Constitution DayConstitution DaySeptember 17September 17

The ConstitutionThe Constitution

Pages 61Pages 61--7171 How many How many ““articlesarticles”” are there?are there?What are each of the first THREE articles What are each of the first THREE articles

about? (about? (““What it MeansWhat it Means”” boxes)boxes) Based on their length, which seems most Based on their length, which seems most

important?important? How many people signed the How many people signed the

Constitution? Anyone familiar?Constitution? Anyone familiar?

The Three BranchesThe Three Branches

Legislative BranchLegislative Branch Executive BranchExecutive Branch Judicial BranchJudicial Branch

Makes the LawsMakes the Laws Enforces the LawsEnforces the Laws Interprets the LawsInterprets the Laws

Seven ArticlesSeven Articles

Laughing elves join Santa and SantaLaughing elves join Santa and Santa’’s s Reindeer.Reindeer.

L L -- LegislativeLegislative E E -- ExecutiveExecutive J J -- JudicialJudicial SS -- States (relations between the states)States (relations between the states) AA -- Amendment processAmendment process SS -- Supremacy ClauseSupremacy Clause RR -- Ratification processRatification process

Articles of ConfederationArticles of Confederation

March 1, 1781March 1, 1781-- goes into effectgoes into effect No Executive BranchNo Executive Branch--No single leaderNo single leader No Judicial BranchNo Judicial Branch--No national courts No national courts No power to collect taxesNo power to collect taxes No power to regulate tradeNo power to regulate trade No power to enforce its lawsNo power to enforce its laws Laws needed 9 states approval to passLaws needed 9 states approval to pass Approval by all 13 to amendApproval by all 13 to amend

Problems under the Problems under the AoCAoC ShayShay’’s Rebellion Aug 1786s Rebellion Aug 1786-- Feb 1787Feb 1787 Cause: unfair tax practices by Mass.Cause: unfair tax practices by Mass. State Governments were in debt and taxed their State Governments were in debt and taxed their

citizens heavily.citizens heavily. If a state decided to ignore a law, the national If a state decided to ignore a law, the national

government could do nothinggovernment could do nothing The national government could not raise an The national government could not raise an

army.army. The national government was greatly in debt The national government was greatly in debt

from the revolution and had to rely on donationsfrom the revolution and had to rely on donations

Answer these Questions?Answer these Questions?

Why was it so difficult to pass laws under the Why was it so difficult to pass laws under the AoCAoC??

Why was the national government unable to pay Why was the national government unable to pay its debts from the revolution?its debts from the revolution?

Without a national court system:Without a national court system: what would happen if two states had a dispute?what would happen if two states had a dispute? What would happen if someone had a complaint What would happen if someone had a complaint

against his/her state? Where would the trial take against his/her state? Where would the trial take place?place?

Land OrdinancesLand Ordinances

Land Ordinance of 1785Land Ordinance of 1785 Set size and price limits for land salesSet size and price limits for land sales Reserved a section of each town for a schoolReserved a section of each town for a school

•• Public education?Public education?

Northwest Ordinance of 1787Northwest Ordinance of 1787 Established conditions for statehoodEstablished conditions for statehood Guaranteed settlerGuaranteed settler’’s civil rightss civil rights Banned slavery from the area North of Ohio Banned slavery from the area North of Ohio

RiverRiver

Constitutional ConventionConstitutional Convention

When it became apparent that there were When it became apparent that there were problems with the problems with the AoCAoC, 12 states sent , 12 states sent delegates to a meeting in Philadelphia to delegates to a meeting in Philadelphia to revise them.revise them.

They quickly became aware that a whole They quickly became aware that a whole new document would be needed, a NEW new document would be needed, a NEW constitution.constitution.

Which state sent no delegates?Which state sent no delegates?

Constitutional ConventionConstitutional Convention

James Madison and the James Madison and the ““Virginia PlanVirginia Plan””William Paterson and the William Paterson and the ““New Jersey New Jersey

PlanPlan”” How were these two plans different?How were these two plans different?

The Virginia PlanThe Virginia Plan

Three branches of governmentThree branches of government A Bicameral legislatureA Bicameral legislature The number of representatives a state The number of representatives a state

would have would be based on that statewould have would be based on that state’’s s population and the amount of money that population and the amount of money that state contributed to the national state contributed to the national governmentgovernment

Which states would be against this?Which states would be against this? Why?Why?

The New Jersey PlanThe New Jersey Plan

Three branches of governmentThree branches of government A Unicameral legislatureA Unicameral legislature The number of representatives a state The number of representatives a state

would have would be the same, one per would have would be the same, one per statestate

Which states would be against this?Which states would be against this? Why?Why?

The Great CompromiseThe Great Compromise

A committee headed by Roger ShermanA committee headed by Roger Sherman (Why is his name familiar?)(Why is his name familiar?)

Connecticut CompromiseConnecticut Compromise Bicameral LegislatureBicameral Legislature

Upper House (Senate)Upper House (Senate)--Equal representation Equal representation for each state (TWO)for each state (TWO)

Lower House (House of Representatives)Lower House (House of Representatives)--Each state would have a number of delegates Each state would have a number of delegates based on that statebased on that state’’s population.s population.

Three/Fifths CompromiseThree/Fifths Compromise Problem:Problem:

Slaves are people.Slaves are people. Slaves are propertySlaves are property Should they count for the population of a state in Should they count for the population of a state in

order to determine the number of representatives a order to determine the number of representatives a state gets in the House of Representatives?state gets in the House of Representatives?

Should they count as property for determining taxes?Should they count as property for determining taxes? Compromise: Every 5 slaves will count as 3 Compromise: Every 5 slaves will count as 3

people for determining the number of people for determining the number of representatives, and only 3/5 of your slaves will representatives, and only 3/5 of your slaves will be counted as property to determine your taxes.be counted as property to determine your taxes.

Commerce and Slave TradeCommerce and Slave Trade Problem:Problem:

Should the national government taxes imports and Should the national government taxes imports and exports? If we tax exports, it makes out goods more exports? If we tax exports, it makes out goods more expensive in foreign countries and people may not expensive in foreign countries and people may not buy them.buy them.

People are still being sold into slavery from Africa. People are still being sold into slavery from Africa. IsnIsn’’t this a violation of the t this a violation of the ““Natural RightsNatural Rights””??

Compromise: Compromise: The government will only tax imports, not exports.The government will only tax imports, not exports. The government will not interfere with the African The government will not interfere with the African

slave trade before 1808.slave trade before 1808.

Electoral CollegeElectoral College Problem:Problem:

Some delegates thought that Congress should Some delegates thought that Congress should choose the Presidentchoose the President

Some thought that the people should vote for the Some thought that the people should vote for the PresidentPresident

Compromise:Compromise: An An ““Electoral CollegeElectoral College”” made up of persons selected made up of persons selected

by each states legislature, would select the President by each states legislature, would select the President and Vice Presidentand Vice President

They are supposed to vote based on popular vote, They are supposed to vote based on popular vote, but that has not always been the case.but that has not always been the case.

Key TermsKey Terms

Republicanism: the idea or belief that a Republicanism: the idea or belief that a republic is the best type of government. republic is the best type of government.

Factions: Interest groups (PETA, NRA)Factions: Interest groups (PETA, NRA)

How would Representatives be picked?How would Representatives be picked?

Virginia PlanVirginia Plan Lower HouseLower House--Popular VotePopular Vote Upper HouseUpper House--Chosen by the Lower HouseChosen by the Lower House

New Jersey PlanNew Jersey Plan Representatives chosen by State LegislatureRepresentatives chosen by State Legislature

Connecticut CompromiseConnecticut Compromise Lower HouseLower House--Popular VotePopular Vote Upper HouseUpper House--Chosen by State Legislature **Chosen by State Legislature **

--UpperUpper: Chosen : Chosen by that states by that states legislaturelegislature--LowerLower: Chosen : Chosen by Popular voteby Popular vote

-- Chosen by Chosen by each states each states legislaturelegislature

--Lower house: Lower house: popular votepopular vote--Upper house: Upper house: chosen by lower chosen by lower house membershouse members

Basis for choosing Basis for choosing representatives for representatives for the legislature.the legislature.How will the How will the representatives be representatives be picked / chosenpicked / chosen

--UpperUpper: Equal : Equal Representation Representation (2 per state)(2 per state)--LowerLower: based : based on states on states populationpopulation

Equal Equal RepresentationRepresentation

-- One from One from each stateeach state

--Based on that Based on that states states populationpopulation--Amount of Amount of money the state money the state gives to the gives to the national national GovernmentGovernment

Basis for Basis for determining determining representation in representation in the legislature.the legislature.How many How many representatives representatives will your state get?will your state get?

2 (Bicameral)2 (Bicameral)1 (Unicameral)1 (Unicameral)2 (Bicameral)2 (Bicameral)Number of houses Number of houses in legislaturein legislature

Connecticut Connecticut PlanPlan

New New Jersey Jersey PlanPlan

Virginia Virginia PlanPlan