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Complexity and Nationalism How complexity permits ethnic nationalists and multiculturalists to rub along together Eric Kaufmann, Birkbeck College, University of London [email protected]

Complexity and Nationalism How complexity permits ethnic nationalists and multiculturalists to rub along together Eric Kaufmann, Birkbeck College, University

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Page 1: Complexity and Nationalism How complexity permits ethnic nationalists and multiculturalists to rub along together Eric Kaufmann, Birkbeck College, University

 Complexity and Nationalism

How complexity permits ethnic nationalists and multiculturalists to rub along together

Eric Kaufmann, Birkbeck College, University of [email protected]

Page 2: Complexity and Nationalism How complexity permits ethnic nationalists and multiculturalists to rub along together Eric Kaufmann, Birkbeck College, University

Complexity Theory

• Complexity from simplicity: higher level coordination emerges from uncoordinated lower-level actions. Self-organising. Emergence

• Feedback loops• Small changes big effects and vice-versa, i.e. tipping points

• ‘Wisdom of crowds’: knowledge is distributed among individuals rather than centralised in the state

• Examples: market, forest, city

Page 3: Complexity and Nationalism How complexity permits ethnic nationalists and multiculturalists to rub along together Eric Kaufmann, Birkbeck College, University

1.Emergence

Page 4: Complexity and Nationalism How complexity permits ethnic nationalists and multiculturalists to rub along together Eric Kaufmann, Birkbeck College, University

Classic v Complex Diffusion

• ‘State’ – top down diffusion. Gradual, out from centre to peripheries and down social scale

• ‘Market’ – bottom-up. Peer-to-peer emergence. Erratic, subject to tipping points and ideas can go ‘viral’

Page 5: Complexity and Nationalism How complexity permits ethnic nationalists and multiculturalists to rub along together Eric Kaufmann, Birkbeck College, University

Consumers, towns,associations, families

• ‘Everyday nationalism’ (Deloye, Edensor, Fox, etc)

• Popular nationalism (Sidel on Philippines; Kammen/O’Leary on USA)

• Local nationalism: ‘Heimat’ version of nation (Confino, Applegate, Zimmer, Leersen 2014)

Page 6: Complexity and Nationalism How complexity permits ethnic nationalists and multiculturalists to rub along together Eric Kaufmann, Birkbeck College, University

2. Feedback Loops

        Supply of          QWERTY

       Demand for          QWERTY

Supply of an idea like nationalism makes it more prestigious, people imitate, makes it more prestigious, people imitate…. NOT JUST PASSIVE DIFFUSION

Page 7: Complexity and Nationalism How complexity permits ethnic nationalists and multiculturalists to rub along together Eric Kaufmann, Birkbeck College, University

CC — People who cooperate with everyoneCD — People who cooperate only with people of the same typeDD — People who do not cooperate with anyoneDC — People who only cooperate with people of different types 

Page 8: Complexity and Nationalism How complexity permits ethnic nationalists and multiculturalists to rub along together Eric Kaufmann, Birkbeck College, University

Tipping Points in Epidemics

Page 9: Complexity and Nationalism How complexity permits ethnic nationalists and multiculturalists to rub along together Eric Kaufmann, Birkbeck College, University

Role of rumour and spontaneity in nationalist violence

Page 10: Complexity and Nationalism How complexity permits ethnic nationalists and multiculturalists to rub along together Eric Kaufmann, Birkbeck College, University

4. The Wisdom of Crowds

Page 11: Complexity and Nationalism How complexity permits ethnic nationalists and multiculturalists to rub along together Eric Kaufmann, Birkbeck College, University

Poll of Polls?

Page 12: Complexity and Nationalism How complexity permits ethnic nationalists and multiculturalists to rub along together Eric Kaufmann, Birkbeck College, University

Multiple Perspectives on the Nation

• Zones of conflict (Hutchinson 2005)• Lenses of nationhood (Kaufmann 2008)• Multivocality (Eriksen 2014)

Page 13: Complexity and Nationalism How complexity permits ethnic nationalists and multiculturalists to rub along together Eric Kaufmann, Birkbeck College, University

National Identity and Multiculturalism

• In most western societies, issues around immigrant incorporation are symbolic rather than material

• Official discourse• School curriculum• Very little power/money allocated to ethnic group bodies

Page 14: Complexity and Nationalism How complexity permits ethnic nationalists and multiculturalists to rub along together Eric Kaufmann, Birkbeck College, University

Multivocal, not multicultural

Multicultural, with white peripheries 

English ethnic nation, multicultural cities,  Celtic periphery

Page 15: Complexity and Nationalism How complexity permits ethnic nationalists and multiculturalists to rub along together Eric Kaufmann, Birkbeck College, University

Multivocalism/Multi-Nationalism

• Current vogue for integrationist civic nationalism alienates multiculturalists and ethno-nationalists

• Why not establish a common minimum and fill in the blanks?

• Wide range of lenses on the nation tolerated and validated

• Tailor-made nationalism, multivocal symbols

Page 16: Complexity and Nationalism How complexity permits ethnic nationalists and multiculturalists to rub along together Eric Kaufmann, Birkbeck College, University

Constructive Ambiguity

• Wording is ambiguous• Sold differently to each side

• Leaders allow each side to believe the deal favours them

• No problem if ethnic Englishman identifies with Britain through her ethnicity