MOMRA Bridges Construction Specifications i TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS ...................................................................................... I SECTION 1. ABBREVIATIONS AND DEFINITION OF TERMS ............... 1 1.1. GENERAL ............................................................................................................................. 1 1.2. ABBREVIATIONS ............................................................................................................... 1 1.3. TERMS .................................................................................................................................. 2 1.3.1. Acceptance Plan ................................................................................................................ 2 1.3.2. Acceptable Quality Level AQL ........................................................................................ 2 1.3.3. Acceptance Program ......................................................................................................... 2 1.3.4. Additive ............................................................................................................................. 2 1.3.5. Addendum ......................................................................................................................... 2 1.3.6. Advertisement for Bids or Notice to Contractors ............................................................. 2 1.3.7. Article ............................................................................................................................... 2 1.3.8. Award ................................................................................................................................ 2 1.3.9. Backfill .............................................................................................................................. 2 1.3.10. Back Slope ...................................................................................................................... 3 1.3.11. Bid ................................................................................................................................... 3 1.3.12. Bidder .............................................................................................................................. 3 1.3.13. Binder Layer ................................................................................................................... 3 1.3.14. Bill of Quantities ............................................................................................................. 3 1.3.15. Bridge .............................................................................................................................. 3 1.3.16. Bridge Length ................................................................................................................. 3 1.3.17. Bridge Roadway Width ................................................................................................... 3 1.3.18. Boulder ............................................................................................................................ 3 1.3.19. Calendar Day .................................................................................................................. 3 1.3.20. Calibrate .......................................................................................................................... 3 1.3.21. Camber ............................................................................................................................ 4 1.3.22. Centerline ........................................................................................................................ 4 1.3.23. Certificate of Guarantee .................................................................................................. 4 1.3.24. Compaction ..................................................................................................................... 4 1.3.25. Construction Joint ........................................................................................................... 4 1.3.26. Consecutive Days ............................................................................................................ 4 1.3.27. Contract and Contract Documents .................................................................................. 4 1.3.28. Contract Bid Price ........................................................................................................... 4 1.3.29. Contract Bonds ................................................................................................................ 4 1.3.30. Contract Item ( Item of Work) ....................................................................................... 4 1.3.31. Contract Time ................................................................................................................. 5 1.3.32. Contractor ....................................................................................................................... 5 1.3.33. Contract Payment Bond .................................................................................................. 5 1.3.34. Contract Performance Bond ............................................................................................ 5 1.3.35. Contract Sum or Contract Amount ................................................................................. 5 1.3.36. Country ........................................................................................................................... 5 1.3.37. Culvert............................................................................................................................. 5 1.3.38. Date ................................................................................................................................. 5 Bridges Construction Specifications MOMRA ii 1.3.39. Deck ............................................................................................................................... 5 1.3.40. Density ........................................................................................................................... 5 1.3.41. Design Mix ..................................................................................................................... 5 1.3.42. Design Load ................................................................................................................... 5 1.3.43. Detour ............................................................................................................................. 6 1.3.44. Directive ......................................................................................................................... 6 1.3.45. Dowel ............................................................................................................................. 6 1.3.46. Drawings ........................................................................................................................ 6 1.3.47. Elevation ......................................................................................................................... 6 1.3.48. Engineer ......................................................................................................................... 6 1.3.49. Equipment ...................................................................................................................... 6 1.3.50. Existing ........................................................................................................................... 6 1.3.51. Expansion Joint .............................................................................................................. 6 1.3.52. Extra Work ..................................................................................................................... 6 1.3.53. Extra Work Order ........................................................................................................... 6 1.3.54. Faulting ........................................................................................................................... 6 1.3.55. Force Account Work ...................................................................................................... 7 1.3.56. General Specifications .................................................................................................... 7 1.3.57. Grout............................................................................................................................... 7 1.3.58. Guarantor ........................................................................................................................ 7 1.3.59. Holiday ........................................................................................................................... 7 1.3.60. Headwall ......................................................................................................................... 7 1.3.61. Inspector ......................................................................................................................... 7 1.3.62. Item of Work .................................................................................................................. 7 1.3.63. Job-Mix job-mix formula, design-mix ......................................................................... 7 1.3.64. Joint ................................................................................................................................ 7 1.3.65. Kingdom ......................................................................................................................... 7 1.3.66. Laboratory ...................................................................................................................... 7 1.3.67. Legal Holidays ............................................................................................................... 7 1.3.68. Leveling Course ............................................................................................................. 8 1.3.69. Load Transfer Device ..................................................................................................... 8 1.3.70. Longitudinal Joint .......................................................................................................... 8 1.3.71. Lot .................................................................................................................................. 8 1.3.72. Major Item ...................................................................................................................... 8 1.3.73. Materials ......................................................................................................................... 8 1.3.74. Ministry .......................................................................................................................... 8 1.3.75. Municipality Amanah ................................................................................................... 8 1.3.76. Municipality of province Baladiah ............................................................................... 8 1.3.77. Minor Concrete .............................................................................................................. 8 1.3.78. Moisture Content ............................................................................................................ 8 1.3.79. Original Ground ............................................................................................................. 8 1.3.80. Performance Guarantee .................................................................................................. 8 1.3.81. Period of Maintenance.................................................................................................... 9 1.3.82. Plans ............................................................................................................................... 9 1.3.83. Price Breakdown ............................................................................................................ 9 1.3.84. Preconstruction Conference ........................................................................................... 9 1.3.85. Program of Work ............................................................................................................ 9 1.3.86. Process-Verbal ............................................................................................................... 9 1.3.87. Professional Engineer ..................................................................................................... 9 1.3.88. Provisional Handover ..................................................................................................... 9 1.3.89. Proposal .......................................................................................................................... 9 1.3.90. Proposal Form ................................................................................................................ 9 1.3.91. Quality Assurance ........................................................................................................ 10 1.3.92. Quality Assurance Procedures ...................................................................................... 10 1.3.93. Quality Control ............................................................................................................. 10 MOMRA Bridges Construction Specifications iii 1.3.94. Quality Index ................................................................................................................ 10 1.3.95. Questionnaire ................................................................................................................ 10 1.3.96. Random ......................................................................................................................... 10 1.3.97. Rural council ................................................................................................................. 10 1.3.98. Rejectable Quality Level RQL .................................................................................... 10 1.3.99. Reinforcement ............................................................................................................... 10 1.3.100. Reprocessing ............................................................................................................... 10 1.3.101. Resurfacing ................................................................................................................. 10 1.3.102. Right-of-Way .............................................................................................................. 11 1.3.103. Riprap .......................................................................................................................... 11 1.3.104. Shop Drawings ............................................................................................................ 11 1.3.105. Sidewalk ...................................................................................................................... 11 1.3.106. Site .............................................................................................................................. 11 1.3.107. Site Engineer ............................................................................................................... 11 1.3.108. Skew Angle ................................................................................................................. 11 1.3.109. Specifications .............................................................................................................. 11 1.3.110. Special Specifications ................................................................................................. 11 1.3.111. Specified Completion Date ......................................................................................... 11 1.3.112. Standard Drawings ...................................................................................................... 11 1.3.113. Standard Specifications ............................................................................................... 11 1.3.114. Subcontractor .............................................................................................................. 11 1.3.115. Substructure ................................................................................................................ 12 1.3.116. Superintendent ............................................................................................................ 12 1.3.117. Superstructure ............................................................................................................. 12 1.3.118. Superelevation ............................................................................................................. 12 1.3.119. Supplemental Agreement ............................................................................................ 12 1.3.120. Supplemental Specification ......................................................................................... 12 1.3.121. Surety .......................................................................................................................... 12 1.3.122. Temporary Structure ................................................................................................... 12 1.3.123. Tender ......................................................................................................................... 12 1.3.124. Tender Documents ...................................................................................................... 12 1.3.125. Tender Guarantee ........................................................................................................ 12 1.3.126. Tenderer ...................................................................................................................... 12 1.3.127. Traffic Lane ................................................................................................................ 13 1.3.128. Visual Inspection ........................................................................................................ 13 1.3.129. Water-Cement Ratio ................................................................................................... 13 1.3.130. Weephole .................................................................................................................... 13 1.3.131. Work The Work ........................................................................................................ 13 1.3.132. Working Day ............................................................................................................... 13 1.3.133. Working Drawings ...................................................................................................... 13 1.4. REFERENCES .................................................................................................................... 14 SECTION 2. INSTRUCTIONS TO BIDDERS ............................................... 15 2.1. PROPOSAL REQUIREMENTS AND CONDITIONS ................................................... 15 2.1.1. Notice to Contractors Advertisement ............................................................................ 15 2.1.2. Language of bid .............................................................................................................. 15 2.1.3. Competition documents .................................................................................................. 15 2.1.3.1. Competition documents include................................................................................ 15 2.2. CONTRACT RATES ......................................................................................................... 16 2.2.1. PRELIMINARY GUARANTEE .................................................................................... 16 Bridges Construction Specifications MOMRA iv 2.2.2. Final Guarantee .............................................................................................................. 16 2.3. INTERPRETATION OF QUANTITIES IN BID SCHEDULE ..................................... 17 2.4. EXAMINATION OF PLANS, SPECIFICATIONS, SPECIAL PROVISIONS, AND SITE OF WORK ....................................................................................................... 17 2.5. PREPARATION OF PROPOSAL ................................................................................... 17 2.5.1. Proposal Form ................................................................................................................ 17 2.5.2. Signing ........................................................................................................................... 17 2.6. WITHDRAWAL OR REVISION OF PROPOSALS ..................................................... 18 2.7. PUBLIC OPENING OF PROPOSALS ............................................................................ 18 2.8. MATERIAL GUARANTEE.............................................................................................. 18 2.9. BID SUBMISSION MANNER:......................................................................................... 18 2.10. REFERENCES ................................................................................................................. 20 SECTION 3. GENERAL RULES ..................................................................... 21 3.1. INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................. 21 3.2. WORK SCOPE AND DOCUMENTS .............................................................................. 21 3.2.1. Contract Purpose ............................................................................................................ 21 3.2.2. Contract Documents ....................................................................................................... 21 3.2.3. Contract Language ......................................................................................................... 22 3.2.4. Additional Drawings ...................................................................................................... 22 3.2.5. Special Work .................................................................................................................. 22 3.2.6. Non-Estimated Items ...................................................................................................... 23 3.2.7. Addition, Omission, and Modification in Work Items ................................................... 23 3.2.8. Introduction of New Items to the Project ....................................................................... 23 3.2.9. Modification Claims and Disputes ................................................................................. 24 3.2.10. Removal and Disposal of Structures and Obstructions ................................................ 24 3.2.11. Power & Water Supply ................................................................................................. 24 3.2.12. Coordination between Works ....................................................................................... 24 3.2.13. Site Evacuation and Cleaning After Work Completion ............................................... 24 3.2.14. Construction & Execution Record Books .................................................................... 25 3.2.15. Workshop Drawings ..................................................................................................... 25 3.3. LEGAL RELATIONS AND RESPONSIBILITY TOWARDS THE PUBLIC ............ 25 3.3.1. Law Abidance ................................................................................................................ 25 3.3.2. Authorizations, Licenses, and Charges .......................................................................... 25 3.3.3. Patent Right and Ownership ........................................................................................... 25 3.3.4. Relations between Contractor and His Employees and Employees of His Subcontractor .................................................................................................................. 26 3.3.5. Insurance ........................................................................................................................ 26 3.3.6. Monuments and Fossils etc ............................................................................................ 26 3.3.7. Alcoholic Drinks, Drugs, Weapons, Ammunition, and Keeping Order ......................... 26 3.3.8. Property Preservation ..................................................................................................... 26 3.3.9. Contractor's Responsibility for Work ............................................................................. 27 3.3.10. Personal Responsibility of Government Officials ........................................................ 27 3.3.11. Preservation of Environment ........................................................................................ 27 3.3.12. Dangerous Wastes ........................................................................................................ 27 3.3.13. Using Explosives .......................................................................................................... 28 MOMRA Bridges Construction Specifications v 3.3.14. Losses on Persons and Properties ................................................................................. 28 3.3.15. Traffic Control at Work Site ......................................................................................... 28 3.3.16. Safety Precautions at Project Site ................................................................................. 29 3.3.17. Guiding and Lighting .................................................................................................... 29 3.4. SUPERVISION ON THE WORKS ................................................................................... 29 3.4.1. Supervision Staff ............................................................................................................. 29 3.4.2. Supervision Staff Duties ................................................................................................. 29 3.4.3. Supervision Staff Authorities .......................................................................................... 30 3.4.4. Supervision Staff Facilities ............................................................................................. 30 3.4.5. Laboratory, Measuring and Testing Systems and Equipments ....................................... 30 3.4.5.1. Measuring Equipments ............................................................................................. 30 3.4.5.2. Sampling, Samples Storing and Testing Systems and Equipments .......................... 31 3.4.6. Client Commitments ....................................................................................................... 31 3.5. EXECUTION CONDITIONS AND WORK PROGRESS: ............................................ 31 3.5.1. Work Site Inspection ....................................................................................................... 31 3.5.2. Work Site Handing in ..................................................................................................... 31 3.5.3. Contractor Commitments ................................................................................................ 32 3.5.4. Work Site Planning ......................................................................................................... 32 3.5.5. Compliance With drawings and Specifications .............................................................. 32 3.5.6. Coordination with Public Utilities & Structures Authorities .......................................... 32 3.5.7. Signs ................................................................................................................................ 32 3.5.8. Contractor's Technical Staff ............................................................................................ 33 3.5.9. Penalty for Absence of Contractor Technical Staff ........................................................ 33 3.5.10. Work Program and Time Schedule ............................................................................... 33 3.5.11. Construction Equipments .............................................................................................. 33 3.5.12. Pre-Construction Meeting ............................................................................................. 34 3.5.13. Subcontracts .................................................................................................................. 34 3.5.14. Night Work ................................................................................................................... 34 3.5.15. Unusual Traffic ............................................................................................................. 34 3.5.16. Temporary Work Halting .............................................................................................. 35 3.5.17. Defects and Failure ....................................................................................................... 35 3.5.18. Work Withdrawal .......................................................................................................... 35 3.5.19. Assigning Withdrawn Works to another Contractor ..................................................... 36 3.5.20. Contract Period ............................................................................................................. 36 3.5.21. Delay Penalty ................................................................................................................ 36 3.5.22. As-Built Drawings: ....................................................................................................... 37 3.5.23. Ending Contractor's Responsibility: .............................................................................. 37 3.6. CONTROL AND ACCEPTANCE OF MATERIALS AND WORKS ........................... 37 3.6.1. Materials and Works Control Procedures ....................................................................... 37 3.6.2. Material Sources ............................................................................................................. 38 3.6.3. Material Transportation and Storing ............................................................................... 39 3.6.4. Work Inspection before Covering ................................................................................... 39 3.7. MEASURMENT AND PAYMENT ................................................................................... 40 3.7.1. Work Measuring ............................................................................................................. 40 3.7.2. Payment Scope ................................................................................................................ 40 3.7.3. Compensation for Modified Quantities ........................................................................... 40 3.7.4. Additional Work and Work According to Calculating Manpower ................................. 40 3.7.5. Unauthorized Work ......................................................................................................... 41 3.7.6. Lump Sum ....................................................................................................................... 41 3.7.7. Fixtures and Accessories ................................................................................................. 41 3.7.8. Payments ......................................................................................................................... 41 3.7.8.1. Current Payment ....................................................................................................... 41 3.7.8.2. Final Payment ........................................................................................................... 41 Bridges Construction Specifications MOMRA vi 3.8. WORK HANDING OVER ................................................................................................ 42 3.8.1. Preliminary Handing Over ............................................................................................. 42 3.8.2. Final Handing Over ........................................................................................................ 43 3.9. REFERENCES ................................................................................................................... 44 SECTION 4. STRUCTURAL EXCAVATION AND BACKFILL ................ 45 4.1. DESCRIPTION .................................................................................................................. 45 4.1.1. General ........................................................................................................................... 45 4.1.2. Classification .................................................................................................................. 45 4.1.2.1. Unclassified Excavation ........................................................................................... 45 4.1.2.2. Unclassified Structural Excavation .......................................................................... 46 4.1.2.3. Common Substructural Excavation .......................................................................... 46 4.1.2.4. Substructural Rock Excavation ................................................................................ 46 4.1.2.5. Unclassified Backfill, Select Backfill, and Granular Backfill .................................. 46 4.1.2.6. Controlled Low-Strength Material (CLSM) Backfill ............................................... 46 4.2. WORKING DRAWINGS .................................................................................................. 46 4.3. EXCAVATION ................................................................................................................... 47 4.3.1. Inspection ....................................................................................................................... 47 4.3.1.1. General ..................................................................................................................... 47 4.3.1.2. Approval ................................................................................................................... 47 4.3.1.3. Change in Foundation Elevations............................................................................. 47 4.3.1.4. Drilling or Probing ................................................................................................... 47 4.3.2. Depth and Size of Excavation ........................................................................................ 48 4.3.3. Foundation Preparation and Control of Water ............................................................... 48 4.3.3.1. General ..................................................................................................................... 48 4.3.3.2. Excavation within Channels ..................................................................................... 48 4.3.4. Foundations on Rock ...................................................................................................... 49 4.3.5. Foundations not on Rock ................................................................................................ 49 4.3.6. Pile Excavation ............................................................................................................... 50 4.3.7. Tunnel Excavation .......................................................................................................... 50 4.3.8. Approval ......................................................................................................................... 50 4.3.9. Permits and Licenses ...................................................................................................... 50 4.4. BACKFILLING .................................................................................................................. 51 4.4.1. General ........................................................................................................................... 51 4.4.2. Materials ......................................................................................................................... 52 4.4.2.1. Controlled Low-Strength Material (CLSM) ............................................................. 52 1. General ................................................................................................................. 52 2. Mix Design .......................................................................................................... 52 3. Sampling and Testing .......................................................................................... 53 a. Flow Test ........................................................................................................ 53 b. Unit weight ..................................................................................................... 53 c. Strength Test ................................................................................................... 53 4.4.3. Foundation Preparation .................................................................................................. 53 4.4.4. Preservation of Stream Banks and Channel ................................................................... 53 4.4.5. Disposal of Surplus and Unsuitable Material ................................................................. 54 4.5. MEASUREMENT AND PAYMENT ............................................................................... 54 4.5.1. Measurement .................................................................................................................. 54 4.5.1.1. General ..................................................................................................................... 54 MOMRA Bridges Construction Specifications vii 4.5.1.2. Excavation for Substructures Supported by Piles ..................................................... 54 4.5.1.3. Excavation for Substructures Supported on Natural Foundation Materials .............. 54 4.5.1.4. Excavation for Box and Pipe Culverts ...................................................................... 55 1. Box Culverts ......................................................................................................... 55 2. Pipe Culverts ........................................................................................................ 55 4.5.1.5. Excavation for Tunnels ............................................................................................. 55 4.5.1.6. Excavation for Bracing ............................................................................................. 55 4.5.1.7. Backfilling ................................................................................................................ 55 4.5.1.8. Special Conditions .................................................................................................... 55 4.5.2. Payment........................................................................................................................... 55 4.6. REFERENCES .................................................................................................................... 58 SECTION 5. REMOVAL OF EXISTING STRUCTURES ........................... 59 5.1. DESCRIPTION ................................................................................................................... 59 5.2. WORKING DRAWINGS ................................................................................................... 59 5.3. CONSTRUCTION .............................................................................................................. 59 5.3.1. General ............................................................................................................................ 59 5.3.2. Partial Removal of Structures ......................................................................................... 60 5.3.3. Demolition ...................................................................................................................... 60 5.3.4. Removal of Bridges, Culverts and other Existing Structures ......................................... 60 5.3.5. Removal of Sewer Pipe ................................................................................................... 61 5.3.6. Removal of Pavement, Sidewalks, Curbs, Etc ................................................................ 61 5.3.7. Salvage ............................................................................................................................ 61 5.3.8. Abandoned Structures ..................................................................................................... 62 5.3.9. Disposal of Abandoned Materials ................................................................................... 62 5.4. MEASUREMENT AND PAYMENT ................................................................................ 62 5.5. REFERENCES .................................................................................................................... 64 SECTION 6. TEMPORARY STRUCTURES ................................................. 65 6.1. GENERAL ........................................................................................................................... 65 6.1.1. Description ...................................................................................................................... 65 6.1.2. Working Drawings .......................................................................................................... 65 6.1.2.1. General ...................................................................................................................... 65 6.1.2.2. Submission Sets ........................................................................................................ 65 6.1.2.3. Design Details ........................................................................................................... 65 6.1.2.4. Foundation Loads...................................................................................................... 66 6.1.2.5. Materials Specifications ............................................................................................ 66 6.1.2.6. Concrete Placement .................................................................................................. 66 6.1.2.7. Settlements ................................................................................................................ 66 6.1.2.8. Traffic ....................................................................................................................... 66 6.1.3. Requirements .................................................................................................................. 66 6.2. FORMS AND FALSEWORK ............................................................................................ 67 6.2.1. Falsework Materials ........................................................................................................ 67 6.2.1.1. General ...................................................................................................................... 67 Bridges Construction Specifications MOMRA viii 6.2.1.2. Salvaged Steel .......................................................................................................... 67 6.2.1.3. Timber ...................................................................................................................... 67 6.2.1.4. Used lumber ............................................................................................................. 67 6.2.1.5. Manufactured components ....................................................................................... 67 6.2.2. Forms Materials .............................................................................................................. 68 6.2.2.1. General ..................................................................................................................... 68 6.2.2.2. Sheathing .................................................................................................................. 68 6.2.2.3. Structural Support .................................................................................................... 68 6.2.2.4. Prefabricated Formwork ........................................................................................... 68 6.2.2.5. Stay-in-Place Steel Deck Forms ............................................................................... 68 6.2.2.6. Stay-in-Place Prestressed Concrete Deck Forms ..................................................... 69 6.2.3. Falsework Design and Construction ............................................................................... 69 6.2.3.1. Design Loads ............................................................................................................ 69 1. Vertical loads: ...................................................................................................... 69 2. Horizontal loads ................................................................................................... 69 a. Wind Load ...................................................................................................... 69 b. Stream flow ..................................................................................................... 70 c. Lateral fluid pressure ...................................................................................... 70 d. Minimum Horizontal Load ............................................................................. 71 3. Load Combinations .............................................................................................. 71 4. Slenderness .......................................................................................................... 71 6.2.3.2. Allowable Design Stresses ....................................................................................... 71 1. Timber .................................................................................................................. 72 2. Steel ..................................................................................................................... 72 3. Other requirements .............................................................................................. 73 4. Manufactured Assemblies .................................................................................... 73 6.2.3.3. Foundation ................................................................................................................ 73 6.2.3.4. Deflection ................................................................................................................. 74 6.2.3.5. Clearance .................................................................................................................. 74 6.2.3.6. Construction ............................................................................................................. 74 1. Falsework Over or Adjacent to Roadways and Railroads ................................... 75 2. Falsework for Steel Structures ............................................................................. 76 6.2.4. Formwork Design and Construction .............................................................................. 76 6.2.4.1. General ..................................................................................................................... 76 6.2.4.2. Design ...................................................................................................................... 77 6.2.4.3. Construction ............................................................................................................. 77 6.2.4.4. Tube Forms .............................................................................................................. 77 6.2.4.5. Stay-in-Place Forms ................................................................................................. 78 6.2.5. Removal of Falsework and Forms .................................................................................. 78 6.2.5.1. General ..................................................................................................................... 78 6.2.5.2. Time of Removal ...................................................................................................... 79 6.2.5.3. Extent of Removal .................................................................................................... 79 6.3. COFFERDAMS AND SHORING .................................................................................... 80 6.3.1. General ........................................................................................................................... 80 6.3.2. Protection of Concrete .................................................................................................... 80 6.3.3. Removal ......................................................................................................................... 81 6.4. TEMPORARY WATER CONTROL SYSTEMS ........................................................... 81 6.4.1. General ........................................................................................................................... 81 6.4.2. Working drawings .......................................................................................................... 81 6.4.3. Operation ........................................................................................................................ 81 6.5. TEMPORARY BRIDGES ................................................................................................. 81 6.5.1. General ........................................................................................................................... 81 6.5.2. Detour Bridges ............................................................................................................... 81 MOMRA Bridges Construction Specifications ix 6.5.3. Haul Bridges ................................................................................................................... 82 6.5.4. Maintenance .................................................................................................................... 82 6.6. MEASUREMENT AND PAYMENT ................................................................................ 82 6.7. REFERENCES .................................................................................................................... 84 SECTION 7. PILING AND DRILLED SHAFTS CONSTRUCTION ......... 85 7.1. DESCRIPTION ................................................................................................................... 85 7.2. SUBMITTALS .................................................................................................................... 85 7.2.1. Contractor Qualifications and Equipment Adequacy ..................................................... 85 7.2.2. Working Drawings .......................................................................................................... 86 7.3. MATERIALS ...................................................................................................................... 87 7.3.1. Driven Piles ..................................................................................................................... 87 7.3.1.1. Forms ...................................................................................................................... 87 7.3.1.2. Casting ..................................................................................................................... 87 7.3.1.3. Finish ........................................................................................................................ 87 7.3.1.4. Curing and Protection ............................................................................................... 87 7.3.1.5. Prestressing ............................................................................................................... 87 7.3.1.6. Storage and Handling ................................................................................................ 87 7.3.2. Drilled Shafts .................................................................................................................. 88 7.3.2.1. Concrete .................................................................................................................... 88 7.3.2.2. Reinforcing Steel ...................................................................................................... 88 7.3.2.3. Casings ...................................................................................................................... 88 7.3.2.4. Slurry ........................................................................................................................ 88 7.4. DRIVEN PILES CONSTRUCTION ................................................................................. 90 7.4.1. Preparation for Driving ................................................................................................... 90 7.4.1.1. Site Work .................................................................................................................. 90 1. Excavation ............................................................................................................ 90 2. Pre-drilling to Facilitate Driving .......................................................................... 90 3. Additional Requirements for Predrilled Holes in Embankments ......................... 90 7.4.1.2. Preparation of Piling ................................................................................................. 90 1. Pile Heads ............................................................................................................. 90 2. Pile Shoes and End Plates ..................................................................................... 90 7.4.2. Pile Driving Equipment .................................................................................................. 91 7.4.2.1. Hammers ................................................................................................................... 92 1. General ................................................................................................................. 92 2. Drop Hammers ..................................................................................................... 92 3. Air Hammers ....................................................................................................... 92 4. Diesel Hammers ................................................................................................... 92 5. Hydraulic Hammers .............................................................................................. 93 6. Vibratory Hammers .............................................................................................. 93 7. Additional Equipment or Methods ....................................................................... 93 7.4.2.2. Driving Appurtenances ............................................................................................. 93 1. Hammer Cushion .................................................................................................. 93 2. Helmet .................................................................................................................. 93 3. Pile Cushion .......................................................................................................... 94 4. Leads .................................................................................................................... 94 5. Followers ............................................................................................................. 94 6. Jetting ................................................................................................................... 94 Bridges Construction Specifications MOMRA x 7.4.3. Driving ........................................................................................................................... 95 7.4.3.1. Heaved Piles ............................................................................................................. 95 7.4.3.2. Obstructions ............................................................................................................. 96 7.4.3.3. Installation Sequence ................................................................................................ 96 7.4.3.4. Limiting Driving Stresses ......................................................................................... 96 7.4.3.5. Driving of Probe Piles .............................................................................................. 96 7.4.3.6. Accuracy of Driving ................................................................................................. 96 7.4.4. Determination of Nominal Resistance ........................................................................... 97 7.4.4.1. General ..................................................................................................................... 97 7.4.4.2. Static Load Tests ...................................................................................................... 97 7.4.4.3. Dynamic Testing ...................................................................................................... 97 7.4.4.4. Wave Equation Analysis .......................................................................................... 98 7.4.4.5. Dynamic Formula ..................................................................................................... 98 7.4.5. Splicing of Piles ............................................................................................................. 98 7.4.5.1. Concrete Piles ........................................................................................................... 99 7.4.6. Defective Piles ................................................................................................................ 99 7.4.7. Pile Cut-Off .................................................................................................................... 99 7.5. DRILLED SHAFTS CONSTRUCTION .......................................................................... 99 7.5.1. Protection of Existing Structures .................................................................................... 99 7.5.2. Construction Sequence ................................................................................................... 99 7.5.3. Construction Methods .................................................................................................. 100 7.5.3.1. Trial Drilled Shafts ................................................................................................. 100 1. General ............................................................................................................... 100 2. Location and Depth ............................................................................................ 100 3. Failure to Demonstrate Ability .......................................................................... 100 4. Trial Shaft Approval .......................................................................................... 100 5. Site Restoration .................................................................................................. 100 7.5.3.2. Drilled Shafts.......................................................................................................... 101 1. Hole Excavation (1) ........................................................................................... 101 a. General .......................................................................................................... 101 b. Dry Method ................................................................................................... 101 c. Wet Method .................................................................................................. 101 d. Casing Methods ............................................................................................ 102 d1. Temporary Casing Construction Method .......................................................... 102 d2. Permanent Casing Construction Method ........................................................... 102 d3. Double Casing Method ...................................................................................... 103 d4. Obstructions ....................................................................................................... 103 2. Excavation Inspection ........................................................................................ 103 a. Inspection Equipment ................................................................................... 103 b. Removal of Excess Sediment and Water ...................................................... 103 c. Television Camera Inspection ....................................................................... 104 c1. Equipment .......................................................................................................... 104 c2. Drawings ............................................................................................................ 104 c3. Shaft Inspection ................................................................................................. 104 3. Exterior Casing .................................................................................................. 104 4. Reinforcing Steel Cage Construction and Placement ........................................ 105 a. General .......................................................................................................... 105 b. Access Tubes for Crosshole Sonic Logging (CSL) ...................................... 106 7.5.3.3. Concrete Placement, Curing and Protection ........................................................... 107 1. Tremies .............................................................................................................. 108 2. Concrete Pumps ................................................................................................. 108 7.5.3.4. Concrete Sampling ................................................................................................. 108 7.5.3.5. Consistency ............................................................................................................ 108 7.5.3.6. Defective Shafts ..................................................................................................... 109 7.5.4. Alternative Construction Methods ............................................................................... 109 MOMRA Bridges Construction Specifications xi 7.5.5. Construction Tolerances ............................................................................................... 109 7.6. TESTING OF DRILLED SHAFTS ................................................................................. 110 7.6.1. Test Shafts and Bells ..................................................................................................... 110 7.6.2. Drilled Shaft Load Tests ............................................................................................... 110 7.6.3. Integrity Testing ............................................................................................................ 110 7.6.4. Nondestructive Testing of Drilled Shafts ...................................................................... 111 7.6.4.1. General .................................................................................................................... 111 7.6.4.2. NDT Consultant ...................................................................................................... 111 7.6.4.3. Testing Schedule ..................................................................................................... 111 7.6.4.4. CSL Test Equipment ............................................................................................... 111 7.6.4.5. CSL Logging Procedures ........................................................................................ 112 7.6.4.6. CSL Testing Results ............................................................................................... 112 7.6.4.7. Core Drilling of Drilled Shaft Concrete .................................................................. 112 7.6.4.8. Abandoning CSL Access Tubes ............................................................................. 113 7.7. MEASUREMENT AND PAYMENT .............................................................................. 113 7.7.1. Measurement ................................................................................................................. 113 7.7.1.1. Driven Piles ............................................................................................................. 113 1. Piles Furnished ................................................................................................... 113 2. Driven Piles ....................................................................................................... 113 7.7.1.2. Pile Splices and Pile Shoes ..................................................................................... 113 7.7.1.3. Drilled Shaft ............................................................................................................ 113 7.7.1.4. Bell Footings ........................................................................................................... 113 7.7.1.5. Test shafts ............................................................................................................... 114 7.7.1.6. Test Bells ................................................................................................................ 114 7.7.1.7. Exploration .............................................................................................................. 114 7.7.1.8. Permanent Casing ................................................................................................... 114 7.7.1.9. Load Tests ............................................................................................................... 114 7.7.2. Payment......................................................................................................................... 114 7.7.2.1. Driven Piles ............................................................................................................. 114 1. Unit Cost Contracts ............................................................................................ 114 2. Lump Sum Contracts .......................................................................................... 115 7.7.2.2. Drilled Shafts .......................................................................................................... 116 1. Drilled Shaft ....................................................................................................... 116 2. Bell Footings ...................................................................................................... 116 3. Test Shafts .......................................................................................................... 116 4. Test Bells ............................................................................................................ 116 5. Exploration Holes ............................................................................................... 117 6. Permanent Casing ............................................................................................... 117 7. Load Tests .......................................................................................................... 117 7.8. REFERENCES .................................................................................................................. 121 SECTION 8. GROUND ANCHORS .............................................................. 123 8.1. DESCRIPTION ................................................................................................................. 123 8.1.1. Definitions..................................................................................................................... 123 8.2. SUBMISSION AND DESIGN REQUIREMENTS ........................................................ 124 8.2.1. Contractor Qualifications .............................................................................................. 124 8.2.2. Working Drawings ........................................................................................................ 125 8.3. MATERIALS .................................................................................................................... 126 Bridges Construction Specifications MOMRA xii 8.3.1. Prestressing Steel .......................................................................................................... 126 8.3.2. Grout............................................................................................................................. 126 8.3.3. Steel Elements .............................................................................................................. 126 8.3.4. Corrosion Protection Elements ..................................................................................... 126 8.3.5. Miscellaneous Elements ............................................................................................... 127 8.4. CONSTRUCTION REQUIREMENTS .......................................................................... 127 8.4.1. Tendons Fabrication ..................................................................................................... 127 8.4.1.1. General ................................................................................................................... 127 8.4.1.2. Tendon Bond Length .............................................................................................. 128 8.4.1.3. Spacers and Centralizers ........................................................................................ 128 8.4.1.4. Unbonded Length ................................................................................................... 128 8.4.1.5. Bearing Plates, Anchorage and Trumpet ................................................................ 129 8.4.1.6. Tendon Storage and Handling ................................................................................ 129 8.5. INSTALLATION ............................................................................................................. 129 8.5.1. Drilling ......................................................................................................................... 130 8.5.2. Tendon Insertion .......................................................................................................... 130 8.5.3. Grouting ....................................................................................................................... 130 8.5.4. Trumpet and Anchorage ............................................................................................... 131 8.6. TESTING AND STRESSING ......................................................................................... 131 8.6.1. Verification Test ........................................................................................................... 131 8.6.2. Test Equipment ............................................................................................................ 131 8.6.3. Performance Test .......................................................................................................... 132 8.6.4. Proof Test ..................................................................................................................... 133 8.6.5. Creep Test .................................................................................................................... 134 8.6.6. Lock-Off ....................................................................................................................... 135 8.6.7. Acceptance ................................................................................................................... 135 8.7. MEASUREMENT AND PAYMENT ............................................................................. 136 8.8. REFERENCES ................................................................................................................. 139 SECTION 9. EARTH RETAINING SYSTEMS ........................................... 141 9.1. DESCRIPTION ................................................................................................................ 141 9.2. WORKING DRAWINGS ................................................................................................ 141 9.3. MATERIALS .................................................................................................................... 142 9.3.1. Concrete ....................................................................................................................... 142 9.3.1.1. Cast-in-Place .......................................................................................................... 142 9.3.1.2. Pneumatically Applied Mortar ............................................................................... 142 9.3.1.3. Precast Elements .................................................................................................... 142 9.3.1.4. Segmental Concrete Facing Blocks ........................................................................ 142 9.3.2. Reinforcing Steel .......................................................................................................... 142 9.3.3. Structural Steel ............................................................................................................. 142 9.3.4. Structure Backfill Material ........................................................................................... 142 9.3.4.1. General ................................................................................................................... 142 9.3.4.2. Crib and Cellular Walls .......................................................................................... 143 9.3.4.3. Mechanically Stabilized Earth Walls ..................................................................... 143 9.4. EARTHWORK ................................................................................................................. 144 9.4.1. Structural Excavation ................................................................................................... 144 9.4.2. Foundation Treatment .................................................................................................. 144 MOMRA Bridges Construction Specifications xiii 9.4.3. Structural Backfill ......................................................................................................... 144 9.5. CONSTRUCTION ............................................................................................................ 144 9.5.1. Cast-in-place Concrete Walls ........................................................................................ 144 9.5.1.1. Architectural Finish ................................................................................................ 144 9.5.1.2. Retaining Wall Placement ....................................................................................... 145 9.5.1.3. Vertical Precast Concrete Wall Elements with Cast-in-Place Concrete Footings .. 145 9.5.2. Sheet Pile And Soldier Pile Walls ................................................................................. 145 9.5.2.1. Sheet Pile Walls ...................................................................................................... 145 9.5.2.2. Soldier Pile Walls ................................................................................................... 146 9.5.2.3. Anchored Sheet Piles and Soldier Pile Wall ........................................................... 146 1. General ............................................................................................................... 146 2. Wales .................................................................................................................. 146 3. Concrete Anchors System .................................................................................. 147 4. Tierods .............................................................................................................. 147 5. Ground Anchors ................................................................................................. 147 6. Earthwork ........................................................................................................... 147 9.5.3. Crib Walls and Cellular Walls ...................................................................................... 147 9.5.3.1. Foundation .............................................................................................................. 148 9.5.3.2. Crib Members ......................................................................................................... 148 9.5.3.3. Concrete Monolithic Cell Members ........................................................................ 148 9.5.3.4. Member Placement ................................................................................................. 148 9.5.3.5. Backfilling .............................................................................................................. 149 9.5.4. Mechanically Stabilized Earth Walls ............................................................................ 149 9.5.4.1. Facing ...................................................................................................................... 149 9.5.4.2. Soil Reinforcement ................................................................................................. 149 9.5.4.3. Construction ............................................................................................................ 150 9.6. MEASUREMENT AND PAYMENT .............................................................................. 150 9.7. REFERENCES .................................................................................................................. 154 SECTION 10. CONCRETE STRUCTURES ................................................ 155 10.1. NOTATION ..................................................................................................................... 155 10.2. GENERAL ....................................................................................................................... 155 10.2.1. Description .................................................................................................................. 155 10.2.2. Related Work .............................................................................................................. 155 10.2.3. Construction Methods ................................................................................................. 155 10.3. CLASSES OF CONCRETE ........................................................................................... 155 10.3.1. General ........................................................................................................................ 155 10.3.2. Normal-Weight Concrete ............................................................................................ 156 10.3.3. Lightweight Concrete .................................................................................................. 156 10.4. MATERIALS .................................................................................................................. 156 10.4.1. Cements....................................................................................................................... 156 10.4.2. Aggregates .................................................................................................................. 157 10.4.2.1. Fine aggregate ....................................................................................................... 157 10.4.2.2. Coarse aggregate ................................................................................................... 157 10.4.2.3. Blended Aggregates .............................................................................................. 157 10.4.2.4. Lightweight aggregate .......................................................................................... 157 10.4.2.5. Exception .............................................................................................................. 157 10.4.3. Admixtures .................................................................................................................. 157 Bridges Construction Specifications MOMRA xiv 10.4.3.1. Mineral Admixtures ............................................................................................. 157 1. Pozzolans2F ....................................................................................................... 158 2. Silica Fume ........................................................................................................ 158 3. Slag .................................................................................................................... 158 10.4.3.2. Chemical Admixtures ........................................................................................... 159 10.4.4. Water .......................................................................................................................... 159 10.5. PROPORTIONING OF CONCRETE ......................................................................... 160 10.5.1. Mixing ........................................................................................................................ 160 10.5.1.1. Responsibility and Criteria ................................................................................... 160 10.5.1.2. Trial Batch Test .................................................................................................... 161 1. Standard Deviation ............................................................................................ 161 2. Required Average Strength ................................................................................ 161 10.5.1.3. Documentation of Average Strength .................................................................... 162 1. Average Strength Reduction .............................................................................. 163 10.5.2. Water Content ............................................................................................................ 163 10.5.3. Cement Content .......................................................................................................... 164 10.5.4. Admixtures ................................................................................................................. 164 10.5.4.1. Mineral Admixtures ............................................................................................. 165 10.5.4.2. Chemical Admixtures ........................................................................................... 165 10.6. MANUFACTURE OF CONCRETE ............................................................................ 165 10.6.1. Storage of Cement ...................................................................................................... 165 10.6.2. Storage of Aggregates ................................................................................................ 166 10.6.3. Measurements of Materials ........................................................................................ 166 10.6.4. Batching and Mixing of Concrete .............................................................................. 166 10.6.4.1. Batching ............................................................................................................... 166 10.6.4.2. Mixing .................................................................................................................. 166 10.6.5. Delivery ...................................................................................................................... 167 10.6.6. Sampling and Testing ................................................................................................. 167 10.6.7. Evaluation and Acceptance of Concrete..................................................................... 168 10.6.7.1. Frequency of Testing ............................................................................................ 168 10.6.7.2. Laboratory-Cured Specimens ............................................................................... 168 10.6.7.3. Field-Cured Specimens ........................................................................................ 169 10.6.7.4. Investigation of Low-Strength Test Results ......................................................... 169 10.6.7.5. Precast Concrete Cured By the Waterproof Cover Method, Steam, or Radiant Heat ....................................................................................................................... 169 10.7. PROTECTION OF CONCRETE FROM ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS .... 170 10.7.1. General ....................................................................................................................... 170 10.7.2. Rain Protection ........................................................................................................... 170 10.7.3. Sulfate Exposures ....................................................................................................... 170 10.7.4. Corrosion Protection of Reinforcement...................................................................... 171 10.7.5. Sulfate plus Chloride Exposures ................................................................................ 172 10.7.6. Sabkha Exposures ...................................................................................................... 172 10.7.7. Salt Weathering .......................................................................................................... 172 10.7.8. Hot-Weather Protection .............................................................................................. 172 10.7.9. Special Requirements for Bridge Decks ..................................................................... 172 10.8. CONCRETE PROTECTION FOR REINFORCEMENT ......................................... 173 10.8.1. Cast-in-place concrete (non-prestressed) ................................................................... 173 10.8.2. Cast-in-place concrete (prestressed) ........................................................................... 174 10.8.3. Precast concrete (manufactured under plant control conditions) ............................... 175 10.8.4. Bundled bars ............................................................................................................... 175 10.8.5. Corrosive environments ............................................................................................. 176 10.8.6. Future extensions ........................................................................................................ 176 10.8.7. Fire protection ............................................................................................................ 176 MOMRA Bridges Construction Specifications xv 10.9. HANDLING AND PLACING OF CONCRETE.......................................................... 176 10.9.1. General ........................................................................................................................ 176 10.9.2. Sequence of Placement ............................................................................................... 177 10.9.2.1. Vertical Members .................................................................................................. 177 10.9.2.2. Superstructures ...................................................................................................... 177 10.9.2.3. Arches ................................................................................................................... 177 10.9.2.4. Tunnels .................................................................................................................. 177 10.9.2.5. Placing of Concrete for Tunnels on Rock Surfaces .............................................. 178 10.9.2.6. Box Culverts ......................................................................................................... 178 10.9.2.7. Precast Elements ................................................................................................... 178 10.9.3. Placing Methods .......................................................................................................... 178 10.9.3.1. General ...............................................