ConditioningofAllomorphyintheKashayaDurative

EUGENE BUCKLEYUNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA

SocietyfortheStudyoftheIndigenousLanguagesoftheAmericas

Austin, Texas

6 January 2017

Outlineoftalk

• Descriptionoffactorsdeterminingchoiceofallomorph– precedingsegment– sizeofstem– avoidanceofrepeatedsequences– underlyingvs.surfaceform

• Speculationonhistoricalorigins– seemstostartwithtwoallomorphsthatwereoriginallydistinctsuffixes

– thenmuchreanalysis,especiallyofonesuffix

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Pomoanlanguages

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California

NorthernNortheastern

Southeastern

Southern

Central

Eastern

Kashaya

Durativesuffix

• Verycommonverbsuffix(Oswalt1961)– ongoingorrepeatedaction– “mostfrequentlytranslatedwithaprogressivetenseinEnglishorwiththephrase‘keepon...ing’.”

• Dozensorhundredsofexamplesofeachform– mainlyfrommaterialscollectedbyOswalt

• SomeverbsalwaystaketheDurative– “/qawa·du/‘tochew’or‘tobechewing’.”

• Canberepeatedinsuccession– “habitualorcustomaryaction”

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Conditioningbysegment

• Muchallomorphydependsonprecedingsegment– consonantvs.vowel– amongconsonants,palatalaffricatevs.other– suffixal/d/differentfromothersegments

• nodoubtrelatedtofactthateveryDurativeendsin/d/

• Intersectswithotherconditions– suchaslengthofstem– willreturntothislater

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Afteravowel

• Twomainoptions– bothshapedCVC– dependsonlengthofstem(detailsbelow)

• Afteravowelinashortstem:-cidcʰo·-cid- ‘lack,nothave’cahno-cid- ‘sing’qaʔba-cid- ‘crackwithteeth’

• Afteravowelinalongerstem:-medhotʼo-t-ala-med- ‘moveheaddown’cupʰuhqa-med- ‘havesourstomach’ṭʰaʔbam-ci-med- ‘happen’

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After/c/or/cʼ/

• Twomainoptionswithpalatalaffricate,[tʃ]– bothshapedVC– alsodependsonlengthofstem

• Afterapalatalinashortstem:-idbac-id- ‘grow’tubic-id- ‘wakeup’di·cʼ-id- ‘talk’

• Afterapalatalinalongerstem:-edpihki-bic-ed- ‘raiseneck’qanemacʼ-ed- ‘berelated’mo-mulicʼ-ed- ‘runincircles’

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Otherconsonants

• Afternon-palatalconsonants:-ad– alsoshapedVC– doesnot dependonlengthofstem

• Afteraconsonantinashortstemqal-ad- ‘shoot(arrows)’boʔot-ad- ‘hunt’duhlud-ad- ‘pickone’

• Afteraconsonantinalongerstemhihsisil-ad- ‘feelscratchy’buʔsʼunay-ad- ‘makekissingnoise’duhlabat-ad- ‘faint’

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Exceptwith/d/

• Usual-ad isreplacedby-uced aftersuffixal/d/– typicallythisisanotherDurative– yieldsaHabitualmeaning

• ExampleswithprecedingDurativeci·cʼ-id-uced- ‘do’da·qacʼ-ed-uced- ‘like’buwi-cid-uced- ‘stringbeads’ʔdane-med-uced- ‘throwaway’bahnat-ad-uced- ‘askabout’

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Prosodicsize

• “Shortstem”forms-cid,-id occurafteronesyllable– moduloextrametricalityoffirstsyllable– blockedwhenroot ismonosyllabicandunprefixed

• Afterashortstem:-cid,-id(ca-cid-) ‘sit’(bac-id-) ‘grow’<tu>(bic-id-) ‘wakeup’

• Afteralongerstem:-med,-ed(wala)(-med-) ‘godown’<qa>(nema)(cʼ-ed-) ‘berelated’

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Vowelheight“dissimilation”

• Variant-ced occursafterthreefrequentmonosyllabicverbsendingin/i/

ʔi-ced- ‘be’sʼi-ced- ‘do’mi-ced- ‘say’

• Nogeneralrulewouldcausethis– mustbelistedallomorph– butapparentlyconditionedbyCi root

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Haplologyeffect

• Although-med isexpectedforlongerstems,afterasuffixoftheshape-ma (eitherPluralorEssive)itismorecommontofind-cid

pahyoqʰ-ma-cid- ‘stirmanytimes’cuhtenh-ma-cid- ‘stackobjects’

• Thischoiceavoids-ma-med,withnear-repetitionoftheCVpattern– notrequired,butmorecommon– quickcountis32vs.9

• Notablynot -ci-cid (Semelfactive)insteadof-ci-med– sincethatwouldcreateagratuitoushaplologycontext

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Suffixidentity

• Somedistributionsrequirereferencetoparticularsuffixesorlexicalitems

• Expected-med isoptionallyreplacedby-wad aftertheCausative-hqa

qaʔdi-hqa-wad- ‘sendtofetch’banala-hqa-wad- ‘knockdown’

• Thisistheonlyuseof-wad byOswalt’smainconsultant(EssieParrish)– canbedifficulttodistinguishinthecorpusfromhomophonous-wad asDistributive‘hereandthere’

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Rootidentity

• Asnoted,-uced occursaftersuffixal/d/buwi-cid-uced- ‘stringbeads’

– usually-ad afterstemendingin/d/duhlud-ad- ‘pickfruit’

• ButalsooccurswithtworootsthatendinDurative-likesequences– /ad/or/ed/andpreceding/c/

cad-uced- ‘look’nihced-uced- ‘say’hced-uced- ‘say’(shortform)

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Rootidentity

• TheserootsarenotanalyzableascontainingaDurativesuffix

• Mightbeanotherhaplologyeffect– sinceotherwisewouldhaverepeated/Vd/

cad-uced- ‘look’*cad-ad-

nihced-uced- ‘say’*nihced-ad-

• Alsoyieldsrhythmiccad,u,ced andced,u,ced– inthiscase,preceding/c/iscrucial– similartoregularcaseslike-cid-uced-

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PluralAgent

• Featurecauses/d/tobecome/c’/– unusualprocessbutquiteregular– independentinteractionswithotherpalatals

• duc→ cʼuc→ cʼic• ced → cecʼ → yicʼ

• Finalconsonantofaroot:duhlud- ‘onepicksomething’duhlucʼ- ‘severalpicksomething’

• Anywhereinasuffix(here,aDirectional):mo-maduc- ‘onearriverunning’mo-hti-macʼic- ‘severalarriverunning’

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DurativeandPluralAgent

• AlsoappliestoDurativesuffixes– everyallomorphendsin/d/

mo-hqa-med- ‘onedrive(acar)’mo-hqa-mecʼ- ‘severaldrive(acar)’

• InteractswiththechoiceofDurative– sincefinal/d/and/cʼ/areconditioningfactors

• AllomorphsmakereferencetopresenceofPluralAgentfeature– notsolelythephonologicaloutcome/cʼ/

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Underlying/cʼ/

• Allomorph-wad isoptionalafterCausative-hqa• PluralAgentform-wac’ hasdifferentdistribution

– occursafter/c’/inverbsmarkedasPluralAgent– butonlyifitisunderlyingly/c’/,notderivedfrom/d/

• Afteraroot:di·c’-id- ‘onetell’di·c’-wac’- ‘severaltell’

• Afterasuffix:muhsam-cic’-ed- ‘onebounceback’muhsam-cic’-wac’- ‘severalbounceback’

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Underlying/d/

• Underlying/d/takes-uced– eveninPluralAgentwherethe/d/surfacesas/cʼ/– notethatd-uced → cʼ-ucec’ → cʼ-iyic’

• Afteraroot:cad-uced- ‘onesee’cac’-iyic’- ‘severalsee’

• Afterasuffix (here,anotherDurative):cadut-ad-uced- ‘oneexamine’cadut-ac’-iyic’- ‘severalexamine’

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Underlyingform

• Compareunderlying/cʼ/di·c’-id- ‘onetell’di·c’-wac’- ‘severaltell’

• Withunderlying/d/cad-uced- ‘onesee’cac’-iyic’- ‘severalsee’

• Choiceofallomorphmakescrucialreferencetotwoproperties1. presenceofPluralAgentfeature2. underlyingformoftheprecedingsurface/cʼ/

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Referencetounderlyingform

• InteractionwiththePluralAgentsupportsreferencetounderlyingratherthansurfaceforms– thisisactuallyrequiredbymanytheoriesofallomorphselection(seePaster2006)• inparticular,ifallomorphsarechosenbeforephonologicalprocessesoccur

– thoughthemorphosyntacticallytriggeredchangefrom/d/to/cʼ/isnotatypicalphonologicalrule

• ButunderlyingformisnotsufficientforanotherpartofKashayaallomorphy…

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Referencetoextrametricality

• Inprosodicconditioning,weneedinformationthatisnotunderlying– use-cid and-id ifjustonesyllableispresent

• moduloextrametricality– productivelyassignedbasedonmorphologicalstructure

• notsomethingthatshouldbelistedunderlyingly

• Worksbestifextrametricalityisappliedtostem(unlessblocked) andthenvisiblesyllablescounted– prosodymightbeaccessibletoallomorphyinawaythatsegmentalchangeslikethePluralAgentarenot

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Summary

• cid aftervowel,mostlywithshortstem• ced afterCi roots• med aftervowel,withlongstem• id afterpalatalaffricate,withshortstem• ed afterpalatalaffricate,withlongstem• uced afterunderlying/d/,mostlyinsuffixes• wad optionalafterCausative• wacʼ afterunderlying/cʼ/inthePluralAgent

– furtherresearchneededon-wad andrelatedforms

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Possibleorigins

• Whyaretheresomanyallomorphs?– andwhydotheyallendin/d/?

• Apparentlyonlytwoofthemaredirectlyinherited– basedoncognates:-cid and-ad– common/d/appearstobecoincidentalforthesetwo

• OthersallomorphsinKashayalikelyresultfromhistoricalreanalysisofboundaries– wecanspeculateaboutavarietyofpotentialpaths

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Pomoanfamily

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Proto-Pomo

SOUTHERN GROUP

WESTERN BRANCH

Kashaya NorthernCentralSouthern Northeastern Eastern Southeastern

Pomoancognates

• Proto-Pomo*-kid(McLendon1973)– Kashaya:Durative-cid– Eastern:Habitual-kil,Durative-l– Southeastern:Durative-l (Moshinsky1974)

• Westernbranch:*-adu– Kashaya:Durative-ad– Southern:Imperfective-ad(u)(Walker2012)– Central:Imperfective-ad(u),pl.agt.-acʼi (Mithun1990)– Northern:Progressive-ad (O’Connor1990)

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Pathsof*-kid:Gettingshorter

• Original-cid– survivesasabasicallomorph– persistenceinlongerstems,after-ma,mightbearelicofpreviouswiderdistribution

• Recuttingtocreatesmaller-id– occurswithshortstems,like-cid

• VerylikelyinvolvingcommonSemelfactive-c– original-cid reinterpretedas-c-id– thisiswhy-id alwaysfollowsapalatal

• extendedto/cʼ/,perhapsunderinfluenceofPluralAgent

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Pathsof*-kid:Vowelheight

• Loweredvowelin-ced– survivesnowaslimitedallomorphwithCi- roots– butalsoaspartoflongerform-uced

• moreonthisbelow

• Samevowelin-ed and-med– perhapsoldruleofloweringwhennotstressed– theyoccurlaterinthewordthan-id and-cid

• Onlyoneproductivei~e alternationnow– relatedtopalatals:roughlye→ i/c__c– uncertaincausalrelationto-ced allomorph

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Pathsof*-kid:Gettinglonger

• Recuttingtocreate-med– presumablyfrompreviouslycreated-ed– likewiseoccurswithlongerstems

• ProbableroleforcommonEssive-m– oftenhasastativemeaning,compatiblewithDurative– original-m-ed reinterpretedas-med

• conformstoCVCshapeofexisting-cid

• Yieldssystemoffourallomorphs– shortstem-cid and-id– longstem-med and-ed– allultimatelyderivedfromoriginal-cid

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Pathsof*-adu:Reanalysis

• LikelyoriginatesinDirectional-ad ‘along’– themost“durative”oftheDirectionalsuffixes

• seeWalker(2012:307f)onSouthernPomo– seemstobeaProto-Westerninnovation

• Recuttingtocreate-uced– presumablyoriginal-adu-ced– reanalyzedas-ad-ucedwhen/u/waslostfrom-adu

• Generalreanalysisof/u/inthissuffix– originallydeletedfrom-adu bySYNCOPE– latertreatedasinsertionafter-ad byEPENTHESIS– ultimatelyyields“crazyrule”:i→ u/d__

• foundinCentral,Southern,andKashaya(Buckley2004)

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Finalpoints

• Allomorph-wad probablyfromtheDistributive– relatedsense:“hereandthere”,“allaround”– impliesDurativemeaning

• stillhardtodistinguishthesuffixesattimes

• Openquestion– whydidKashayaaddsomanynewallomorphs?– relatedtothefactthattherewerealreadytwoforms,-cid and-ad,thatbothhaveafinal/d/?

– partofanattempttoimposeacoherentsystemontheexistingforms?

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ReferencesBuckley,Eugene.1994.TheoreticalaspectsofKashayaphonologyandmorphology.CSLI,Stanford,California.

Buckley,Eugene.1997.BestFootForward:TheinitialfootinKashaya.MeetingofSSILA.CornellUniversity,July5-6.

Buckley,Eugene.2004.Theoriginofacrazyrule:[du]intheSouthernPomoanGroup.MeetingofSSILA.Boston,January8-11.

McLendon,Sally.1973.Proto-Pomo.UCPL71.UCPress.Mithun,Marianne.1990.Theroleoflexicalizationinshapingaspectualsystems:CentralPomo.SouthernIllinoisOccasionalPapersinLinguistics 15,62-74.

O’Connor,MaryCatherine.1990.Suffixalaspectandtense-aspectinNorthernPomo.SouthernIllinoisOccasionalPapersinLinguistics 15,52-61.

Oswalt,Robert.1961.AKashayagrammar(SouthwesternPomo).Dissertation,UCBerkeley.

Oswalt,Robert.2005.Kashayadictionary.Ms.,CaliforniaLanguageArchive,UCBerkeley.

Paster,Mary.2006.Phonologicalconditionsonaffixation.Dissertation,UCBerkeley.Walker,NeilAlexander.2012.AgrammarofSouthernPomo.Dissertation,UCSantaBarbara.

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