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Competition and Education PolicyCompetition and Education Policy
The Role of Vouchers and the No Child Left
Behind Act
The Role of Vouchers and the No Child Left
Behind Act
Importance of EducationImportance of Education
“There is a place in America to take a stand: it is public education. It is the underpinning of our
culture and political system. It is the great common ground. Public education after all is the engine that moves us as a society toward a common destiny…It is in public education
that the American dream begins to take shape”
-Tom Brokaw
“There is a place in America to take a stand: it is public education. It is the underpinning of our
culture and political system. It is the great common ground. Public education after all is the engine that moves us as a society toward a common destiny…It is in public education
that the American dream begins to take shape”
-Tom Brokaw
Two Functions of EducationTwo Functions of Education
Helps to socialize the young into becoming “good citizens”
Prepares people for employment and to be generally productive citizens
Helps to socialize the young into becoming “good citizens”
Prepares people for employment and to be generally productive citizens
Problems of Public EducationProblems of Public Education
Schools are failing to provide a quality education
37% of all high school seniors can read at their grade level
Achievement gap between black and white students
Schools are failing to provide a quality education
37% of all high school seniors can read at their grade level
Achievement gap between black and white students
Significant Reform EffortsSignificant Reform Efforts
Outcomes-Based Education
Improving America’s Schools Act of 1994
Goals 2000 Educate America Act
Outcomes-Based Education
Improving America’s Schools Act of 1994
Goals 2000 Educate America Act
4 Categories of Education Reforms
4 Categories of Education Reforms
Tinkering with countless gears and levers
Reforming the entire system including academic standards, curriculum, & teacher training
Concentrating on individual schools
Competition or School Choice
Tinkering with countless gears and levers
Reforming the entire system including academic standards, curriculum, & teacher training
Concentrating on individual schools
Competition or School Choice
History of CompetitionHistory of Competition
Thomas Paine Pierce v. Society of Sisters Milton Friedman John Coons & Stephen Sugarman James Coleman John Chubb & Terry Moe
Thomas Paine Pierce v. Society of Sisters Milton Friedman John Coons & Stephen Sugarman James Coleman John Chubb & Terry Moe
Two Generations of CompetitionTwo Generations of Competition
Market Model-->Economic Efficiency
Opportunity Model-->Social Justice
Market Model-->Economic Efficiency
Opportunity Model-->Social Justice
Types of Voucher ProgramsTypes of Voucher Programs
Universal
Targeted
Universal
Targeted
5 Basic Categories of Arguments:
5 Basic Categories of Arguments:
Social Justice/Injustice Improving Failing Schools &Test Scores
Religious Economical
Tax Money and Control
Social Justice/Injustice Improving Failing Schools &Test Scores
Religious Economical
Tax Money and Control
Social Justice/InjusticeSocial Justice/Injustice
For:
*All parents want their right to choose
*Encourages responsible parenthood
*Will promote racial & ethnic integration
For:
*All parents want their right to choose
*Encourages responsible parenthood
*Will promote racial & ethnic integration
Against:
*Some parents not capable of making good decisions
*Will promote segregation
Against:
*Some parents not capable of making good decisions
*Will promote segregation
Failing Schools & Test ScoresFailing Schools & Test Scores
For:
*Competition will force schools to be accountable & improve test scores
For:
*Competition will force schools to be accountable & improve test scores
Against:
*Public schools cannot compete with private schools
*Public schools will be left with disadvantaged students
Against:
*Public schools cannot compete with private schools
*Public schools will be left with disadvantaged students
ReligiousReligious
For:
*Program without religious schools is no choice at all
For:
*Program without religious schools is no choice at all
Against:
*Establishment Clause*Not the original purpose of
education*Undermines a religious
education
Against:
*Establishment Clause*Not the original purpose of
education*Undermines a religious
education
EconomicalEconomical
For:
*Increase funding for private schools
For:
*Increase funding for private schools
Against:
*Drain funds from public school
Against:
*Drain funds from public school
Tax Money & ControlTax Money & Control
Tax payers lose the right to dictate how public funds should be spent
Tax payers lose the right to dictate how public funds should be spent
“The issue is not going to disappear because a few developments in the near term happen to go badly. And it isn’t guaranteed total triumph because a few developments go well. This is a long-term issue, and understanding it requires a long-term perspective.”
-Paul E. Peterson
“The issue is not going to disappear because a few developments in the near term happen to go badly. And it isn’t guaranteed total triumph because a few developments go well. This is a long-term issue, and understanding it requires a long-term perspective.”
-Paul E. Peterson
Milwaukee Voucher ProgramMilwaukee Voucher Program
Initial program: targeted voucher program Initial requirements:
Live in Milwaukee Incomes equal to 175% of poverty level or less Admissions to private schools could not be based on
gender, religion, race, or prior school records Capped at 1% of the enrollment in Milwaukee Public
Schools
Initial program: targeted voucher program Initial requirements:
Live in Milwaukee Incomes equal to 175% of poverty level or less Admissions to private schools could not be based on
gender, religion, race, or prior school records Capped at 1% of the enrollment in Milwaukee Public
Schools
Evaluation of Milwaukee Voucher Program
Evaluation of Milwaukee Voucher Program
Program too small to have discernible effects on the public school system
Private schools became more financially secure Four private schools were shut down due to bankruptcy Only increased the participation of parents that were
already highly involved No academic advantage for students who attended
private schools
Program too small to have discernible effects on the public school system
Private schools became more financially secure Four private schools were shut down due to bankruptcy Only increased the participation of parents that were
already highly involved No academic advantage for students who attended
private schools
Provisions of No Child Left Behind Act
Provisions of No Child Left Behind Act
States must implement a set of standards Testing plan to ensure standards are reached All students in grades 3-8 must be tested in
reading & math each year An additional test given to students at some
point during grades 10-12 Test results must be released to public each
year
States must implement a set of standards Testing plan to ensure standards are reached All students in grades 3-8 must be tested in
reading & math each year An additional test given to students at some
point during grades 10-12 Test results must be released to public each
year
Provisions continued…Provisions continued…
Schools not making adequate progress are identified as “in need of improvement”parents then have the option to send their children to another public school
No progress for 3 yearssupplemental services
No progress for 5 yearsschool is restructured & new personnel is hired
Schools not making adequate progress are identified as “in need of improvement”parents then have the option to send their children to another public school
No progress for 3 yearssupplemental services
No progress for 5 yearsschool is restructured & new personnel is hired
Problems of NCLB ActProblems of NCLB Act
1. Very few students in failing schools are transferring to other schools
2. Lack of funds for transportation3. Talented teachers steer away from
low-performing schools
1. Very few students in failing schools are transferring to other schools
2. Lack of funds for transportation3. Talented teachers steer away from
low-performing schools
“Yet for all that may be wrong with American public education, it remains the greatest achievement in American history. The United States is the only
country to have committed to educating all of its citizens at the public expense.”
-Alan Wolfe
“Yet for all that may be wrong with American public education, it remains the greatest achievement in American history. The United States is the only
country to have committed to educating all of its citizens at the public expense.”
-Alan Wolfe