Contextual TeachingContextual Teaching

Some QuestionsSome Questions

What is the purpose of the educational What is the purpose of the educational system today and in the future?system today and in the future?Will lecture-and-test teaching increase Will lecture-and-test teaching increase student achievement?student achievement?Will classical content-centered teaching Will classical content-centered teaching lower the high school dropout rate?lower the high school dropout rate?Will theoretical teaching help students Will theoretical teaching help students become better connected with real-life become better connected with real-life problem-solving issues?problem-solving issues?

Contextual TeachingContextual Teaching

Way individuals learn bestWay individuals learn best

Students connect life with knowledgeStudents connect life with knowledge

Brain connects knowledge and applicationBrain connects knowledge and application

Brain connects knowing and doingBrain connects knowing and doing

Brain connects content and contextBrain connects content and context

Brain is limited in dealing with material that Brain is limited in dealing with material that does not connectdoes not connect

Try ThisTry This

Memorize the following:Memorize the following:– CreCre– BliBli– RetRet

Now memorize these:Now memorize these:– ChairChair– WaterWater– LightLight

And these . . .And these . . .– MoneyMoney– ShoppingShopping– BargainsBargains

And finally . . .And finally . . .– Beverly went shopping for bargains.Beverly went shopping for bargains.

Development vs TeachingDevelopment vs Teaching

Child developmentChild development– Handle thingsHandle things– ExploreExplore– Knock down, set up, put togetherKnock down, set up, put together– Crawl, walk, talk, imitateCrawl, walk, talk, imitate

Teaching processTeaching process– Passive learningPassive learning– Look, sit, listen, memorizeLook, sit, listen, memorize

Contextual Teaching FrameworkContextual Teaching Framework

Learning for acquisition of knowledgeLearning for acquisition of knowledge

Learning for applicationLearning for application

Learning for assimilationLearning for assimilation

Learning for associationLearning for association

TimeTime

Contextual teaching takes more timeContextual teaching takes more time

Teachers are asked to teach more not lessTeachers are asked to teach more not less

Effectiveness determined by students’ Effectiveness determined by students’ performance on standardized testsperformance on standardized tests– Do not connect with real lifeDo not connect with real life– Do not evaluate problem solvingDo not evaluate problem solving– Reveal socioeconomic makeupReveal socioeconomic makeup

Education’s OptionsEducation’s Options

College prep curriculum for everyoneCollege prep curriculum for everyone

Dumb down teachingDumb down teaching

Examine barriers and change approachesExamine barriers and change approaches

Study ResultsStudy Results

Students tried harder and more interestedStudents tried harder and more interested

Students behaved betterStudents behaved better

Students accepted more responsibilityStudents accepted more responsibility

Greater learning progress Greater learning progress

Work-Based LearningWork-Based Learning

Learning experiences and activities that Learning experiences and activities that are based on and in some type of work are based on and in some type of work setting or simulated work setting setting or simulated work setting

(apprenticeship, internship, co-op, on-the-(apprenticeship, internship, co-op, on-the-job training, career academies, school-job training, career academies, school-based enterprises, job simulation)based enterprises, job simulation)

On-the-Job InstructionOn-the-Job Instruction

Coaching as trainee works and produces Coaching as trainee works and produces useful product or provides serviceuseful product or provides service

Usually occurs at time neededUsually occurs at time needed

Can occur in some classroomsCan occur in some classrooms

Projects and exercises designed to Projects and exercises designed to provide application of on-the-job skillsprovide application of on-the-job skills

OJT Supervisors Should . . .OJT Supervisors Should . . .

Provide opportunities for realistic learningProvide opportunities for realistic learning

Use slack periods for instructionUse slack periods for instruction

Provide trainees with new technical Provide trainees with new technical informationinformation

Be open to trainee suggestionsBe open to trainee suggestions

Planning InstructionPlanning Instruction

Analyze task – skills and knowledgeAnalyze task – skills and knowledge

Determine needed instructionDetermine needed instruction

Plan and schedule instruction Plan and schedule instruction – (See Figure 14-4, page 259)(See Figure 14-4, page 259)

Provide instructionProvide instruction

Evaluate final resultsEvaluate final results

Provide for further practiceProvide for further practice

Execution of OJT InstructionExecution of OJT Instruction

Relaxed atmosphereRelaxed atmosphere

Unhurried instructionUnhurried instruction

Provide relevance and advantagesProvide relevance and advantages

Demonstrate one step at a timeDemonstrate one step at a time

Explain, demonstrate, test, and make Explain, demonstrate, test, and make provisionsprovisions

Execution of OJT InstructionExecution of OJT Instruction

Trainee should be able to devote attentionTrainee should be able to devote attention

Allow minor problems at firstAllow minor problems at first

Direct correction at performanceDirect correction at performance

Maintain emotional controlMaintain emotional control

Follow instruction with questionsFollow instruction with questions

Follow up frequently and provide Follow up frequently and provide encouragementencouragement

OJT Progress Chart (Figure 14-5)OJT Progress Chart (Figure 14-5)

Compares present abilities against present Compares present abilities against present and future requirementsand future requirements

Spotlights training needs and records Spotlights training needs and records progressprogress

Can be used to decide who does whatCan be used to decide who does what

Effective Supervision and OJTEffective Supervision and OJT

Two-way communicationTwo-way communication

Appropriate performance standardsAppropriate performance standards

Participation in planningParticipation in planning

Team spiritTeam spirit

Achievement recognitionAchievement recognition

Analysis of underlying causes of errorsAnalysis of underlying causes of errors

Good working conditionsGood working conditions

Effective Supervision and OJTEffective Supervision and OJT

Constructive criticismConstructive criticism

Atmosphere of approvalAtmosphere of approval

Coaching to correct defectsCoaching to correct defects

Effective delegationEffective delegation

Clear instructions and assignmentsClear instructions and assignments

Effective trainingEffective training

Your TurnYour Turn

Prepare an OJT Lesson Plan OutlinePrepare an OJT Lesson Plan Outline– Flossing and brushing teethFlossing and brushing teeth– Preparing PB & J sandwichPreparing PB & J sandwich– Wash carWash car– Bathe dogBathe dog

Industry-Based InstructionIndustry-Based Instruction

Benefit – direct application to performanceBenefit – direct application to performance

Workers need to update and upgrade Workers need to update and upgrade skillsskills

Sponsored, planned, designed, Sponsored, planned, designed, conducted, and evaluated at job siteconducted, and evaluated at job site

Functional SkillsFunctional Skills

Reading – technical informationReading – technical information

WritingWriting

SpeakingSpeaking

ListeningListening

ReasoningReasoning

ComputationComputation

Computer literacy – WP & SS softwareComputer literacy – WP & SS software

Soft SkillsSoft Skills

Interpersonal skillsInterpersonal skills

AttitudesAttitudes

Project managementProject management

NegotiationNegotiation

Decision makingDecision making

Team skillsTeam skills

Technical SkillsTechnical Skills

Task-specific skillsTask-specific skills

Collect, graph, analyze and program dataCollect, graph, analyze and program data

Recognize alternative solutionsRecognize alternative solutions

Computer-related technologyComputer-related technology

Math and science skillsMath and science skills

Programming, database management, Programming, database management, and Internet usageand Internet usage