211 tUlq;fs;)

80 kpfg;nghpa kdpjf; Fuq;F nfhhpy;yh 81 kpfTk; Gj;jprhypahd tpyq;F rpk;gd;]p

,lq;fspd; rhl;Lg; ngah;fs;: (cyfk; & ,e;jpah)

vz; rhl;Lg;ngah; ngah;

1 fpuhidl; my;yJ fUq;fy; efuk; mgh;Bd;> ];fhl;yhe;J 2 ,Uz;l fz;lk; Mg;gphpf;fh 3 nghw;Nfhapy; efuk; mkph;jru]; 4 jtwhd Fsk; ml;yhz;bf; ngUq;fly; 5 jq;f cNuhk ehL kw;Wk; fq;fhUfspd; ehL M];jpNuypah 6 Kj;Jf;fspd; jPT g`;iud; 7 Njhl;l efuk; ngq;f@U 8 INuhg;ghtpd; Nghh;f;fsk; ngy;[pak; 9 nts;is efuk; ngy;fpNuL 10 muz;kid efuk; nfhy;fj;jh 11 nghpa nts;is top g;uhl;Nt

12 ypy;yp kyh; ehL kw;Wk; kuf;fl;ilfspd; ehL

fdlh

13 fhw;W efuk; rpfhNfh

14 fPio ehLfspd; ntdp];> mugpf;flypd; murp

nfhr;rp

15 Md;l;byp]; vd;gjd; Kj;J> cyfpd; rh;f;fiu fpz;zk;

fpA+gh

Page 23 of 25

16 iey;ejpapd; ed;nfhil vfpg;J 17 Mapuk; Vhpfspd; ehL gpd;yhe;J 18 kj;jpajiuf;flypd; rhtp [pg;uhy;lh; 19 nts;is kdpjdpd; fy;yiw fpdpah flw;fiu

20 rPdhtpd; Jauk; N`hthq; Nfh MW (kQ;rs; MW)

21 tq;fj;jpd; Jauk; jhNkhjh; MW 22 gPfhhpd; Jauk; Nfhrp MW 23 vkuhy;L jPT (kufjk;) mah;yhe;J 24 cja#hpad; ehL [g;ghd; 25 es;sputpy; #hpa cjak; Vw;gLk; ehL ehh;Nt 26 mjpfhiyapy; mikjpahd ehL ெத� nfhhpah 27 ,q;fpyhe;J ehl;bd; Njhl;lk; nfd;l; 28 fpuhk;Gfspd; jPT klfh];fh; 29 jq;f gNfhlh cs;s ehL kpahd;khh; 30 njw;F ehLfspd; gphpl;ld; epA+rpyhe;J 31 Gdpj ehL ghy];jPdk; 32 cyfj;jpd; nuhl;bf;$il tl mnkhpf;fh gpnua;hp 33 neth;> neth; ehL gpnua;hp> tl mnkhpf;fh 34 Nff; ehL ];fhl;yhz;l; 35 INuhg;ghtpd; tpisahl;L ikjhdk; Rtpl;rh;yhe;J

36 ,e;jpahtpd; tpisahl;L ikjhdk;> ,e;jpahtpd; Rtpl;rh;yhe;J

fh~;kPh;

37 nts;is ahidfspd; ehL jha;yhe;J 38 jq;f EioTf; fjT efuk; rhd;gpuhd;]p];Nfh 39 cyfj;jpd; $iu ghkPh; Kbr;R 40 cyfpd; jdpikahd jPT l;hp];ld; b Fd;fh 41 INuhg;ghtpd; Nehahsp JUf;fp 42 Vl;hpahf;bf;fpd; uhzp ntdp]; 43 jil nra;ag;gl;l efuk; yhrh 44 fdT NfhGu efuk; Mf;];Nghh;L 45 G+fk;g efuk; gpynly;gpah 46 mw;Gjkhd efuk; th~pq;ld; b.rp 47 mopahefuk;> VO Fd;Wfspd; efuk; Nuhk; 48 vk;gah; efuk; epA+ahh;f; 49 ,ul;il efuk; (cyfpy;) Glhng];l; 50 ,e;jpahtpd; eWkzg;nghUl;fspd; Njhl;lk; Nfush. 51 Ie;J ejpfspd; khepyk; gQ;rhg; 52 ePy kiyfs; ePyfphp kiyfs; 53 ,e;jpahtpd; Eiothapy; Kk;ig 54 ,sQ;rptg;G efuk; n[a;g;G+h;

55 ,e;jpahtpd; ,ul;il efuk; i`juhghj; & nrfe;juhghj;

56 ,e;jpahtpd; fpof;fj;jpa ntdp]; Myg;Gio 57 VO jPTfspd; efuk; Kk;ig 58 mrhk; khepyj;jpd; Jauk; gpuk;kGj;jpuh

59 ,e;jpahtpd; VO rNfhjhpfs;

tlfpof;F khepyq;fs; (rpf;fPk; jtpu)

60 ,e;jpahtpd; khd;nr];lh; Kk;ig 61 tl ,e;jpahtpd; khd;nr];lh; fhd;G+h; 62 fypq;fh xhp]h 63 fhk&gk; m];]hk; 64 Njhl;l efuk; (cyfpy;) rpfhNfh 65 ,e;jpahtpd; thzpgj; jiyefuk; Kk;ig 66 etPd ghgpNyhd; ,yz;ld;

Page 24 of 25

67 jq;f efuk; n[hfd;d];gu;f; 68 muhgpa ,uTfs; efuk; ghf;jhj; 69 INuhg;ghtpd; gl;liw ngy;[pak; 70 cyfpd; Nrkpg;G miw nkf;rpNfh 71 INuhg;ghtpd; mWit kpy; ];tPld; 72 ,bkpd;dy; ehL G+lhd; 73 INuhg;ghtpd; khkpahh; nld;khh;f; 74 Kw;Wk; Jwe;j ehL nfhhpah 75 n`hpq;fpd; kPd;Fsk; ml;yhz;bf; ngUq;fly; 76 ,e;jpa ngUq;flypd; [pg;uhy;lh; Vld;

77 mOif Eiothapy; ghg; - vy; ke;jg; (n[Uryk;)

78 eLq;Fk; efuk; /gpynly;gpah 79 khbfl;bl efuk; epA+ahh;f;

jiyth;fspd; rpwg;Gg; ngah;fs;;;;

1 ,e;jpahtpd; ,Uk;G kdpjh;> ,e;jpahtpd; gp];khh;f;

ty;ygha; gNly;

2 etAfghujj;jpd; rpw;gp> gz;bl; rhr;rh (khkh)> kdpjUs;khzpf;fk;

NeU

3 ,e;jpa kWkyh;r;rpapd; je;ij ,uh[huhk; Nkhfd; uha; 4 ,e;jpahtpd; KJngUk; kdpjh; jhjhgha; nesNuh[p 5 njd;dpe;jpahtpd; KJngUk; kdpjh; t.Nt.R. ma;ah; 6 Nyhf; ehaf; JP n[agpufh~; ehuhazd; 7 Nyhf; khd;a jpyfh; 8 Njrge;J rpj;juQ;rd; jh]; 9 jPdge;J C.F. Mz;l;&]; 10 gq;fge;J N~f;K[pG+h; u ;̀khd; 11 mikjp kdpjh; yhy; gfJ}h; rh];jphp 12 FUNjt; jh$h; 13 ,e;jpahtpd; iel;bq;Nfy; rNuh[pdp ehAL 14 vy;iyfhe;jp> ghJ~hfhd; fhd; mg;Jy; fghh;fhd; 15 mz;zh C.N mz;zhj;Jiu 16 Njrgf;jh;fspd; Njrgf;jh;> Nejh[p Rgh~; re;jpuNgh]; 17 itf;fk; tPuh; <.Nt.uh.nghpahh; 18 njd;dfj;J ngh;dhl;~h mwpQh; mz;zhJiu 19 %jwpQh; C.R. uh[h[p uh[Nfhghyhr;rhhpahh; 20 n~h;-,-gQ;rhg;> gQ;rhg; Nfrhp yhyh y[gjpuha; 21 ghG[p fhe;jp 22 FU[p M.S.Nfhy;thy;fh; 23 kfhkhdh kjd;Nkhfd; khstpah 24 Me;jpuNfrhp T.gpufhrk; 25 g;A+uh; `pl;yh; 26 II bA+]; (,uz;lhtJ bA+];) KNrhypdp

27 ghiytd Xeha; (Desert Fox) n[duy; vh;tpd; nuhky; 28 iftpsf;Nfe;jpa fhhpifahh; gpshud;]; iel;bq;Nfy; 29 ypl;by; fhh;g;nghuy;> tpjpapd; kdpjd; neg;Nghypad; Nghdghl; 30 n~h; - , - fh~;kPh; N~f; KfkJ mg;Jy;yh 31 gdpg;Gyp nld;rpq; ehh;Nf 32 fpg;gh; gPy;l; khh;~y; fhpag;gh 33 jkpo;; jhj;jh c.Nt.rhkpehj Iah;

Page 25 of 25

34 jkpo; njd;wy; jpU.tp.fy;ahz Re;judhh; 35 fh;k tPuh;> fUg;G fhe;jp fhkuh[h; 36 ftpNahfp Rj;jhde;j ghujpahh; 37 jkpo; ehlftpaypd; je;ij gk;ky; rk;ge;j Kjypahh; 38 jkpo; ehlfj;jpd; jiyikahrphpah; rq;fujh]; Rthkpfs; 39 Kj;jkpo;f; fhtyh; fp.M.ng. tp];tehjk; 40 rpyk;Gr; nry;th; k.ngh. rptQhdk; 41 nrhy;ypd; nry;th; uh.gp.NrJg;gps;is 42 Gul;rpf;ftpQh; ghujpjhrd; 43 ige;jkpo;j; Njh;g;ghfd;> Njrpaf;ftp ghujpahh; 44 jpuhtpl xg;gpyf;fzj;jpd; je;ij fhy;Lnty; 45 jdpj;jkpo; ,af;fj;jpd; je;ij kiwkiy mbfs; 46 njhz;lh; rPh; guTthh; Nrf;fpohh; 47 nkhop QhapW NjtNeag;ghthzh; 48 fiythzh; N.S. fpU~;zd; 49 ebg;gpirg;Gyth; K.R. uhkrhkp 50 ebfNts; M.R. uhjh

gpugyq;fspd; ,aw;ngah;

1 md;id njurh Mf;d]; Nfhd;f;]; ngh]hfp 2 tpNtfhde;jh; eNue;jpuehj; jj;jh 3 uhkfpU~;z guk`k;rh; fq;fhjh; rl;lh;[p 4 GJikg;gpj;jd; tpUj;jhr;ryk; 5 ghujpjhrd; fdfRg;Guj;jpdk; 6 tPukhKdpth; fhd;];ld;ild; N[h]g; ng];fp 7 fz;zjhrd; Kj;ijah 8 fhiuf;fhy; mk;ikahh; Gdpjtjp 9 kiwkiy mbfs; Ntjhr;ryk; 10 ghpjp khw; fiyQh; #hpa ehuhaz rh];jphp 11 fy;fp fpU~;z%h;j;jp