Contrastive Syntax

Typological constants

Phrase Sentence

What language units are meant?

_____is the smallest nominative unit having a referent (phenomenon of reality).

______is a nominative unit with the function of polynomination denoting a complex referent.

_______is a communicative unit which, naming a situational event, shows the relation of the denoted event towards reality.

Word, phrase and sentencecompared

Word is the smallest nominative unit having a referent (phenomenon of reality).

Phrase is a nominative unit with the function of polynomination denoting a complex referent.

Sentence is a communicative unit which, naming a situational event, shows the relation of the denoted event towards reality.

PhrasePhrase

coordinate subordinate(kernel+adjunct)

predicative

• primary• secondary

• syndetic• asyndetic

Attributive (N+N)ObjectiveAdverbial

Define the type of phrase

1) the world beyond2) might correspond3) eggs and cheese4) saw us5) them go6) time-tables, books, maps 7) these days8) came in to ask9) think of an idea10) laughed a little11) him watched

Phrase

phrase

simple extended

Phrase take a bus a new interesting book, to read and

translate the text, to read books and newspapers , to read an English book

Define the type of phrase1) the train moved2) the “I’m sorry” response3) happy but not quiet4) has accepted a University chair5) for us to expect6) a beat-me-or-pardon-me look7) to fully understand8) kicking off the shoes9) an extremely furiously barking dog10) had definitely been11) Tom’s being taken abroad

Subordinate connection Synthetic (predominates in U)

Agreement гарна дівчина these books Government читати книжку see him

Analytic (predominates in E) Prepositional government look at the boy, look

at the sky, go by plane, history of France Adjoinment (word order) take a book, see a

man, rather doubtful, a cage bird, a bird cage, Kyiv street traffic regulation rules

Enclosure the I-am–sorry response

Define the type of connection

1. happy children2. teach me3. a love story4. taught the dog tricks 5. those people 6. a run-to-the-middle strategy

Allomorphic types of phrases.NN types a poll lead an opinion poll lead a 7 per cent opinion poll lead over Labour Ms Hammell's £35,000-a-year assistant A Dan Brown style hunt for lost 500-year-

old da Vinci fresco said to be hidden behind the wall of an Italian palazzo has sparked off a huge row among art experts.

Allomorphic types of phrases. Secondary predicative phrases

Gerundial My having changed my basic relationship with time is the best thing I’ve ever done.

Infinitival I saw him go in. Participial Weather permitting, we

shall start tomorrow.

Sentence

Structure Meaning Function (in speech)

Types of sentencesSENTENCE

Simple Composite

Two-member One-member Compound Complex

Complete

Elliptical

Nominal

Infinitive

Exclamatory

Imperative

Define the type of the sentence The dirty windows were all shut. - How did she look? – Pretty. Another day of rain. It means nothing. Her face went cool. He paused a minute and suddenly looked at

me The snowdrops are out and the daffodils are

just beginning to show so spring is on its way. That was the first time I saw her.

Ukr. Allomorphic One-member Sentences1. Definite personal sentences Знаю. 2. Indefinite personal sentences Говорять, він

поїхав.3. Generalised personal sentences Давніх друзів

не забувають 4. Impersonal sentences of different structure

types:1. Холодно.2. Мені шкода. 3. Роботу завершено. 4. Не можна порушувати закон. 5. Від долі не втікти.

Sentence structure

Word order Sentence parts

Word orderS-P-O-D

cf.: The man ate the fish. The fish ate the man.

He offered me his help. He offered his help to me.

The man wrote a letter on his computer in the train.

Yesterday the man wrote a letter. I sometimes give my dog a bone.

Sentence parts

S-P-O-DExpressed by different syntactic level units

1. word2. phrase3. secondary predicative phrase

(non- finite clause)4. finite clause

Sentence parts

I сan see her.I can see my sister.

I can see her running.I can see that she is running.

What is the object expressed by?

These two waited with impatience for the three years to be over.

I saw that young man and his wife talking to you on the stairs.

Identify the Syntactic function of a Non-Finite semi-Clause

(D)-S-P-O-D He was heard to have gone to South America. Natalie found him looking into nothingness. I feel myself breaking in two. I hate the idea of his being laughed at. Your having got rid of it won’t help. I’ve never seen you shine so bright. Our car having broken, we had to put up at a

hotel for the night. The Tories will publish their manifesto on

Tuesday, with the Liberal Democrats following on Wednesday.

To read out and translate a sentence, first analyze its stucture

David Cameron faces a knife-edge battle

over the next four weeks to convert a 7

per cent opinion poll lead over Labour into an overall Commons majority.

(D)-S-P-O-D

Simple sentence analysis

S P Odirect

David Cameron faces a knife-edge battle Dtime Dpurpose

over the next four weeks to convert a 7 per cent opinion poll lead over Labour into an overall Commons majority.

Detached parts of the sentence The Arctic weather killed off many of

the country's earliest blooming flowers and plants, with Devon and Cornwall – traditionally the counties with the earliest blooms – reporting a 60 per cent decrease in flowering plants according to the National Trust.

To tell the truth, the problem has not been solved yet. (Parenthesis)

Which sentences contain allomorphic syntactic features?1. The publication of images of the proposed

redevelopment attracted numerous inquiries from potential investors.

2. She grew impatient.3. I’ve got to have a word with him.4. These clothes will get you noticed.5. Soon he was heard to have gone to South America.6. Recent years warm winters have caused the

traditional harbingers of spring to awaken ahead of schedule, with plants like English Hawthorn and Common Ash flowering weeks earlier than expected.

7. The Government’s plan to increase national insurance contributions for workers and employers by 1 per cent from next April is emerging as a pivotal issue.

(cont.)

8. Having inspected the livestock, he returned to the house, re-emerging on the lawn at 4.15pm with members of his Whitehall office team for the croquet game.

9. I’ve brought some writing paper for you to write a letter.

10. We have got used to spring being spread out from December through to May

11. At 4pm he strolled alone among cattle on the estate, looking more like a feudal lord of the 21-room manor house than a 21st Century Deputy Prime Minister of Britain.

Inversion

Now was the moment to act. Never before had I seen such a

magnificent exhibition. Out came the chaise, in went the

horses, on sprang the boys, in got the travellers. (Ch.Dickens)

Structural completeness of the sentence He left yesterday. He lives in London.

He left. *He lives. He saw her.

*He saw. He told me a story.

*He told. *He told a story.*He told me.

Obligatory parts Optional parts

Kernel sentences

(1) SPsim Tom left.(2) SP comp The sky is blue

John is a teacherThe boys are hereWe don’t have to

worry(1) SPOdir They like music(2) SPOind Odir She told us a story(3) SPD She lives in London

see1. notice [T] We saw a house.2. ability to see [I,T] I can’t see anything without my

glasses.I can’t see.

Typical mistakes

- Вона злякалася. Так я помітила.

tell1. communicate sth. [T]STUDY NOTEtell thattell sb that He told me that they’d already

left.tell about sth.tell sb. about sth. He told me about himself.a book /film tells about sth.a book is about sth. This book is about

geological processes.

Typical mistakes

- Він був в Австралії. – Так, він розповідав.

Він розповів про себе. Капітан наказав показати

пасажирам їхні каюти. Босс не дозволяє палити в

приміщенні.

Structural completeness of the sentence (cont.)

repetition is frequent in English We thought we’d live the life we’d

choose. wide use of structure filling words

(pro-words) - to avoid repetition or to maintain a two-member structure

Filling words ( pro-words, substitutes) The new British Government will

face many problems, both acute and chronic: an acute one will be Northern Ireland, those among chronic ones will be inflation and rising prices.

This notion is a very old one. These products belong to what one

intuitively calls text.

Substitutes (pro-words ) Substitudes for N-phrases

Pronouns one, ones, this, that, these, those, mine, yours, he, him, it, some, each, none, neither, either, all, the same

Substitudes for V-phrases Pro-verbs - auxiliaries: do, be, have, shall, should,

will, would, can, could, might, may, must, ought, need, dare, particle to, negative word not

Substitudes for D-phrases Pro-adverbs that, then, there, it

Substitutes for whole clauses So, not, that, it,

Substitutes (pro-words ) examples I’ve never seen you looking so gorgeous as

you do tonight. -Would you please unlock the door? – I have

done. -Did you lock the door? – No, I should have, but

I forgot. -I’ve seen the play. – So have I. - He can speak Japanese. – Can he? -John has a cold. - Yes and I do too. Do you like it or not? I asked them to stay but they refused to.

Find and translate a pro-word

Come on Dave show us what you are made of, show us you will be a worthy PM, deserving of respect that Brown isn't!

Translate into English using proper pro-words Вправи третього розділу легші ніж

в четвертому. Мені тут подобається. - Ти був коли-небудь в Лондоні? –

Ні, але дуже б хотів. Він порадив звернутися до лікаря.

He advised us to consult a doctor. He advised consulting a doctor.

It as a pro-word

Personal Demonstrative Introductory Emphatic Impersonal

State the nature of it It was dusky in the dining-room. Can you mend this car? I broke it

yesterday. It’s no longer love, it’s hatred that

shows in her eyes. It has been a legal requirement since

1990 that owners clean up after their dogs on pavements.

She felt quite drunk. It must have been spring.

Composite sentence analysis

The last thing the country needs is a rushed plan that will not produce results.

Main Cl. Attr. Cl.

The last thing the country needs is a Attr.Cl.

rushed plan that will not produce results.

Drawing a scheme

Main Cl.

Attr. Cl. Attr. Cl.

Composite sentence analysis (cont.) His decision to go there the moment the

Prime Minister left the country was seen in Whitehall as a deliberate act of defiance, and a certain conclusion was immediately arrived at.

His decision to go there the moment the Prime Minister left the country was seen in Whitehall as a deliberate act of defiance, and a certain conclusion was immediately arrived at.

Drawing a scheme

M.cl.1 M.cl.2

Time cl.

Analyse the composite sentences1. I do not think he cares a straw whether

your temperature goes down or up.

2. This was further fuelled when it emerged that Mr Blair tried to force Mr Prescott to give up Dorneywood, but Mr Prescott had adamantly refused.

3. Motorway embankments are strewn with plastic bags and the laybys on A-roads are overflowing with fast-food packaging and plastic bottles.

Analyse the composite sentences1. Were there ever to emerge credible

evidence that such behaviour indeed occurred here, we would be the first to condemn it and take all appropriate actions.

2. I have been racking my brains to figure out what these serial doggy-bag offenders think they are doing.

3. If you vote Brown and his cronies in, EU will no longer be a problem as everyone will be living in a communist controlled state shortly which the EU would not want.

The rules of the New Haven Youth League required that each kid play at least ten minutes in each game. Exceptions were allowed for players who had upset their coaches by skipping practice or violating other rules. In such cases, a coach could file a report before the game and inform the scorekeeper that so-and-so wouldn’t play much, if at all, because of some infraction. This was frowned on by the league; it was, after all, much more recreational than competitive.

The rules of the New Haven Youth League required that each kid play at least ten minutes in each game. Exceptions were allowed for players who had upset their coaches by skipping practice or violating other rules.

Home Project

Students written presentations in which the realisation of some grammatical property in English is contrasted with its realisation in the Ukrainian language. Students will be expected to consult grammars and other primary sources in addition to the general suggested readings.