Contrastive Analysis

Fernanda Dávalos AvilaMay / 2015

1. Nouns2. Pronouns3. Phrasal Verbs4. Prepositional Phrases5. Indirect Objects

1. Nouns

Words that refer to a person, animal, thing or an abstraqct idea. Nouns answer to the questions what and who. Nouns can function as subject or object.

Nouns can be: proper, common, abstract, concrete, animate, inanimate, colective, compound, countable and uncountable

Common: name a group of similar things. Ex: table, cars, people, dogs, etc.

Proper: refer to the name of a person, animal, thing or place. Ex: Paris

Abstract: idea, event, quatlity or concept. Ex. Love

Concrete: name something recognizable to the senses . Ex: bird

Compound: refer to 2 or more nouns combined to a single word: Ex fruit juice

Animate: person, animal, plant or other living creature. Ex: shark

Inanimate: refers to a material object. Ex: shoe

Collective: describes oa group of things or people as a unit. Ex : family

Countable: can be counted and have a singular and plural form. Ex: one dog / three dogs

1 3

Uncountable: Cannot be counted, are used only in singular. Ex: money

2. Pronouns Refer to a noun, an individual or

individuals or thing or things whose identity is made clear earlier in the text.

Types of Pronouns: Personal, demonstrative, relative, indefinite, intensive, reflexive, interrogative and reciprocal.

Personal Pronouns  Pronouns that are associated primarily

with a particular grammatical person

Demonstrative Pronouns They identify or point to nouns:

this/that/these/those/such. For example:• That is incredible! (referring to something you just

saw)• I will never forget this. (referring to a recent

experience)• Such is my belief. (referring to an explanation just

made)

Relative Pronouns The relative pronouns (who/whoever/which/that)

relate groups of words to nouns or other pronouns (The student who studies hardest usually does the best.). The word who connects or relates the subject, student, to the verb within the dependent clause (studies)

Indefinite pronouns The indefinite pronouns (everybody/anybody /

somebody /all/each/every/some/none/one) do not substitute for specific nouns but function themselves as nouns

Example : Everybody is happy

Nobody went to the party

Intensive Pronouns The intensive pronouns (such as myself, yourself,

herself, ourselves, themselves) consist of a personal pronoun plus self or selves and emphasize a noun. Example:

I myself don't know the answer.

Reflexive pronouns The reflexive pronouns (which have the same

forms as the intensive pronouns) indicate that the sentence subject also receives the action of the verb. Ex: You paid yourself a million dollars. She encouraged herself to do well. What this means is that whenever there is a reflexive pronoun in a sentence there must be a person to whom that pronoun can "reflect."

Interrogative Pronouns The interrogative pronouns (who/which/what)

introduce questions. Like the relative pronouns, the interrogative pronouns introduce noun clauses, and like the relative pronouns, the interrogative pronouns play a subject role in the clauses they introduce. Ex: I know who that man is

Reciprocal Pronouns The reciprocal pronouns are each other (2

nouns) and one another (3 or more nouns). They are convenient forms for combining ideas

Ex: They gave each other books for Christmas

3. Phrasal verbs The term phrasal verb is commonly applied to

two or three distinct but related constructions in English: a verb and a particle OR ADVERB and/or a preposition co-occur forming a single semantic unit. This semantic unit cannot be understood based upon the meanings of the individual parts in isolation, but rather it can be taken as a whole

Prepositional Phrasal verbs

VERB + PREPOSITION

Particle Phrasal VerbsVERB + PARTICLE

Ex: bring upthink over

give inhand in

hang out

Particle Prepositional Phrasal Verbs

VERB + PARTICLE + PREPOSITIONEx:

Put up withLook forward toBear down onLoad down on

Transitive Phrasal Verbs Have a direct objectExamples: I find out the word (word: D.O.)

TRANSITIVE

Separable Inseparable

She looks after her baby

I turn on the radio I turn it on

Intransitive Phrasal Verbs Do NOT have a direct object

Example:

I get up at 6:00

The plane takes off at 7:00

4. Prepositional Phrases Prepositional phrases consist of a

preposition and an object of a preposition. Prepositions are indeclinable words that introduce the object of a prepositional phrase. Indeclinable words are words that have only one possible form.

A prepositional phrase will begin with a preposition and end with a noun, pronoun, gerund, or clause, the object of the preposition.

A prepositional phrase will never contain the subject of a sentence

Examples: Noun: At home / on time

Pronoun: with me / from him/ to you

Gerund: by swimming

Clause: about what she was talking

Prepositional phrases can function as:

ADJECTIVES

ADVERBS

Answer to question:

which one?

Anwer to question: how,

when or , where

The girl in the classroom is

crying

Before school I

visited him

5. Indirect Objects The indirect object (I.O) of a sentence is

the recipient of the direct object (D.O) Example: Michelle gave her mother a rose

I.O D.O. Saul told her a secret

I.O. D.O

How to find an I.O? Before you can find the indirect object, you have

to find the direct object. You can find the direct object by finding the verb and asking what?. Once you've found the direct object, ask who or what received it?

Ex: Mary passed the salt to Luis What did she pass? The salt (D.O.) To whom did she pass the salt? To Luis (I.O)