Continuity of an Organism’s Life

7/29/2019 Continuity of an Organisms Life

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CONTINUITYOFAN ORGANISMS LIFE

By: Dewa Ayu Nadia Taradhita (IX C/15)


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CONCEPT MAP

Continuity of an

Organisms Life

AdaptationNatural

SelectionReproduction

Morphological

adaptation

Physiological

adaptation

Behavioral

adaptation


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ADAPTATION

Adaptation is a characteristic development of anorganism which makes it more suited to live and

reproduce in an environment.

There are three adaptation processes which areperformed by organisms to survive in order to

preserve their species:

1. Morphological adaptation

2. Physiological adaptation

3. Behavioral adaptation


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MORPHOLOGICALADAPTATION

Morphological adaptation is an adaptation of the shape ofbody parts or body organs of organisms to their

environment.

Example:

a. Bird beakThe shape of a birds beak

is adjusted according to

the kinds of food they eat.


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b. Bird feet

A birds feet are also

adjusted based on

where the bird livesand its habit.

c. Insects mouthThe morphological adaptation of an insects mouth is

based in how it gets its food.


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d. Morphological adaption of aquatic organismsAnimals and plants that live in water have body shapes andorgans that have adjusted to water environment. Forexample:

1) Aquatic animals are equipped with organs designed to movein the water, such as fin on fish and webbed feet on frogsand ducks. Aquatic animals are usually streamlined in shapeto make them more easily move in the water.

2) Aquatic plants that live on the waters surface have holes

between cells filled with air to float.3) Aquatic plants also can get water through their surface body.

They also do not need too much stomata.


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e. Morphological adaptation of terrestrial organisms

1) Xerophytic plants (like cacti) store water in their thick, wax-layeredstem. They have very small leaf-shaped spines. The roots are verylong and spread out to absorb water from a wide area.

2) A dessert toad has horned legs to dig a hole.3) A dessert rabbit has big ears to make its body cool.

4) A woodpecker has a solid skull structure and a long tongue toprotect its brain from shock when pecking a hard wood.

5) Striped hair color on tiger as a form of camouflage to the bushes.

6) Hygrophyte plants (any plant that grows in wet or waterlogged soil)have thin and broad leaves to extend the evaporation surface.They also have a lot of stomata to accelerate evaporation.


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PHYSIOLOGICAL ADAPTATION Physiological adaptation is an adaptation of organ functions

towards an environment. Example:

1. Physiological adaptation in animals

a. Teredo navalis, which is a worm that can live in wood andwood poles shipbuilding port. In the worms tract, there is a

cellulase enzyme that can digest wood.b. Herbivores have cellulase enzyme so they can digest

cellulose.

c. In termites digestion system, theres flagellata (producescellulase) which helps cellulose digestion to digest wood.

d. Camels have water bag in its hump to store water to beresistant to not drink in the desert for a long time.

e. Seals have a thick layer of fat to survive in cold weather.

f. When cats shelter, its metabolism levels will be lowered sothat the levels of water loss in the body is reduced.


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g. Based on the type of food, animals can be divided into carnivore

(meat eater). herbivore (plant eater), and omnivore (meat and plant

eaters). Adjustment of these animals to the type of food, among

others are the size and the intestinal digestive enzymes are different.

To digest plant cells generally have tough cell walls, the averageintestinal bowel herbivore longer than carnivore.

h. Fish that live in salt water drink more and secrete less urine with

more dense urine so the osmotic pressure in the environment is

same with the osmotic pressure in its body.

i. Fish that live in freshwater drink less and secrete more urine so it willnot become bloated due to the entry of water into the cells by

osmosis because the fishs body has the higher osmotic pressure

than freshwater.


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2. Physiological adaptation in human

a. Total hemoglobin in red blood cells of people living in the

mountains is more than the people who live in coastal /

lowland because the oxygen levels decrease in the higher

place.

b. Athletes heart size in average is bigger than normal

peoples heart size.

c. When the air is cold, people will excrete more urine.


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3. Physiological adaptation in plants

a. Plants pollinated by insects have a specific scent with an

eye-catching corolla

b. Certain plants produce special substances that can inhibitthe growth of other plants or protect themselves against

herbivore. Example, Japanese azalea bush produces toxic

chemicals so deer cant eat the leaves.


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BEHAVIORAL ADAPTION Behavioral adaptation is an adaptation of behavior to an

environment.

Example:

1. Behavioral Adaptation in animals

a. Mimicry, the change of chameleons skin color to be same

with the environment.

b. Mammals living in the water, such as dolphins and whales

occasionally come out to surface to breathe because they

breathe with their lungs.

c. A newborn termite licks an adult termites anus so

flagellata can get into the digestion path of the young

termite.

d. Autotomy, the reflex action by which a lizards tail is

broken off at a special joint when the part is damaged,

then regenerates to deceive the predator.


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e. Hibernation, when certain animals sleep in

winter to save energy. (e.g. polar bears)

f. Estivation, active animals feed at night and not

do activities on a hot day.

g. Some animals migrate, leaving snowy areas toget food and return in spring time. (e.g. birds)

h. Pangolin will furl its body when touched, to

cover the thin-skinned belly.

i. Buffalo wallow in mud to protect their skin from

heat.


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2. Behavioral adaptation in plants

a. When the environment is in dry situation, ginger plants will

turn off most of its body which grows on the surface of the

ground.b. In the dry season. tropophyte plants, such as teak, kapok,

shed leaves.


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NATURAL SELECTION

Natural selection is the gradual, non-random process by

which biological traits become either more or less common in

a population as a function of differential reproduction of their

bearers. It is a key mechanism of evolution.

The continuity of life is influenced by food, predators,parasites, and epidemic diseases. Food comes from

environment, which is limited, but however, the organisms

always reproduce so the population increase and it will cause

competition among those who living in the same area

(interspecific competition). Such competition can have the

following results:

1. Strong members of the population will win and keep living in

that area.

2. Weaker members of the population will die or leave.


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If a certain population goes to another area which is different

from their original area, then there will be two possible

outcomes, they are:

1. Members of the population will not adapt to the new

environment and die.

2. Members of the population will adapt to the new

environment and will stay alive.

The theory of natural selection was developed by Charles

Darwin in 1859. Natural selection can cause the extinction orthe formation of a species.

Examples of natural selection:

1. In the Galapagos Islands there are also examples of natural

selection to another. Cactus that live on the island

uninhabited turtles grow low to the soft spikes. The cactusthat live in the island is inhabited by turtles grow like trees

with thick trunks and tall and protected by a hard and stiff

spines.


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2. Peppered Moths betularia white before the

industrial revolution there are more than

betularia black peppered moth. But after the

industrial revolution, the amount of the peppered

moth betularia less white than black betulariapeppered moth. This occurs due to the inability

of white betularia peppered moth to adapt to the

new environment. At the time before the

revolution in England, the air in the UK is free

from industrial fumes, so the peppered mothpopulation decreased because black betularia

can not beradaptsi its surroundings. but after the

industrial revolution, the UK's air being darkened

by the smoke and industrial dust, so the

peppered moth population decreased white

betularia because it can not adapt to the

environment, resulting in easily caught by

predators.


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3. According to Darwin, finches in the Galapagos Islands which

are originally derived from a species of bird in the South

American mainland, which migrated to the Galapagos

Islands. Variations occur due to geographical and

environmental conditions, especially food resulting offspringfinches (sparrow) morphologic change / shape and function.

Changes that occur for example in the form of half-life. Finch

beak thick and strong initially appropriate to eat grains

changed into half to eat insects (thick, straight beak, and

short-tongued) and eating honey (straight beak rather long).


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4. Environment have an influence on the characteristics and

traits are inherited through the process of environmental

adaptation. Formed features that will be inherited to the

offspring. Organs are often used to grow and grow bigger,

while the organs that are not used will undergo shortening orshrinkage, even disappear. Examples that can be used by

Lamarck was the giraffe. According to Lamarck, the giraffe

had a short neck first. Because food in the form of high

leaves, the giraffe trying to reach them. Because this is so

accustomed to the longer, the giraffe's neck becomes longerand the next generation will be even longer.


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5. Examples of extinct organisms by natural selection is a

dinosaur. Several theories attempt to explain the extinction

of the dinosaurs. One of them mentioned that the dinosaurs

became extinct because of millions of years ago a meteor

crashed into the earth. The collision caused a hugeexplosion which resulted in the release of large amounts of

dust into atmosphere. Dust blocking sunlight that green

plants can not perform photosynthesis. As a result, many

plants die. Dinosaurs which are herbivore did not get food

and die. Meat-eating dinosaurs that do not get the preyeventually extinct.


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REPRODUCTION

Reproduction (orprocreation) is the biological process by

which new "offspring" individual organisms are produced from

their "parents". Reproduction is a fundamental feature of all

known life; each individual organism exists as the result of

reproduction.

Biologists divide the way of reproduction into the

classifications, as follows:

1. Generative reproduction, also called sexual reproduction.

2. Vegetative reproduction, also called asexual reproduction.


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GENERATIVE (ASEXUAL) REPRODUCTION

Asexual reproduction is the process by which an

organism creates a genetically similar or identical

copy of itself without a contribution of genetic

material from another individual.


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GENERATIVEREPRODUCTIONINSEEDPLANTS

a. Generative reproductive organ

1. Female sexual organ (pistils)

The pistil consists of the ovary at the base, the slender

stalks of the style above the ovary, and stigma at the end of

the style.

The ovary contains of one or more ovules.

2. Male sexual organs (stamens)

The stamens consists of the filament and anther. In the

anther, there is a pollen sac containing pollen grains. Each

pollen grain contains a sperm cell.


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Complete and incomplete flower

1. Complete flower is a flower that has organs such as sepals,

petals, stamens, and pistils.

Example: rose, jasmine, hibiscus.

2. Flower that does not have one or several parts is called

incomplete flowers.

Example: grass flower.

Perfect and imperfect flower


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Continuity of an Organism’s Life