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COMPOST:
A P
LANT
BIOSECURITY
MEA
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EMERGING PESTS IDENTIFIED BY CALRECYCLEAsian Citrus Psyllid: pest that transmits “huanglongbing“
bacterial disease (HLB)
Aphid-like , feeds on leaves and stems
HLB is most devastating citrus disease in the world
Infected trees produce inedible fruit and eventually die. There is no cure.
HLB has devastated much of Asia, India, Middle East, South and Central America
Detected in the southeast and in California in 2012
California has a $1.8 billion citrus industry
HLB has cost Florida $7 billion over the last five years
EMERGING PESTS IDENTIFIED BY CALRECYCLE“European Grapevine Moth is found in southern Asia, Europe, North Africa, Anatolia,
Caucasus and South America. The pest primarily damages grapes, but has also feeds on various crops and plants.
Light Brown Apple Moth is an insect native to Australia. It is a pest of concern because it feeds on agricultural produce and damages a wide variety of plants (more than 2,000 species). Some of the plants it affects are roses, chrysanthemums, jasmine, and clover, as well as eucalyptus, poplar, and pine trees.
Sudden Oak Death is a disease that has caused the death of large numbers of oaks and tanoaks, mostly in the coastal counties of California. In recent years, the cause was identified as a new plant pathogen, Phytophthora ramorum. Many species of nursery stock are now known to be susceptible to Phytophthora ramorum.
Lerp Psyllid has severely impacted the red gum eucalyptus. Vast numbers of eucalyptus trees died in Southern California because of heavy infestations of these small, sucking insects. Especially hard hit by the lerp psyllid are red gum trees in Los Angeles County and counties on the southern coast of California.
Bark Beetle infestations, coupled with California's recent multi-year drought exacerbated the fire risk because of abnormally high tree deaths in Southern California's regional forests. This insect has plagued more than 500,000 acres in Southern California's regional forests. Bark beetle infestations in Northern California also are of concern because of the associated fire risk, but these infestations involve significantly less acreage.” Calrecycle 2012
BACKGROUND
CalRecycle directed to increase landfill diversion rates to 75% by 2020
New environmental regs applied to compost but not to chip & grind (G&G) material
Air (VOCs, ammonia)Water (nitrate)
Cost of compost likely to significantly increase compared to C&G
BACKGROUND
C&G may not be enough to eliminate pests reliably
Under California regs (Title 40)Compost MUST reach 55°C for AT LEAST 3 days
C&G can NEVER reach 55°C and must be removed within 3 days of delivery
APPROACH
Consider WORST case for pest survival
InsectsWeedsVirusesFungi
TREATMENTS
Size ReductionNo ReductionChippingGrinding
Temperature25°C55°C
• Environment– Isolated– Compost
• Time– 0 days– 3 days
CITRUS SAMPLES
Chip & Grind
GrindChip
NUTSEDGE
Day 0
Day 3
/25°
C/Isolat
ed
Day 3
/25°
C/Com
post
Day 3
/55°
C/Isolat
ed
Day 3
/55°
C/Com
post
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
IntactGroundChipped
CLOVER
Day 0
Day 3
/25°
C/Isol
ated
Day 3
/25°
C/Com
post
Day 3
/55°
C/Isol
ated
Day 3
/55°
C/Com
post
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
IntactGroundChipped
TOMATO
Day 0 Day 3/25°C/Isolated
Day 3/25°C/
Compost
Day 3/55°C/Isolated
Day 3/55°C/
Compost
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
IntactGroundChipped
BERMUDAGRASS
Day 0
Day 3
/25°
C/Isol
ated
Day 3
/25°
C/Com
post
Day 3
/55°
C/Isol
ated
Day 3
/55°
C/Com
post
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
IntactGroundChipped
P
Insect cages
ACP ADULT
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Intact
Ground
Chipped
CITRUS LEAFMINER
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
Intact
Ground
Chipped
TMV
25°C
/Inta
ct/N
o Com
...
25°C
/Gro
und/
No Com
...
25°C
/Chi
pped
/No
Com...
55°C
/Inta
ct/N
o Com
...
55°C
/Gro
und/
No Com
...
55°C
/Chi
pped
/No
Com...
25°C
/Inta
ct/C
ompo
st
25°C
/Gro
und/
Compo
st
25°C
/Chi
pped
/Com
post
55°C
/Inta
ct/C
ompo
st
55°C
/Gro
und/
Compo
st
55°C
/Chi
pped
/Com
post
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
Day 0Day 3
FUSARIUM
Day 0
Isol
ated
/Day
3/2
5°C
Isol
ated
/Day
3/5
5°C
Compo
st/D
ay 3
/25°
C
Compo
st/D
ay 3
/55°
C0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
IntactGroundChipped
CO
un
t (o
f 1
0,
Da
y 0
; o
f 2
0 D
ay 3
No Com
post/In
tact
/...
No Com
post/G
roun
d/...
No Com
post/C
hipp
ed/..
.
No Com
post/In
tact
/...
No Com
post/G
roun
d/...
No Com
post/C
hipp
ed/..
.
Compo
st/In
tact
/25°
C
Compo
st/G
roun
d/25
°C
Compo
st/C
hipp
ed/2
5°C
Compo
st/In
tact
/55°
C
Compo
st/G
roun
d/55
°C
Compo
st/C
hipp
ed/5
5°C
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
Day 0Day 3
FUSARIUM
CONCLUSIONS
There is evidence that concern is warranted
More research is needed intoDifferent pestsField conditionsEpidemiologyEconomics
