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List of Experiments
Experiment No: 1
Identification of major components of a PC Motherboard
Hardware / software /tools Required:
1. Motherboard
Theory :
The motherboard is the foundation on which a PC is built. It provides the interconnecting circuitry through which the primary components of the motherboard receive their power and pass control signals, data, addresses and instructions to each other. In short, with a microprocessor installed on the motherboard, it is essentially the computer.
FIG: MOTHERBOARD AND ITS COMPONENT
CPU slot and Socket : The CPU mounts to the motherboard through either a slot or socket mounting.Chipset : Many of the circuit and CPU level functions are contained in the chipset.
Memory sockets : Depending on the age of the PC , its memory is mounted on the motherboard and individual memory chips that fit into separate DIP(Dual inline packaging) sockets or as memory modules, such as a SIMM(single inline memory module) or DIMM(Dual inline memory module), that snap into edge connector mountings .
BIOS ROM : The BIOS (Basic input output system) is stored as firmware on a read only memory(ROM) chip. The BIOS is used to start the PC up when the power is turned on and provides a link for the CPU to the PC's peripheral devices.CMOS Battery :The configuration of PC at system level is stored in a type of memory, CMOS (Complementary metal oxide semiconductor) , that requires very little
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power to hold its contents. The CMOS battery supplies steady power source to store the system configuration for use during PC's boot sequence.Power Connector :A connection must be made to the power supply so that power is available to the circuitry on the motherboard. Motherboards use different voltage of
power for different components on the board.I/O connector :The motherboard includes a variety of external I/O connectors that allow the external devices to communicate with CPU.Expansion Slots :External peripheral and internal devices are interconnected into the motherboard and CPU through the expansion bus. The motherboard features a variety of expansion slots that usually includes three or more of the different expansion buses available.
OBSERVATION:
CONCLUSION:
VIVA VOCE QUESTIONS:
1. What are the different parts of a digital computer?
2.What is the use of memory in a digital computer ?
3.What is the function of a processor and explain the different parts of a processor?
4.What is the function of BIOS?
5.Write down two input and output devices used in a digital computer.
Experiment No: 2To install the CPU and Heat sink on the motherboard.
Hardware / software /tools Required:2
1.Screwdriver2.CPU3.Heat sink and Fan
Theory:The processes of building a PC consist of several major phases. One of the most important is installing the main board into the system case. However, once the main board is in the case, it is difficult to access it to install components on the board. For that reason most assemblers first set up the main board with critical components before the put main board in the case.
Procedure:Installing the CPU into its socket :
Placing the CPU into its socket is easy, and it requires 3 steps.1.The main board is prepared to accept the CPU.2. The CPU socket is opened and is examined.3.Finally, the CPU is inserted into the socket of the main board .
The following steps are required to install CPU on main board
(A)Preparing the main board for the CPU :
1. Remove the main board from its box . Before touching the main board touch both of your hands to a piece of metal to draw off any static electricity that might be present on your hand. In addition, you might want to wear a wrist grounding strap, with its clip attach to ground metal object. Usually, the metals ground is the power supply attach to the PC case.
2. Try to handle the main board only by the corners to minimize the chance of undesirable static shock being transferred to the components.
3. Try to avoid touching the bottom of the main board.4. Place the main board on a clean surface.
(B)Opening and Examining the CPU socket :
1. First, Raise the CPU socket lock leaver on the main board until the lever is fully opened.
2. Lift the lever in such a way that it points straight up into the air. A small notch locks the lever into place when it closed, so you will need to pull the lever very gently away from the socket to clear the closing notch when it first lift it.
3. Examine the pin holes of the socket which allows the insertion of a CPU in one orientation.
There is a notch at the side of the lever. Pull the lever gently away from the socket to clear the notch. Notice that the pin holes at the top on each side lack a whole for the corner pin. This configuration prevent the CPU from being inserted into the orientation.
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Fig: The socket lever is fully raised
(C)Inserting the CPU into the socket :
1. The CPU chip is removed from the CPU box. Touch the CPU chip only by its edges to protective from static electricity.
2. Place the CPU into the socket holes. Don't force it down. Just place it in place, Then push the left lever down. It takes a little bit of force to push the lever down.
Fig: Inserting the CPU into socket
3.Hold the CPU only by the edges. Due to the pin configuration, the CPU will only insert with correct orientation. Continue to push the lock lever down. When its get to close the position ,gently pull the lever slightly away from socket to clear the notch that lock it into place. Then allow the natural springiness of the lever to move the lever back toward the socket. so it held in place by the notch.
OBSERVATION:
CONCLUSION:
Installing the heat sink/fan on the motherboard.
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Theory:The next step is to install the heat sink/fan combination. However ,lets explore why cooling is essential. Notice the thermal material at bottom of the heat sink .This thermal material will touch the die of the CPU.
Procedure:Installing the heat sink/fan
1.Seating the Heat sink :Set the heat sink on the top of the CPU, manipulating the shorter end of the clip so that three hole of the sink engage the bottom of the three notches of the CPU socket.
Fig: Placing the heat sink
Don't push the heat sink down. That is done by naturally by the heat sink clip. As the clip is secure. Notice the cut outs notch on the bottom of the heat sink that matches of the high end of the CPU socket.
2.Securing the heat sink clipThe heat sink clip is made of spring steal and it's tension holds the heat sink firmly against the CPU. The point of the clip is push down on the CPU die. When properly install.Use appropriate tool to secure the clip to the other side of the CPU socket. Place the screwdriver into the clip opening for it and gently push down and slightly away from the CPU socket, allowing the clip to clear the three notches of the CPU socket .Be sure to select to that won't slip and damage the main board.
OBSERVATION:
CONCLUSION:
VIVA VOCE QUESTIONS:
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1. How much voltage is needed for CPU and Fan?
2. What is the total number of pins of CPU chip?
3.What dou you mean by clock rate?
4.What is the need of heatsink?
Experiment No: 3 :
To install the RAM on the main board.6
Hardware / software /tools Required:1.Screwdriver.2.RAM Chip.
Theory:RAM(Random Access Memory) is used in the PC for it's primary memory. In RAM, active program and data are stored so that they are readily available and easily accessed by the CPU and othee components of PC. When a program is executed on the PC , a copy of the program is copied into RAM from the disk. Once it is in RAM, the instructions that make up the program are passed one at a time to the CPU for execution.
Procedure :
The following steps are needed to install the RAM in main board.
(A)Matching the RAM to Main board RAM requirements :Each memory socket is called a bank. And the banks are numbered .Examine your main board and its manual to see which bank is Bank 1.It is most common to place a single memory chip into bank one.
(B)Preparing to install the RAM:
RAM is very sensitive to static electricity. Before picking up a RAM chip, Touch both hand to metal pitch to draw any static electricity form your hand. Try to touch RAM only on its two sides and top near the side.
Fig: RAM slots on main board
Examine the RAM socket and the RAM chip. you will see that RAM can only be inserted only one direction. The RAM chip has a notch to prevent inserting it in wrong orientation.
(C)Inserting the RAM chip :
Fully open the locking levers of the RAM socket. Each blank will have lever at each side.Push the lever gently away from the RAM socket down until it fully open.
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Fig: Inserting memory chip into its slot
Pushing the chip down will close lever and now pick up the RAM chip and place it over the RAM socket. Be sure that it is aligned in the proper direction
(D)Setting the RAM chip :
When RAM chip seats itself , the levers at the side should pop into position themselves, Locking the memory chip in place. Now your RAM chip is fully installed.
OBSERVATION:
CONCLUSION:
VIVA VOCE QUESTIONS:
1. What is the difference between volatile and non volatile memory?
2.What is memory word?
3.What is the difference between SRAM and DRAM?
4.What is DDR1?
Experiment No:4
Install the main board in the case
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Hardware / software /tools Required:1.screwdriver2.mainboard3.Data and power cable4.Cabinet(case)
Theory:The motherboard of a PC is a large printed circuit board that is a home to many of the most essential parts of the computer , including microprocessor, chipset, memory sockets, expansion bus, parallel and serial ports, mouse and keyboard connectors, SCSI/ IDE/ EIDE controllers etc.
Procedure:(A)Fitting the main board:1,The main board is now ready to install in the case. After you are installed the CPU, heat sink and RAM to the mother board ,its time to install main board in the case. The main board manual is referred to see if any jumpers on the main board need to be adjusted.2.Now you have the new I/O shield installed, we can test fit the main board. Turn the case on its side so that main board can easily be placed in its location. you will know where the main board should sit because the I/O connectors from the main board will need to line up with the I/O shield.(B)Placing the main board in the case:Place the case on its side. Push all power connector and wires out of the way before placing the main board. Handle the Main board by the edges.
Fig: Placing the main board in caseOBSERVATION:
CONCLUSION:
VIVA VOCE QUESTIONS:1. How much voltage is needed for motherboard circuit?
2. Write down the different components of motherboard. Experiment No : 5Faults on SMPS Section
Hardware / software /tools Required:1.PC Trainer kit
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Procedure:NOTE: 1. Do not keep any fault more than 10 seconds.2.After creating each fault wait for 2 to 3 seconds to get the symptoms.
Following is the Fault Table for the MotherboardModel-GIGABYTE GA-H61M-S2-R-3
SR.NO Fault S/W no.
Fault symptoms Connector-Pin no Voltage on connector Pin
1 F1 'VRM'(voltage regulation module)(Processor core connector)
CPU Fan=ONVRM LED=OFF/DIMP.ON LED=ONOn MB=3.3V,+5V,-5v,+12v presentBut no display on LCD
J3/1&2 +12v
Restore the fault by keeping F1 switch at ON position.
2 F2
+12V
CPU Fan=OFFVRM LED=ONP.ON LED=ONOn MB=3.3V,+5V,-5v,-12v present+12V LED=OFFBut no display on LCD
10,11 +12V
Restore the fault by keeping F2 switch at ON position.
3 F3 '+5V' CPU Fan=ON+5V LED OFF/DIMVRM LED=ONP.ON LED=ON/OFFOn MB=3.3V,+5V,-5v,-12v present+12V LED=OFFBut no display on LCD/LED
21,22
Restore the fault by keeping F3 switch at ON position.
4 F4 P.ON LED =ON 1,12,13 +3.3V
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H,D. LED =ONNO DISPLAYCORE VOLTAGE=OFFCPU FAN FAN=ON+12V,+5V, VRMLED=ON+3.3V LED=OFF
Restore the fault by keeping F4 switch at ON position.
5 F5 'standby(optional)'provided only with Model-DG41 wv & Model-GIAGBYTEGA-H61M-S2P-R3
CANNOT POWER ON
9 +5V
Restore the fault by keeping F5 switch at ON position.
6 F6 'POWER Good' No display 8 +5v
7 F7 'P.S.O.N' Cannot power ON pc.All the system goes off
16 +5V
8 F8 '-12V' 1) Serial communication caanot work.2) LAN communication cannot work.
14 -12v
OBSERVATION:
CONCLUSION:
Experiment No:6
Faults on VGA (LCD)Sections:
Hardware / software /tools Required:11
1.PC Trainer kit
Procedure:NOTE: 1. Do not keep any fault more than 10 seconds.2.After creating each fault wait for 2 to 3 seconds to get the symptoms.
Following is the Fault Table for VGA Sections
Sr no. Fault switch no. Fault Symptoms VGA connector pin No.
1 F9 H-Sync LCD&CRT Monitor(Digital)=Goes Standby.
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2 F10 V-Sync LCD&CRT Monitor(Digital)=Goes Standby.
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3 F11 Red missing Cyan color picture screen.
1
4 F12 Green missing magenta color picture screen.
2
5 F13 Yellow color picture screen.
Yellow color picture screen.
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6 F11,F12 R+G missing Blue color picture screen.
1,2
7 F12,F13 G+B Missing Red colour picture screen.
2,3
8 F11,F13 R+B Missing Green color picture screen.
1,3
9 F14 RGB GND missing.
Blurred image. 6,7,8 (R-G-B gnd missing)
10 SL1, Identification ID detection pin 4,11,12
OBSERVATION:
CONCLUSION:
Experiment No:7
Faults on PS2 Keyboard and USB Port.
Hardware / software /tools required:
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1. PC Trainer kit
Procedure:NOTE: 1. Do not keep any fault more than 10 seconds.2.After creating each fault wait for 2 to 3 seconds to get the symptoms.Sr.No. Fault switch No. Fault Symptoms
1 F23 Data Stop operation
2 F24 +5V Stop operation
3 F25 Clk Stop operation
PS2 Mouse: Fault(F26,F27,F28)
Sr.No. Fault switch No. Fault Symptoms
1 F26 Clk Stop operation
2 F27 +5V Stop operation
3 F28 Data Stop operation
USB PORT :i) Insert Flash (Pen)drive into USB device connector on panel PC1 and create fault for USB port using the following table.Sr.No Fault switch No. Fault Symptoms
1 F29 +5V Cant detect Flash(pen)drive/device.
2 F30 D- Cant detect but without message”USB device not recognized.Restoration of F30 not auto detected make f29 ON& OFF it wil auto detect.
3 F31 D+ Cant detect without message after restoration of F31 auto detect.
OBSERVATION:
CONCLUSION:Experiment No:8
Write down the VHDL program to realize the truth table of half adder and full adder.
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Hardware / software /tools Required:
1. Computer system having Xilinx software
Theory:Half Adder
Simplest case - when two one bit numbers are to be added. With one bit - only the numbers 0 and 1 can be represented. Following table shows all possible scenarios
Binary/Decimal Inputs Decimal Result Binary Result
A B D X1 X0
0 0 0 0 0
0 1 1 0 1
1 0 1 0 1
1 1 2 1 0
The least significant bit of the output, X0, is the result of XOR-ing the inputs. The other bit, X1, results from AND-ing A and B. Bit X1 is called the carry bit. Sum = A’B + AB’ = A BCarry = ABThe following circuit can be used to construct a half-adder.
Half Adder
Full Adder
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When two (or more) bit binary numbers are added - the problem is somewhat more complicated. Example: Add binary representations of 3 (11) and 1 (01).
1 1 (3)
+ 0 1 (1)
1 1 (carry)
1 0 0 (result)
In this example, for all but the rightmost bit, not two but three bits must be added. The carry bit from the previous bit addition must be reflected. The truth table for the full adder (with carry input) is
A B Carry_in Carry_out S
0 0 0 0 0
0 0 1 0 1
0 1 0 0 1
0 1 1 1 0
1 0 0 0 1
1 0 1 1 0
1 1 0 1 0
1 1 1 1 1
The carry bit Carry_out is 1 if both A and B are 1, or exactly one of A and B is 1 and the input carry, Carry_in , is 1.
The sum bit S is 1 if an odd number of the three inputs is on, i.e., S is the XOR of the three inputs. Hence, the full adder can be realized as shown below.
Notice that the full adder can be constructed from two half adders and an OR gate. C = Carry_in,
Sum = A’B’C + A’BC’ + AB’C’ + ABC = (A B ) C
Carry_out = AB + CA +BC)
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VHDL CODE FOR HALF ADDER:
ENTITY half_adder IS--- Half AdderPORT(a,b:IN BIT; s,c :OUT BIT);END half_adder;ARCHITECTURE half_adder_beh OF half_adder ISBEGINs <= a XOR b;-- Implements Sum for Half Adderc <= a AND b;-- Implements Carry for Half AdderEND half_adder_beh;VHDL CODE FOR FULL ADDER:
VHDL CODE FOR FULL ADDER:
ENTITY full_adder IS--- Full AdderPORT(a,b,c: IN BIT ;sum, carry : OUT BIT);END full_adder;ARCHITECTURE full_adder_beh OF full_adder ISBEGINPROCESS(a,b,c)-- Sensitive on all the three bits VARIABLE temp :BIT; BEGIN--- DOES the addition in one DELTA timetemp := a XOR b;sum <= temp XOR c;carry <= (a AND b) OR (temp AND c);END PROCESS ;END full_adder_beh;
VIVA VOCE QUESTIONS:
1. Write down the difference between half adder and full adder.
2. Write down the truth table of half adder.
3.Write down the truth table of full adder.
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List of Experiment beyond Syllabus
Experiment 1:
Study of 8085 instruction set which include the following1.find out 0 address, 1 address, 2 address instruction from the 8085 instruction set provided.2. Find out the meaning of any 5 instruction.3. Find out the addressing mode used by the instruction.4.find out the binary code associated with any 5 instruction.5. Find which processor organisation 8085 is built upon.
Hardware / software /tools Required:
1.8085 Manual2. 8085 Microprocessor kit
Theory:In 8085 A,B,C,D,E,H,L are processor register, A is a accumulator.Similarly SP(stack pointer),PSW(flag register) are special purpose register in 8085.
Solution:
0 Address instruction 1 Address instruction
2 Address instruction
NOP ADD B MOV H,L
STA SUB B MOV B,L
JNZ PUSH D MOV B,H
OUT POP D MOV H,E
HLT MVI D MOV D,C
2. (I) NOP no operation performed. (II)ADD B [B]+[ACC]-->[ACC] content of B is added with the content of accumulator and stored in accumulator. (III) PUSH D [D]-->[TOP] content of d is pushed into the stack and now top pointer point to D. (IV)SUB B [ACC]-[B]--->[[ACC] Here the content of B is substracted with content of accumlator. (v) POP D Here the content of D is popped and then action ois performed and then result is stored/pushed back in [TOP].
3. (I)MVI B Immidiate addressing mode (II)MOV D,B Register addressing mode.
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(III)ADD B register addressing mode.
4. (i)NOP : 00 i.e 00 00 00 00 (ii)ORA B : B0 i.e 10 11 00 00 (iii)MOV D,L :55 i.e 01 01 01 01
(iv)MOV B,E :43 i.e. 01 00 00 11 (v)ADD D : 82 i.e 10 00 00 10
5. Here 8085 has a combination of all the organisation .It performs task with general purpose register, accumulator& stack. Here ,it is a combination of general register organisation ,stack organisation and single accumulator organisation.
OBSERVATION:
CONCLUSION:
VIVA VOCE QUESTIONS:
1. What the total no of pins of 8085?
2. What is the address space of 8085?
3. What are the different types of instructions available in 8085?
4. What are the general purposes registers available in 8085?
5. What are the flags available in 8085?
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Experiment 2:
1.Write an assembly language program 0f 8085 microprocessor to add to 2 immidiate data and result will be stored in a memory location.
2..Write an asssembly language program 0f 8085 microprocessor to add content of 2 memory location that is(4300)H & (4301)H and result will store at memory location(4302)H.
Hardware / software /tools required:
1.8085 Manual2. 8085 Microprocessor kit
Theory: The function of various instructions are explained below which are used to implement the program
1. MVI reg ,8 bit data; 8 bit data-->[reg]2. ADD reg; [ACC]+[reg]-->[ACC]3. STA @ 16 bit address; [ACC] -->[ 16 bit address]4 LDA @ 16 bit address; [16 bit address]-->[ACC]5 MOV reg1,reg2; [reg2]-->[reg1]4. HLT. Halt the execution
OBSERVATION:
CONCLUSION:
VIVA VOCE QUESTIONS:1. What the length of MVI instruction?
2. What is the addressing mode used in MVI instruction ?
3. What the length of LDA instruction?
4. What is the addressing mode used in STA instruction?
5. What the length of HLT instruction?
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