Compile Full

8/16/2019 Compile Full

1/21

UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARAFAKULTI KEJURUTERAAN KIMIA

GEOLOGY AND DRILLING LABORATORY

(CGE 558)

NO TITLE ALLOCATEDMARKS %

MARKS

1 ABSTRACT/ SUMMARY 5

2 INTRODUCTION 53 AIMS/ OBJECTIVES 5

4 T EORY 55 A!!ARATUS 5

" !ROCEDURES 1#

$ RESULT 1#8 CALCULATIONS 1#

DISCUSSIONS 2#

1# CONCLUSIONS 1#

11 RECOMMENDATIONS 512 REFERENCES 5

13 A!!ENDICES 5TOTAL

R&' *+,

C-&.*& 0 ,

TABLE OF CONTENT

NAME , MATRIC NOMU AMMAD S ALI AN BIN MUSTAFA 2#152383 "SARIFA LIYANA AMIRA 2#152$8$52MO AMAD A ALI BIN ABDUL RA AK 2#1582"" 4ADRIAN NASIR ANAK GERINANG 2#1585 4""ADNAN AINAL 2#152#8 1"

E !ERIMENT, E !ERIMENT " T IN SECTION AND !ETROGRA! YDATE !ERFORM, 11 T O. 60& 2#13SEMESTER, 3!ROGRAM, OIL AND GAS ENGINEERINGGROU!, E 2233A


2/21

NO7 CONTENTS !AGENUMBER

17 TABLE OF CONTENTS 2

27 SUMMARY 3

37 INTRODUCTION 4

47 OBJECTIVES 5

57 T EORY 5

"7 !ROCEDURES $

$7 A!!ARATUS $

87 RESULTS 8

DISCUSSIONS 12

1#7 CONCLUSIONS 13117 RECOMMENDATION 14

127 REFERENCES 15

137 A!!ENDICES 1"

17# ABSTRACT


3/21

Study the rocks and minerals cross section by using a microscope is the main objective of the

experiment. Cross sections are useful for the identification of rocks, minerals, and ores. The

experiment starts by cutting four sample of rock about 4 mm thick by using rock cuttingmachine. The sample was undergo the thinning process by geoform thin sectioning lapping

machine to make it thinner after cementing the rock sample onto plate. This is to make sure it is

thin enough to use microscope later. The rock cross section sample are observed under the

microscope with different lens magnification of 4, !", #" and 4". The result obtained is in

terms of the picture that contained the surface structure, shape and colour of each rock samples

with different lenses magnification. Thin sections are useful for the identification of rocks

minerals and ores in the study of the rocks and minerals. $olari%ing microscope is a very

impressive apparatus used in order to achieve this objective.

27# INTRODUCTION


4/21

The study of the structure and characteristics of minerals is important to identify igneous,

metamorphic and sedimentary rocks and the revelation of the earth in which they shaped. The

polari%ing microscope is the main tool used to study minerals in rock thin sections, which become the foundation of learning to recogni%e, characteri%e and identify rocks. The diverse

nuclear structures of minerals and their attributes are clarified, and the unit builds up the abilities

to distinguish minerals utili%ing elements, for example, mineral shape, colour, grain si%e, opacity,

refractive index and cleavage. The exceptional elements of the polari%ing microscope are

additionally secured, including extinction, birefringence and pleochroism.

&n order to learn how minerals were formed, recogni%ing minerals, recogni%ing rocks and

interpreting micro textures and understanding their structure is the basis that needed to be

understood. 'vidence gathered via careful study of minerals in thin sections is an important part

of the interpretation of igneous, metamorphic and sedimentary rocks. (y distinguishing minerals

and inspecting their interrelationships, rock study confirmation can be utili%ed to recogni%e rock

and conclude how they shaped.

There are three major groups of rocks)

• Igneous rocks are those that have formed by the cooling and crystallisation of magma,

either at the 'arth*s surface or within the crust+• Sedimentary rocks are those that have formed when weather beaten particles of other

rocks have been deposited -on the ocean floor, stream lake beds, etc/ and compacted and

lithificated, or by the precipitation of minerals from water+

!. 0Clastic sedimentary rocks formed by erosion of pre existing rocks, subse1uent

transport of the resulting particles by water or air, and their eventual deposition -e.g.

sandstones, mudstones/


5/21

#. 0Chemical sedimentary rocks formed by direct precipitation of minerals from water

-e.g. limestones, dolomites/

• Metamorphic rocks are those that have formed when existing rocks have undergone pressure and or temperature changes so that their original mineralogy has been changed.

'ach of these stone gatherings contains various sorts of rock, and each can be recogni%ed

from its physical components. 2aving the capacity to depict and name its rocks is one of the

major aptitudes of a geologist. Critical data in regards to the way of rocks is imparted through

brief, exact depictions. This data permits the geologist to recogni%e the stone, and, all the while,

to find out about its history and the land environment in which it was shaped.

&nformation of field connections between various rock units is crucial to the investigation

of rocks. &t is picked up from mapping and watching rocks in the field. . &n depth analysis of

rocks using a microscope or sophisticated analytical laboratory e1uipment provides important

information on their structure.

&n this experiment, apparatus and machine such as plori%ing microscope were used. This

microscope contain a few magnifiction such 4 , !" , #" , and 4" . This is to observe the

patttern with more accuracy. . $olari%ing microscope is the main tool used to study minerals in

rock thin sections, which is to recogni%e, characteri%e and identify rocks. The different atomic

structures of minerals and their characteristics are explained, and the unit develops the skills to

identify minerals using features such as mineral shape, color, grain si%e, opacity, refractive indexand cleavage.

37# OBJECTIVE


6/21

The objective of this experiment is to study the rocks and minerals using a microscope. Cross

sections are useful for the identification of rocks, minerals and ores.

47# T EORY

Thin sections are made from small section of a rock sample about 4 mm, being glued to a

glass plate were provided by the assistant engineer. 3t this thickness most minerals turn out to be

pretty much transparent and can then be studied by a microscope via transmitted light.

The environment of formation produces characteristic textures in igneous rocks which aid

in their identification. These composition are

• $haneritic This texture describes a rock with large, easily visible, interlocking crystals

of several minerals. The crystals are indiscriminately distributed and not aligned in any

constant direction. 3 phaneritic texture is developed by the slow cooling and

crystalli%ation of magma trapped within the 'arth*s crust and is characteristic of plutonic

rocks.• $orphyritic This texture describes a rock that has well formed crystals visible to the

naked eye, called phenocrysts, set in a very fine grained or glassy matrix, called the

groundmass. 3 porphyritic texture is developed when magma that has been slowly

cooling and crystalli%ing within the 'arth*s crust is suddenly erupted at the surface,

causing the remaining uncrystalli%ed magma to cool rapidly. This texture is characteristic

of most volcanic rocks.• 3phanitic This texture describes very fine grained rock where individual crystals can be

seen only with the aid of a microscope, i.e. the rock is mostly groundmass. 3n aphanitic

texture is developed when magma is erupted at the 'arth*s surface and cools very 1uickly

for large crystals to grow. This surface is shown by some volcanic rocks.


7/21

• 'utaxitic -applies just to welded ignimbrites/ This composition portrays a stone with a

planar fabric in which leveled pumice clasts are encompassed by a fine grained

groundmass of sintered slag. The leveled pumice clasts are lenticular -lens molded/ in

cross segment and are called fiamme -&talian for flame/. 3n eutaxitic surface is produced

when hot, pumice rich material is ejected vigorously and is then compacted by overlying

material while still in a hot, plastic state.• The chemical structure of the magma figures out which minerals will form and in what

extents they will happen. 3long these lines, identification of the minerals present in the

stone is a critical stride in having the capacity to effectively distinguish the stone.

agmas that are moderately low in silica -Si5#/ crystalli%e olivine, pyroxene -augite/

and calcium rich plagioclase, while magmas that are high in Si5# take shape 1uart%,

sodium rich plagioclase, orthoclase, biotite and hornblende. 6ikewise with minerals,volcanic rocks can be comprehensively divided into mafic and felsic sorts. afic rocks

are for the most part darker, and have higher concentration of mafic minerals. 7elsic

rocks are basically lighter in colour, having a higher concentration of felsic minerals.

There are two noteworthy group of sedimentary rocks)

• C + 9. +& 9'&: 6.*+

The parts of previous rocks or minerals that make up a sedimentary rock are called clasts.

Sedimentary rocks made up of clasts are called clastic -clastic demonstrates that particles have

been broken and transported/. Clastic sedimentary rocks are essentially characteri%ed on the si%e

of their clasts.

T 0 & 371) Clast si%e in clastic rocks

N '& G & S9;& :


8/21

ud = ".""# < ".";Clasts not visible to the naked eye.

7eels smooth.

Clast shape is vital in differentiating some sedimentary rocks. Clasts differ in shape from

rounded to angular, depending on the distance they have been transported and or the

environment of deposition, e.g. rounded clasts are generally the product of long transportation

distances and or deposition in high energy environments -beaches, rivers/.

The level of sorting of clasts can be a vital pointer of depositional environment. &n water,

bigger clasts are large do travel a short distances, and they settle 1uicker. 7or instance, in a blend

of mud and sand being transported in a stream to the ocean, the sand -bigger clast si%e, heavier/

would start to settle as soon as the river*s energy dissipated, while the mud -fine, light weight/

would be transported far off shore. 3long these lines, a very much sorted -clasts of roughly the

same si%e/+ coarse sandstone shows affidavit in a sensibly high energy environment -close shore/

presumably near the wellspring of the sand. Then again, a mudstone for the most part shows

deep water deposition -low energy environment, far away shore/. Structures produced during

deposition, e.g. bedding and cross bedding, can give clues as to depositional environment. So

can structures produced by re working by tidal or storm generated currents, e.g. ripple marks,rip up clasts.


9/21

F9>& &: S9;& C + M6?&'&:

N6:@. + 9. +& 9'&: 6.*+

These sedimentary rocks occur when minerals are precipitated directly from water, or are

concentrated by organic matter life. Components have not been transported prior to deposition.

>o clasts are present.

The two distinctive metamorphic textures are)

• Foliation This represents a distinct plane of weakness in the rock. 7oliationis caused by

the re alignment of minerals when they are subjected to high pressure and temperature.

&ndividual minerals align themselves perpendicular to the stress field such that their long

axes are in the direction of these planes -which may look like the cleavage planes of

minerals/. ?sually, a series of foliation planes can be seen parallel to each other in the

rock. @ell developed foliation is characteristic of most metamorphic rocks. etamorphic

rocks often break easily along foliation planes.

• Granular This describes a metamorphic rock consisting of interlocking e1uant crystals

-granules/, almost entirely of one mineral. 3 granular texture is developed if a rock*s

chemical composition is close to that of a particular mineral. This mineral will crystallise

if the rock is subjected to high pressure and temperature. 3 granular texture is

characteristic of some metamorphic rocks.

N6 &) 3s the grade of metamorphism increases -more temperature and pressure/, both crystal

si%e and the coarseness of foliation increase. Therefore, gneiss represents more intense

metamorphism -or a higher grade/ than does schist . Some fine grained metamorphic rocks,

e.g. schist , have larger crystals present. These crystal are called porphyroblasts. $orphyroblasts

http://flexiblelearning.auckland.ac.nz/rocks_minerals/minerals/index.htmlhttp://flexiblelearning.auckland.ac.nz/rocks_minerals/minerals/index.htmlhttp://flexiblelearning.auckland.ac.nz/rocks_minerals/minerals/index.htmlhttp://flexiblelearning.auckland.ac.nz/rocks_minerals/rocks/gneiss.htmlhttp://flexiblelearning.auckland.ac.nz/rocks_minerals/rocks/schist.htmlhttp://flexiblelearning.auckland.ac.nz/rocks_minerals/rocks/schist.htmlhttp://flexiblelearning.auckland.ac.nz/rocks_minerals/rocks/schist.htmlhttp://flexiblelearning.auckland.ac.nz/rocks_minerals/rocks/schist.htmlhttp://flexiblelearning.auckland.ac.nz/rocks_minerals/minerals/index.htmlhttp://flexiblelearning.auckland.ac.nz/rocks_minerals/rocks/gneiss.htmlhttp://flexiblelearning.auckland.ac.nz/rocks_minerals/rocks/schist.htmlhttp://flexiblelearning.auckland.ac.nz/rocks_minerals/rocks/schist.htmlhttp://flexiblelearning.auckland.ac.nz/rocks_minerals/minerals/index.html


10/21

represent minerals that crystallise at a faster rate than the matrix minerals. 9arnet is a common

porphyroblast mineral.

T 0 & 272, G=9 & 6 -& . ++9>9. 96: 6> '& '6 -9. 6.*+ 0 & = &

G 9: +9;&7ine edium Coarse

$oorly foliated 2ornfels arble, 1uart%ite arble, 1uart%ite@ell foliated Slate Schist 9neiss@ell foliated and sheared ylonite ylonite, schist 3ugen gneiss

Thin sections are time consuming and costly to prepare. Thin sections are viewed using a

petrographic microscope under two different lighting conditions plain polari%ed light and

crossed polari%er. $lane polari%ed light is light that is constrained to a single plane. The light

wave is a simple sine wave that has the vibration direction lying in the plane of polari%ation.

@hen viewing under plane polari%ed light, a single polari%er -lower polar/ is used. &nserting the

upper polari%er is referred to as crossed polari%er -or, crossed nicols/, the name given because the

two polari%ing lenses are set at right angles to each other. inerals can be classified as

anisotropic or as isotropic, depending on their light properties. &sotropic minerals show the samevelocity of light in all directions, while anisotropic minerals show the velocity of light varying in

different orientations. The absorption color in plane polari%ed light this is not the same as the

color of the mineral in hand specimen. ost minerals are colorless in thin section. Some are

opa1ue, light cannot pass through them and they appear black, so we cannot identify them using

this type of microscopy. agnetite, hematite and pyrite are opa1ue. Chlorite is green, (iotite is

brown.


11/21

57# A!!ARATUS AND MATERIALS

7igure A.!) 9eological Cutter 7igure A.#) Thin Sectioning '1uipment


12/21

7igure A.B) Transmitted $olari%ed 6ight icroscope, connected to a computer for image viewing


13/21

"7# !ROCEDURES

!. 7our samples of rocks were prepared and were cut to the thickness of 4mm by using the

rock cutting machine.#. The power supply and light of the machine were switched on. The hood was opened and

the first sample was clamped firmly to the clamping device inside the machine.B. (efore the cutting, the path of the flange was checked. &f the black knob and the screw

pin could touch the flange, re position the vise assembly. Then, the hood was closed.4. The pump was turned on and then, the start button was pressed.A. The cut off wheel was taken slowly towards the sample until the rock was cut completely.

The stop button was pressed and the hood was opened. The sample was collected and the

entire ward from the cutting area was cleaned up.;. The pump and the light were turned off. The power supply was also switched off.. Then, the sample was polished using the sandpaper and was attached to the glass slide

with the help of thermoplastics in the fume hood.D. The rock sample was thinned to B"Em -"."Bmm/ using the thin sectioning machine and

polished again using the sandpaper.F. 3fter that, the sample was being observed under the transmitted polari%ed light

microscope for 4x, !"x, #"x and 4"x magnification. 3ll the data were recorded.!". Step # until F were repeated for the second, third and fourth sample.

$7# RESULT


14/21

1+ S ' & (S &.9'&: N='0& )

agnified 4x agnified !"x

agnified #"x agnified 4"x

The rock sample is 9ypsum.

2 : S ' & (S &.9'&: N='0& 12)


15/21

agnified at 4x agnified at !"x

agnified at #"x agnified at 4"x

The rock sample is arble.

3 S ' & (S &.9'&: N='0& 14)


16/21

agnified at 4x agnified at !"x

agnified at #"x agnified at 4"x

The rock sample is limestone.

4 - S ' & (S &.9'&: N='0& 13)


17/21

agnified 4x agnified !"x

agnified #"x agnified 4"x

The rock sample is siliceous oolite.

87# DISCUSSION


18/21

(ased on the experiment, the result shows that the grain of the rocks was made up of several

types of minerals, pore, matrix and cements. The samples are cut until it reaches the "."!mm

thickness that light can passes through the sample. 5bservation of these components have been

made and four types of magnification used were 4x, !"x, #"x and 4x by the microscope.

&mages that captured are compared with the images captured by geoscientist via the

internet. There are differences between their image, grains, matrices and cements could not be

distinguished and the colour 1uietly similar with grains. 5nly pore can be distinguished clearly.

The first rock sample show light blue at 4 magnificient show and also grey at 4"

magnificient show that the sample was gypsum. The colour was grey due to the impurities. The

grain si%e is larger due to the solubility of the gypsum with water.

The second rock is marble. (ased on the result the sample show blue glycolorin at 4

magnificient and also pinkish at 4" magnificient indicated that the sample was marble. 7or the

texture, the sample also show the flat si%ed crystal which is one of the characteristic of the

marble.

(esides, the third rock sample showed light graycolorin at !" magnificient show and

the texture were were fine to crystalline. (ased on the color and texture, the sample of the rock

was limestone. &t also showed the fossil based on the feature of the sample rock by using the

microscope. &n term of surface structure, third rock sample have smoother surface rather than

rock one and two.

The forth sample of the rock showed it is oolotic limestone. The texture of the rock is

sand si%ed spheres -ooids/ which is also thelimestone.


19/21

7# CONCLUSION

&n conclusion, the study of rocks and minerals using a microscope and cross section are

useful for identification of rocks, minerals to achieved. Gock minerals can be identified depends

on its color, hardness, shape, weights, cleavage, fracture, taste and etc. icroscope are used to

reflect the color of minerals in rocks. &ts also can be identified all of the type minerals content in

reservoir and also can be observed to know if it is good porosity or permeability to be a good

reservoir 7

1#7# RECOMMENDATION

!/ @hile cutting the rock sample using the rock cutting tool, lower the blade slow and

carefully so that the rock will not break into pieces.#/ ake sure the not to clamp the rock sample either too tight or too loose in the cutting

rock machine to avoid from cutting failure.B/ Clean the rock sample evenly with sand paper to completely remove the bubble layers on

the rockHs surfaces.4/ Geduce the thickness to the range where light is able to go through the minerals to assist

in observation of the rock sample under the microscope.A/ Spread the thermoplastic cement evenly on the glass slide so that it covers the whole rock

surface and it would not wears off during thinning process by using the thin section

lapping machine.;/ @ear gloves to hold the glass slide after it is heated onto the hot plate and make sure

there is no bubble between the glued area./ 3djust the light intensity to get a clearer image while doing the observation under the

polari%ed light microscope.

117# REFERENCES


20/21

!. Irilling laboratory manual.#. S. $eng, Jincai Khang, -#"" /, “Engineering Geology for Underground Rocks” Springer.B. Tengku 3mran, -#"!B/, &ntroduction to $etroleum Technology, 7undamental of $etroleum

9eology.4. http) www.learner.org interactives rockcycle types.html , Getrieved on D ay #"!;.A. http) www.scienceviews.com geology rockproperties.html, Getrieved on !" ay #"!;.

127# A!!ENDICES

http://www.learner.org/interactives/rockcycle/types.htmlhttp://www.learner.org/interactives/rockcycle/types.html


21/21

7igure) &nterferance Colour Chart

Documents

Compile Full