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Multiple Nationalism How complexity permits ethnic nationalists and multiculturalists to rub along together Eric Kaufmann, Birkbeck College, University of London [email protected]

Multiple Nationalism How complexity permits ethnic nationalists and multiculturalists to rub along together Eric Kaufmann, Birkbeck College, University

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Page 1: Multiple Nationalism How complexity permits ethnic nationalists and multiculturalists to rub along together Eric Kaufmann, Birkbeck College, University

 Multiple Nationalism

How complexity permits ethnic nationalists and multiculturalists to rub along together

Eric Kaufmann, Birkbeck College, University of [email protected]

Page 2: Multiple Nationalism How complexity permits ethnic nationalists and multiculturalists to rub along together Eric Kaufmann, Birkbeck College, University

Complexity Theory

• Complexity from simplicity: higher level coordination emerges from uncoordinated lower-level actions. Self-organising. Emergence

• Feedback loops• Small changes big effects and vice-versa, i.e. tipping points

• ‘Wisdom of crowds’: knowledge is distributed among individuals rather than centralised in the state

• Examples: market, forest, city

Page 3: Multiple Nationalism How complexity permits ethnic nationalists and multiculturalists to rub along together Eric Kaufmann, Birkbeck College, University

1.Emergence

Page 4: Multiple Nationalism How complexity permits ethnic nationalists and multiculturalists to rub along together Eric Kaufmann, Birkbeck College, University

Classic v Complex Diffusion

• ‘State’ – top down diffusion. Gradual, out from centre to peripheries and down social scale

• ‘Market’ – bottom-up. Peer-to-peer emergence. Erratic, subject to tipping points and ideas can go ‘viral’

Page 5: Multiple Nationalism How complexity permits ethnic nationalists and multiculturalists to rub along together Eric Kaufmann, Birkbeck College, University

Consumers, towns,associations, families

• ‘Everyday nationalism’ (Deloye, Edensor, Fox, etc)

• Popular nationalism (Sidel on Philippines; Kammen/O’Leary on USA)

• Local nationalism: ‘Heimat’ version of nation (Confino, Applegate, Zimmer, Leersen 2014!)

Page 6: Multiple Nationalism How complexity permits ethnic nationalists and multiculturalists to rub along together Eric Kaufmann, Birkbeck College, University

2. Feedback Loops

        Supply of          QWERTY

       Demand for          QWERTY

Supply of an idea like nationalism makes it more prestigious, people imitate, makes it more prestigious, people imitate…. NOT JUST PASSIVE DIFFUSION

Page 7: Multiple Nationalism How complexity permits ethnic nationalists and multiculturalists to rub along together Eric Kaufmann, Birkbeck College, University

3. Tipping PointsBig changes no effect, Small change big effect

Page 8: Multiple Nationalism How complexity permits ethnic nationalists and multiculturalists to rub along together Eric Kaufmann, Birkbeck College, University

IRA I vs IRA II

Page 9: Multiple Nationalism How complexity permits ethnic nationalists and multiculturalists to rub along together Eric Kaufmann, Birkbeck College, University

Tipping Points in Epidemics

Page 10: Multiple Nationalism How complexity permits ethnic nationalists and multiculturalists to rub along together Eric Kaufmann, Birkbeck College, University

Role of rumour and spontaneity in nationalist violence

Page 11: Multiple Nationalism How complexity permits ethnic nationalists and multiculturalists to rub along together Eric Kaufmann, Birkbeck College, University

4. The Wisdom of Crowds

Page 12: Multiple Nationalism How complexity permits ethnic nationalists and multiculturalists to rub along together Eric Kaufmann, Birkbeck College, University

Multiple Perspectives on the Nation

• Zones of conflict (Hutchinson 2005)• Lenses of nationhood (Kaufmann 2008)• Multivocality (Eriksen 2014!)

Page 13: Multiple Nationalism How complexity permits ethnic nationalists and multiculturalists to rub along together Eric Kaufmann, Birkbeck College, University

Multiple Nationalism

• Current vogue for integrationist civic nationalism alienates multiculturalists, individualists, ethno-nationalists

• Why not let each take a common minimum and fill in the blanks?

• Wide range of lenses on the nation tolerated and validated

• Tailor-made nationalism, multivocal symbols

Page 14: Multiple Nationalism How complexity permits ethnic nationalists and multiculturalists to rub along together Eric Kaufmann, Birkbeck College, University

Constructive Ambiguity

• Agreement wording is ambiguous

• Sold differently to each side

• Leaders allow each side to believe the deal favours them

• No problem if ethnic Englishman identifies with Britain through his ethnicity