ComputersMerit Badge

Brazos Valley Merit Badge College

January 11 and 25, 2014

Your Instructor – Mr. Abernathy

Assistant Scoutmaster with Troop 326, Fort Worth, TX Webmaster for the Trinity Trails District, Longhorn Council Contact Information

Email: webmaster@trinitytrails.net Home phone: 817-441-8706

Work History: Research Program Manager at Lockheed Martin Teach several subjects, perform research, manage both internal

and external (government-paid) research contracts Education:

Bachelors and Masters degrees in Mathematics

Class Administration

Fill Out Blue Cards & Turn Them In Attendance Class Materials

Merit Badge Handbook Optional, but ensure you have the current version (2010)

Requirements Workbook (handout) Put Your Name and Unit (Troop) Number On It

Lecture Materials (online) Lab Guide Materials (Excel templates, online)

BlueCards

Fill Out asIndicated

Requirements:1 5D2 5E3A 63B 64A 64B 74C 8A4D 8B5A 8C5B 95C

HAND THEM IN

Computers

Douglas Abernathy

112 Prairie Ridge Dr

Aledo, TX 76008

817-441-8706Computers

Computers

Joe Boyscout Joe Boyscout

Joe Boyscout123 Main StSaginaw, TX

Troop 434

Shaggy HillsLonghorn

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x434

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3B

4A

4B

4C

4D

5A

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6 6 6 7 8A

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BVMBC 2014 Course Syllabus

Week 1: January 11, 2014 Class presentation on Requirements 1,2,3,4,5,8 Take notes on Requirements 1, 2, 3(a,b), 4(a,b,c,d),

5(a,b,c,d,e), 8 on your workbooks During the two weeks until the next session

Review and finish workbook answers to Requirements 1,2,3,4,5, and 8 (use the website for resources)

Do your own research for Requirement 9 Week 2: January 25, 2014

Requirements 6 (do 3 of 8), 7 (do 1 of 5), 9

Week 1 Class Agenda Requirement 1

Online Safety Requirement 2

Computer History and Impact Requirement 3

Types & Uses of Computers Requirement 4

Parts of a Computer, Data Storage, File Compression, Chip-based devices

Requirement 5 Software Development, Programming Languages, Family Software,

Protecting Your Computer & its Information, How Internet Works Requirement 8

Copyright Laws and Your Responsibilities

Week 2 Class Agenda Requirement 6

Using different types of computer programs: spreadsheet, word processor, graphics, database

Choose any 3 from 8 options I have materials for 3 specific options in class

Requirement 7 Using different types of computer programs: database manager,

CAD, blog, web page, visit a business that uses computers Choose any 1 from 5 options

Important: Option e (visit a business) must be done outside of class I have materials for doing 1 specific option in class

Requirement 9 Discuss Career Opportunities in Computers You should research this between Day 1 and Day 2 of class

Requirement 1: Online Safety

Discuss with your counselor the tips for online safety

Tips for Online Safety Follow family rules

How long What Sites

Know with Whom You are Communicating Do not give out Personal Information

Phone numbers, address Names School or Parent’s work locations Driver’s license numbers or Social Security Numbers Photos

Do not open emails or files from people you don’t know or trust Report to your parents anything suspicious, unusual, or offensive

Tips for Online Safety Never agree to get together with someone you “meet” online,

unless your parents approve of the meeting and go with you. Never share Internet passwords with anyone, even if they sound

official, other than your parents or other responsible adults in your family.

Never shop online or enter a credit card number unless you have your parent’s permission.

Do not Believe Everything you see or read online. Do not do anything that harms others or is against the law. Anything you send or post can become public forever.

Never post information you don’t want others including strangers to see.

Requirement 2: Impact of the Inventionof the Computer & The Computer’s History

Give a short history of the computer. Explain how the invention of the computer has affected society, science, and technology.

What is a Computer? Machines that perform math! >>>>> Very fast! Enables them to operate robots, build cars, command monitors,

display a moving image, generate a fast moving video game or send emails.

The heart is the transistor, an electronic switch with two positions: on and off

One or Zero Yes or No True or False

Computers have no intelligence of their own. Software engineers write sets of instructions for computers called programs which accomplish complex tasks by performing simple yes/no logic millions of times per second. A computer can only do what a person programmed it to do.

History of Computers - Abacus

The first true calculating machine (before 400 BC) was the abacus

Napier’s Bones (circa 1617) The Scottish inventor

of logarithms went on to construct calculating rods (made from bone) that perform multiplication and division by simply adding and subtracting

Led to slide rules (1621 – Fr. Oughtred)

Charles Babbage’s “Difference Machine” and “Analytical Engine”

1822 and 1833 designs Prototype for modern

computers Four parts: Input device,

memory (store), processor (mill), and an output device

The difference machine was actually built recently at MIT.. and worked!!

Boolean Logic George Boole, English Mathematician Developed in 1840’s & 50’s Allows “thoughts” to be expressed in math-like

terms. Boolean logic (Boolean algebra) uses AND, OR, &

NOT operations Years later computer designers arranged electric

switches to perform these operations in “logic circuits”.

Enabled digital computers (ones & zeroes) to mimic human thought processes.

Used everyday today by Internet Search Engine users

Herman Hollerith’s Punch Cards

Developed to win a contest by the Census Bureau to improve census data processing after the 1880 census had taken seven years to tabulate. They were used successfully in the 1890 U. S. Census

The concept was not THAT new – in France in 1801, Joseph-Marie Jacquard invented an automatic loom using punched cards for the control of the patterns in the fabrics.

Herman Hollerith later formed the company that became IBM (International Business Machines Corporation).

Colossus Mark I (England), Harvard Mark I, ENIAC, EDVAC

World War II: computers were developed to break German and Japanese message codes and create firing tables

Technologies: central processors were made up of vacuum tubes

Beginning with the Harvard Mark I, they could be re-programmed by re-wiring with plugs like a switchboard, or with paper punch tape

De-bugging computers is born

9 September 1945 –Ensign Grace Murray Hopper (RADM, USN) removed the first “bug” from a electromagnetic relay in the Harvard Mark II where it had been smashed, halting the computer. She taped the moth to a page the log book.

Inside the Early Computers

Relays and Solenoids

Vacuum Tubes

Technological Breakthroughs

1947 - William Shockley, John Bardeen, and Walter Brattain invent the "transfer resistance" device, later to be known as the “transistor,” to replace vacuum tubes

1951 – Magnetic-core memory also replaces tubes, making real-time memory use practical

Remington Rand UNIVAC – 1951 - Delivered to the Census Bureau

First mass-produced computer (46 made)

The size of a one-car garage (14’ x 8’ x 8.5’)

5,200 vacuum tubes required a chilled water air conditioning system

Government, GE, insurance companies, DuPont (scientific)

1956 Concordance of the Bible (6 mos. vs. 30 yrs)

Integrated Circuit

1958 – Jack Kilby created the first “integrated circuit” at Texas Instruments to prove that resistors and capacitors could exist on the same piece of semiconductor material. His circuit consisted of a sliver of poisonous germanium with five components linked by wires. Germanium was soon replaced by silicon (1961).

Microprocessors 1971 - Federico Faggin, Ted

Hoff, and others at Intel designed the 4004 microprocessor while building a custom chip for Busicom, a Japanese calculator maker. The 4004 had 2,250 transistors, handling data in four-bit chunks, and could perform 60,000 operations per second.

Invention of the Microprocessor made computers affordable for individuals

Electronic Hobby Computers evolve into Personal Computers!!

1975 - Electronics hobbyists buy the earliest personal computer MITS Altair 8800 (Intel 8080)

1976 - Consumer computers arrive after several companies begin large scale manufacturing 1976 - Apple Computer Apple II 1977 - Radio Shack TRS-80 Commodore PET Heath H8, H9 1981 – IBM PC

Effects of Computers on Society Entertainment

Movies, Games, Music, Photography Financial

Credit Cards, Debit Cards, Phone cards (cash-less society) Communication

Phones, Email, Instant Messaging Work

Auto-mechanic to Engineers, to Business Management, Time Clocks Work at Home New Jobs & How we do our Jobs

Home Thermostat, Coffee Makers, Home Network, Smoke & CO2 detectors,

Garage Doors, Security Alarms Transportation

Trains, Planes, Automobiles, Ships, Buses Access to Information Education Healthcare

Diagnostic Tests, Monitoring, New Surgical Procedures, New Medicines

Effects of Computers on Science

Engineering Computers are now used by all types of Engineering

Electrical, Chemical, Mechanical Design, Modeling, & Testing New Computer-specific types of Engineering

Software Engineering, Hardware Engineering Research Information sharing & access (Internet, email) Healthcare (database, privacy) Scientific computations Statistical analysis (medicine, politics)

Effects of Computers on Technology

Computers Everywhere Convergence of technologies Single-purpose to Multi-purpose devices Miniaturization Rapid Rate of Growth New Devices & Uses (communication, HDTV,

new storage devices) Shared Uses

e.g., wiring: TV, Phone, Electricity, Internet

Requirement 3: Types of Computers Uses of Computers

3a. Describe four uses of computers outside the home

3b. Describe three ways you and your family could use a personal computer other than for games and entertainment.

Types of Computers

Categories Special purpose (digital watch, emission control

computer, home security system) General purpose (Mainframes, Minis, PCs)

Sizes Supercomputers (beginning with the CRAY I in

1976!! - massively parallel processing) Mainframes (multi-user IBM, NCR, etc.) Minicomputers (multi-user IBM, HP, Sun, file

servers) Microcomputers (single-user personal computers)

Uses for Different Types of General Purpose Computers Supercomputers…

Specialized tasks involving complex calculations Weather forecasting, satellite tracking, simulation, research

Mainframe computers Large to mediums companies – highly reliable, centrally located supporting

100’s to 1000’s of users. e.g. 100,000 trans/sec Banking, library automation, flight scheduling, census

Minicomputers… Medium sized companies Operate manufacturing plants, track orders and inventory, multi-user

applications, web, email, and database services. Workstations

Powerful desktops used by engineers, scientists, graphic artists, moviemakers who need special software requiring hi-speed processors.

Microcomputers (Personal Computer) Spreadsheets, word processing, graphics, games, communications,

searching Desktop, laptop, notebook, and hand-held

Requirement 4 (a,b): Parts of a Computer How Data is Stored

4a. Identify and explain the major parts of a computer system.

4b. Explain how text, sound, pictures, and video are stored in a computer’s memory.

Parts of a Computer – CPU

Central Processing Unit (CPU) is the “brain,” and is some brand of microprocessor chip Processes data, stores

information into memory, performs operations on the information, & creates output.

Intel 4004 – 2,250 transistors; 8088 – 40,000; 80386 – 275,000; 80486 – 1 million; Pentium – 5.5 million; Pentium II – 7.5 million; Pentium III – 28 million; Pentium 4 – 42 million.

Input Devices (digitizers)

Keyboard (QUERTY, Dvorak, custom – an alphanumeric symbol digitizer)

Mouse and other Pointing devices Trackball, joystick, pressure-sensitive tablet,

touch screen – a location digitizer Sound digitizer (microphone, MIDI device) Scanner (an image digitizer) Sensor (temperature, light, moisture, smoke,

movement, or other environmental digitizer)

Output Devices Printers (the first output device) and Plotters

Impact (daisywheel) and dot-matrix Thermal (early BW and color) Laser (highest quality, BW and color) Plotters (pens on moving arms like seismographs) Ink-jet (color plotters lead to printers, some also thermal)

Monitor Analog: CRT (cathode-ray tube) – the “monitor” Digital: LCD (liquid-crystal display) screens

Sound Card (digital to analog converter) - speakers Modem (modulator-demodulator; another digital to

analog signal converter)

Input/Output Devices

Storage Units – hard disk drives, floppy drives, tape drives, CD/DVD drives

Touch Screens & Tablets – pressure &/or heat sensitive

Connecting Devices – modems (phone, broadband, DSL), Ethernet adapter, WI-FI (wireless fidelity), Router.

Parts of a Computer – Storage Devices

Tape Drives

Hard DrivesCD/DVD Drives

Floppy Drives

Storage Devices – Stores Programs & Data. Provides “virtual memory” for CPU.

Storage Media

Magnetic – disk, tape

Optical – CD / DVD Flash – memory

storage media

Tape

Disk – floppy, hardCD/DVD Drives

Optical – CD / DVD

Magnetic Storage Sequential Access

Magnetic Tape Reel-to-reel or cassette Original microcomputer media,

now used for backups Random Access

Floppy Disk (8”, 5 ¼”, 3.25”, etc.) Magnetic powder coating on flexible disk in sleeve Drive contains an actuator and read-write head on arm

Hard Disk Magnetically coated metallic platters on high-speed spindle Drive actuator with many floating read-write heads on arms

For more information see How Hard Drives Work andPC Tech Guide (where this diagram came from ----- >)

OpticalStorage

CD-ROM (Compact-Disc Read-Only Memory) Write laser burns pits into the surface of the disk Read laser bounces light off the pitted surface WORM – Write Once Read Many, or CD-R Newest formats: CD-RW, DVD, DVD-RW

Capacity (newer media have higher capacities) Compare the CD-ROM surface (left) to the DVD surface (right) For more information see How CDs Work and PC Tech Guide

Medium Typical Capacity Equivalent Size

High-density disk 1.4 megabytes 720 typed pages

Hard Drive 80 megabytes 40,000 pages

CD-ROM 540 megabytes 270,000 pages

DVD 4.5 gigabytes Motion picture

Blu-ray DVD 25/50 gigabytes HD Motion picture

Memory Read-Only Memory (ROM)

ROM is permanent, often re-writable (CMOS)

Random Access Memory (RAM) RAM is transient unless

permanently powered (Palm) Flash Memory

Type of RAM (re-writable memory) that retains information even after the device is turned off. Used in digital cameras, handhelds, cell phones, “Thumb” drives.

Processors & Co-processors

Central Processing Unit (CPU) is the “brain,” and is some brand of microprocessor chip Processes data, stores

information into memory, performs operations on the information, & creates output.

Controllers & co-processors Used to offload computing tasks from the CPUGraphics controller, math co-processor, disk controller.

Networks Many computers make digital connections to a local

area network (LAN) or wide area network (WAN) via telephone lines (twisted pair), coaxial cable, fiber optic cables, radio, or wireless communications. Networks make it possible for large numbers of

computers to communicate with each other, and to share resources such as files, applications, and devices.

Networks manage digital traffic by moving data as packets, with elaborate protocols for ordering or prioritizing them, checking errors, and filtering.

Networks can be connected to WANs or to the Internet via modem, ISDN, cable modem, satellite, and other devices

Modems & Network Cards

Enable Connections to a Network Computers communicate if they are electronically

connected, have the appropriate software, and common protocols (rules for negotiating their communication). Computers are digital, as are networks Phones and wireless communications move data as analog

sound waves or as a digital signal.

Modems

Modems translate digital information to analog sound for transmission along telephone lines, and back to digital at the other end. They must synchronize speeds, block sizes, and correct errors during communications. Early modems were 300 baud (bits per second, or about 36

characters per second). Analog telephone lines are generally limited to modem speeds of

33.6 KBPS (4000 bytes/sec) & at most 56K. ISDN connections enable 64K to 128K ISDN and make use some of the digital aspects of modern telephone lines.

DSL uses high frequency compression for 1.5 Mbps down. Frequency is different then voice - enabes voice & data over same wire

Cable Modems from 3-5 Mbps of shared bandwidth. FIOS up to 15 Mbps.

Network Cards

Connects computer to a Network Ethernet – most common Separate Card or

Integrated into Motherboard

Wireless Fidelity (WiFi) Connects computer to

a Network wirelessly over a short distance.

Connects to a base station or router

Different Protocols & Speeds

Electronic Mail (Email) Email allows users to send and receive electronic messages

over any type of network or modem connection using a store and forward methodology. Messages are uploaded to the local mail server, passed to the

recipient’s account on that server, or forwarded to an external mail server over a number of “hops” via intermediate servers.

Messages are downloaded by the recipient’s mail client from their mail server when the messages arrive, or when the recipient opens an active connection to that server from their client.

Depending on the type of mail service, messages may remain on the host mail server or be downloaded to the local computer.

Improved bandwidth for networks and the Internet has made instant messaging and real-time chat a viable form of electronic communication, and is making voice-over-IP practical as well.

For more detailed information see How Email Works

SMTPConnections

SMTPConnections

SMTPConnections

SMTPConnections

Web Mail Server(HotMail, Yahoo,

AOL, etc.)

POP3 Server(your ISP)

IMAP Server(UNT EagleMail)

Proprietary data-based Mail Server(Exchange, GroupWise)

EmailClient

(Outlook)

WebBrowser

(IE orNetscape)

IMAP Client(Outlook Express)

POP3 Client(Netscape, OE)

* Proprietary servers usually store email messages and attachments in a real database of some form

* POP, IMAP, and some Web Email servers store email messages and text-encoded attachments as text files or html in most cases

* Email moves between

servers over SMTP

* The user reads their email by using some sort of client software to connect to the mail server

Email

Parts of a Computer -Motherboard

MathCo-processor

Power SupplyAttachment

Ports

CPU

ExpansionSlots

GraphicsControllerSlot

Memory (RAM) Slots

Disk Attachment Slots

The CPU is normally mounted in a plug-in socket on the motherboard

Circuit board tying everything in the computer together via an electronic “bus”

Parts of a Computer

Controllers – (Co-processors) are used to offload computing tasks from the CPU, such as math co-processor, graphics controller, disk controller.

Random Access Memory (RAM) and Read-Only Memory (ROM) ROM is permanent, often re-writable (CMOS) RAM is transient unless permanently powered (Palm)

Ports – Enable you to connect devices to the computer. Input – Keyboard, Mouse, Scanner, Sensors Output – Printer, Display Monitor, Controller, USB/Firewire – Supports input/output devices & other peripheral

devices for hi-speed transfer of information Power Supply – Provides electricity to the motherboard, disk

drives, & other devices in the computer. Converts household current to a voltage level that can be used by the computer. (e.g. 120V to 12V or 20V)

File Types & File Contents

Computers use binary numbers (1’s and 0’s) to store ALL data. One digit is a bit; four are a nibble, eight are a byte. File extensions typically identify type of data in file.

Text.txt ASCII text

.doc Microsoft Word (word processing)

Image.jpg Photographs. Adjustable compression ratio

.gif Icons, buttons, drawings, figures

.bmp Bitmap

Sound.mp3 High compression of sound.wav Windows platform sound file.wma High compression quality sound

Video.mov Movie file.mpeg Movie file

Data Representation in Memory and Storage: Numbers Integers (whole numbers) can be stored directly in binary bytes.

0 = 00000000 3 = 00000011 1 = 00000001 4 = 00000100 2 = 00000010 5 = 00000101

A byte can be translated into a decimal number by adding up the decimal values indicated by “1’s” in the binary number 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1 decimal values 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 binary places (8-bit) 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 binary equals 42 decimal (32+8+2)

Additional translation schemes have been developed to match character sets to decimal and binary, such as ASCII & EBCDIC

Data Storage: Text

Text and numeric characters are stored as ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange ) values, consisting of 128 different decimal codes. Extended ASCII goes to 256 codes. (0 to 255)

ASCII translates each letter and number into a binary byte (8 bits) that the computer understands. "1" is ASCII decimal “49” and binary 00110001 "A" is ASCII decimal “65” and binary 01000001 “&” is ASCII decimal “38” and binary 00100110 “z” is ASCII decimal “122” and binary 01111010

EBCDIC (Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code), also an 8 bit representation. Mainframe usage.

UNICODE support and implementations are increasing to provide “Universal” character set support.

ASCII Translation - Text

ASCII Decimal ASCII Binary Alphanumeric

2 1000010 B

18 1001111 O

26 1011001 Y

20 1010011 S

3 1000011 C

18 1001111 O

22 1010101 U

21 1010100 T

20 1010011 S

Data Storage: Pictures Computer pictures are stored as millions of colored dots

called “pixels” (picture elements) that have to be translated to an analog signal for an analog CRT monitor to display them (LCD panels are already digital so no translation is required).

The more pixels a picture has, the better it looks (it has a higher resolution). Each pixel has an associated color and location on the screen expressed in binary terms.

Black & White Monitors – One Pixel Represented by 1 bit., each black & white pixel is either on or off.

Grayscale – One Pixel Represented by 1 byte (8 bits) for 256 shades of gray between black & white.

Color – One color pixel is three dots, Red, Green, and Blue (RGB) that combine to create a color. Color pixel combinations range from 256 possible colors (8 bit) to over 16.7 million colors (real color, 32 bit, or true color).

When stored, each pixel’s information is saved to disk separately. In a true color (32 bit) pixel, 4 bytes are used to store the color information for each dot in the pixel. For a 1600x1200-pixel display this is 8-million bytes of video memory, stored as one 8mb disk file.

A pixel

Color Displays

Red Green Blue

Purple Yellow

Color Displays

Black White

Intensity - Millions of colors

Red=

Blue=

Green= 255

255

255 128

128

128 10

168

64

Sample of a 8-Bit Color Palette0000 0001 0010 0011 0100 0101 0110 0111 1000 1001 1010 1011 1100 1101 1110 1111

0000

0001

0010

0011

0100

0101

0110

0111

1000

1001

1010

1011

1100

1101

1110

1100

Data Storage: Sound Normal sound is made up of waves or vibrations. 

Each sound wave has a wavelength (how far between the waves) and amplitude (how high the wave is).

A mixed, analog waveform signal comes in to the sound card from a source (microphone) and is processed in real-time by an analog-to-digital converter (ADC) circuit chip to create a binary (digital) output of 1s and 0s. This is done at a specified interval or “sampling frequency” (i.e., 1/10th of a second). 

The digital output from the ADC is further processed and compressed by the digital sound processor (DSP), and the output from the DSP is sent to the computer's CPU via the sound card connections and the data bus on the motherboard.

Digital sound data is processed by the CPU and sent to the hard-disk controller to be recorded on the hard-disk drive as a wav file.

Playback is a reversal of this process, using a a digital-to-analog converter (DAC) circuit chip to play back the binary sound file. For more detailed information see How Sound Cards Work

Storing Sound Sound waves are sampled at a constant rate (sample rate) Amplitude (height) of the wave is stored. The higher the sample rate the better the sound The higher the sample rate the more data is stored

Wavelength

ampl

itud

e

sample rate

Analog to Digital

CD Audio DVD Audio

Sampling Rate 44.1 kHz 192 kHz

Samples per second 44,100 192,000

Sampling Accuracy 16-bit 24-bit

Number of possible Output Levels

65,536 16,777,216

Data Storage Video

Video is lots of pictures with accompanying sound.

Video formats combine Many Picture “files” With Audio file data

Into a Single file format

Requirement 4 (c,d): File CompressionChip-based devices

4c. Explain how file compression works and how compression affects the quality of the file.

4d. Describe two computer chip-based devices, and describe how they are "smarter" because of the chip and its program.

File Compression

Data files can take up lots of storage on your hard drive. The term “compression” means using special methods to reduces these file sizes. For most types of documents, it is critical to restore all of the

information when the file is de-compressed (returned to its full size), such as when it is opened

Images, on the other hand, can be compressed to either save every detail, or to lose some detail in return for a smaller file size.

“Lossless” compression methods save all of the data Lossy compression gives up some data in return for much better

file size reductions. See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_compression

Text Compression

Text data compression takes advantage of the fact that words and word fragments are often repeated in documents. The words or fragments are saved to a list (called

a dictionary) and replaced by reference numbers that link back to the dictionary items

When the document is opened for editing or viewing, the reference numbers point to the original text, which is retrieved from the dictionary

Image Compression

Image files are capable of being compressed because pixels near one another are often the same color Lossless: Run-length encoding (RLE), GIF Lossy: JPEG, PNG

Sound files are compressed by discarding parts of the digitized waveforms that humans cannot easily hear (e.g., MP3, MP4 iTunes)

Chip-based Devices

Almost all electronic devices today have some type of computer “chip” to help them

Modern cell phones have far more computing capability than desktop PCs of 10 years ago

GPS receivers were originally the size of a large toaster oven but now fit comfortably on a small chip, found in most cell phones

Chips used to have only Read-Only Memory (ROM) but many are now re-programmable and can change how they operate as they run

Chip-based Devices:Small Wonders

DVD Players

(Old)

(New)

Cell Phones

(Old)

(New)

USB Drives Digital Cameras

iPads, Tablets

GPS

Requirement 5 (a,b,c):Program Development,Software, and Programming Languages

5a. Explain what a program is and how it is developed.

5b. Name 3 programming languages, and describe their uses.

5c. Name 4 software packages you or your family could use, and explain how you would use them.

What is a Program?

A set of Organized Instructions that Tell the Hardware what to Do Examples

Math – add, subtract, multiply, divide Compare Logic IF, THEN, ELSE AND, OR, NOT Execute Another Instruction Open/Close File, Read/Write Record Display Output to Screen Read Sensor

Computer Software Three main categories of programs

Operating Systems Control all of the computer’s basic operations

Input, output, file, memory, and task management Text-based (z/OS, UNIX, CP/M, MS-DOS) and graphical (GUI)

(Xerox Star, Macintosh, X-Windows, Microsoft Windows) Application Programs

Perform specific jobs or tasks with the computer Database manager, Transaction Managers, spreadsheet, word

processor, page layout, graphics, CAD, animation, sound, communications

Programming Languages A program used to develop and write other

programs and applications

How a Program is Developed

Machine code (low-level code, object code) Specific to the microprocessor (Z80, 6502, 8088) An instruction set to move binary data through the CPU Assembly language is a mnemonic symbol set for the CPU

High-level languages Source code

COBOL, FORTRAN, BASIC, Pascal, Ada, C, VB Object oriented (modular) languages – C++, Java

Translated by a compiler into object code before run-time …or translated by an interpreter into object code at run-time (MUCH slower

– Basic, scripting languages like Perl, JavaScript, VBScript, HTML, XML)

Compile &Assemble

ObjectCodeWrite Program

In Hi-levelLanguage Runtime

Interpreter

CPUInstructionsto CPU

Requirement 5 (a,b,c):Program Development,Software, and Programming Languages

5a. Explain what a program is and how it is developed.

5b. Give 3 examples of programming languages, and describe their uses.

5c. Name 4 software packages you or your family could use, and explain how you would use them.

Programming Languages COBOL (COmmon Business Oriented Language) for business

data processing FORTRAN (FORmula TRANslator) for scientific and engineering

problems BASIC (Beginner’s All-Purpose Symbolic instruction Code) for

educational and personal computing. Visual Basic for Applications (VBA) is used to build client-server applications and integrate them with office applications.

C, C++ and Java for cross-platform portable, object oriented (reusable modules) application and game development

PHP, Perl, JavaScript, VBScript, and MANY other scripting languages, all interpreted, for system administration, web pages, data work

Web Languages

Aid in building web sites & performing operations over the internet. HTML – hypertext markup language, basic

language for displaying text & pictures on web sites & linking web pages together

PHP, ColdFusion – run on a web server to create the web pages that are sent to the user’s browser

Java, JavaScript and VBScript – run within the user’s web browser to make a web page interactive (like Google Maps)

How Are Programs Written

Programs Combine Boolean Logic with Comparison, Mathematical & Other OperationsIF “You complete all the requirements” THEN “Mr. Abernathy will sign your Blue Card” ELSE “You will get a Partial completion”Where “You complete all the requirements” =

If (Requirement 1 = Correct AND Requirement 2 = Correct AND Requirement 3 = Correct AND …… … Requirement 9 = Correct)

Requirement 6 Do 3 Options Correctly

Requirement 5 (a,b,c):Program Development,Software, and Programming Languages

5a. Explain what a program is and how it is developed.

5b. Give 3 examples of programming languages, and describe their uses.

5c. Name 4 software packages you or your family could use, and explain how you would use them.

Database Managers

Examples: Microsoft Access, Oracle, MySQL, SQL Server

Easy way to Store, Access, Query, & Update data Data typically organized in a Table like format with

Columns and Rows. Example: Troop Database of Tables with columns

Scouts: Name, Address, Patrol, Current Rank Staff: Scout Name, Role, Start Date, End Date Merit Badges: Scout Name, Merit Badge, Eagle, Date

Word Processing Programs

Examples: Microsoft Word, Corel Word Perfect & others

Make writing & FORMATTING text easier Arranging – line space, paragraph styles, headers, Correcting – spell-checking, grammar, format Text format – size, font, color, & style Inclusion of graphics & tables

Mail merge from a database program for names & addresses for a form letter.

Spreadsheet Programs

Examples: Microsoft Excel, Lotus 123, & others

Performs arithmetic on numbers arranged in rows and columns, and displayed in a table with cells, identified by Numbered rows and Lettered columns

User specified formulas and/or program provided functions.

Have interfaces to database programs Enable “What-if” operations

Presentation Programs

Examples: Microsoft Powerpoint, Freelance Graphics, Visio

Aid for public speaking Feature screens/slides that list important points Can include pictures, charts, graphs Can include Sounds & Animations Can be projected onto a screen, printed, or sent as

a file for others to view

More Application Programs Desktop publishing – design a page with a variety of elements

including words, pictures, & drawings. Graphics & design – create & edit pictures and drawings. Could

be 2 & 3 dimensional varieties. CAD (computer-aided design) programs used by engineers.

Photo-editing – digital darkroom enabling you to enhance pictures by cropping, sharpening, adjusting brightness & contrast, deepening color. Also photo-album programs for organizing photos.

Video editing – digital movie studio for enhancing video. Web Page editors – help create Web Sites without having to

write HTML (common formatting language for the web). Create web page using desktop publishing or document editing packages and it converts it into html for you Enables adding animation & scrolling text.

Communications – email, web-browsers, terminal emulators

Requirement 5d:Protecting Your Computer & Information Saved on It

5d. Discuss ways you can help protect a computer from viruses and how to protect the information stored on a computer.

Protecting Your Computer from Viruses Virus – program that could execute on your computer and cause

“malicious” damage. Erase Files, Obtain personal information, record keystrokes,

copy screens, make machine inoperable, massive email, spread the same virus to others

Anti-virus Software Run Regular Full System Scans Keep Software Current Keep Virus Information Current Enable email & file scanning

Don’t open or execute anything from someone you don’t trust Don’t open or execute anything that looks suspicious (even if it is

from someone you trust). Only visit Web Sites you trust

Protecting the Information on Your Computer

Use Antivirus Software Backup important files regularly onto backup

drives/CDs. Scan backup disks for viruses

Buy software from trusted sources. Unauthorized copies could contain viruses and are illegal.

Use a Firewall – software, hardware, or both. Controls what programs can communicate out of or into your computer or network.

Protect your passwords. Consider using an encrypted password manager application.

Requirement 5e:The Internet & The World Wide Web

5e. Describe how computers are linked to generate and access the Internet and the World Wide Web.

The Internet

Ethernet

ISP: DSL

WAN

ISP:Cable

WAN

WAN

The Internet: A Network of Networks

World Wide Web Traces to ARPANET (1969) – small network launched by the

Advanced Research Projects Agency in the US Dept of Defense. Researchers developed a way to link that network to others around

the world. The birth of the Internet

Tim Berners-Lee (1990), physicist working at CERN (European Organization for Nuclear Research) developed way to access & display the vast stores of information on the intenet.

Simple system of organization Main Innovations:

Universal resource locator – form of address HTML – hypertext markup language

Every computer connected to the Internet can be identified by its Internet protocol address (IP address, e.g. 168.18.99.248) or by its domain name (e.g. scouting.org) Domain names are registered – maintained by a nonprofit group

(International Organization for Assigned Names and Numbers)

Requirement 6:Using Computer Software Programs - Labs

6. Of 8 different options, do 3 of your choice.

Do as homework, or Next Session in Class (in 2 weeks)

Requirement 6 Options:(see workbook for details) Spreadsheet Program Word Processor Computer Graphics Program Internet Search Engine Presentation Software Digital Photography Database Manager (sorting, filtering)

I NEED TO SEE EVIDENCE THAT SHOWS THAT YOU COMPLETED YOUR SELECTED OPTIONS (e.g. File, hardcopy, visual inspection of work)

Requirement 7:Programming Labs or Visit to a Business

7. Of 5 different options, do 1 of your choice.

Do as homework, or Next Session in Class (in 2 weeks)

Requirement 7 Options:(see workbook for details)

Write a simple database program Use a CAD program (like Google Sketchup) Create a blog Design a web page Visit business or an Industrial plant that uses

computers.I NEED TO SEE EVIDENCE THAT SHOWS THAT

YOU COMPLETED YOUR SELECTED OPTION

(e.g. File, hardcopy, visual inspection of work)

Requirement 8:Copyright Laws

a. Explain why copyright laws exist. b. Explain why is it not permissible to

accept a free copy of a copyrighted computer game or program from a friend.

c. Explain the restrictions and limitations of downloading music from the Internet.

Copyrights & Software Piracy Software publishers have always taken pains to protect their

intellectual property. Most software is covered by copyright, meaning that it cannot be

copied without special permission from the author Often there will be a specific statement that you can make a backup

Most commercial software packages have elaborate licensing agreements, much more like leasing than buying

Shareware, freeware, banner ware, ad ware, and open-source software are all variations on the licensing of software

Public-domain software is not copyrighted, and is free to be copied and used

Copying software outside the limits of the licensing agreement is a crime; the Software Publishers Association (now called SIIA) has an extensive anti-piracy program and web site.

Copyright Laws

Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA) defines copyright laws for electronic media

Punishments can include: First Offense:

Fine: up to $500,000 or Imprisonment: up to 5 years, Or Both

Subsequent Offenses: Fine: Up to $1,000,000 or Imprisonment: up to 10 years, Or Both

Requirement 9:Career Opportunities

Find out about three career opportunities in the computer industry. Pick one and find out what education, training, and experience this position requires.

Computers at Work The computer industry is HUGE with many

opportunities in sales, development, manufacturing, training, implementation, support, and consulting Electrical engineers, electronics technicians, repairmen Application designers, developers, support staff, instructors,

consultants, technical writers, and editors Graphics designers, special effects, art and film technicians,

medical technicians, geosystems analysts, and any other job where the individual primarily processes computer-based information

System administrators, network administrators, database administrators, security analysts, communications specialists, and outsourcing service providers

Jobs related to the use of robotics in manufacturing

Career Opportunities

Job Education Required Training Required Experience Required

Summary Online Safety Computer’s History & its Impact on Society,

Science, & Technology Types & Uses of Computers Parts of a Computer How Data is Stored in a Computer Program Development & Programming Languages Protecting Your Computer & its Information Software Programs Copyright Laws Career Opportunities