Confined Spaces. Rescuers Account for Over 60% of Confined Space Fatalities

Confined SpacesConfined Spaces

Rescuers Account Rescuers Account for Over 60% of for Over 60% of Confined Space Confined Space

FatalitiesFatalities

Confined Space TragediesConfined Space Tragedies

o Two workers died from Two workers died from asphyxiation trying to shut off asphyxiation trying to shut off water flow to damaged pipe due to water flow to damaged pipe due to extremely low oxygen levels.extremely low oxygen levels.

o Five farmers died trying to save Five farmers died trying to save one another in a manure pit.one another in a manure pit.

Purpose of TrainingPurpose of Training

o Ensure that employees are Ensure that employees are familiar with safety precautions familiar with safety precautions and procedures associated with and procedures associated with confined spacesconfined spaces

Frequency of TrainingFrequency of Training

o Upon initial assignmentUpon initial assignmento Change in assigned duties or a Change in assigned duties or a

change in permit space conditionschange in permit space conditionso Inadequacies in the employee's Inadequacies in the employee's

knowledge or use of confined knowledge or use of confined space entry proceduresspace entry procedures

Training OutlineTraining Outline

o IntroductionIntroductiono General RequirementsGeneral Requirementso Equipment RequirementsEquipment Requirementso The Entry PermitThe Entry Permito Duties of Authorized Entrants, Attendants Duties of Authorized Entrants, Attendants

and Entry Supervisorand Entry Supervisoro Rescue and Emergency ServicesRescue and Emergency Serviceso ContractorsContractorso Safe Entry ProceduresSafe Entry Procedures

IntroductionIntroduction

o OSHA 29 CFR 1910.146: Permit-OSHA 29 CFR 1910.146: Permit-Required Confined SpacesRequired Confined Spaces

o Ensure that employees can Ensure that employees can safely enter into and work within safely enter into and work within permit-required confined spacespermit-required confined spaces

DefinitionDefinition

A Confined space:o Is large enough that an Is large enough that an

employee can enter and employee can enter and perform assigned workperform assigned work

o Has limited or restricted Has limited or restricted means for entry or exitmeans for entry or exit

o Is not designed for Is not designed for continuous employee continuous employee occupancyoccupancy

ExamplesExamples

Examples:Examples:o tankstankso pitspitso tunnelstunnelso vaultsvaultso boilersboilerso sewers sewers o shaftsshaftso ventilation ductsventilation ductso crawl spacescrawl spaces


A permit-required confined space:o Contains or has the potential to contain Contains or has the potential to contain

a hazardous atmospherea hazardous atmosphereo Contains a material that has the Contains a material that has the

potential for engulfing an entrantpotential for engulfing an entranto Internal configuration that might cause Internal configuration that might cause

entrant to be trapped or asphyxiated by entrant to be trapped or asphyxiated by inwardly converging walls or floor that inwardly converging walls or floor that slopes downward and tapers to a slopes downward and tapers to a smaller cross sectionsmaller cross section

o Contains any other recognized serious Contains any other recognized serious safety or health hazardsafety or health hazard

Atmospheric HazardsAtmospheric Hazards

o Oxygen LevelsOxygen Levels - below 19.5 % or - below 19.5 % or above 23.5%above 23.5%

o Flammable/Explosive Flammable/Explosive – exceeds – exceeds 10% of Lower Explosive Limit (LEL)10% of Lower Explosive Limit (LEL)

o Toxic SubstancesToxic Substances – exceed – exceed Permissible Exposure Limits (PEL)Permissible Exposure Limits (PEL)

EngulfmentEngulfment

o Liquid or loose materials trap a Liquid or loose materials trap a worker.worker.

o Typically associated with loose Typically associated with loose materials in bins, silos, and materials in bins, silos, and hoppers.hoppers.

o Death can occur by asphyxiation, Death can occur by asphyxiation, aspiration, or constriction.aspiration, or constriction.


o "Entry" is when a "Entry" is when a person passes through person passes through an opening into a an opening into a permit-required permit-required confined spaceconfined space

o Any part of the Any part of the entrant's body breaks entrant's body breaks the plane of an opening the plane of an opening into the spaceinto the space

General RequirementsGeneral Requirements

o Identify confined spaces and classify Identify confined spaces and classify them as permit or non-permitthem as permit or non-permit

o A permit-required confined space may A permit-required confined space may be reclassifiedbe reclassified

o Identify and evaluate the hazards of Identify and evaluate the hazards of the permit spaces before employees the permit spaces before employees enterenter

o Inform exposed employees of the Inform exposed employees of the existence and location of and the existence and location of and the danger posed by the permit spacesdanger posed by the permit spaces

Confined Spaces Flow Chart

General RequirementsGeneral Requirements

o Measures to prevent entryMeasures to prevent entryo Develop and implement practices and Develop and implement practices and

procedures necessary for safe entry procedures necessary for safe entryo Provide and maintain all required Provide and maintain all required

equipmentequipmento Educate employees on safe entry Educate employees on safe entry

procedures and equipment operationprocedures and equipment operation

Equipment RequirementsEquipment Requirements

o Testing and monitoring Testing and monitoring equipmentequipment

o Ventilating equipmentVentilating equipmento Communications equipmentCommunications equipmento Personal protective equipmentPersonal protective equipmento Lighting equipmentLighting equipmento Barriers and shieldsBarriers and shieldso Equipment needed for safe Equipment needed for safe

ingress and egressingress and egresso Emergency equipmentEmergency equipmento Other equipment for safe entryOther equipment for safe entry

The Entry PermitThe Entry Permit

o Permit must be completed Permit must be completed before entry is authorizedbefore entry is authorized

o Entry supervisor must sign Entry supervisor must sign the permitthe permit

o Permit must be made Permit must be made available at the time of entry available at the time of entry so entrants can confirm that so entrants can confirm that pre-entry preparations have pre-entry preparations have been completedbeen completed

The Entry PermitThe Entry Permit

o Duration may not exceed the time Duration may not exceed the time identified on the permitidentified on the permit

o Retain each canceled entry permit Retain each canceled entry permit for at least 1 year to facilitate review for at least 1 year to facilitate review of the programof the program

o Problems encountered during entry Problems encountered during entry shall be noted on the permit so that shall be noted on the permit so that appropriate revisions can be made appropriate revisions can be made to the programto the program

Contents of The Entry PermitContents of The Entry Permit

1. Permit space to be entered1. Permit space to be entered2. Purpose of the entry2. Purpose of the entry3. Date and the authorized duration of 3. Date and the authorized duration of

the entry permit the entry permit4. Authorized entrants4. Authorized entrants5. Attendants5. Attendants6. Entry supervisor with a space for 6. Entry supervisor with a space for

the signaturethe signature


7. Hazards of the permit space7. Hazards of the permit space

8. Measures used to isolate the permit 8. Measures used to isolate the permit space and to eliminate or control space and to eliminate or control permit space hazards before entrypermit space hazards before entry

9. Acceptable entry conditions9. Acceptable entry conditions

10. Results of initial and periodic tests, 10. Results of initial and periodic tests, names or initials of the testers and names or initials of the testers and when the tests were performedwhen the tests were performed


11. Rescue and emergency services11. Rescue and emergency services

12. Communication procedures12. Communication procedures

13. Equipment (personal protective 13. Equipment (personal protective equipment, testing equipment, equipment, testing equipment, communications equipment, alarm communications equipment, alarm systems, rescue equipment, etc.)systems, rescue equipment, etc.)

14. Any other information necessary in 14. Any other information necessary in order to ensure employee safetyorder to ensure employee safety

Duties of Authorized EntrantsDuties of Authorized Entrants

o Understand potential hazardsUnderstand potential hazardso Use equipment properlyUse equipment properlyo Communicate with attendant Communicate with attendant

regularlyregularlyo If the unexpected occurs – alert the If the unexpected occurs – alert the

attendantattendanto Exit immediately if hazard developsExit immediately if hazard develops


Alert the attendant whenever:

o Entrant recognizes Entrant recognizes any warning sign or any warning sign or symptom of symptom of exposure to a exposure to a dangerous situationdangerous situation

o The entrant detects a The entrant detects a prohibited conditionprohibited condition


Evacuate the confined space when:o Order to evacuate is given by the Order to evacuate is given by the

attendant or the entry supervisorattendant or the entry supervisoro Entrant recognizes any warning sign Entrant recognizes any warning sign

or symptom of exposure to a or symptom of exposure to a dangerous situationdangerous situation

o Entrant detects a prohibited conditionEntrant detects a prohibited conditiono Evacuation alarm is activatedEvacuation alarm is activated

Duties of AttendantsDuties of Attendants

o "Attendant" - stationed outside permit "Attendant" - stationed outside permit space; monitors entrantsspace; monitors entrants

o Knows the hazards including signs, Knows the hazards including signs, symptoms and consequences of exposuresymptoms and consequences of exposure

o Continuously maintains accurate count of Continuously maintains accurate count of entrants in permit spaceentrants in permit space

o Remains outside the permit space during Remains outside the permit space during entry until relieved by another attendantentry until relieved by another attendant


o Communicates with entrants to Communicates with entrants to monitor entrant status and to alert monitor entrant status and to alert entrants of the need to evacuateentrants of the need to evacuate

o Monitors activities inside & outside Monitors activities inside & outside the space to determine if the space to determine if

- it is safe for entrants to - it is safe for entrants to

- remain in the space- remain in the space


Orders evacuation immediately if:o Detects a prohibited conditionDetects a prohibited conditiono Detects the behavioral effects of Detects the behavioral effects of

hazard exposure in entranthazard exposure in entranto Detects a situation outside the space Detects a situation outside the space

that could endanger the entrantsthat could endanger the entrantso If the attendant cannot effectively If the attendant cannot effectively

and safely perform all the dutiesand safely perform all the duties


o Summon emergency servicesSummon emergency serviceso Keep unauthorized persons awayKeep unauthorized persons awayo Inform entrants and entry supervisor if Inform entrants and entry supervisor if

unauthorized persons have entered the unauthorized persons have entered the permit spacepermit space

o Performs non-entry rescues when Performs non-entry rescues when applicable and they have trainingapplicable and they have training

o Performs no duties that might interfere Performs no duties that might interfere with primary duty to monitor and protect with primary duty to monitor and protect entrantsentrants

Duties of Entry SupervisorDuties of Entry Supervisor

o "Entry supervisor" - person "Entry supervisor" - person responsible for determining if responsible for determining if acceptable entry conditions are acceptable entry conditions are present, for authorizing entry, present, for authorizing entry, overseeing entry operations, and for overseeing entry operations, and for terminating entry as requiredterminating entry as required

o An entry supervisor also may serve An entry supervisor also may serve as an attendant or as an entrant, as as an attendant or as an entrant, as long as that person is trained and long as that person is trained and equipped to do soequipped to do so


o Knows the hazards including signs, Knows the hazards including signs, symptoms, and consequences of the symptoms, and consequences of the exposureexposure

o Verifies that the entry permit is Verifies that the entry permit is complete, all tests have been conducted complete, all tests have been conducted and all procedures and equipment are and all procedures and equipment are in place before allowing entry to beginin place before allowing entry to begin

o Verifies that rescue services are Verifies that rescue services are available and that the means for available and that the means for summoning them are operablesummoning them are operable


o Removes unauthorized individuals who Removes unauthorized individuals who enter or attempt to enter the spaceenter or attempt to enter the space

o Ensures that acceptable entry Ensures that acceptable entry conditions are maintained throughout conditions are maintained throughout the entrythe entry

o Terminates entry and cancels the entry Terminates entry and cancels the entry permit when the operations have been permit when the operations have been completed or a condition that is not completed or a condition that is not allowed under the permit arisesallowed under the permit arises

Rescue and Emergency ServicesRescue and Emergency Services

o Self-RescueSelf-Rescueo Non-entry RescueNon-entry Rescueo Only trained Only trained

workers can enter workers can enter space and only space and only when there is when there is another attendantanother attendant

o Call 911Call 911

Rescue and Emergency Rescue and Emergency ServicesServices

o Responds in a timely mannerResponds in a timely mannero Rescue provider must be proficient with Rescue provider must be proficient with

confined space rescue-related tasks and confined space rescue-related tasks and equipmentequipment

o Inform rescue provider of the hazards Inform rescue provider of the hazards they may encounter on sitethey may encounter on site

o Provide the rescue provider with access to Provide the rescue provider with access to all permit spaces so they can develop all permit spaces so they can develop rescue plans and practice rescue rescue plans and practice rescue operationsoperations

Rescue and Emergency Rescue and Emergency ServicesServices

o Retrieval systems shall be used unless they Retrieval systems shall be used unless they increase the overall risk of entry or would not increase the overall risk of entry or would not contribute to the rescuecontribute to the rescue

o Each entrant shall use a full body harness and Each entrant shall use a full body harness and a retrieval line if feasiblea retrieval line if feasible

o The other end of the retrieval line shall be The other end of the retrieval line shall be attached to a mechanical device or fixed point attached to a mechanical device or fixed point outside the permit spaceoutside the permit space

o A mechanical retrieval device shall be available A mechanical retrieval device shall be available for vertical type permit spaces more than 5 for vertical type permit spaces more than 5 feet deepfeet deep

ContractorsContractors

o Inform contractor that workplace Inform contractor that workplace contains permit spaces and entry is contains permit spaces and entry is allowed only in compliance with permit allowed only in compliance with permit space programspace program

o Apprise contractor of the hazards that Apprise contractor of the hazards that make the space a permit spacemake the space a permit space

o Apprise contractor of precautions for the Apprise contractor of precautions for the protection of employees in or near permit protection of employees in or near permit spaces where contractor will be workingspaces where contractor will be working

ContractorsContractors

o Coordinate with employer Coordinate with employer when both host personnel when both host personnel and contractor personnel will and contractor personnel will be working in or near spacesbe working in or near spaces

o Debrief employer at the Debrief employer at the conclusion of entryconclusion of entry

o Contractor shall inform the Contractor shall inform the employer of the permit employer of the permit program that they will follow program that they will follow and of any hazards and of any hazards confronted or createdconfronted or created

Safe Entry ProceduresSafe Entry Procedures

o Perform work outside of space if possiblePerform work outside of space if possibleo Designate entrants, attendants, entry Designate entrants, attendants, entry

supervisors and atmospheric monitors, supervisors and atmospheric monitors, identify the duties of each, and assure identify the duties of each, and assure training has been providedtraining has been provided

o Notify all departments affected by entryNotify all departments affected by entryo Post signs and put up barriers to protect Post signs and put up barriers to protect

entrants from traffic and pedestriansentrants from traffic and pedestrianso Specify acceptable entry conditionsSpecify acceptable entry conditions


o Ventilate, eliminate, or Ventilate, eliminate, or control the space’s control the space’s atmospheric hazards before atmospheric hazards before entry into the spaceentry into the space

o Blind or disconnect and cap Blind or disconnect and cap all input lines so that no all input lines so that no hazardous materials can hazardous materials can enter the spaceenter the space

o Lockout/TagoutLockout/Tagouto When entrance covers are When entrance covers are

removed, guard the opening removed, guard the opening immediatelyimmediately


o Test permit space before Test permit space before entry beginsentry begins

o Monitor permit space to Monitor permit space to determine if entry conditions determine if entry conditions are maintainedare maintained

o Test for oxygen, combustible Test for oxygen, combustible gases/vapors, and toxic gases/vapors, and toxic gases/vapors in that ordergases/vapors in that order

o Observe status of other Observe status of other existing hazards and those existing hazards and those created during entry created during entry operationsoperations


o Authorized entrants can enter a permit Authorized entrants can enter a permit space only after it’s been tested and space only after it’s been tested and found safe for entryfound safe for entry

o The entrant must know what equipment The entrant must know what equipment to use & how to use itto use & how to use it

o Provide at least one attendant outside Provide at least one attendant outside the permit space for the duration of the permit space for the duration of entryentry


o Maintain acceptable Maintain acceptable conditions for duration conditions for duration of entryof entry

o Implement rescue and Implement rescue and emergency procedures emergency procedures if necessaryif necessary

o Implement procedures Implement procedures necessary for necessary for concluding the entryconcluding the entry


o Review entry operations when there Review entry operations when there is reason to believe that measures is reason to believe that measures taken may not protect employees taken may not protect employees and revise the program before and revise the program before subsequent entriessubsequent entries

o Review the permit space program Review the permit space program within 1 year after each entry and within 1 year after each entry and revise the program as necessary to revise the program as necessary to ensure that employees participating ensure that employees participating in entry operations are protectedin entry operations are protected

QUESTIONS?QUESTIONS?

Quiz

1. T / F Rescuers account for over 60 % of confined space fatalities? True

2. T / F A confined space is an area large enough that employee may enter has a limited means of entry or exit? True

Quiz

3. Name at least 3 examples of a confined space. tankstankso Pits, tunnelsPits, tunnelso Vaults, boilersVaults, boilerso sewers , shaftssewers , shaftso ventilation ducts,crawl spacesventilation ducts,crawl spaces

4. T / F A permit required confined space is an area that contains or has the potential to contain a hazardous atmosphere?

True

Quiz

5. Is an atmosphere containing less than 19.5%, and above 23.5% oxygen dangerous?

Yes, below 19.5% O2 deficient above 23.6% exsplosive

6. T / F Entry into a confined space is when any part of the entrants body breaks the plane of the an opening into a confined space.

True

Quiz

7. How can a space that is classified as a permit required confined space be reclassified?

Remove hazards

8. If the hazard or hazardous atmosphere cannot be removed, what must be done before entering the space? Issue permit entry

Quiz

9. T / F The attendant may leave the space entrance go to the bathroom?

False, Attendant can never leave unless

replaced

10. Who is responsible for determining if acceptable conditions for entry are present?

Entry Supervisor

Quiz

11. May the entry supervisor also serve as the attendant?

Yes

12. What must an entrant to a permit required confined space wear?

Appropriate PPE, lanyard system

Quiz

13. Can the attendant enter the confined space?

No

14. Who may enter the confined space for rescue?

certified personnel only

Documents

Confined Spaces. Rescuers Account for Over 60% of Confined Space Fatalities